Systems and methods for manufacturing composite assemblies - Patents.com

Abstract

To provide a system and method for manufacturing a composite assembly.SOLUTION: A system for manufacturing a composite assembly comprises a first mandrel 120, a second mandrel 126, a first wrap plate 170, and a second wrap plate 180. The first wrap plate and the second wrap plate can be arranged in a side-by-side relation for receiving a wrap material stack. The first wrap plate and / or the second wrap plate is / are translatable to a wrap plate open position, and a wrap plate gap for receiving a bladder 300 is defined between a first wrap plate surface edge and a second wrap plate surface edge. The second mandrel is translatable to a mandrel open position, and a mandrel gap is defined between the first mandrel surface edge and the second mandrel surface edge 130.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates generally to manufacturing systems, and more particularly to systems and methods for manufacturing composite assemblies. [Background technology]

[0002] Composite materials are used in a wide range of applications due to their advantageous properties such as high specific strength, high specific stiffness, and high corrosion resistance. The manufacture of composite structures typically involves the laying up of several plies of composite laminate material to form a composite laminate. The layup material is typically a fibrous material (e.g., prepreg) that is pre-impregnated with resin. For example, the layup material may be an epoxy-impregnated carbon fiber prepreg.

[0003] A composite structure includes a composite skin member and a number of composite stringers connected to the skin to stiffen the composite structure. For example, an aircraft fuselage barrel section may include a generally tubular composite skin and longitudinally extending composite stringers located on the inner surface of the skin. The composite stringers are typically individually laid up and formed, then mounted on a rotatable layup mandrel and covered with composite material to form the skin member. The skin stringer assemblies are co-cured or co-bonded to form the fuselage barrel section.

[0004] Prior to loading onto the lay-up mandrel, each formed composite stringer may require installation of a wrapped bladder assembly, which may be comprised of support materials such as a wrap ply, a breather layer, and / or a bladder wrapped with a release film. Conventional methods of installing wrapped bladder assemblies onto a composite stringer may be labor intensive and time consuming. In addition, dedicated equipment may be required to manufacture each wrapped bladder assembly. The need for separate equipment for manufacturing the composite stringer and the wrapped bladder assemblies adds significant expense to the overall production costs. In addition, the separate manufacturing equipment may require significant production floor space. Furthermore, conventional methods require each wrapped bladder assembly to be transported and installed into the stringer laminate cavity in a time consuming process that impacts production rates.

[0005] As can be seen, there is a need in the art for a system and method for manufacturing composite stringers that avoids the above-mentioned problems associated with conventional stringer manufacturing methods. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The above needs for manufacturing composite stringers are addressed and alleviated by the present disclosure, which provides, among other things, a manufacturing system for manufacturing composite assemblies. The manufacturing system includes at least one first mandrel having a first mandrel surface and a first mandrel surface edge. In addition, the manufacturing system includes at least one second mandrel having a second mandrel surface and a second mandrel surface edge. The manufacturing system also includes a first lap plate positionable above the first mandrel surface and having a first lap plate surface and a first lap plate surface edge. In addition, the manufacturing system includes a second lap plate positionable above the second mandrel surface and having a second lap plate surface and a second lap plate surface edge. The first lap plate and the second lap plate are positionable in parallel side-by-side relationship to receive a lap material stack having opposing first and second material stack base portions. The first and / or second lap plates are configured to move to a lap plate open position to define a lap plate gap between the first and second lap plate surface edges for receiving a bladder having a bladder top side. The second mandrel is configured to move to a mandrel open position to define a mandrel gap between the first and second mandrel surface edges. The lap plate gap and the mandrel gap are configured to receive a lap material stack formed around the bladder. The first and second lap plates are configured to fold the first and second material stack base portions onto the bladder top side in overlapping relationship with one another.

[0007] Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing a composite assembly. The method includes receiving a lap material stack on first and second lap plate surfaces of a first and second lap plate, respectively, in juxtaposed relationship and positioned above a first and second mandrel. The lap material stack has opposing first and second material stack base portions. The method also includes moving at least one of the first and second lap plates to a lap plate open position to define a lap plate gap between the first and second lap plate surface edges. Additionally, the method includes moving a second mandrel to a mandrel open position to define a mandrel gap between the first and second mandrel surface edges. The method further includes forcing the lap material stack at least partially into the lap plate gap and the mandrel gap using one of an upper forming die and a bladder. The method additionally includes forming a wrap material stack in response to forcing the wrap material stack at least partially into the wrap plate gap and the mandrel gap. The method also includes folding the first and second material stack base portions over the bladder in overlapping relationship using the first and second wrap plates to form a wrap-bladder assembly.

[0008] Additionally, a method of manufacturing a composite assembly is disclosed that includes receiving a stringer laminate over a collective mandrel surface defined by a first mandrel surface and a second mandrel surface of a first mandrel and a second mandrel, respectively. The stringer laminate has one or more uncured composite plies and opposing first and second stringer flange portions. The method additionally includes positioning a first lap plate and a second lap plate in parallel side-by-side relationship above the stringer laminate. The method includes receiving a lap material stack over the first lap plate surface and the second lap plate surface of the first lap plate and the second lap plate, respectively. The lap material stack has opposing first and second material stack base portions. The method also includes moving the first lap plate and / or the second lap plate to a lap plate open position to define a lap plate gap between the first lap plate surface edge and the second lap plate surface edge. The method also includes moving a second mandrel to a mandrel open position to define a mandrel gap between the first mandrel surface edge and the second mandrel surface edge. In addition, the method includes forcing the wrap material stack and the stringer laminate at least partially into the wrap plate gap and the mandrel gap using one of the upper forming die and the bladder. The method also includes co-forming the wrap material stack and the stringer laminate in response to forcing the wrap material stack and the stringer laminate at least partially into the wrap plate gap and the mandrel gap. The method also includes folding the first and second material stack base portions over the bladder in overlapping relationship using the first and second wrap plates to form a wrap-bladder assembly.

[0009] The above-described features, functions and advantages may be achieved individually in various embodiments of the present disclosure or may be combined in yet other embodiments, which can be seen in further detail with reference to the following description and drawings.

[0010] The above and other features of the present disclosure will become more apparent by reference to the drawings, in which like numerals represent like parts throughout. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0011] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an end view of an embodiment of a manufacturing system disclosed herein showing a first mandrel and a second mandrel arranged in a side-by-side relationship, further showing a first lap plate and a second lap plate, each independently operable by a lap plate actuator. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a side view of the manufacturing system of FIG. 1. [Diagram 3] FIG. 2 is a top view of the manufacturing system of FIG. 1. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a side view of a portion of the manufacturing system taken along line 4 in FIG. 3, illustrating an embodiment of a series of lamination heads supported on a gantry. [Diagram 5] 5 is an end view of the manufacturing system taken along line 5-5 of FIG. 3, showing a first lap plate and a second lap plate actuated in a parallel side-by-side relationship to receive a lap material stack via the layup head shown in FIG. 4. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a laying head laying up a lap material stack on a first lap plate and a second lap plate. [Figure 7] FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram of the enclosed area identified by reference numeral 7 in FIG. 5, showing a wrap material stack laid up on a first wrap plate and a second wrap plate positioned above a first mandrel and a second mandrel. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die and adjacent bladder vertically lowered to a position above the wrap material stack, and further showing a lower forming die in a position below the first mandrel and second mandrel in preparation for forming the wrap material stack. [Figure 9]FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die moved into contact with the wrap material stack, a second lap plate moved to a lap plate open position defining a lap plate gap between the first and second lap plates, and a second mandrel moved to a mandrel open position defining a mandrel gap between the first and second mandrel. [Figure 10] FIG. 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the lower forming die moved into the mandrel gap. [Figure 11] 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die that extrudes a wrap material stack into a wrap plate and into contact with a pair of lower die web portions on opposite sides of the lower forming die. [Figure 12] 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing an upper forming die completing the initial formation of a wrap material stack shown supported against a lower die cap portion of the lower forming die. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the upper forming die removed from the wrap material stack and replaced with a bladder. [Figure 14] 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the bladder installed in the wrap material stack after being removed from the bladder actuator. [Figure 15] FIG. 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing a first lap plate being moved by a lap plate actuator to fold a first material stack base portion over a bladder. [Figure 16] FIG. 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing a second lap plate being moved by a lap plate actuator to fold the second material stack base portion onto the top of the first material stack base portion. [Figure 17] FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system illustrating the application of heat to a second material stack base portion stacked on top of a first material stack base portion. [Figure 18]FIG. 18 is a view of the enclosed area identified by reference numeral 18 in FIG. 17 showing the inner bladder pressure applied by the bladder to compact the wrap material stack against the lower forming die and second wrap plate. [Figure 19] FIG. 13 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing retraction of the first lap plate and the second lap plate. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 is a perspective view of an example wrap-bladder assembly formed using the process shown in FIGS. 6-19. [Figure 21] FIG. 13 is an end view of an example manufacturing system in which at least a portion of a first lap plate and a second lap plate are configured to rotate independently to fold a first material stack base portion and a second material stack base portion into an overlapping relationship with one another. [Figure 22] 22 is an end view of the manufacturing system of FIG. 21 showing a lap plate folding element of a first lap plate folding a first material stack base portion over a bladder upper side. [Figure 23] FIG. 13 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the lap plate folding element of the first lap plate rotating back to its original position. [Figure 24] FIG. 13 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing a lap plate element of a second lap plate folding the second material stack base portion over the top of the first material stack base portion to complete the manufacturing of the lap-bladder assembly. [Diagram 25] FIG. 13 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the lap plate element of the second lap plate rotating back to its original position. [Figure 26] 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system configured to form a wrap material stack into a square cross-sectional shape. [Figure 27] 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system configured to form a wrap material stack into a triangular cross-sectional shape. [Figure 28] 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system configured to form a wrap material stack into a dome-shaped cross-sectional shape. [Figure 29]1 is a flow chart of steps involved in a method of manufacturing a wrap-bladder assembly. [Diagram 30] FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing a laying head for laying up stringer laminates onto a first mandrel and a second mandrel. [Diagram 31] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a laying head laying up a stringer laminate, further showing a currently inactive laying head for forming a lap laminate. [Diagram 32] FIG. 32 is a simplified diagram of the enclosed area identified by reference numeral 32 in FIG. 30 showing stringer laminates laid up on a first mandrel and a second mandrel. [Diagram 33] 1 is a top view of the manufacturing system showing the gantry being moved into a staging area of ​​the manufacturing system to replace one of the stacking heads with a trimming device. [Diagram 34] FIG. 34 is a side view of the manufacturing system of FIG. 33. [Diagram 35] FIG. 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing a trimming device for trimming the stringer laminates. [Diagram 36] FIG. 13 is a top view of the manufacturing system showing the gantry being moved back into the staging area to replace the trimming device with the stacking head. [Figure 37] FIG. 37 is a side view of the manufacturing system of FIG. 36. [Figure 38] FIG. 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing a first lap plate and a second lap plate being moved into a parallel relationship to one another via a lap plate actuator. [Figure 39] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a laying head laying up a lap material stack on first and second lap plates supported on stringer laminates. [Diagram 40]A simplified diagram of the enclosed area identified by reference numeral 40 in FIG. 38 showing the wrap material stack on top of the first and second wrap plates supported on stringer laminates laid up on the first and second mandrels. [Diagram 41] FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die and adjacent bladder vertically lowered to a position above a stack of wrap material, and further showing a lower forming die in a position below a first mandrel and a second mandrel. [Diagram 42] FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die moved into contact with the wrap material stack, a second wrap plate moved to a wrap plate open position defining a wrap plate gap, and a second mandrel moved to a mandrel open position defining a mandrel gap between the first mandrel and the second mandrel. [Diagram 43] FIG. 2 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the lower forming die moved into the mandrel gap. [Diagram 44] 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the upper forming die forcing the wrap material stack and stringer laminate into the lap plate gap and into contact with the lower die web portion. [Diagram 45] FIG. 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing an upper forming die completing the initial formation of the wrap material stack and a stringer laminate shown supported against a lower die cap portion. [Figure 46] FIG. 13 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the upper forming die being removed from the wrap material stack and stringer laminate and replaced with a bladder. [Figure 47] 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the bladder being removed from the bladder actuator and then installed onto the wrap material stack and stringer laminates. FIG. [Figure 48] FIG. 13 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the first lap plate folding the first material stack base portion over the bladder upper side. [Figure 49]FIG. 13 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the second lap plate folding the second material stack base portion onto the first material stack base portion. [Figure 50] FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system illustrating the application of heat to overlap a first material stack base portion with a second material stack base portion. [Figure 51] FIG. 51 is a view of the enclosed area identified by reference numeral 51 in FIG. 50 showing the inner bladder pressure applied by the bladder to compact the wrap material stack and stringer laminate against the lower forming die and second wrap plate. [Figure 52] FIG. 13 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing retraction of the first lap plate and the second lap plate. [Figure 53] FIG. 33 is a perspective view of an example stringer-wrap-bladder assembly formed by the process shown in FIGS. 30-52. [Figure 54] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example of a plurality of formed composite stringers co-cured or co-bonded to a skin member to form a composite structure. [Figure 55] 1 is a flow chart of steps involved in a method of manufacturing a stringer-wrap-bladder assembly. [Figure 56] 1 is a top view of an example manufacturing system in which the layup and formation of a wrap material stack is performed in a laminating station and a forming station, respectively. [Figure 57] FIG. 57 is a side view of the manufacturing system of FIG. 56. [Figure 58] FIG. 58 is an end view of the manufacturing system of FIGS. 56-57 showing a wrap material stack being laid up on a first mandrel and a second mandrel at a lamination station. [Figure 59] FIG. 2 is a side view of the manufacturing system showing the movement of the upper and lower forming dies from the forming station towards the lamination station. [Figure 60]1 is a side view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die and a lower forming die at a lamination station and also showing a lamination head gantry temporarily moved from the lamination station to the forming station. [Figure 61] 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die and a lower forming die at a lamination station and illustrating a wrap material stack supported on a first mandrel and a second mandrel. [Figure 62] FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die and adjacent bladder moving into position above the wrap material stack and further showing a lower die cap portion advancing into the mandrel gap between a first mandrel and a second mandrel. [Figure 63] FIG. 2 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the wrap material stack clamped between the upper forming die and the lower die cap portion. [Figure 64] A side view of a manufacturing system showing the upper forming die and lower die cap portions transferring the wrap material stack from the lamination station towards the forming station, and additionally showing the lamination head gantry returned to the lamination station. [Figure 65] FIG. 2 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the forming station prior to receiving the wrap material stack, and the first and second lap plates and first and second mandrels spaced apart in preparation for receiving the wrap material stack. [Figure 66] 1 is a side view of the manufacturing system showing the upper and lower forming dies at the forming station after the transfer of the wrap material stack from the lamination station to the forming station is completed. [Figure 67] FIG. 1 is an end view of a manufacturing system showing an upper forming die and a lower die cap portion that release a lap material stack on top of a first lap plate and a second lap plate. [Figure 68] 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the upper forming die and lower die web portion moved into position at the beginning of the formation of a wrap material stack. [Figure 69]1 is an end view of the manufacturing system showing the upper forming die fully inserting the wrap material stack into the wrap plate gap and into contact with the lower die web portion and the lower die cap portion. [Figure 70] 1 is an end view of the manufacturing system after completion of forming and wrapping the wrap material stack around the bladder. FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0012] Turning now to various preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, an end view of an embodiment of a manufacturing system 100 that may be implemented to manufacture a composite assembly, such as a composite stringer 426 (e.g., FIG. 54) is shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 is a side view of the manufacturing system 100 of FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a top view of the manufacturing system 100 of FIG. 1. As described in more detail below, the manufacturing system 100 includes a first mandrel 120, a second mandrel 126, a first lap plate 170, a second lap plate 180, optional upper forming die 254, a lower forming die 270, and one or more laying heads 220 that, in combination with a bladder 300, enable automated or semi-automated lay-up and wrapping of a wrap laminate 464 (FIG. 6) around a bladder 300 to form a wrap-bladder assembly 480 (FIG. 20). The wrap laminate 464 may be comprised of one or more prepreg composite plies 402 that are unidirectional or woven reinforcing fibers pre-impregnated with a thermoset or thermoplastic resin. One or more layers of a bladder treatment 466 (e.g., a breather layer 468 and / or a release layer 470) may be included with the wrap laminate 464 (e.g., of the wrap material stack 450 (FIG. 6)) for automatic wrapping around a mandrel.

