Heat transfer composition comprising R-1225ye(E)

Abstract

This application relates to compositions containing (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (i.e., R-1225ye(E) or HFO-1225ye(E)) that are useful in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems. A replacement for R-1234ze(E) in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems is also provided.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present application relates to compositions comprising (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (i.e., R-1225ye(E) or HFO-1225ye(E)) for use in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems. The compositions of the present invention are useful in methods of producing cooling and heating and in methods of replacing refrigeration with refrigerants, as well as in refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump appliances. [Background technology]

[0002] Many current commercially available refrigerants use hydrochlorofluorocarbons ("HCFCs") or hydrofluorocarbons ("HFCs"). HCFCs contribute to ozone depletion and are scheduled for eventual phase-out under the Montreal Protocol. Although HFCs do not contribute to ozone depletion, they may contribute to global warming, and the use of such compounds is under scrutiny by environmental regulatory agencies. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0003] Thus, there is a need for refrigerants that are characterized by no ozone depletion potential (ODP) and a low global warming impact. The present application addresses this and other needs. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] The present application provides, inter alia, a composition comprising (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and a compound selected from R-134a and R-1234ze(E), or a mixture thereof.

[0005] The present application further provides a process for producing refrigeration comprising condensing a composition provided herein and then evaporating such composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.

[0006] The present application further provides a process for producing heat comprising evaporating a composition provided herein and then condensing such composition in the vicinity of a body to be heated.

[0007] The present application further provides a method of replacing R-1234ze(E) in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system, comprising providing a composition provided herein as a replacement for such R-1234ze(E).

[0008] The present application further provides air conditioning systems, heat pump systems, and refrigeration systems comprising the compositions provided herein.

[0009] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials for use in the present invention are described herein, and other suitable methods and materials known in the art may also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are merely illustrative and are not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] The present disclosure provides compositions (e.g., heat transfer compositions and / or refrigerant compositions) comprising (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (i.e., R-1225ye(E) or HFO-1225ye(E)), and, optionally, a compound selected from R-134a and R-1234ze(E), or mixtures thereof. The compositions provided herein may be useful, for example, in refrigerant and / or heat transfer applications previously served by current refrigerant compounds (e.g., CFCs, HFCs, etc.).

[0011] Definitions and Abbreviations As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Furthermore, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive "or" and not an exclusive "or." For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or absent), A is false (or absent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0012] As used herein, "consisting essentially of" is used to define compositions, methods that include materials, steps, features, ingredients, or elements in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additionally included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not substantially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention, particularly the mechanism of action for achieving any desired result of the inventive process. The terms "consists essentially of" or "consisting essentially of" occupy a middle ground between "comprising" and "consisting of."

[0013] Additionally, the use of "a" or "an" is used to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be interpreted to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural unless it is clear that a different meaning is intended.

[0014] As used herein, the term "about" is meant to account for variations due to experimental error (e.g., plus or minus about 10% of the indicated value). All measurements reported herein are understood to be modified by the term "about," unless otherwise indicated, regardless of whether the term "about" is explicitly used.

[0015] When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range, a preferred range, or a list of upper and / or lower preferred values, these are to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, whether or not the ranges are separately disclosed. When a numerical range is described herein, unless otherwise indicated, the range is intended to include its endpoints, and to include all integers and fractions within the range.

[0016] Global warming potential (GWP) is an index used to estimate the relative global warming contribution resulting from the atmospheric emission of one kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for various time horizons and indicates the impact of a given gas over its atmospheric lifetime. The global warming potential (GWP) for a 100-year time horizon is the commonly referenced value.

[0017] As used herein, the term "Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)" is defined in The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, section 1.4.4, pages 1.28-1.31 (see the first paragraph of this section). Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) measures the stratospheric ozone depletion expected from a compound, based on its mass relative to the mass of fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11).

[0018] Refrigeration capacity (sometimes referred to as cooling capacity) is a term that defines the change in enthalpy of a refrigerant or working fluid in an evaporator per unit mass of circulating refrigerant or working fluid. Volumetric cooling capacity refers to the amount of heat removed by a refrigerant or working fluid per unit volume of refrigerant vapor leaving the evaporator. Refrigeration capacity is a measure of the ability of a refrigerant, working fluid, or heat transfer composition to produce cooling. Thus, the higher the volumetric cooling capacity of a working fluid, the greater the rate of cooling that can be produced in an evaporator with the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable for a given compressor. Cooling rate refers to the heat removed per unit time by the refrigerant in the evaporator.

[0019] Similarly, volumetric heating capacity is a term that defines the amount of heat provided by the refrigerant or working fluid in the condenser per unit volume of refrigerant or working fluid vapor entering the compressor. The higher the volumetric heating capacity of the refrigerant or working fluid, the greater the rate of heating that can be produced in the condenser with the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable for a given compressor.

[0020] The coefficient of performance (COP) is the amount of heat removed in the evaporator divided by the energy required to run the compressor. The higher the COP, the more energy efficient. COP is directly related to the energy efficiency ratio (EER), an efficiency rating for a refrigeration or air conditioning unit at a particular set of internal and external temperatures.

[0021] As used herein, a heat transfer medium includes compositions used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink, such as from the object to be cooled to a chiller evaporator, or from a chiller condenser to a cooling tower or other structure where heat can be released to the surroundings.

[0022] As used herein, a working fluid or refrigerant includes a compound or mixture of compounds (e.g., the compositions provided herein) that function to transfer heat in a cycle, where the working fluid undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas and back to liquid in a repeated cycle.

[0023] Subcooling is the reduction of a liquid to a temperature below the saturation point of that liquid at a given pressure. The saturation point is the temperature at which a vapor composition is completely condensed into a liquid (also called the bubble point). However, subcooling continues to cool the liquid to a cooler liquid at a given pressure. Cooling a liquid below its saturation temperature can increase the net refrigeration capacity. Subcooling thereby improves the refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of the system. The amount of subcooling is the amount of cooling (in degrees) below the saturation temperature, or how far below its saturation temperature a liquid composition is cooled.

[0024] The term "superheat" defines how much a vapor composition is heated above its saturated vapor temperature, which is the temperature at which liquid droplets first form when the vapor composition is cooled, also called the "dew point."

[0025] Chemicals, Abbreviations, and Acronyms HFC: Hydrofluorocarbon HCFC: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HFO: Hydrofluoroolefin R-134a, HFC-134a, or 134a: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane R-227ea, HFC-227ea, or 227ea: 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane R-124, HCFC-124, or 124: 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane R-1225ye(E), HFO-1225yeE, or 1225yeE: (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene R-1234ze, HFO-1234ze, or 1234ze: 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (mixture of isomers) R-1234ze(E), HFO-1234ze, or 1234zeE: (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene R-1234yf, HFO-1234yf, or 1234yf: 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene CAP: Cooling (or heating) capacity COP: Coefficient of performance GWP: Global Warming Potential ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential

[0026] composition The present application provides a composition comprising (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and a compound selected from R-134a and R-1234ze(E), or a mixture thereof.

[0027] In some embodiments, the composition comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-134a. In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-134a. In some embodiments, the composition consists of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-134a.

[0028] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 95 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, for example, about 85, about 90, or about 95 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

[0029] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 15% by weight R-134a, e.g., about 5, about 10, or about 15% by weight R-134a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 12% by weight R-134a, e.g., about 2, about 10, or about 12% by weight R-134a. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 10% by weight R-134a, e.g., about 5, about 8, or about 10% by weight R-134a.

[0030] In some embodiments, the composition comprises 90 percent by weight of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and about 10 percent by weight of R-134a.

[0031] In some embodiments, the composition comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition consists of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-1234ze(E).