[0013] In one example, the wrap-bladder assembly 480 may be separately laid up and assembled and cured with a stringer laminate 400 formed to a cross-sectional profile complementary to the wrap-bladder assembly 480. The wrap-bladder assembly 480 and the stringer laminate 400 may be co-bonded or co-cured with a skin member 422 ( FIG. 54 ) to form a stiffened composite structure 420 ( FIG. 54 ). Alternatively, in another example described below and shown in FIGS. 30-52 , the manufacturing system 100 enables the automated layup and co-forming of the wrap laminate 464 (e.g., further bladder processing section 466) with the stringer laminate 400 to form stringer-wrap-bladder assemblies 490 ( FIG. 53 ), one or more of which may be co-bonded or co-cured with the skin member 422 ( FIG. 54 ) to form the stiffened composite structure 420 ( FIG. 54 ). Advantageously, automated or semi-automated layup and folding of the wrap laminates 464 along with the optional stringer laminates 400 increases production throughput with minimal manual handling. Additionally, the manufacturing system 100 of the present disclosure may conserve valuable floor space that would otherwise be required for separate laying and forming equipment.

[0014] 1-3, the manufacturing system 100 may include a pair of elongated base members 102 supported on a surface such as a factory floor. A first mandrel 120 and a second mandrel 126 may be configured as rigid elements extending along the length of the base members 102. In embodiments, the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may be formed from a metal (such as aluminum, steel, etc.) or non-metallic material (e.g., ceramic or polymeric material) or a hardened composite material (e.g., epoxy carbon). The first mandrel 120 has a first mandrel surface 122 and a first mandrel surface edge 124. The second mandrel 126 has a second mandrel surface 128 and a second mandrel surface edge 130. The first mandrel 120 may be coupled to one of the base members 102 by one or more mandrel supports 118. Similarly, the second mandrel 126 may be connected to one of the remaining base members 102 by one or more mandrel supports 118. Although Figures 2-3 show each of the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 as a single, unitary structure, the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may each be constructed from a series of end-to-end mandrel segments (not shown).

[0015] 1, the manufacturing system 100 can include a set of side rails 142 sandwiched between the first mandrel 120 and the mandrel support 118 to facilitate lateral movement of the first mandrel 120 along a direction parallel to the first mandrel surface 122 and perpendicular to the first mandrel surface edge 124. Similarly, the manufacturing system 100 can include a set of side rails 142 sandwiched between the second mandrel 126 and the mandrel support 118 to facilitate lateral movement of the second mandrel 126 along a direction parallel to the second mandrel surface 128 and perpendicular to the second mandrel surface edge 130. The side rails 142 may function as an alignment mechanism configured to at least maintain the first mandrel surface 122 and the second mandrel surface 128 at the same height when the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 are in the mandrel closed position 132. The manufacturing system 100 may optionally include additional alignment mechanisms 140 to maintain the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 in vertical alignment with one another. For example, the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may include a pin 146 and a socket 148 ( FIG. 32 ), respectively, that may engage with one another to maintain the vertical alignment of the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 in the mandrel closed position 132.

[0016] 1, movement of the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 during the forming process may be facilitated by mandrel actuators 144. For example, the first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126 may each have one or more dedicated mandrel actuators 144 spaced along the length of the base member 102 and configured to independently move the first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126. In an embodiment, the mandrel actuators 144 may be configured as linear actuation mechanisms, such as electromechanical actuators having a drive screw driven by a servo motor. Alternatively, one or more of the mandrel actuators 144 may be configured as pneumatic or hydraulic actuators. However, the mandrel actuator 144 may be provided in any one of a variety of configurations for moving the first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126 and is not limited to the arrangements shown and / or described herein.

[0017] The second mandrel 126 may be movable between a mandrel closed position 132 (FIG. 1) and a mandrel open position 136 (FIG. 9). In an alternative example of the manufacturing system 100, both the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may be movable from the mandrel closed position 132 to the mandrel open position 136. In the mandrel closed position 132, the first mandrel surface edge 124 and the second mandrel surface edge 130 may be in parallel contacting relationship with one another and define a collective mandrel surface 134 for receiving, supporting or laying up a stringer laminate 400 (FIGS. 30-32) comprised of one or more uncured composite plies 402, as described below. Additionally, the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 may be supported on the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126, as described below. In the mandrel open position 136, a mandrel gap 138 (Figure 9) is defined between the first mandrel surface edge 124 and the second mandrel surface edge 130 for receiving the lower forming die 270 for forming the wrap material stack 450 (e.g., Figure 9).

[0018] 1 and 5, the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 can be configured as relatively rigid (e.g., non-flexible or non-bending) members for supporting the lap material stack 450 (FIG. 6) during layup and formation. In one example, the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 can be formed from a metallic and / or non-metallic material, such as a metallic material, such as aluminum, or any other suitable metallic material. The first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 can be relatively thin members (e.g., less than 0.25 inches) to facilitate folding of the lap material stack 450 over the bladder upper side 302 (e.g., FIGS. 15-16), as described in more detail below. The first lap plate 170 has a first lap plate surface 172 and a first lap plate surface edge 174. The second lap plate 180 has a second lap plate surface 182 and a second lap plate surface edge 184. The first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 can support the wrap material stack 450 during the lay-up and forming process. The first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184 can each be rounded to facilitate folding of the wrap material stack 450 over the bladder 300 and to reduce wrinkles in the wrap material stack 450 during the folding process.

[0019] The first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 may each be independently actuable by one or more lap plate actuators 192 spaced apart along the length of the base member 102. FIGS. 1 and 5 show the lap plate actuators 192 configured as telescoping mechanisms. However, the lap plate actuators 192 may be provided in any one of a variety of different configurations for moving the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180. The lap plate actuator 192 for the first lap plate 170 may be configured to move the first lap plate 170 along a direction parallel to the first mandrel surface 122 and perpendicular to the first lap plate surface edge 174. Similarly, the lap plate actuator 192 for the second lap plate 180 may be configured to move the second lap plate 180 along a direction parallel to the second lap plate surface 182 and perpendicular to the second lap plate surface edge 184. FIG. 1 shows first and second lap plates 170, 180 in a stored position. FIG. 5 shows first lap plate 170 positioned over first mandrel 120 and second lap plate 180 positioned over second mandrel surface 128. In some examples, first and second lap plates 170, 180 may be supported on (e.g., in physical contact with) first and second mandrel surfaces 122, 128, respectively.

[0020] 5-7 show the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 disposed in parallel contacting relationship with one another in a lap plate closed position 188 in which the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184 approach one another. For example, the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184 can be disposed within 0.10 inches of one another or in abutting contact with one another. In the lap plate closed position 188, the first lap plate surface 172 and the second lap plate surface 182 define a collective lap plate surface 190, which can be a continuous surface without steps, gaps, cuts, interruptions, or discontinuities such that no portion of the lap material stack 450 ( FIG. 6 ) is unsupported during layup of the lap material stack 450.

[0021] 6-7, the collective wrap plate surface 190 is configured to receive the wrap material stack 450. As described above, the wrap material stack 450 includes a wrap laminate 464 made of one or more uncured composite plies 402. In addition to the wrap laminate 464, the wrap material stack 450 may include a bladder treatment 466, as described above. In embodiments of the present disclosure, the bladder treatment 466 may include a release layer 470 on top of the wrap laminate 464 and a breather layer 468 on top of the release layer 470. The breather layer 468 may allow moisture, gases, and volatiles to escape from the bladder 300 (FIG. 14), thereby preventing such moisture, gases, and volatiles from entering the wrap laminate 464 during curing. The release layer 470 may insulate the breather layer 468 from the wrap laminate 464 and prevent the resin of the wrap laminate 464 from adhering or bonding to the release layer 470 during curing. Additionally, the release layer 470 may facilitate removal of the bladder 300 from the wrap laminate 464 after curing. The bladder treatment section 466 may include any one of a variety of different types of layers other than or in addition to the breather layer 468 and the release layer 470.

[0022] 4-6, the manufacturing system 100 may include one or more lay heads 220 supported above the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180. The lay heads 220 may be implemented to lay up a lap material stack 450 on a collective lap plate surface 190 defined by the first lap plate surface 172 and the second lap plate 180. In the illustrated example, the manufacturing system 100 includes three lay heads 220 supported by the gantry 104. The three lay heads 220 may be configured to dispense a composite material 232 for laying up the lap laminate 464, a release material 236 for laying up the release layer 470, and a breather material 234 for laying up the breather layer 468, respectively. In the illustrated example, the gantry 104 includes three generally horizontally oriented gantry cross beams 106 that support the three lay heads 220, respectively. However, the gantry 104 may include a single gantry cross beam 106 configured to support any number of lay heads 220. Alternatively, the lay heads 220 may be supported by any one of a variety of arrangements and are not limited to the system of the gantry 104. For example, the manufacturing system 100 may be configured such that one or more of the lay heads 220 are supported by a cantilever beam (not shown) or by a robotic arm of a robotic system (not shown). Additionally, the manufacturing system 100 may include any number of lay heads 220 for laying up the wrap material stack 450 and is not limited to having three lay heads 220.

[0023] 4-6, the gantry cross beams 106 each have opposing ends coupled to a pair of generally vertically oriented beam supports 114, respectively. Each of the beam supports 114 may be supported on a track of the gantry 104 extending along the length of the base member 102. The beam supports 114 may move along the gantry track 116 via a linear actuation mechanism (not shown) to move the laying head 220 along the length of the collective lap plate surface 190. Additionally, each laying head 220 may move independently along a horizontal track (not shown) incorporated into the respective gantry cross beam 106 to move the laying head 220 along a lateral direction of the collective lap plate surface 190. Additionally, the opposing ends of the gantry cross beams 106 may be coupled to a vertical track (not shown) included with the beam supports 114 to enable independent vertical movement of each laying head 220 via one or more linear actuation mechanisms (not shown) that may be incorporated into the beam supports 114.

[0024] In the illustrated example, each laying head 220 can include a mounting frame 222. The mounting frame 222 can have a device coupling mechanism 224 configured to engage with the gantry coupling mechanism 108 of the gantry cross beam 106. The combination of the gantry coupling mechanism 108 and the device coupling mechanism 224 defines a quick-disconnect assembly, allowing the laying head 220 to be quickly replaced with another laying head 220 or another type of device, such as a trimming device 250 (FIGS. 2-3), without manual intervention.

[0025] 2-3, in some examples, the manufacturing system 100 may include a staging area at one or both ends of the manufacturing system 100. The staging area 281 may include one or more device stands 280, each of which may be configured to support one or more devices (e.g., additional laying heads 220, trimming device 250) for performing any of the various steps associated with manufacturing the wrap-bladder assembly 480 ( FIG. 20 ) and / or associated with manufacturing the stringer-wrap-bladder assembly 490 ( FIG. 53 ). The staging area 281 may include a device stand 280 for supporting a laying head 220 and another device stand 280 for supporting a trimming device 250. As described below (e.g., Figures 31-37), substituting one type of device on the gantry 104 with another type of device may include moving the gantry 104 into a position adjacent to an empty one of the device stands 280, releasing the currently mounted device (e.g., stacking head 220) from the gantry 104 onto the empty device stand 280 by disengaging the device coupling mechanism 224 (Figure 1) from the gantry coupling mechanism 108, moving the gantry coupling mechanism 108 laterally along the gantry cross beam 106 until aligned with the device stand 280 occupied by a similar device (e.g., stacking head) or a different type of device (e.g., trimming device 250), and engaging the gantry coupling mechanism 108 with the device coupling mechanism 224 of the similar or different type of device.

[0026] 4-6 , each laying head 220 may be configured to apply layup material 230 to the collective lap plate surface 190. As described above, each laying head 220 may include a mounting frame 222 configured to support the components of the laying head 220. The laying head 220 may include a material supply drum 226 that supports a material roll 228 of the layup material 230. In some examples, the layup material 230 may be backed by a backing layer 238. For example, a prepreg composite material 232 ( FIG. 6 ) may be backed by a backing layer 238 to prevent adjacent wraps of the composite material 232 from adhering to each other on the material supply drum 226. As described above, the prepreg composite material 232 may be provided as a carbon epoxy prepreg, a fiberglass epoxy prepreg, or any one of a variety of composite materials 232. Certain layup materials 230 , such as breather material 234 and release material 236 , may or may not require a backing layer 238 .