[0032] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, e.g., from about 1 to 90, from about 1 to 80, from about 1 to 70, from about 1 to 60, from about 1 to 50, from about 1 to 40, from about 1 to 30, from about 1 to 20, from about 1 to 10, from about 10 to 99, from about 10 to 90, from about 10 to 80, from about 10 to 70, from about 10 to 60, from about 10 to 50, from about 10 to 40, from about 10 to 30, from about 10 to 20, from about 20 to 99, from about 20 to 90, from about 20 to 80, from about 20 to 70, from about 20 to 60, from about 20 to 50, from about 20 to 40, from about 20 to 30, About 30-99, about 30-90, about 30-80, about 30-70, about 30-60, about 30-50, about 30-40, about 40-99, about 40-90, about 40-80, about 40-70, about 40-60, about 40-50, about 50-99, about 50-90, about 50-80, about 50-70, about 50-60, about 60-99, about 60-90, about 60-80, about 60-70, about 70-99, about 70-90, about 70-80, about 80-99, about 80-90, or about 90-99 weight percent of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

[0033] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent R-1234ze(E), e.g., from about 1 to about 90, from about 1 to about 80, from about 1 to about 70, from about 1 to about 60, from about 1 to about 50, from about 1 to about 40, from about 1 to about 30, from about 1 to about 20, from about 1 to about 10, from about 10 to about 99, from about 10 to about 90, from about 10 to about 80, from about 10 to about 70, from about 10 to about 60, from about 10 to about 50, from about 10 to about 40, from about 10 to about 30, from about 10 to about 20, from about 20 to about 99, from about 20 to about 90, from about 20 to about 80, from about 20 to about 20 to about 70, from about 20 to about 60, from about 20 to about 50, from about 20 to about 40, from about 20 to about 30, about 30-99, about 30-90, about 30-80, about 30-70, about 30-60, about 30-50, about 30-40, about 40-99, about 40-90, about 40-80, about 40-70, about 40-60, about 40-50, about 50-99, about 50-90, about 50-80, about 50-70, about 50-60, about 60-99, about 60-90, about 60-80, about 60-70, about 70-99, about 70-90, about 70-80, about 80-99, about 80-90, or about 90-99 weight percent of R-1234ze(E).

[0034] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent R-1234ze(E).In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 to about 40 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and from about 60 to about 1 weight percent R-1234ze(E).

[0035] In some embodiments, the composition comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-134a, and R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-134a, and R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition consists of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-134a, and R-1234ze(E).

[0036] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 85 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, e.g., about 1 to about 80, about 1 to 70, about 1 to 60, about 1 to 50, about 1 to 40, about 1 to 30, about 1 to 20, about 1 to 10, about 10 to 85, about 10 to 80, about 10 to 70, about 10 to 60, about 10 to 50, about 10 to 40, about 10 to 30, about 10 to 20, about 20 to 85, about 20 to 80, about 20 to 70, about 20 to 60, about 20 to 50 , about 20-40, about 20-30, about 30-85, about 30-80, about 30-70, about 30-60, about 30-50, about 30-40, about 40-85, about 40-80, about 40-70, about 40-60, about 40-50, about 50-85, about 50-80, about 50-70, about 50-60, about 60-85, about 60-80, about 60-70, about 70-85, about 70-80, or about 80-85 weight percent of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

[0037] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 89 weight percent R-1234ze(E), e.g., about 5 to about 80, about 5 to 70, about 5 to 60, about 5 to 50, about 5 to 40, about 5 to 30, about 5 to 20, about 5 to 10, about 10 to 89, about 10 to 80, about 10 to 70, about 10 to 60, about 10 to 50, about 10 to 40, about 10 to 30, about 10 to 20, about 20 to 89, about 20 to 80, about 20 to 70, about 20 to 60, about 20 to 50 , about 20-40, about 20-30, about 30-89, about 30-80, about 30-70, about 30-60, about 30-50, about 30-40, about 40-89, about 40-80, about 40-70, about 40-60, about 40-50, about 50-89, about 50-80, about 50-70, about 50-60, about 60-89, about 60-80, about 60-70, about 70-89, about 70-80, or about 80-89 weight percent of R-1234ze(E).

[0038] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 12 weight percent R-134a, e.g., about 8, about 10, or about 12 weight percent. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 10 weight percent R-134a, e.g., about 5, about 8, or about 10 weight percent. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 8 to about 10 weight percent R-134a, e.g., about 8 or about 10 weight percent. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10 weight percent R-134a.

[0039] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 85 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 5 to about 89 weight percent R-1234ze(E), and about 10 weight percent R-134a.