[0027] The layup plate may include one or more redirect rollers 240 for guiding the layup material 230 from the material supply drum 226 to a downstream component, such as toward a cutter assembly 244 for cutting the layup material 230 during dispensing of the layup material 230. The laying head 220 may further include a backing layer separation assembly 242 configured to separate the backing layer 238 from the layup material 230. After separation from the layup material 230, the backing layer 238 may be wound onto a backing layer collection drum 246 as the layup material 230 is applied to the collective lap plate surface 190. The laying head 220 may additionally include a consolidation device 248, such as a consolidation roller or consolidation shoe, for applying a consolidation pressure to the layup material 230 being dispensed onto the collective lap plate surface 190.

[0028] 4-6 show the laying head 220 supported above the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180. As noted above, the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 are configured to move to a lap plate closed position 188 (FIGS. 5-6) where the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184 are in juxtaposed abutting contact with one another to form a collective lap plate surface 190. In the illustrated example, the laying head 220 is configured to dispense the composite material 232, the release material 236, and the breather material 234, respectively, in a stacked configuration onto the collective lap plate surface 190 to lay up a lap material stack 450 comprised of a lap laminate 464, a release layer 470, and a breather layer 468. However, as noted above, the lap material stack 450 may include any one of a variety of materials.

[0029] 6-7, the wrap material may be provided in a width such that when the wrap material stack 450 is folded and pressed onto the bladder top side 302 (FIG. 18), the first material stack base portion 452 (FIG. 12) and the second material stack base portion 456 (FIG. 12) overlap one another. This allows opposite sides of the wrap laminate 464 to adhere to one another to secure the wrap material around the bladder 300, as shown in FIG. 18 and described below. Adhesion of the opposite sides of the wrap laminate 464 may be facilitated by application of heat 187 (FIG. 18) from a heating device 186 that may be optionally included with the first wrap plate 170 and / or may be optionally included with the second wrap plate 180. The release material 236 and breather material 234 may also be provided in a width such that opposite sides of the release layer 470 and breather layer 468, respectively, overlap one another, as shown in FIG. 18 and described below. The wrap laminate 464, release layer 470, and breather layer 468 are shown laterally offset 472 from one another so that when folded over the bladder top side 302 ( FIG. 18 ) and overlaid on one another, the overlap 474 of the wrap laminate 464, the overlap 474 of the breather layer 468, and the overlap 474 of the release layer 470 are misaligned to avoid thickness build-up that could otherwise occur if the overlaps 474 were vertically aligned. The offset 472 within the layers of the wrap material stack 450 may be provided by laterally offsetting the position of the laying head 220 ( FIG. 6 ) during dispensing of the layup material 230 of the wrap material stack 450.

[0030] 5-9, in some examples, the manufacturing system 100 may include one or more laminate clamping mechanisms 150 configured to secure the first and second wrap plates 170, 180 in fixed positions on at least one of the first and second mandrels 120, 126 during formation of the wrap material stack 450, and to secure the wrap material stack 450 and the first wrap plate 170 in fixed positions on the first mandrel 120 during movement of the second mandrel 126 to the mandrel open position 136. Advantageously, the laminate clamping mechanisms 150 maintain a lateral position of the wrap material stack 450 aligned with the forming die centerline 260 such that the overlap of the wrap laminate 464, the overlap 474 of the release layer 470, and the overlap 474 of the breather layer 468 are located on the bladder top side 302, as shown in FIG. The laminate clamping mechanism 150 may assist the lap plate actuator 192 in maintaining the position of the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 .

[0031] In one example, the laminate clamping mechanism 150 can include a plurality or pattern of apertures 152 ( FIG. 6 ) formed in at least one of the first mandrel surface 122 and the second mandrel surface 128. The first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126 can include a plurality of fluid conduits 154 fluidly connecting the apertures 152 to a vacuum pressure source 156 (e.g., a vacuum pump) for generating a vacuum pressure 158 that secures the first lap plate 170 and / or the second lap plate 180 to the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126, respectively. Alternatively or additionally, the laminate clamping mechanism 150 may include one or more pinching mechanisms 160 ( FIG. 8 ) configured to mechanically secure the wrap material stack 450 to the first and / or second wrap plates 170 and 180, which in turn secure the first and / or second wrap plates 170 and 180 to the first and second mandrel surfaces 122 and 128, respectively. In the illustrated example, the pinching mechanisms 160 may be configured as first and / or second clamping bars 162 and 164 ( FIG. 5 ). Regardless of these configurations, the laminate clamping mechanism 150 may immovably secure the wrap material stack 450 and the first and / or second wrap plates 170 and 180 in a fixed position relative to the first and / or second mandrel 120 and / or 126, respectively.

[0032] 5-9, the manufacturing system 100 can include one or more laminate release mechanisms 206 configured to move the first wrap plate 170 and / or the second wrap plate 180 away from the first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126, respectively, to allow relative motion between the first wrap plate 170 and the first mandrel 120, and to allow relative motion between the second wrap plate 180 and the second mandrel 126. In one example, the laminate release mechanism 206 (e.g., FIGS. 5 and 9) can be configured as a plurality of apertures 152 for urging the first wrap plate 170 away from the first mandrel 120 and / or urging the second wrap plate 180 away from the second mandrel 126, the plurality of apertures 152 being in fluid communication with a positive air pressure source 208 (FIG. 5) for generating a positive air pressure 210.

[0033] 8-19, a sequence of steps for forming and folding the wrap material stack 450 around the bladder 300 is shown. FIG. 8 shows the upper forming die 254 and adjacent bladder 300 vertically lowered and entering a position above the wrap material stack 450 via the upper cross beam 262 (FIG. 5). In addition, the first clamping bar 162 is shown clamping the wrap material stack 450 onto the first wrap plate 170 and against the first mandrel 120. Also shown is the lower forming die 270 vertically positioned below the first mandrel 120 and second mandrel 126 via the lower cross beam 276 (FIG. 5) in preparation for forming the wrap material stack 450. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the upper forming die 254 is configured to urge the wrap material stack 450 against the lower forming die 270 to form the wrap material stack 450 into a desired cross-sectional shape, after which the upper forming die 254 is removed and replaced with a bladder 300 over which the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456 are folded using the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180, as shown in FIGS. 14-16 and described below. However, in other examples not shown, the upper forming die 254 may be omitted from the manufacturing system 100 and the bladder 300 may be used to urge the wrap material stack 450 against the lower forming die 270, after which the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180 may fold the wrap material stack 450 over the bladder upper side 302.

[0034] In the manufacturing system 100 of the present disclosure, the first lap plate 170 and / or the second lap plate 180 are configured to move, via a lap plate actuator 192 ( FIG. 5 ), along a direction perpendicular to the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184, respectively, to a lap plate open position 196 to define a lap plate gap 198 between the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184. Additionally, the second mandrel 126 is configured to move, via a mandrel actuator 144 ( FIG. 5 ), along a direction perpendicular to the second mandrel surface edge 130 to a mandrel open position 136 to define a mandrel gap 138 between the first mandrel surface edge 124 and the second mandrel surface edge 130. Alternatively, both the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 can be moved to the mandrel open position 136, defining the mandrel gap 138, as described above.

[0035] The lower forming die 270 is vertically movable and can be received in the mandrel gap 138 between the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 in the mandrel open position 136. The lower forming die 270 can include a pair of lower die web portions 272 and a lower die cap portion 274 ( FIG. 12 ), all of which can be mounted on a vertically movable lower cross beam 276 having opposing ends that are connected to a pair of base members 102. In addition to the lower forming die 270 (as a whole) being vertically movable on the lower cross beam 276 ( FIG. 5 ), the lower die web portion 272 can also move vertically independent of the vertical movement of the lower die cap portion 274. The lower forming die 270 provides a rigid element that is configured to the desired final shape of the wrapped laminate 464 and is configured to react to forming and consolidation pressures applied by the upper forming die 254 and bladder 300.

[0036] The lower forming die 270 is configured to support the wrap material stack 450 against a consolidation pressure applied to the wrap material stack 450 by the bladder 300. Additionally, the lower forming die 270 may support the wrap material stack 450 against a consolidation pressure applied by the upper forming die 254 to form the wrap material stack 450 prior to insertion of the bladder 300. The lower forming die 270 has a complementary contour to the upper forming die 254 and is configured to form the wrap material stack 450 and reduce or prevent the formation of wrinkles in one or more composite plies 402 of the wrap laminate 464 during the forming process.

[0037] 5, 8 and 9, the upper forming die 254 is movable downwardly and contacts a portion of the wrap material stack 450 spanning the lap plate gap 198 via the upper cross beam 262. The upper forming die 254 is configured to push the wrap material stack 450 into the lap plate gap 198 (FIG. 9) and form the wrap material stack 450 before removing the upper forming die 254 and replacing it with a bladder 300. In addition to being capable of vertical movement via movement of the upper cross beam 262, the upper forming die 254 may be moved vertically via an upper die actuator 264 mounted to the upper cross beam 262. The upper forming die 254 may be coupled to the upper die actuator 264 via an actuator rod (not shown). In a similar arrangement, the bladder 300 may be moved vertically via a bladder actuator 266 coupled to the upper cross beam 262. The bladder 300 may be removably coupled to a bladder actuator 266 via an actuator rod 268 (FIGS. 13-14) such that the bladder 300 can remain within the wrap material stack 450 after the bladder 300 is formed (e.g., FIG. 13). The actuator rod 268 may be retracted away from the bladder 300 by the bladder actuator 266 and / or by the upper cross beam 262.

[0038] 5, an upper cross beam 262 may be supported at opposite ends by a pair of posts 252 spaced apart along the length of the base member 102 and extending upwardly from the base member 102. An upper die actuator 264 and a bladder actuator 266 are each independently movable along the upper cross beam 262. The upper forming die 254 may be formed from a relatively rigid material (e.g., a metal or a rigid polymeric material) to provide a rigid element capable of forming the wrap material stack 450 against the lower forming die 270.

[0039] 9, the upper forming die 254 is moved into contact with the wrap material stack 450 and the second wrap plate 180 is moved to a wrap plate open position 196, defining a wrap plate gap 198 between the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180. The wrap plate gap 198 may be sized to receive the upper forming die 254. Also shown is the second mandrel 126 moved to the mandrel open position 136, defining the mandrel gap 138 between the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126. However, as noted above, in alternative examples, both the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may move to the mandrel open position 136 and define the mandrel gap 138. The mandrel gap 138 may be sized complementary to the combined width of the lower die web portions 272 in juxtaposed relationship to one another. Positive air pressure 210 may be vented through the apertures 152 of the second mandrel 126 to urge the second lap plate 180 away from the second mandrel surface 128 to facilitate movement of the second lap plate 180 relative to the second mandrel surface 128. Vacuum pressure 158 may be applied to the apertures 152 of the first mandrel 120 to pull the first lap plate 170 against the first mandrel surface 122 and prevent movement of the first lap plate 170 relative to the first mandrel 120. Additionally, the first clamping bar 162 may apply a clamping pressure 432 onto the wrap material stack 450 and against the first wrap plate 170 as an additional measure to prevent movement of the wrap material stack 450 while the second wrap plate 180 and second mandrel 126 are moving.

[0040] 10 shows the lower die web portion 272 of the lower forming die 270 in the mandrel gap 138. The upper die cap portion 256 of the upper forming die 254 is in contact with the material stack cap portion 462 of the wrap material stack 450. Also shown is the first clamping bar 162 exerting a clamping pressure 432 on the first material stack base portion 452 of the wrap material stack 450 against the first wrap plate 170 and the second clamping bar 164 exerting a clamping pressure 432 on the second material stack base portion 456 of the wrap material stack 450 against the second wrap plate 180.

[0041] 11 shows the upper die cap portion 256 forcing the wrap material stack 450 into the wrap plate gap 198 while the upper die web portion 258 urges the first and second material stack web portions 458, 460 into contact with the pair of lower die web portions 272 of the lower forming die 270. As the upper forming die 254 is forced into the gap between the lower die web portions 272, the first wrap plate 170, the second wrap plate 180, the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may be forced laterally outward. The clamping pressure 432 exerted by the first clamping bar 162 and the second clamping bar 164 may create a lateral tension 430 in the wrap material stack 450 to minimize the formation of wrinkles in at least the wrap laminate 464 during the forming process. 12 shows the first wrap plate 170, second wrap plate 180, first mandrel 120, and second mandrel 126 moved further laterally outward as the forming die is lowered vertically until the wrap material stack 450 is compacted against the lower die cap portion 274 of the lower forming die 270. A vacuum pressure 158 may optionally be drawn on the apertures 152 in the first mandrel 120 and second mandrel 126 to urge the first wrap plate 170 and second wrap plate 180 against the first mandrel surface 122 and second mandrel surface 128, respectively, to provide a stabilizing effect during movement of the first wrap plate 170 with the first mandrel 120 and the second wrap plate 180 with the second mandrel 126. In any of the examples disclosed herein, the first mandrel 120, the second mandrel 126, the first wrap plate 170, the second wrap plate 180, the upper forming die 254 and / or the lower forming die 270 may include one or more heating elements (not shown) for heating the wrap laminate 464 to facilitate forming and folding the wrap laminate 464. For wrap laminates 464 formed from thermoplastic prepregs, the application of heat reduces the viscosity of the thermoplastic resin to an extent that the wrap laminate 464 can be formed into a desired cross-sectional shape, and the wrap laminate 464 can then be allowed to cool and solidify to retain the formed cross-sectional shape.

[0042] 13-14, the upper forming die 254 is shown removed from the wrap material stack 450 and replaced with the bladder 300 after the wrap material stack 450 has been formed by the upper forming die 254. During replacement of the upper forming die 254 with the bladder 300, the actuator rod 268 of the upper forming die 254 may be pulled upwardly by the upper die actuator 264 to move the upper forming die 254 away from the wrap material stack 450. The upper die actuator 264 and the bladder actuator 266 are moved laterally along the upper cross beam 262 to position the bladder 300 above a location of the wrap material stack 450 directly above the lower forming die 270. The bladder actuator 266 lowers the bladder 300 into the wrap material stack 450, after which the actuator rod 268 of the bladder actuator 266 may be disengaged and pulled upwardly. The bladder 300 may remain within the wrap material stack 450.

[0043] In the manufacturing system 100 of the present disclosure, the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180 are configured to fold the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base onto the bladder top side 302 in overlapping relationship to form a wrap-bladder assembly 480. Advantageously, the use of the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180 to fold the wrap material stack 450 reduces the time typically required to form the wrap-bladder assembly 480 and eliminates the need for a dedicated folding station.

[0044] 15-16 show an example of folding the wrap material stack 450 onto the bladder top 302. In the illustrated example, the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180 move back and forth over the bladder top 302, folding the first material stack base portion 452 and the material stack base portion 456 onto the bladder top 302 in an alternating manner. FIG. 15 shows that the first wrap plate 170 is moved along a direction toward the second wrap plate 180 by its wrap plate actuator 192 (FIG. 5). The first wrap plate 170 urges the first material stack base portion 452 to fold onto the bladder top 302 while the second wrap plate 180 can be stationary. A vacuum pressure 158 may be applied to the second mandrel 126 to secure the second wrap plate 180 to the second mandrel 126, and a positive air pressure 210 may be applied to the first mandrel 120 to urge the first wrap plate 170 away from the first mandrel 120. FIG. 16 shows that the second wrap plate 180 is moved along a direction toward the first wrap plate 170 by the wrap plate actuator 192, urging the second wrap plate 180 to fold the second material stack base portion 456 onto the first material stack base portion 452, while the first wrap plate 170 is retracted by its wrap plate actuator 192. A vacuum pressure may be applied to the first mandrel 120 to secure the first wrap plate 170 to the first mandrel 120. Positive air pressure 210 can be applied to the second mandrel 126 to urge the second wrap plate 180 away from the second mandrel 126. As an alternative to the first wrap plate 170 retracting while the second wrap plate 180 extends, the first wrap plate 170 remains stationary in position above the bladder upper side 302 while the second wrap plate 180 folds the second material stack base portion 456 over the first wrap plate 170, thereby allowing the first wrap plate to restrain the first wrap base portion, thereby preventing it from springing back toward its original position.

[0045] 17-18 , as noted above, the first lap plate 170 and / or the second lap plate 180 may optionally include a heating device 186 integrated within or attached to the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 proximate the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184, respectively. In one embodiment, the heating device 186 may be configured as one or more resistive elements (e.g., resistive wires) covered by an electrically insulating material (e.g., plastic, ceramic) attached to or embedded in the first lap plate 170 and / or the second lap plate 180. However, the devices may be provided in any one of a variety of other configurations. The heating device 186 is configured to locally apply heat 187 to the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456 to locally soften the resin within the composite ply 402 such that the surface mixing of the resin can facilitate bonding of the overlapping portions of the wrap laminate 464 as a means of maintaining the wrap material stack 450 wrapped around the bladder 300 during subsequent processing.

[0046] 18 illustrates the application of heat 187 to the overlap 474 of the second material stack base portion 456 over the top of the first material stack base portion 452. The first clamping bar 162 and the second clamping bar 164 are shown in contact with the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180, respectively. At least the second clamping bar 164 applies a clamping pressure 432 on the second lap plate 180 to apply pressure at the overlap 474 of the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456 to enhance adhesion and resin mixing by the heating device 186 during localized heating.

[0047] 18, the bladder 300 may be rigid and / or the bladder 300 may be inflatable. In one example, the bladder 300 may be configured as a rigid bladder (not shown) formed of a foam material that is removed after the wrap-bladder assembly 480 (FIG. 20) is cured. Alternatively, the foam material may be configured to remain inside the cured wrap-bladder assembly 480 throughout the life of the part. In another example, the bladder 300 may be hollow and an internal stiffener (not shown) may be inserted within the bladder 300 to provide rigidity during the formation process of the wrap material stack 450. During the process of folding the first and second material stack base portions 452, 456 onto the bladder top side 302, the bladder 300 may be pressurized at least until heat is applied to clamp (e.g., lightly bond) the first and second material stack base portions 452, 456 into an overlap 474, after which the bladder 300 may be depressurized and the internal stiffeners removed from the bladder 300. After the first and second material stack base portions 452, 456 are folded into an overlapping relationship on the bladder top side 302, internal pressurization of the bladder 300 may consolidate the wrap laminate 464 against the lower forming die 270. The bladder 300 may be internally pressurized prior to and / or during the localized application of heat 187 by the heating device 186. A positive air pressure source 208 (FIG. 5) may inject air into the bladder 300 to generate an internal bladder pressure 304. Advantageously, the internal pressurization of the bladder 300 may reduce or prevent wrinkling of the composite material 232 of the wrap laminate 464 and may also enhance the integral bond of the first material stack base portion 452 with the second material stack base portion 456. The clamping pressure 432 applied by the second clamping bar 164 may provide a backing force that enables the second wrap plate 180 along the bladder top side 302 to resist the internal bladder pressure 304 applied to the wrap material stack 450.After heating (e.g., using heating device 186) the overlap 474 of the second material stack base portion 456 on the top of the first material stack base portion 452, the first clamping bar 162 and the second clamping bar 164 are retracted from the first lap plate 170 and the first lap plate 180, respectively, and the second lap plate 180 is moved a relatively short distance toward the first lap plate 170 to break (via shear) any adhesive bond formed between the second lap plate 180 and the resin in the lap laminate 464. Moving the second lap plate to shear (e.g., break) the adhesive bond between the lap laminate 464 and the second lap plate 180 may result in a tensile load on the top composite ply (not shown) of the lap laminate 464 without causing wrinkling of the composite ply.

[0048] FIG. 19 illustrates retraction of the first and second wrap plates 170, 180 via the wrap plate actuators 192 to reveal the wrap-bladder assembly 480 supported by the lower forming die 270. Positive air pressure 210 may be applied to the first and second mandrels 120, 126 to urge the first and second wrap plates 170, 180 away from the first and second mandrels 120, 126, respectively. FIG. 20 is a perspective view of an example wrap-bladder assembly 480 after removal from the manufacturing system 100. In the illustrated example, the bladder treatment 466 may extend beyond the opposing ends of the wrap laminate 464. Although not shown, the bladder 300 may extend beyond the opposing ends of the bladder treatment 466. Adhesive tape (not shown) may secure bladder treatment portion 466 to bladder 300 at each opposing end of bladder 300 .

[0049] 21-25, an example of an alternative method for folding the first and second material stack base portions 452, 456 into overlapping relationship on the bladder top side 302 is shown. In the illustrated example, at least a portion of the first and second lap plates 170, 180 can be configured to rotate 180 degrees about a pivot axis 195 located proximate the first and second lap plate surface edges 174, 184, respectively. For example, the first and / or second lap plates 170, 180 can each have a lap plate fold element 194 that nests within a recess (not shown) of the first and second lap plates 170, 180, respectively, such that the lap plate fold element 194 is flush with the first and second lap plate surfaces 172, 182, respectively.

[0050] FIG 21 shows the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456 protruding from the lap plate gap 198. Also shown are the first clamping bar 162 and the second clamping bar 164 applying a clamping pressure 432 to the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180, respectively. FIG 22 shows the lap plate folding element 194 of the first lap plate 170 folding or inverting the first material stack base portion 452 onto the bladder top side 302. FIG 23 shows the lap plate folding element 194 of the first lap plate 170 rotating back to its original position where the lap plate folding element 194 may nest within a recess formed in the first lap plate 170. FIGURE 24 shows the lap plate folding element 194 of the second lap plate 180 folding or inverting the second material stack base portion 456 on top of the first material stack base portion 452 to complete the folding of the lap-bladder assembly 480. FIGURE 25 shows the lap plate folding element 194 of the second lap plate 180 rotating back to its original position where the lap plate folding element 194 can nest within a recess formed in the second lap plate 180.

[0051] 26-28, examples of alternative configurations of the wrap-bladder assembly 480 and associated configurations of the first mandrel 120, second mandrel 126, and lower forming die 270 for forming a wrap-bladder assembly 480 with a cross-sectional shape different from the trapezoid 306 (e.g., FIG. 25) of the wrap-bladder assembly 480 are shown. FIG. 26 shows an example of a wrap material stack 450 wrapped around a bladder 300 with a square cross-sectional shape 308. In the illustrated example, the lower die web portion 272 may be omitted from the lower forming die 270, and the sides of the first mandrel 120 and second mandrel 126 may act as surfaces against which the internal bladder pressure 304 (FIG. 18) consolidates the first and second material stack web portions 458, 460. FIG. 27 shows an example of a wrap material stack 450 wrapped around a bladder 300 with a triangular cross-sectional shape 310. In the illustrated example, the lower die cap portion 274 may be omitted from the lower forming die 270 and the internal bladder pressure 304 may compact the material stack web portion against the lower die web portion 272. FIG. 28 shows an example of a wrapped material stack 450 wrapped around a bladder 300 having a dome-shaped cross section 312. In FIG. 28, the lower die web portion 272 is omitted from the lower forming die 270 and the material stack web portion may be compacted between the bladder 300 and the sides of the first and second mandrels 120 and 126.

[0052] 29, a flow chart of a method 500 of manufacturing a wrap-bladder assembly 480 is shown. Step 502 of method 500 includes positioning first lap plate 170 and second lap plate 180 in parallel juxtaposed relationship with each other such that first lap plate surface edge 174 and second lap plate surface edge 184 are adjacent to each other, as shown in FIG 5. As described above, first lap plate 170 and second lap plate 180 are positioned over first mandrel 120 and second mandrel 126, which may be in parallel juxtaposed relationship with each other.

[0053] 6-7, step 502 of method 500 includes receiving a wrap material stack 450 at first lap plate surface 172 and second lap plate surface 182. The wrap material stack 450 is comprised of a wrap laminate 464, which may include one or more uncured composite plies 402. In addition, the wrap material stack 450 includes a bladder treatment 466 on top of the wrap laminate 464. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the bladder treatment 466 is a release layer 470 on the top of the wrap laminate 464 and a breather layer 468 on top of the release layer 470. However, the bladder treatment 466 may include any one of a variety of different types of layers.

[0054] The step 502 of receiving the lap material stack 450 on the first lap plate surface 172 and the second lap plate surface 182 may be performed by laying up the lap material stack 450 using one or more laying heads 220. For example, as shown in FIGS. 4-6 , the method may include supporting the one or more laying heads 220 over the collective first lap plate 170 or second lap plate 180. In addition, the method may include moving the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 to a closed lap plate (e.g., FIG. 5 ) such that the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184 are in juxtaposed abutting contact with each other to define the collective lap plate surface 190. The method may additionally include dispensing the composite material 232 and the bladder treatment 466 from the laying heads 220 to form the lap material stack 450. In the illustrated example, the first laying head 220 is configured to dispense the composite material 232 and lay up one or more composite plies 402 in a stack form to form the wrap laminate 464. The second laying head 220 is configured to dispense the release material 236 for laying up the release layer 470. The third laying head 220 is configured to dispense the breather material 234 for laying up the breather layer 468. However, as noted above, the manufacturing system 100 may include any number of laying heads 220 for forming the wrap material stack 450. Additionally, the laying heads 220 may be offset 472 laterally from one another such that the overlaps 474 (e.g., FIG. 18 ) of the bladder top sides 302 are offset from one another. In some examples, the method 500 may include securing certain layers of the wrap material stack 450 in predetermined positions on the first and second wrap plates 170, 180 during the layup of the wrap material stack 450. For example, although not shown, the manufacturing system 100 may implement one or more mechanisms (not shown), such as one or more clamp bars configured to clamp one or both of the opposing ends or sides of the release layer 470 in place on the wrap laminate 464 prior to laying up the breather layer 468.Alternatively or additionally, the first and second lap plates 170, 180 may include apertures (not shown) for drawing a vacuum on one or more of the layers of the wrap material stack 450 to prevent movement during layup. The tackiness (e.g., adhesiveness) of the resin of the wrap laminate 464 may also help prevent movement of the layers of the wrap material stack 450 during layup.

[0055] 8-9 , a step 504 of method 500 moves the first lap plate 170 and / or the second lap plate 180 to a lap plate open position 196 to define a lap plate gap 198 between the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184. The lap plate gap 198 is sized to receive the upper forming die 254 as part of the process of forming the lap material stack 450 within a forming die contour to receive the bladder 300.

[0056] 9, method 500 step 506 includes moving second mandrel 126 along a direction perpendicular to second mandrel surface edge 130 to mandrel release position 136. As described above, mandrel release position 136 defines mandrel gap 138 between first mandrel surface edge 124 and second mandrel surface edge 130. In an alternative example, method 500 step 506 may include moving both first mandrel 120 and second mandrel 126 away from each other to define mandrel gap 138. The method may further include receiving a lower forming die 270 within mandrel gap 138, as shown in FIG. 10. In the illustrated example, lower die web portion 272 may be moved upwardly into a position within mandrel gap 138.

[0057] 11-12 , step 508 of method 500 includes using the bladder 300 or the upper forming die 254 to force the wrap material stack 450 at least partially into the wrap plate gap 198 and the mandrel gap 138. The method may include moving the upper forming die 254 downwardly into contact with the wrap material stack 450. In addition, step 508 may include using the upper forming die 254 to force the wrap material stack 450 into the wrap plate gap 198 and the mandrel gap 138 and against the lower forming die 270 to at least partially form the wrap material stack 450. The method may further include supporting the wrap material stack 450 against a consolidation pressure applied to the wrap material stack 450 by the upper forming die 254.

[0058] 12-14, step 510 of method 500 includes forming wrap material stack 450 in response to forcing wrap material stack 450 at least partially into wrap plate gap 198 and mandrel gap 138 such that first and second material stack base portions 452, 456 extend at least partially from wrap plate gap 198. After forming is complete, the method may include removing upper forming die 254 from wrap material stack 450 within lower forming die 270 and installing bladder 300 within wrap material stack 450, as shown in FIG. 13. As described above, upper forming die 254 and bladder 300 may each be moved laterally along upper cross beam 262, as shown in FIG. 13. Additionally, upper forming die 254 may be moved vertically via upper die actuator 264 and bladder 300 may be moved vertically via bladder actuator 266. As shown in FIG. 14, the bladder 300 may be removably coupled to the actuator rod 268, allowing the bladder 300 to remain within the wrap material stack 450 after formation, and the actuator rod 268 may be retracted away from the bladder 300 by the bladder actuator 266.