[0040] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B.

[0041] In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E).

[0042] In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±10% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±5% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the composition exhibits a GWP of less than about 750. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, and the composition exhibits a GWP of less than about 400. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, and the composition exhibits a GWP of less than about 250. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, and the composition exhibits a GWP of less than about 150.

[0043] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B.

[0044] In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, where the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about 10% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, where the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about 5% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, where the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about 3% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E).

[0045] In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, and the composition has a GWP of about 1 to about 6. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, and the composition has a GWP of about 6 or less. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, and the composition has a GWP of about 4 or less. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, and the composition has a GWP of about 5 or less. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, and the composition has a GWP of about 3 or less. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, and the composition has a GWP of about 2 or less. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, and the composition has a GWP of about 1 or less.

[0046] How to use The compositions provided herein can act as working fluids used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink. Such heat transfer compositions can also be useful as refrigerants in cycles where the fluid undergoes a phase change, i.e., where the fluid changes from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid again, or vice versa. Examples of heat transfer systems include, but are not limited to, air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water chillers, flooded evaporative chillers, direct expansion chillers, walk-in coolers, high temperature heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, immersion cooling systems, data center cooling systems, and combinations thereof. Thus, the present application provides a heat transfer system (e.g., heat transfer device) as described herein that includes a composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful as working fluids in heat transfer devices (e.g., working fluids for refrigeration or heating applications). In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in devices or systems that include a high temperature heat pump. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump includes a centrifugal compressor. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in devices or systems that include a chiller device. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system that includes a centrifugal chiller apparatus. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in centrifugal high temperature heat pumps.

[0047] Mechanical vapor-compression refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems include an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. Refrigeration cycles reuse refrigerant in multiple steps, producing a cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in a different step. The cycle can be described as follows: liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator through an expansion device, where the liquid refrigerant boils at a low temperature by taking heat from the environment to form a gas and produce cooling. Often air or a heat transfer fluid flows over or around the evaporator to transfer the cooling effect caused by the evaporation of the refrigerant in the evaporator to the object to be cooled. The low pressure gas enters the compressor, where the gas is compressed and its pressure and temperature are increased. The high pressure (compressed) gaseous refrigerant then enters the condenser, where the refrigerant condenses and releases its heat to the environment. The refrigerant returns to the expansion device, through which the liquid expands from the higher pressure level in the condenser to the lower pressure level in the evaporator, thus repeating the cycle.

[0048] The object to be cooled or heated may be defined as any space, location, object, or object for which it is desirable to provide cooling or heating. Examples include any space (open or enclosed) that requires air conditioning, cooling, or heating, such as a room, apartment, or building, such as an apartment building, a university dormitory, a house or other accessory or single-family home, a hospital, an office building, a supermarket, a classroom or administrative building of a college or university, and the passenger compartment of an automobile or truck. Additionally, objects to be cooled may include electronic devices such as computer equipment, central processing units (CPUs), data centers, server banks, and personal computers, among others.

[0049] By "proximate" it is meant that the evaporator of the system containing the refrigerant is located either within or in close proximity to the object to be cooled, such that the air moved through the evaporator moves through or around the object to be cooled. In a process for generating heat, "proximate" means that the condenser of the system containing the refrigerant is located either within or in close proximity to the object to be heated, such that the air moved through the evaporator moves through or around the object to be heated. In some embodiments, for heat transfer, "proximate" can mean, for example, that the object to be cooled is directly immersed in the heat transfer composition, or that a tube containing the heat transfer composition flows through or around it internally, e.g., exiting an electronic device.

[0050] Exemplary refrigeration systems include, but are not limited to, commercial, industrial, or residential refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, self-contained coolers and freezers, vending machines, flooded evaporative chillers, direct expansion chillers, water chillers, centrifugal chillers, walk-in and reach-in coolers and freezers, and installations including combination systems. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be used in supermarket refrigeration systems. Additionally, stationary applications may utilize secondary loop systems that use a primary refrigerant to generate cooling at one location and move the cooling to a remote location via a secondary heat transfer fluid.

[0051] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in mobile heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or devices. In some embodiments, the compositions described above are useful in stationary heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or devices.