[0059] 15-16, step 512 of method 500 includes using first and second wrap plates 170, 180 to fold first and second material stack base portions 452, 456 onto bladder top 302 in overlapping relationship to form wrap-bladder assembly 480. In some examples, step 512 may include moving first and second wrap plates 170, 180 back and forth over bladder top 302 in an alternative manner in FIGS. For example, the first lap plate 170 moves (e.g., via the lap plate actuator 192) above the bladder upper side 302 and moves along a direction toward the second lap plate 180, urging the first material stack base portion 452 to fold onto the bladder upper side 302, and then the second lap plate 180 moves along a direction toward the first lap plate 170, urging the second lap plate 180 to fold onto the first material stack base portion 452, while the first lap plate 170 retracts. As an alternative to the first wrap plate 170 retracting while the second wrap plate 180 extends, the first wrap plate 170 may remain stationary in its position over the bladder upper side 302 while the second wrap plate 180 folds the second material stack base portion 456 over the first wrap plate 170, thereby allowing the first wrap plate 170 to hold down the first material stack base portion 452, thereby preventing the first material stack base portion 452 from springing back to its original position and undesirably causing the second wrap plate 180 to fold the first material stack base portion 452 away from its folded position on the bladder upper side 302.

[0060] After the folding process is completed, the wrap-bladder assembly 480 may be removed from the manufacturing system 100 and separately laid up and installed into a stringer laminate 400 formed to a cross-sectional profile complementary to the cross-sectional profile of the wrap-bladder assembly 480 (e.g., FIG. 53). The wrap-bladder assembly 480 and the stringer laminate 400 may be co-bonded or co-cured as an assembly. Alternatively or additionally, one or more assemblies of wrap-bladder assemblies 480 and stringer laminates 400 (e.g., FIG. 53) may be co-bonded or co-cured with a skin member 422 (e.g., FIG. 54) to form a stiffened composite structure 420 (FIG. 54).

[0061] 21-25, an alternative example of folding the wrap material stack 450 can include alternately rotating at least a portion of the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 proximate the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184, respectively, about the pivot axis 195. In an example not shown, the entire first lap plate 170 and the entire second lap plate 180 can be configured to rotate approximately 180 degrees to fold the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456, respectively, onto the top of the bladder upper side 302. In the example shown, the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 each have a lap plate folding element 194. The lap plate folding element 194 of the first lap plate 170 can be configured to rotate (e.g., approximately 180 degrees) to invert the first material stack base portion 452 onto the bladder upper side 302, and then the lap plate folding element 194 of the second lap plate 180 can be rotated (e.g., approximately 180 degrees) to invert the second material stack base portion 456 onto the first material stack base portion 452 above the bladder upper side 302.

[0062] 17-18, the method 500 may further include heating the first material stack base portion 452 and / or the second material stack base portion 456 once stacked on the bladder top side 302. Heat 187 may be applied using the heating devices 186 of the first wrap plate 170 and / or the second wrap plate 180, as described above. As a result of applying the heat 187, the method may include at least partially bonding the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456 together. More specifically, the application of heat 187 may result in bonding the overlapped edges of the wrap laminate 464 together as a means to secure the wrap material stack 450 around the bladder 300.

[0063] 18, a method 500 of manufacturing a wrap-bladder assembly 480 may include internally pressurizing the bladder 300 after folding the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456 onto the bladder top side 302 in overlapping relationship. The bladder 300 may be internally pressurized while either the first wrap plate 170 or the second wrap plate 180 is disposed on the bladder top side 302. The method may include consolidating the wrap laminate 464 against the lower forming die 270 and against the second wrap plate 180 as a result of the internal pressurization of the bladder 300. The internal pressurization of the bladder 300 may result in strengthening of the wrap laminate 464. Additionally, the internal pressurization of the bladder 300 may reduce or prevent wrinkling of the composite material 232 of the wrap laminate 464 and may strengthen the bond between the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456. As noted above, Figure 20 shows an example of a wrap-bladder assembly 480 formed in a cross-section of a trapezoid 306. However, as noted above, the wrap-bladder assembly 480 may be formed in a variety of other shapes, including, but not limited to, a square shape 308 (Figure 26), a triangular shape 310 (Figure 27), and a dome shape 312 (Figure 20).

[0064] 30-52, an example of a manufacturing system 100 is shown that is similar to the above example of a manufacturing system 100 (e.g., FIGS. 1 and 5) for forming a wrap-bladder assembly 480 (FIG. 20) implemented to form a stringer-wrap-bladder assembly 490 (FIG. 53), except that the manufacturing system 100 of FIGS. 30-52 is shown supporting the stringer laminate 400 on the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 prior to receiving the wrap material stack 450 (e.g., FIGS. 39-40) with the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180. As shown in FIG. 41, the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180 are supported on the stringer laminate 400, which is supported on the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126, respectively. As shown in Figures 42-46 and described below, the wrap material stack 450 and the stringer laminate 400 are co-formed to the desired stringer cross-sectional shape in a manner similar to the process described above for forming the wrap material stack 450 as shown in Figures 8-13. As shown in Figures 48-51 and described below, the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180 are implemented to fold the wrap material stack 450 over the bladder upper side 302 in a manner similar to the process described above for forming the wrap material stack 450 as shown in Figures 15-18. Advantageously, the ability to lay up and co-form the stringer laminate 400 with the wrap material stack 450 on the manufacturing system 100 (Figure 30) of the present disclosure may eliminate the need for separate stations that would otherwise require separate layup and formation of the stringer laminate 400 and the wrap material stack 450.

[0065] 30-31 , first mandrel 120 and second mandrel 126 are shown in a mandrel closed position 132 with first mandrel surface edge 124 and second mandrel surface edge 130 in juxtaposed abutting contact to form a collective mandrel surface 134 defined by first mandrel surface 122 and second mandrel surface 128. Collective mandrel surface 134 is continuous in the sense that there are no steps, gaps, breaks, interruptions, and / or discontinuities in collective mandrel surface 134 such that no portion of stringer laminate 400 is supported during layup and optional trimming, which may increase the precision with which stringer laminate 400 is laid up and optionally trimmed. As noted above, the manufacturing system 100 may include one or more alignment mechanisms 140 for maintaining vertical alignment of the first mandrel surface 122 with the second mandrel surface 128. For example, as noted above, the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may be supported on side rails 142 to maintain alignment during movement of the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126. Alternatively or additionally, the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may include a pin 146 and socket 148 arrangement ( FIG. 32 ) for maintaining vertical alignment of the first mandrel surface 122 to the second mandrel surface 128 when in close proximity, as shown in FIG.

[0066] 30-31, the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 are configured to move away from one another (e.g., retract via lap plate actuator 192) to expose the collective mandrel surface 134. The collective mandrel surface 134 is configured to receive a stringer laminate 400 before the first lap plate surface 172 and the second lap plate surface 182 receive a wrap material stack 450 (FIG. 39). The stringer laminate 400 may be comprised of one or more uncured composite plies 402 (e.g., carbon fiber prepreg) arranged in a desired ply stack sequence. The stringer laminate 400 has a width greater than the wrap material stack 450, as shown in FIGS. 39-40, and defines a first stringer flange portion 406 and a second stringer flange portion 408, as shown in FIG. 53. As shown in Figures 39-51, the stringer laminate 400 may support the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 during layup of the wrap material stack 450 and during co-forming of the stringer laminate 400 and the wrap material stack 450, as described below.

[0067] In FIGS. 30-34, the manufacturing system 100 may include at least one laying head 220 supportable over the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 for laying up the stringer laminate 400. In the illustrated example, the laying head 220 for laying up the stringer laminate 400 may be supported on the same gantry 104 that supports one or more laying heads 220 for laying up the subsequent wrap material stack 450 after the layup of the stringer laminate 400 is completed. As previously described and shown in FIGS. 2-3, the manufacturing system 100 may include a staging area 281 (FIGS. 33-34) at one or both ends of the manufacturing system 100 for supporting a replacement laying head 220 or other type of device, such as a trimming device 250. The staging area 281 may provide a location for storing a replacement laying head 220 or other type of device for replacing one or more of the laying heads 220 on the gantry 104.

[0068] In Figs. 30-31, the laying head 220 for laying up the stringer laminate 400 may be configured similarly to the laying head 220 described above for laying up the wrap material stack 450 shown in Figs. 4-6. For example, the laying head 220 of Figs. 30-31 may include a material supply drum 226 for supporting a material roll 228 of layup material 230 (e.g., composite material 232). In addition, the laying head 220 may include one or more redirect rollers 240 for guiding the layup material 230 through the components of the laying head 220. In addition, the ply head 220 may include a cutter assembly 244 for cutting the layup material 230 and a backing layer separation assembly 242 (Fig. 4) for removing the backing layer 238 included with the layup material 230 (e.g., composite material 232). The laying head 220 may also include a consolidation device 248 for consolidating the layup material 230 onto the collective mandrel surface 134. Additionally, the lamination head 220 may include a backing layer collection drum 246 for winding up the backing layer 238 after separation from the composite material 232 .

[0069] 30-31 , the laying head 220 may be configured to dispense prepreg composite material 232 onto the collective mandrel surface 134 to form the stringer laminate 400. However, the gantry 104 may be configured to support additional laying heads 220 for laying up the stringer laminate 400, such as one or more laying heads 220 configured to dispense different types or widths of composite material 232 or different types of layup material 230. For example, in addition to the laying head 220 (FIGS. 30-31) for dispensing the composite material 232, the gantry 104 may include a laying head 220 configured to dispense an adhesive (not shown) and form an adhesive layer (not shown) on the stringer laminate 400 to enhance adhesion between the stringer laminate 400 and the wrap laminate 464 and / or to enhance adhesion between the stringer laminate 400 and the skin panel members 422 (FIG. 54) with which the stringer-wrap-bladder assemblies 490 are co-bonded or co-cured to form a stiffened composite structure 420 (FIG. 54). Although not shown, the manufacturing system 100 may be provided with two gantries 104, including a first gantry 104 supporting one or more laying heads 220 for laying up the stringer laminate 400 and a second gantry 104 for supporting one or more laying heads 220 for laying up the wrap material stack 450. Any unused gantries 104 may be stored in one of the staging areas 281.

[0070] As mentioned above, the manufacturing system 100 may include one or more laminate fastening mechanisms 150 configured to stationary fix the stringer laminate 400 in a fixed position on the first mandrel 120 and / or second mandrel 126 during lay-up and optional trimming of the stringer laminate 400 and / or during co-forming of the stringer laminate 400 and wrap material stack 450. Advantageously, the laminate fastening mechanisms 150 may maintain the position of the stringer laminate 400 relative to the first mandrel surface edge 124 and the second mandrel surface edge 130 for accuracy of placement of the stringer laminate 400 during co-forming such that the stringer centerline 404 (FIGS. 30-31) is aligned with the die centerline 260 (FIG. 30) of the upper forming die 254 and / or lower forming die 270.

[0071] As shown in Figures 30-32 and described above, the laminate fastening mechanism 150 may include a plurality of apertures 152 (Figure 31) formed in at least one of the first mandrel surface 122 and the second mandrel surface 128. The apertures 152 may be in fluid communication with a vacuum pressure source 156 (e.g., Figure 30) that generates a vacuum pressure 158 to secure the stringer laminate 400 to the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126. For example, Figures 31-32 illustrate the application of vacuum pressure 158 to draw the stringer laminate 400 against the first mandrel surface 122 and the second mandrel surface 128 during layup of the stringer laminate 400 by the laying head 220. As shown in Figures 38-52, vacuum pressure 158 can be applied to the apertures 152 in the first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126, as necessary, to lay up the stringer laminate 400 and wrap material stack 450 and co-form the stringer laminate 400 with the wrap material stack 450.

[0072] 33-38 and 43-47 and as described above, the laminate fastening mechanism 150 may include one or more pinching mechanisms 160, such as a first clamping bar 162 and / or a second clamping bar 164, that extend along the length of the base member 102. The pinching mechanisms 160 may be configured to mechanically clamp the stringer laminate 400 to the first mandrel surface 122 and / or the second mandrel surface 128 to limit or prevent movement of the stringer laminate 400 relative to the first mandrel surface 122 and / or the second mandrel surface 128. In some examples, the first clamping bar 162 and the second clamping bar 164 may apply a clamping pressure 432 through a first lap plate 170 and / or a second lap plate 180 that are supported on the stringer laminate 400. The first clamping bar 162 and / or the second clamping bar 164 may be configured to bear against the wrap material stack 450 and immobilize and secure both the wrap material stack 450 and the stringer laminate 400 in a fixed position on the first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126 during co-forming of the stringer laminate 400 and the wrap material stack 450.

[0073] 42, the manufacturing system 100 may include one or more laminate release mechanisms 206 configured to release the stringer laminate 400 from the first mandrel surface 122 and / or the second mandrel surface 128, thereby allowing relative movement between the stringer laminate 400 and the first mandrel surface 122 and / or the second mandrel surface 128. In FIG. 42, the laminate release mechanism includes application of positive air pressure 210 to the apertures 152 of the first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126 to urge the stringer laminate 400 away from the first mandrel 120 and / or the second mandrel 126. FIG. 42 illustrates the application of vacuum pressure 158 to hold the stringer laminate 400 stationary in a fixed position on the first mandrel 120 while the second mandrel 126 is moving to the mandrel release position 136 .

[0074] 35 , the manufacturing system 100 may optionally include a trimming device 250 configured to trim the stringer laminate 400 on the collective mandrel surface 134 after the layup is completed. The trimming may be performed prior to the layup of the lap material stack 450 on the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180. In some examples, the trimming device 250 may be stored in one of the staging areas 281. As described below, the gantry 104 may be configured to move to one of the staging areas 281 and replace one of the laying heads 220 on the gantry 104 with the trimming device 250. The trimming device 250 may be moved by the gantry 104 along the length and side of the collective mandrel surface 134. The trimming device 250 may trim the stringer laminate 400 while supported on the collective mandrel surface 134. Although not shown, the method 500 may include trimming one or more of the layers of the wrap material stack 464 during or after layup of the wrap material stack 464 on the first and second lap plates 170, 180. For example, prior to forming and folding the wrap material stack 450, the manufacturing system 100 may include a trimming device 250 configured to perform net shape or near net shape trimming of one or more layers of the wrap material stack 464 in a manner similar to the trimming device 250 shown in FIG.

[0075] The trimming device 250 may be configured as an ultrasonic cutter, a laser cutter (not shown), a mechanical blade (not shown), or other configurations. The trimming device 250 may be configured to precisely trim the stringer laminate 400 into a symmetrical or asymmetrical shape (e.g., around the lamination centerline). A vacuum pressure 158 may be drawn on the apertures 152 to hold the stringer laminate 400 stationary in position on the collective mandrel surface 134 during the trimming process. The trimming device 250 may be configured to trim any number of a variety of different types of features into the stringer laminate 400. For example, as shown in FIG. 53, the trimming device 250 may be configured to trim the periphery of the stringer laminate 400 to form tabs 424 on each of the opposing ends of the stringer laminate 400. After trimming is completed, the gantry 104 may move to one of the staging areas 281 (FIGS. 36-37) to exchange the trimming device 250 for a laying head 220 for use during layup of the wrap material stack 450.

[0076] Prior to laying up the lap material stack 450, the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 can be moved by the lap plate actuator 192 into a lap plate closed position 188, as shown in FIGS. 38-39. The first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 can be supported on the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126. FIG. 39 illustrates an example of the laying head 220 laying up the lap material stack 450 on the collective lap plate surface 190 defined by the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180, as described above with reference to FIG. 6. FIG. 40 illustrates the top lap material stack 450 of the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 supported on the stringer laminate 400.

[0077] 55, in conjunction with FIGS. 30-54, illustrates a method 600 of manufacturing a stringer-wrap-bladder assembly 490 (FIG. 53) that is similar to the above-described method 500 of forming a wrap-bladder assembly 480 (FIG. 20), except that in manufacturing the stringer-wrap-bladder assembly 490, the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180 are supported on the stringer laminate 400, which in turn is supported on the first mandrel surface 122 and the second mandrel surface 128. In addition, the layup and formation of the stringer laminate 400 and the wrapping of the bladder 300 may be performed on a single piece of equipment (e.g., manufacturing system 100) without the need for a separate pick-in-place operation to place the wrap-bladder assembly 480 on the formed stringer laminate 400 (e.g., FIG. 53).

[0078] 30-32, the method 600 includes placing a second mandrel surface edge 130 of the second mandrel 126 in juxtaposed abutting contact with a first mandrel surface edge 124 of the first mandrel 120 in a mandrel closed position 132 to form a collective mandrel surface 134 defined by the first mandrel surface 122 and the second mandrel surface 128. The method may include maintaining vertical alignment between the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 using one or more alignment mechanisms 140 such that the collective mandrel surface 134 is continuous during layup and optional trimming, and during co-forming of the stringer laminate 400 with the wrap material stack 450. As described above, the alignment mechanism 140 may include side rails 142 (FIG. 30) on which the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 are supported. Alternatively or additionally, the alignment mechanism 140 may include an arrangement of pins 146 and sockets 148 (FIG. 32) spaced apart along the length of the collective mandrel surface 134 .

[0079] 30-32, step 602 of method 600 includes receiving the stringer laminate 400 at the collective mandrel surface 134 after the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 have been moved away from one another by the lap plate actuator 192 (FIG. 30) to expose the collective mandrel surface 134. In some examples, the stringer laminate 400 may be laid up at a separate lamination station (not shown) and then transported to the manufacturing system 100 of the present disclosure and placed on the collective mandrel surface 134. However, in embodiments of the present disclosure, step 602 of receiving the stringer laminate 400 at the collective mandrel surface 134 may include dispensing one or more plies of composite material 232 from a laying head 220 onto the collective mandrel surface 134 to lay up the stringer laminate 400, as shown in FIGS. 30-31. The laying head 220 for laying up the stringer laminate 400 may have the same general configuration as the laying head 220 used to lay up the wrap material stack 450, except that the composite material 232 for the stringer laminate 400 has a width that is greater than the width of the layup material 230 used in laying up the wrap material stack 450 (e.g., FIG. 31 ).

[0080] 33-37, in some examples, the method may include trimming the stringer laminate 400 on the collective mandrel surface 134 after layup of the composite laminate. As noted above, in some examples of the manufacturing system 100, a trimming device 250 (e.g., an ultrasonic cutter) may be included to trim the stringer laminate 400 prior to placing the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 in parallel juxtaposed relationship to one another to receive the lap material stack 450. Such trimming devices 250 may be stored in at least one staging area 281 included with the manufacturing system 100. As shown in FIGS. 30-31, the gantry 104 may include a gantry coupling mechanism 108 configured to be removably coupled to the trimming device 250 and to a device coupling mechanism 224 included with each laying head 220. As shown in Figures 33-34, the gantry 104 moves to a staging area 281 and the device coupling mechanism 224 may enable the trimming device 250 supported on the device stand 280 to be quickly exchanged for the stringer laminate 400 laying head 220. After trimming the stringer laminate 400 (Figure 35), the gantry 104 moves back to the staging area 281 shown in Figures 36-37 and the trimming device 250 may be exchanged for the laying head 220 for laying up the wrap material stack 450.

[0081] During any of the steps performed on the stringer laminate 400, the method may include securing the stringer laminate 400 to a fixed position on at least one of the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 to prevent movement. For example, the method may include applying a vacuum pressure 158 (e.g., FIGS. 40-52) to the stringer laminate 400 and to the plurality of apertures 152 formed in the first mandrel surface 122 and / or the second mandrel surface 128 during layup or trimming of the stringer laminate 400. The vacuum pressure 158 may pull the stringer laminate 400 against the collective mandrel surface 134, thereby preventing movement of the stringer laminate 400. In FIG. 42, the stringer laminate 400 may be secured in a fixed position on the first mandrel 120 during movement of the second mandrel 126 to a mandrel opening position 136, as described below. Alternatively or in addition to applying vacuum pressure 158, the method may include mechanically clamping the stringer laminate 400 to the first mandrel surface 122 and / or the second mandrel surface 128 using one or more pinch mechanisms 160, as shown in Figures 41-47 and 50-52. In the embodiments of the present disclosure, the pinch mechanisms 160 are shown as a first clamping bar 162 and a second clamping bar 164 for applying a clamping pressure 432 to the stringer laminate 400. However, the pinch mechanisms 160 may be provided in any of a variety of different configurations and are not limited to clamping bars that can move vertically.

[0082] 38 , step 604 of method 600 includes positioning the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 in a parallel side-by-side relationship such that the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184 are adjacent to one another in a lap plate closed position 188. The first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 may be extended into the lap plate closed position 188 via the lap plate actuator 192 described above.

[0083] 39-40, a step 606 of the method 600 includes receiving a wrap material stack 450 at the first lap plate surface 172 and the second lap plate surface 182. As described above, the wrap material stack 450 has a first material stack base portion 452 and a second material stack base portion 456, and the wrap material stack 450 includes a wrap laminate 464 comprised of one or more uncured composite plies 402. The wrap material stack 450 may also include a bladder treatment 466 on top of the wrap laminate 464. As shown in FIG. 6 and described above, the bladder treatment 466 may include a release layer 470 on top of the wrap laminate 464 and a breather layer 468 on top of the release layer 470. Step 606 may be performed by the laying head 220 shown in FIG. 39. As noted above, the lateral positions of the laying heads 220 are offset from one another resulting in an offset 472 in the layers of the wrap material stack 450 shown in FIG.

[0084] 41-42, a step 608 of method 600 moves the first lap plate 170 and / or the second lap plate 180 to a lap plate open position 196 to define a lap plate gap 198 between the first lap plate surface edge 174 and the second lap plate surface edge 184. A lap plate actuator 192 (FIG. 35) may position the first lap plate 170 and / or the second lap plate 180 such that the lap plate gap 198 has a width sized to receive a forming die, such as the upper forming die 254 or the bladder 300.

[0085] Step 610 may include moving the second mandrel 126 along a direction perpendicular to the second mandrel surface edge 130 to a mandrel opening position 136 to define a mandrel gap 138. However, as noted above, in the alternative, both the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 may be moved to the mandrel opening position 136. The lower die web portion 272 may be moved vertically into the mandrel gap 138. The method may include releasing the stringer laminate 400 from the second mandrel surface 128 and allowing relative movement between the stringer laminate 400 and the second mandrel surface 128 during movement of the second mandrel 126 to the mandrel opening position 136. Releasing the stringer laminate 400 from the second mandrel surface 128 may be performed by passing air (e.g., positive air pressure 210) through a plurality of apertures 152 in the second mandrel surface 128, which are in fluid communication with the positive air pressure source 208. As described above, a vacuum pressure 158 may be pulled through the apertures 152 in the first mandrel surface 122 as a means of securing the stringer laminate 400 to the first mandrel 120 while the second mandrel 126 moves toward the mandrel open position 136. A first clamping bar 162 may apply a clamping pressure 432 on the wrap material stack 450 and the first lap plate 170 as a means of securing the stringer laminate 400 in a fixed position to the first mandrel 120 during movement of the second mandrel 126 relative to the stringer laminate 400.

[0086] 43-45, step 612 of method 600 includes forcing the wrap material stack 450 and stringer laminate 400 at least partially into the wrap plate gap 198 and mandrel gap 138. For example, the upper forming die 254 or bladder 300 may be lowered vertically to force the wrap material stack 450 and stringer laminate 400 at least partially into the wrap plate gap 198 and mandrel. In FIG. 44, the first clamping bar 162 and the second clamping bar 164 may apply a clamping pressure 432 on the wrap material stack 450 as the downward movement of the upper forming die 254 forces the wrap material stack 450 into the wrap plate gap 198 and mandrel gap 138 as a means of generating lateral tension 430 in the stringer laminate 400 and wrap material stack 450 during the co-forming process shown in FIGS.

[0087] 45, a step 614 of method 600 includes forming the wrap material stack 450 and stringer laminate 400 in response to forcing the wrap material stack 450 and stringer laminate 400 at least partially into the wrap plate gap 198 and mandrel gap 138 such that the first stringer flange portion 406 is captured between the first wrap plate 170 and the first mandrel surface 122 and the second stringer flange portion 408 is captured between the second wrap plate 180 and the second mandrel surface 128. FIG. 45 illustrates how the lower die cap portion 274 is moved vertically into a position between the lower die web portions 272 such that the upper forming die 254 applies a consolidation pressure on the cap portion of the stringer laminate 400 while simultaneously providing a surface for applying a consolidation pressure to the web portion of the stringer laminate 400. First material stack base portion 452 and second material stack base portion 456 may extend from lap plate gap 198 and be supported above first lap plate 170 and second lap plate 180, respectively. Although FIGS. 42-45 show that upper forming die 254 is used to co-form wrap material stack 450 and stringer laminate 400, in alternative examples, upper forming die 254 may be omitted from manufacturing system 100 and bladder 300 may be used to co-form wrap material stack 450 and stringer laminate 400.

[0088] 46-47, a bladder 300 is shown replacing the upper forming die 254. The bladder 300 can be lowered into place via the bladder actuator 266. FIG 47 shows that the actuator rod 268 has been removed from the bladder top 302, leaving the bladder 300 in the cavity formed by the upper forming die 254.

[0089] 48-49 , step 616 of method 600 includes using first wrap plate 170 and second wrap plate 180 to fold first and second material stack base portions 452, 456 in overlapping relationship onto bladder top 302 to form stringer-wrap-bladder assembly 490. In the illustrated example, first wrap plate 170 and second wrap plate 180 move back and forth over bladder top 302, folding first material stack base portion 452 and material stack base portion 456 onto bladder top 302 alternately over one another. 15-16 above, FIGS. 48-49 show a first lap plate 170 being moved toward a second lap plate 180, folding the first material stack base portion 452 onto the bladder upper side 302 (e.g., FIG. 48), and then the second lap plate 180 being moved toward the first lap plate 170, folding the second material stack base portion 456 onto the first material stack base portion 452 while the first lap plate 170 is retracted. Alternatively, the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180 can each have a lap plate folding element 194 for flipping the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456 on top of each other onto the bladder upper side 302 in a manner similar to that described above in FIGS. 21-25.

[0090] 50-51, there is shown a heating device 186 that may be optionally included with the second lap plate 180 to apply heat 187 to the overlap 474 of the second material stack base portion 456 on top of the first material stack base portion 458 to facilitate bonding of the overlapping portions of the lap laminate 464, as previously described with reference to FIGS. 17-18. The application of heat 187 may be minimized to avoid over-curing the prepreg composite plies 402 of the lap laminate 464. FIGS. 50-51 also show that the bladder 300 is internally pressurized to consolidate and strengthen the lap laminate 464 against the lower die web portion 272 and the lower die cap portion 274. The second clamping bar 164 may apply a clamping pressure 432 onto the second wrap plate 180 to resist internal pressure on the bladder top side 302 of the bladder 300 as a means to strengthen the wrap material stack 450 and enhance the bond between the overlapping portions of the wrap laminate 464.

[0091] FIG. 52 shows the first and second wrap plates 170, 180 retracted to reveal a stringer-wrap-bladder assembly 490 supported within the lower forming die 270. FIG. 53 shows the stringer-wrap-bladder assembly 490 after removal from the manufacturing system 100. In addition to the first and second stringer flange portions 406, 408, the stringer laminate 400 also has first and second stringer web portions 410, 412 interconnected by stringer cap portions 414 and assembled to first and second material stack web portions 458, 460, respectively, interconnected by material stack cap portions 462, as shown in FIG. 53. FIG. 54 shows an example of a stiffened composite structure 420 produced by co-curing or co-bonding multiple stringer-wrap-bladder assemblies 490 to a skin member 422. Although not shown, co-curing or co-bonding may be performed by first vacuum bagging the assembly. During co-curing or co-bonding, the bladders 300 of each stringer-wrap-bladder assembly 490 may be internally pressurized to facilitate bonding of the wrap laminates 464 to the skin members 422. After the stiffened composite structure 420 is cured, the bladders 300 may be depressurized and removed.