[0052] As used herein, a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system refers to any refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump equipment that is incorporated into a road, rail, sea, or air transportation unit. The mobile air conditioning or heat pump system may be used in an automobile, truck, train, or other transportation system. The mobile refrigeration may include transport refrigeration for trucks, planes, or trains. Additionally, devices meant to provide cooling to any mobile carrier-independent system, known as "intermodal" systems, are included in the present invention. Such intermodal systems include "containers" (intermodal sea / land), and "swap bodies" (intermodal road and rail).

[0053] As used herein, a stationary air conditioning or heat pump system is a system that is fixed in place during operation. Stationary air conditioning or heat pump systems may be associated with or attached to any of a variety of buildings. These stationary applications may include chillers, heat pumps including residential and high temperature heat pumps, residential, commercial, or industrial air conditioning systems, and may be stationary air conditioning and heat pumps including, but not limited to, window mounted packaged terminals and their exteriors that are connected to buildings such as rooftop systems with or without ducts.

[0054] Stationary heat transfer may refer to systems for cooling electronic equipment such as immersion cooling systems, submersion cooling systems, phase change cooling systems, data center cooling systems, or simply liquid cooling systems.

[0055] In some embodiments, a method is provided for using the composition of the present invention as a heat transfer fluid, the method comprising transporting the composition from a heat source to a heat sink.

[0056] In some embodiments, a method for producing cooling is provided, comprising evaporating any of the present compounds or compositions in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and then condensing the composition.

[0057] In some embodiments, a method for generating heat is provided and includes condensing any of the present compositions in the vicinity of a body to be heated and then evaporating the composition.

[0058] In some embodiments, the composition is useful in heat transfer and the working fluid is the heat transfer component.

[0059] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are for use in refrigeration or air conditioning.

[0060] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be useful for reducing or eliminating the flammability of flammable refrigerants provided herein (e.g., R-1234ze(E)). In some embodiments, the present application provides a method for reducing the flammability of a flammable refrigerant, comprising adding to the flammable refrigerant a composition comprising a composition disclosed herein.

[0061] The compositions provided herein may be useful as replacements for currently used ("incumbent") refrigerants. As used herein, the term "incumbent refrigerant" is understood to mean the refrigerant that the heat transfer system is designed to operate against or that is present in the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein is (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene or a composition provided herein.

[0062] In many cases, replacement refrigerants are most useful if they can be used in the original cooling equipment designed for a different refrigerant, e.g., with minimal to no system modifications. In many applications, some embodiments of the disclosed compositions are useful as refrigerants and provide at least equivalent cooling performance (meaning cooling capacity) as the refrigerant for which replacement is sought.

[0063] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein (i.e., (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene or compositions provided herein) exhibit a refrigeration capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the refrigeration capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit a refrigeration capacity that is within about ±20% of the refrigeration capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit a refrigeration capacity that is within about ±15% of the refrigeration capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit a refrigeration capacity that is within about ±10% of the refrigeration capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit a refrigeration capacity that is within about ±5% of the refrigeration capacity of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit cooling capacities that are within about ±3% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E).

[0064] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein (i.e., (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene or compositions provided herein) exhibit a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E) and have a GWP of less than about 750. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E) and have a GWP of less than about 400. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E) and have a GWP of less than about 250. In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit a cooling capacity that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E) and have a GWP of less than about 150.

[0065] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants provided herein exhibit cooling capacities that are within about ±5% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E) and have a GWP of less than about 150.

[0066] In some embodiments, the method includes replacing R-1234ze(E) in a high temperature heat pump with (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene or an alternative refrigerant composition provided herein. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump is a centrifugal high temperature heat pump.

[0067] In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 150° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 100° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 120° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 150° C.

[0068] In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants exhibit a heating coefficient of performance (COP) that is within about ±5% of the COP of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants exhibit a COP that is within about ±3% of the COP of R-1234ze(E). In some embodiments, the alternative refrigerants exhibit a COP approximately equal to the COP of R-1234ze(E).