[0092] 56-70, an example of a manufacturing system 100 having a dedicated lamination station 282 and a dedicated forming station 286 for manufacturing the wrap-bladder assembly 480 shown in FIG. 20 is shown. In FIGS. 56-58, the lamination station 282 and the forming station 286 are disposed in an end-to-end relationship with each other. Although not shown, the manufacturing system 100 of FIGS. 56-58 may optionally include a trimming station disposed in an end-to-end relationship between the lamination station 282 and the forming station 286. The lamination station 282 may be configured similarly to the manufacturing system 100 shown in FIGS. 1-3 above, except that the bladder 300, the upper forming die 254, the supporting upper cross beam 262, and the posts 252 may be omitted. If included with the manufacturing system 100, the trimming station may include a trimming device 250 similar to the trimming device 250 shown in FIGS. 33-35 above. For example, the trimming device 250 may be supported on a gantry 104 (e.g., FIGS. 33-35) or other support means for moving the trimming device 250 along the length and side to trim the wrap material stack 450 prior to forming. The forming station 286 may be configured similarly to the manufacturing system 100 of FIGS. 1-3, except that the laying head 220 and the gantry 104 may be omitted.

[0093] 56-57, the lamination station 282 has a lamination mandrel set 284 including a first mandrel 120 and a second mandrel 126 positionable in a side-by-side relationship to form a collective mandrel surface 134 (FIG. 58) configured to lay up a wrap material stack 450 on the collective mandrel surface 134. If included, the trimming station may have a trimming mandrel set (not shown) that also includes a first mandrel 120 and a second mandrel 126 positionable in a side-by-side relationship to support the wrap material stack 450 during trimming. The forming station 286 has a forming mandrel set 288 that also includes a first mandrel 120 and a second mandrel 126 positionable under a first lap plate 170 (FIG. 65) and a second lap plate 180 (FIG. 65), respectively, of the forming mandrel set 288. The first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 of the forming mandrel set 288 are configured to move to a mandrel open position 136 and define a mandrel gap 138, as shown in FIG.

[0094] The manufacturing system 100 of FIGS. 56-70 includes an inter-station transfer mechanism 290 configured to transfer the wrap material stack 450 (e.g., after layup at the lamination station 282) to a trimming station (not shown) for trimming the wrap material stack 450, and from the trimming station to the forming station 286 for forming and folding the wrap material stack 450 around the bladder 300 in the same manner as described above. The inter-station transfer mechanism 290 ( FIG. 57 ) can include an upper clamping member 292 and a lower clamping member 294 configured to clamp to a portion of the wrap material stack 450. As shown in FIG. 62 , the upper clamping member 292 and the lower clamping member 294 can be clamped to a portion of the wrap material stack 450 that spans the mandrel gap 138 between the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 of the lamination mandrel set 284. As described below, the upper clamping member 292 and the lower clamping member 294 are configured to transfer the wrap material stack 450 from the lamination station 282 lamination mandrel set 284 to the trimming mandrel set (not shown) of the trimming station (not shown), and from the trimming mandrel set to the forming mandrel set 288 of the forming station 286. As shown in Figures 63-68, the clamping members are configured to move within the mandrel gap 138 that extends along the lamination station 282, the trimming station (not shown), and the forming station 286 during the process of transferring the wrap material stack 450 from the lamination station 282 to the trimming station (not shown) and then to the forming station 286.

[0095] 56-70, the upper clamping member 292 may be the upper forming die 254 and the lower clamping member 294 may be the lower forming die 270. In the example of FIG. 58, the posts 252 of the upper forming die 254 may move along the gantry track 116 that extends along the length of the base member 102 between the forming station 286 and optionally a trimming station (not shown) and the lamination station 282. In a similar arrangement, the lower forming die 270 is configured to move along the gantry track 116 that extends along the length of the base member 102 between the forming station 286 and the lamination station 282. However, the manufacturing system 100 may be configured with an alternative arrangement having a dedicated upper clamping member 292 and a dedicated lower clamping member 294 (e.g., other than the upper forming die 254 and the lower forming die 270) for transferring the wrap material stack 450 from the lamination station 282 to the forming station 286.

[0096] 58, a cross section of the manufacturing system 100 at a lamination station 282 is shown. The lamination station 282 may include one or more lamination heads 220 supported on the gantry 104 for laying up the wrap material stack 450 onto the collective mandrel surface 134 in the same manner as described above. For example, the lamination station 282 may include lamination heads 220 for dispensing the composite material 232, the release material 236, and the breather material 234, respectively, in the same manner as described above and shown in FIG. 6. FIGS. 59-60 show the lamination head 220 being moved along the gantry track 116 from the lamination station 282 to the forming station 286 after the layup of the wrap material stack 450 is completed. Also shown are the upper forming die 254 and the lower forming die 270 moving along their respective gantry tracks 116 from the forming station 286 to the lamination station 282.

[0097] FIG. 61 shows the upper forming die 254 and the lower forming die 270 at the lamination station 282. As shown in FIGS. 59-60, the lamination head 220 is temporarily moved from the lamination station 282 to the forming station 286. FIG. 62 shows the upper forming die 254 and adjacent bladder 300 moving into position above the wrap material stack 450. The second mandrel 126 may move away from the first mandrel 120 to form the mandrel gap 138. A vacuum pressure 158 may be applied to the apertures 152 in the first mandrel surface 122 to secure the wrap laminate 464 in position on the first mandrel 120 while the second mandrel 126 moves away from the first mandrel 120. FIG. 62 also shows the lower die web portions 272 moving away from each other to allow the lower die cap portion 274 to move upwardly into the mandrel gap 138 between the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126.

[0098] 63 illustrates the wrap material stack 450 clamped between the upper forming die 254 and the lower die cap portion 274. As an alternative to both the upper forming die 254 and the lower forming die 270 clamping the wrap material stack 450, the manufacturing system 100 can be configured such that either the lower forming die 270 or the upper forming die 254 includes apertures 152 coupled to a vacuum pressure source 156 that generates vacuum pressure 158 for vacuum coupling to the wrap laminate 464 without clamping between the upper forming die 254 and the lower forming die 270. In some examples, the vacuum pressure 158 can be applied to the upper forming die 254 and / or the lower forming die 270 to secure the wrap laminate 464 to the upper forming die 254 or the lower forming die 270.

[0099] 64 shows the upper forming die 254 and the lower forming die 270 transferring the wrap material stack 450 from the lamination station 282 towards the forming station 286. Also shown is the lamination head 220 gantry 104 being returned to the lamination station 282. As noted above, although not off the trimming station, the upper forming die 254 and the lower forming die 270 may be configured to transfer the wrap material stack 450 from the lamination station 282 to a trimming station for trimming prior to transferring the wrap material stack 450 from the trimming station to the forming station 286.

[0100] 65 is a cross-sectional view of the forming station 286 prior to receiving the wrap material stack 450. The first and second wrap plates 170, 180, as well as the first and second mandrels 120, 126, move away from one another to allow the upper and lower forming dies 254, 270 to move along the mandrel gap 138 at the lamination station 282 and forming station 286 during the transfer of the wrap material stack 450. The first wrap plate 170 covers the first mandrel surface 122 and the second wrap plate 180 covers the second mandrel surface 128.

[0101] FIG 66 shows the upper forming die 254 and the lower forming die 270 at the forming station 286 after the transfer of the wrap material stack 450 is complete. FIG 67 is a cross-sectional view of the forming station 286 showing the upper forming die 254 and the lower die cap portion 274 prior to releasing the wrap material stack 450 onto the first lap plate 170 and the second lap plate 180. FIG 68 shows the lower die cap portion 274 retracted into the lower cross beam 276. Also shown is the lower die web portion 272 moving upward into the mandrel gap 138 between the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126. A first clamping bar 162 and a second clamping bar 164 are shown applying a clamping pressure 432 on the wrap material stack 450 to create a lateral tension force 430 in the wrap material stack 450 as the upper forming die 254 forces the wrap material stack 450 through the wrap plate gap 198 and the mandrel gap 138.

[0102] FIG. 69 shows the upper die cap portion 256 moved upwardly between the lower die web portion 272. The upper forming die 254 is shown consolidating the wrap material stack 450 against the lower die web portion 272 and the lower die cap portion 274 to form the wrap material stack 450 into a desired cross-sectional profile in a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIGS. 10-12. The upper forming die 254 may be removed and replaced with the bladder 300 in a manner similar to that described above in FIGS. 13-14. Although not shown, the first wrap plate 170 and the second wrap plate 180 may be operable to fold the first material stack base portion 452 and the second material stack base portion 456 into overlapping relationship over the bladder upper side 302 in a manner similar to that described above with reference to FIGS. 15-16 or 21-25. FIG. 70 is an end view of the manufacturing system 100 after completing the formation of the wrap material stack 450 around the bladder 300 to form the wrap-bladder assembly 480.

[0103] Furthermore, this disclosure includes examples set forth in the enumerated clauses below.

[0104] Clause A1. A manufacturing system (100) for manufacturing a composite assembly, comprising at least one first mandrel (120) having a first mandrel surface (122) and a first mandrel surface edge (124), at least one second mandrel (126) positionable above the first mandrel surface (122) and having a second mandrel surface (128) and a second mandrel surface edge (130), and a first lap plate surface (172) and a first lap plate surface edge (174). and a second lap plate (180) positionable above the second mandrel surface (128) and having a second lap plate surface (182) and a second lap plate surface edge (184), the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) being positionable in a parallel side-by-side relationship to receive a lap material stack (450) having opposing first and second material stack base portions (452, 456), At least one of the lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) is moved to a lap plate open position (196) and configured to define a lap plate gap (198) between the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184) for receiving a bladder (300) having a bladder upper side (302), and the second mandrel (126) is moved to a mandrel open position (136) and configured to define a lap plate gap (198) between the first mandrel surface edge (124) and the second mandrel surface edge (184) for receiving a bladder (300) having a bladder upper side (302). 1. A manufacturing system (100) configured to define a mandrel gap (138) between the lap plate and the lap plate surface edge (130), the lap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138) configured to receive a wrap material stack (450) formed around a bladder (300), and the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) configured to fold the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) onto the bladder upper side (302) in overlapping relationship with one another.

[0105] Clause A2. The manufacturing system (100) described in clause A1, further comprising one or more laying heads (220) supportable above the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180), wherein the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) are configured to move to a lap plate closed position (188) in which the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184) are in parallel abutting contact with each other to form a collective lap plate surface (190) defined by the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182), and the one or more laying heads (220) are configured to dispense one or more materials in a stacked form onto the collective lap plate surface (190) to lay up a lap material stack (450).

[0106] Clause A3. A manufacturing system (100) as described in clause A1 or A2, wherein at least one of the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) is adjacent to the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184), respectively, and has a heating device (186) configured to apply heat (187) to at least one of the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) superimposed on the bladder upper side (302) to join the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) together.

[0107] Clause A4. The manufacturing system (100) of clause A1, A2 or A3, further comprising a lower forming die (270) receivable within the mandrel gap (138) and configured to support the wrap material stack (450) against a consolidation pressure applied to the wrap material stack (450) by the bladder (300).

[0108] Clause A5. The manufacturing system (100) of any one of clauses A1 to A4, further comprising an upper forming die (254) configured to move downward to contact the wrap material stack (450) and force the wrap material stack (450) into the wrap plate gap (198) to form the wrap material stack (450) prior to removing and replacing the upper forming die (254) with the bladder (300).

[0109] Clause A6. A lamination station (282) having a lamination mandrel set (284) including a first mandrel (120) and a second mandrel (126) positionable in a side-by-side relationship to form a collective mandrel surface (134) configured to lay up a wrap material stack (450) on the collective mandrel surface (134); and a forming mandrel set (284) including the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) positionable below the first wrap plate (170) and the second wrap plate (180). a forming station (286) having a mandrel set (126) configured to move a second mandrel (126) of the forming mandrel set (288) to a mandrel open position (136) to define a mandrel gap (138); and an inter-station transfer mechanism (290) configured to transfer the wrap material stack (450) from the laying station (282) to the forming station (286) for forming and folding the wrap material stack (450) around the bladder (300). The manufacturing system (100) of any one of clauses A1 to A5, comprising:

[0110] Clause A7. The manufacturing system (100) of clause A6, wherein the inter-station transfer mechanism (290) includes an upper clamping member (292) and a lower clamping member (294) configured to clamp onto a portion of the wrap material stack (450) spanning the mandrel gap (138) between the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) of the laminating mandrel set (284), the upper clamping member (292) and the lower clamping member (294) configured to transfer the wrap material stack (450) from the laminating mandrel set (284) at the laminating station (282) to the forming mandrel set (288) at the forming station (286), and the lower clamping member (294) configured to move within the mandrel gap (138) at the laminating station (282) and the forming station (286) during transfer of the wrap material stack (450).

[0111] Clause A8. The manufacturing system (100) of any one of clauses A1 to A7, wherein the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) are positionable in a mandrel closed position (132) where the first mandrel surface edge (124) and the second mandrel surface edge (130) are in juxtaposed abutting contact to form a collective mandrel surface (134) defined by the first mandrel surface (122) and the second mandrel surface (128), the collective mandrel surface (134) being configured to receive a stringer laminate (400) before the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) receive the wrap material stack (450), the stringer laminate (400) having opposing first and second stringer flange portions (406, 408).

[0112] Clause A9. The manufacturing system (100) of clause A8, further comprising at least one laying head (220) supportable above the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126), a first lap plate (170) and a second lap plate (180) configured to move away from each other to expose the collective mandrel surface (134), and the laying head (220) configured to lay up one or more composite plies (402) of a stringer laminate (400) onto the collective mandrel surface (134) before the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) move toward each other to receive the lap material stack (450).

[0113] Clause B1. A method of manufacturing a composite assembly, comprising: receiving a lap material stack (450) having opposed first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) on first and second lap plate surfaces (172, 182) of first and second lap plates (170, 180) in juxtaposed relationship and positioned above a first and second mandrel (120, 126); moving at least one of the first and second lap plates (170, 180) to a lap plate opening position (196) to define a lap plate gap (198) between the first and second lap plate surface edges (174, 184); and moving the second mandrel (126) to a mandrel opening position (136). forming a wrap material stack (450) in response to forcing the wrap material stack (450) at least partially into the wrap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138) using one of the upper forming die (254) and the bladder (300); and folding the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) in overlapping relationship onto the bladder upper side (302) using the first wrap plate (170) and the second wrap plate (180) to form a wrap-bladder assembly (480). A method comprising:

[0114] Clause B2. The method of clause B1, wherein folding the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) using the first and second wrap plates (170) and (180) includes at least one of moving the first and second wrap plates (170) and (180) back and forth over the bladder upper side (302) and rotating at least a portion of at least one of the first and second wrap plates (170) and (180) about a pivot axis (195) located proximate to the first and second wrap plate surface edges (174) and (184), respectively.