[0069] In some embodiments, the refrigerant being replaced may also be HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, HCFC-124, R-450A (a mixture of 42 wt.% HFC-134a and 58 wt.% HFO-1234ze(E)), or R-513A (a mixture of 44 wt.% HFC-134a and 56 wt.% HFO-1234yf). The compositions disclosed herein provide low GWP replacement refrigerants for the above refrigerants, having a GWP of less than 300, or in many cases less than 150.

[0070] In some embodiments, the present application provides methods for improving the energy efficiency of a heat transfer system or device comprising an incumbent refrigerant, comprising substantially replacing the incumbent refrigerant with (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene or an alternative refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system is a chiller system or chiller device provided herein.

[0071] In some embodiments, a method is provided for operating a heat transfer system designed to operate with an incumbent refrigerant or for transferring heat by filling an empty system with the composition of the present invention or by substantially replacing the incumbent refrigerant with the composition of the present invention.

[0072] As used herein, the term "substantially replace" is understood to mean draining the current refrigerant from the system or pumping the current refrigerant from the system and then charging the system with the composition of the present invention. The system may be flushed with one or more quantities of the replacement refrigerant prior to charging. It will be understood that in some embodiments, some small amount of the current refrigerant may remain in the system after the system has been charged with the composition of the present invention.

[0073] In another embodiment, a method is provided for recharging a heat transfer system containing a current refrigerant and lubricant, the method comprising substantially removing the current refrigerant from the heat transfer system while retaining a substantial portion of the lubricant within the system, and introducing one of the present compositions into the heat transfer system. In certain embodiments, the lubricant in the system is partially replaced.

[0074] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be used to supplement the refrigerant in a chiller. For example, if the performance of a chiller using R-1234ze(E) is reduced due to a refrigerant leak, the compositions disclosed herein can be added to restore performance to original specifications.

[0075] In some embodiments, a heat exchange system containing any of the compositions disclosed herein is provided, the system being selected from the group consisting of systems having an air conditioner, a freezer, a refrigerator, a heat pump, a water chiller, a flooded evaporative cooler, a direct expansion cooler, a walk-in cooler, a heat pump, a mobile refrigerator, a mobile air conditioning unit, and combinations thereof. Additionally, the compositions provided herein may be useful in secondary loop systems in which the compositions function as a primary refrigerant to provide cooling for a secondary heat transfer fluid, which in turn cools a remote location.

[0076] The composition of the present invention can have some temperature gradient in the heat exchanger. This allows the system to operate more efficiently when the heat exchanger is operating in countercurrent mode or cross-flow mode with countercurrent tendency. Countercurrent tendency means that the closer the heat exchanger is to countercurrent mode, the more efficient the heat transfer. Therefore, air conditioning heat exchangers, especially evaporators, are designed to provide some aspect of countercurrent tendency.

[0077] Thus, provided herein is an air conditioning or heat pump system that includes one or more heat exchangers (either an evaporator, a condenser, or both) operating in a counterflow mode or a crossflow mode with a counterflow tendency.

[0078] In some embodiments, a refrigeration system is provided herein that includes one or more heat exchangers (either an evaporator, a condenser, or both) operating in a countercurrent mode or a crosscurrent mode with a countercurrent tendency.

[0079] In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a stationary refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system. In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system.

[0080] Further, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions may function as a primary refrigerant in a secondary loop system that provides cooling to a remote location through the use of a secondary heat transfer fluid that may include water, a saline solution (e.g., calcium chloride), glycol, carbon dioxide, or a fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid (meaning HFC, HCFC, hydrofluoroolefin ("HFO"), hydrochlorofluoroolefin ("HCFO"), chlorofluoroolefin ("CFO"), or perfluorocarbon ("PFC"). In this case, the secondary heat transfer fluid is adjacent to the evaporator and is the object being cooled, since it is cooled before being transferred to a second remote object to be cooled. In other embodiments, the disclosed compositions may function as a secondary heat transfer fluid and thus transfer or provide cooling (or heating) to a remote location.