[0115] Clause B3. The method of clause B1 or B2, wherein receiving the lap material stack (450) on the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) includes moving the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) to a lap plate closed position (188) where the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184) are in parallel abutting contact with each other to form a collective lap plate surface (190) defined by the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182), and dispensing one or more materials from one or more laying heads (220) in a layered form onto the collective lap plate surface (190) to lay up the lap material stack (450).

[0116] Clause B4. receiving a lower forming die (270) in a mandrel gap (138) between the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) in a mandrel open position (136); and supporting the wrap material stack (450) against a consolidation pressure applied to the wrap material stack (450) by at least one of the upper forming die (254) and the bladder (300); The method of claim B1, B2 or B3, further comprising:

[0117] Clause B5. The method of clause B4, further comprising: moving the upper forming die (254) downwardly into contact with the wrap material stack (450); using the upper forming die (254) to force the wrap material stack (450) into the wrap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138) and against the lower forming die (270) to at least partially form the wrap material stack (450); removing the upper forming die (254) from the wrap material stack (450) within the lower forming die (270); and placing a bladder (300) within the wrap material stack (450) within the lower forming die (270).

[0118] Clause B6. The method of clause B4 or B5, further comprising laying up the wrap material stack (450) on a collective mandrel surface (134) defined by the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) of the laminating mandrel set (284) at the laminating station (282), wherein the step of receiving the wrap material stack (450) on the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) comprises transferring the wrap material stack (450) from the collective mandrel surface (134) at the laminating station (282) to the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) located above the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) of the forming mandrel set (288) at the forming station (286).

[0119] Clause B7. The method of clause B6, wherein the step of transferring the wrap material stack (450) from the lamination station (282) to the forming station (286) includes moving a second mandrel (126) of the forming mandrel set (288) to a mandrel open position (136) to define a mandrel gap (138) at the lamination station (282), clamping a portion of the wrap material stack (450) spanning the mandrel gap (138) at the lamination station (282) using an upper clamping member (292) and a lower clamping member (294), and moving the lower clamping member (294) along the mandrel gap (138) at the lamination station (282) and along the mandrel gap (138) at the forming station (286) during transfer of the wrap material stack (450).

[0120] Clause C1. A method of manufacturing a composite assembly, comprising: receiving a stringer laminate (400) having one or more uncured composite plies (402) and having opposed first and second stringer flange portions (406, 408) on a collective mandrel surface (134) defined by a first mandrel surface (122) and a second mandrel surface (128) of a first mandrel (120) and a second mandrel (126), respectively; and laminating a first lap plate (170) and a second lap plate (180) in parallel juxtaposed relation to one another. a lap plate (400) over the first lap plate (170) and a second lap plate (180) receiving a lap material stack (450) having opposed first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) on a first lap plate surface (172) and a second lap plate surface (182) of the first lap plate (170) and a second lap plate (180), respectively; and moving at least one of the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) to a lap plate open position (196) to release the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (182) from the lap plate (400). defining a lap plate gap (198) between the first mandrel surface edge (124) and the second mandrel surface edge (130); moving the second mandrel (126) to a mandrel open position (136) to define a mandrel gap (138) between the first mandrel surface edge (124) and the second mandrel surface edge (130); and forcing the wrap material stack (450) and the stringer laminate (400) at least partially into the lap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138) using one of the upper forming die (254) and the bladder (300). co-forming the wrap material stack (450) and the stringer laminate (400) in response to forcing the wrap material stack (450) and the stringer laminate (400) at least partially into the wrap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138); and folding the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) in overlapping relationship onto the bladder upper side (302) using a first wrap plate (170) and a second wrap plate (180) to form a wrap-bladder assembly (480).

[0121] Clause C2. The method of clause C1, wherein receiving the stringer laminate (400) on the collective mandrel surface (134) includes dispensing composite material (232) from a laying head (220) onto the collective mandrel surface (134) to lay up one or more composite plies (402) of the stringer laminate (400).

[0122] Clause C3. The method of clause C1 or C2, wherein receiving the wrap material stack (450) on the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) includes dispensing one or more materials in a stacked form from one or more laying heads (220) onto the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) to lay up the wrap material stack (450).

[0123] Clause C4. The method of clause C1, C2 or C3, comprising moving a lower forming die (270) into the mandrel gap (138) between the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) before using the bladder (300) or upper forming die (254) to force the wrap material stack (450) and stringer laminate (400) at least partially into the wrap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138), and using the lower forming die (270) to support the wrap material stack (450) and stringer laminate (400) against a forming pressure applied by the bladder (300) or upper forming die (254).

[0124] 56-70, in the above-described method 500 of manufacturing a wrap-bladder assembly 480, laying up the wrap material stack 450 may include laying up the wrap material stack 450 on a collective mandrel surface 134 defined by the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 of the laminating mandrel set 284 at the laminating station 282. The step 502 of receiving the wrap material stack 450 on the first lap plate surface 172 and the second lap plate surface 182 may include transferring the wrap material stack 450 from the collective mandrel surface 134 of the laminating station 282 to the first lap plate surface 172 and the second lap plate surface 182 located above the first mandrel 120 and the second mandrel 126 of the forming mandrel set 288 at the forming station 286, as shown in FIGS. Transferring the wrap material stack 450 from the lamination station 282 to the forming station 286 may include moving the second mandrel 126 of the forming mandrel set 288 to a mandrel open position 136 to define the mandrel gap 138 at the lamination station 282, as shown in FIGS. 61-62. Step 502 may additionally include clamping a portion of the wrap material stack 450 that spans the mandrel gap 138 at the lamination station 282 using an upper clamping member 292 (e.g., upper forming die 254) and a lower clamping member 294 (e.g., lower die cap portion 274), as shown in FIG. 63. Step 502 may also include moving the lower clamping member 294 along the mandrel gap 138 of the lamination station 282 and along the mandrel gap 138 of the forming station 286 during transfer of the wrap material stack 450, as shown in FIGS. 64-67.

[0125] Additional modifications and improvements of the present disclosure may be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, the specific combinations of parts described and illustrated herein are intended to represent only certain embodiments of the present disclosure, and are not intended to serve as limitations on alternative embodiments or devices falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A manufacturing system (100) for manufacturing a composite assembly, comprising: at least one first mandrel (120) having a first mandrel surface (122) and a first mandrel surface edge (124); at least one second mandrel (126) having a second mandrel surface (128) and a second mandrel surface edge (130); a first lap plate (170) positionable over the first mandrel surface (122) and having a first lap plate surface (172) and a first lap plate surface edge (174); a second lap plate (180) positionable over the second mandrel surface (128) and having a second lap plate surface (182) and a second lap plate surface edge (184); Including, the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) are positionable in parallel side-by-side relationship to receive a lap material stack (450) having opposed first and second material stack base portions (452, 456); at least one of the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) is configured to move to a lap plate open position (196) to define a lap plate gap (198) between the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184) for receiving a bladder (300) having a bladder upper side (302); the second mandrel (126) is configured to move to a mandrel release position (136) and define a mandrel gap (138) between the first mandrel surface edge (124) and the second mandrel surface edge (130), the lap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138) configured to receive the wrap material stack (450) formed around the bladder (300); the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) are configured to fold the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) onto the bladder upper side (302) in overlapping relationship with one another; The manufacturing system includes: a lower forming die (270) receivable within the mandrel gap (138) and configured to support the wrap material stack (450) against a consolidation pressure applied to the wrap material stack (450) by the bladder (300); The manufacturing system (100) further comprises:

2. one or more laying heads (220) supportable above the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180); Further comprising: the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) are configured to move to a lap plate closed position (188) where the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184) are in juxtaposed abutting contact with one another to form a collective lap plate surface (190) defined by the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182); 2. The manufacturing system (100) of claim 1, wherein the one or more laying heads (220) are configured to dispense one or more materials in a layered form onto the collective lap plate surface (190) to lay up the lap material stack (450).

3. 3. The manufacturing system (100) of claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) has a heating device (186) positioned proximate the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184), respectively, and configured to apply heat (187) to at least one of the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) overlaid on the bladder upper side (302) to join the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) together.

4. 4. The manufacturing system (100) of claim 1, further comprising an upper forming die (254) configured to move downwardly into contact with the wrap material stack (450) and force the wrap material stack (450) into the lap plate gap (198) to form the wrap material stack (450) prior to removing and replacing the upper forming die (254) with the bladder (300).

5. a lamination station (282) having a lamination mandrel set (284) including a first mandrel (120) and a second mandrel (126) positionable in a side-by-side relationship to form a collective mandrel surface (134) configured to lay up the wrap material stack (450) on the collective mandrel surface (134); a forming station (286) having a forming mandrel set (288) including a first mandrel (120) and a second mandrel (126) positionable below the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180), the second mandrel (126) of the forming mandrel set (288) configured to move to the mandrel opening position (136) to define the mandrel gap (138); an inter-station transfer mechanism (290) configured to transfer the wrap material stack (450) from the lamination station (282) to the forming station (286) for forming and folding the wrap material stack (450) around the bladder (300); The manufacturing system (100) of any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising:

6. The inter-station transfer mechanism (290) an upper clamping member (292) and a lower clamping member (294) configured to clamp onto a portion of the wrap material stack (450) that spans the mandrel gap (138) between the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) of the stacked mandrel set (284); Including, the upper clamping member (292) and the lower clamping member (294) are configured to transfer the wrap material stack (450) from the laminating mandrel set (284) at the laminating station (282) to the forming mandrel set (288) at the forming station (286); 6. The manufacturing system (100) of claim 5, wherein the lower clamping member (294) is configured to move within the mandrel gap (138) at the lamination station (282) and the forming station (286) during transfer of the wrap material stack (450).

7. the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) are positionable in a mandrel closed position (132) in which the first mandrel surface edge (124) and the second mandrel surface edge (130) are in juxtaposed abutting contact to form a collective mandrel surface (134) defined by the first mandrel surface (122) and the second mandrel surface (128); 7. The manufacturing system (100) of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the collective mandrel surface (134) is configured to receive a stringer laminate (400) before the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) receive the wrap material stack (450), the stringer laminate (400) having opposed first and second stringer flange portions (406, 408).

8. The method further comprises at least one laying head (220) supportable above the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126); the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) are configured to move away from one another to expose the collective mandrel surface (134); 8. The manufacturing system (100) of claim 7, wherein the laying head (220) is configured to lay one or more composite plies (402) of the stringer laminate (400) onto the collective mandrel surface (134) prior to the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) moving adjacent to one another to receive the lap material stack (450).

9. A method (500, 600) for manufacturing a composite assembly, comprising the steps of: receiving (502, 606) a lap material stack (450) having opposed first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) onto first and second lap plate surfaces (172) and (182) of first and second lap plates (170) and (180), respectively, in juxtaposed relationship and positioned above the first and second mandrels (120) and (126); moving at least one of the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) to a lap plate open position (196) to define a lap plate gap (198) between the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184) (504, 608); moving the second mandrel (126) to a mandrel opening position (136) to define a mandrel gap (138) between the first mandrel surface edge (124) and the second mandrel surface edge (130) (506, 610); forcing (508, 612) the wrap material stack (450) at least partially into the wrap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138) using one of an upper forming die (254) and a bladder (300) while supporting the wrap material stack (450) by a lower forming die (270) received in the mandrel gap (138) against a consolidation pressure applied to the wrap material stack (450) by at least one of the upper forming die (254) and the bladder (300); forming (510, 614) the wrap material stack (450) in response to forcing the wrap material stack (450) at least partially into the wrap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138); folding (512, 616) the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) in overlapping relationship onto a bladder upper side (302) using the first wrap plate (170) and the second wrap plate (180) to form a wrap-bladder assembly (480); A method comprising:

10. folding (512, 616) the first and second material stack base portions (452, 456) using the first and second lap plates (170, 180); moving the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) back and forth over the bladder upper side (302); rotating at least a portion of at least one of the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) about a pivot axis (195) located proximate the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184), respectively; 10. The method of claim 9, comprising at least one of:

11. receiving (502, 606) the lap material stack (450) on the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182); moving the first lap plate (170) and the second lap plate (180) to a lap plate closed position (188) where the first lap plate surface edge (174) and the second lap plate surface edge (184) are in juxtaposed abutting contact with one another to form a collective lap plate surface (190) defined by the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182); dispensing one or more materials in a layered form from one or more laying heads (220) onto said collective lap plate surface (190) to lay up said lap material stack (450); 11. The method (500, 600) of claim 9 or 10, comprising:

12. 12. The method of claim 9, 10 or 11, further comprising receiving the lower forming die (270) in the mandrel gap (138) between the first mandrel (120) and the second mandrel (126) at the mandrel opening position (136).

13. moving the upper forming die (254) downward into contact with the wrap material stack (450); forcing the wrap material stack (450) into the wrap plate gap (198) and the mandrel gap (138) using the upper forming die (254) and against the lower forming die (270) to at least partially form the wrap material stack (450); removing the upper forming die (254) from the wrap material stack (450) within the lower forming die (270); placing said bladder (300) within said wrap material stack (450) within said lower forming die (270); The method of claim 12, comprising:

14. laying up the wrap material stack (450) onto a collective mandrel surface (134) defined by a first mandrel (120) and a second mandrel (126) of a lamination mandrel set (284) at a lamination station (282); Further comprising:

14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein the step of receiving the lap material stack (450) on the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) includes transferring the lap material stack (450) from the collective mandrel surface (134) at the lamination station (282) to the first lap plate surface (172) and the second lap plate surface (182) located above a first mandrel (120) and a second mandrel (126) of a forming mandrel set (288) at a forming station (286).

15. transferring the wrap material stack (450) from the lamination station (282) to the forming station (286); moving the second mandrel (126) of the forming mandrel set (288) to the mandrel opening position (136) to define the mandrel gap (138) at the lamination station (282); clamping a portion of the wrap material stack (450) spanning the mandrel gap (138) at the lamination station (282) using an upper clamping member (292) and a lower clamping member (294); moving the lower clamping member (294) along the mandrel gap (138) at the lamination station (282) and along the mandrel gap (138) at the forming station (286) during transfer of the wrap material stack (450); 15. The method of claim 14, comprising:

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