[0081] In some embodiments, (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene or compositions provided herein further comprise one or more non-refrigerant components (also referred to herein as additives) selected from the group consisting of lubricants, dyes (including UV dyes), solubilizers, compatibilizers, stabilizers, tracers, perfluoropolyethers, antiwear agents, extreme pressure additives, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, polymerization inhibitors, metal surface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foam control agents, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity modifiers, and mixtures thereof. Indeed, many of these optional non-refrigerant components may fit one or more of these categories and may themselves have qualities that aid in achieving one or more performance characteristics.

[0082] In some embodiments, one or more non-refrigerant components are present in minor amounts relative to the overall composition. In some embodiments, the amount of concentration of additive(s) in the disclosed compositions is from less than about 0.1 weight percent to as much as about 5 weight percent of the total composition. In some embodiments of the present invention, the additive is present in the disclosed compositions in an amount of from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent, or from about 0.1 weight percent to about 3.5 weight percent of the total composition. The additive component(s) selected for the disclosed compositions are selected based on practicality and / or requirements of the individual equipment components or systems.

[0083] In one embodiment, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkylbenzenes, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, perfluoropolyethers, silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes, polyalpha-olefins, and combinations thereof.

[0084] The lubricant disclosed herein may be a commercially available lubricant. For example, the lubricant may be a paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oil under the trade name BVM 100N, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Crompton Co. under the trade name Suniso® 1GS, Suniso® 3GS, and Suniso® 5GS, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil under the trade name Sontex® 372LT, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Calumet Lubricants under the trade name Calumet® RO-30, linear alkyl benzene sold by Shrieve Chemicals under the trade name Zerol® 75, Zerol® 150, and Zerol® 500, branched alkyl benzene sold by Nippon Oil under the trade name HAB22, polyol ester (POE) sold by Castrol, United Kingdom under the trade name Castrol® 100, Dow (Dow Oil), or similar lubricant. The polymer may also be a polyalkylene glycol (PAG), such as RL-488A from Qualcomm Chemical, Midland, Michigan, and mixtures thereof (meaning any mixtures disclosed in this section).

[0085] Notwithstanding the above weight ratios of the compositions disclosed herein, it is understood that in some heat transfer systems, additional lubricant may be obtained from one or more equipment components of such heat transfer systems while the compositions are in use.For example, in some refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems, lubricant may be filled in the compressor and / or compressor lubrication sump. Such lubricant is present in the refrigerant of such systems in addition to any lubricant additives.When in use and in the compressor, the refrigerant may pick up a certain amount of equipment lubricant, changing the refrigerant-lubricant composition from the starting ratio.

[0086] The non-refrigerant components used with the compositions of the present invention may include at least one dye. The dye may be at least one ultraviolet (UV) dye. As used herein, an "ultraviolet" dye is defined as an ultraviolet fluorescent or phosphorescent composition that absorbs light in the ultraviolet or "near" ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The fluorescence produced by the ultraviolet fluorescent dye can be detected under ultraviolet irradiation that emits at least some radiation having a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to about 775 nanometers.

[0087] Ultraviolet dyes are useful components in detecting leaks of compositions because the fluorescence of the dye can be observed at or near the point of the leak in an appliance (e.g., a refrigeration unit, air conditioner, or heat pump). The ultraviolet emission (e.g., fluorescence from the dye) may be observed under ultraviolet light. Thus, if a composition containing such an ultraviolet dye leaks from a given point in the device, the fluorescence can be detected at or near the point of the leak.

[0088] In some embodiments, the ultraviolet dye may be a fluorescent dye, which may be selected from the group consisting of naphthalimide, perylene, coumarin, anthracene, phenanthracene, xanthene, thioxanthene, naphthoxanthene, fluorescein, and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the aforementioned dyes or derivatives thereof disclosed in this section).

[0089] Another non-refrigerant component that may be used with the compositions of the present invention may include at least one solubilizing agent selected to improve the solubility of one or more dyes in the compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of dye to solubilizing agent ranges from about 99:1 to about 1:1. The solubilizing agent may include at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (e.g., dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any solubilizing agents disclosed in this section).

[0090] In some embodiments, the non-refrigerant component includes at least one compatibilizer to improve compatibility of one or more lubricants with the disclosed compositions. The compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (e.g., dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the compatibilizers disclosed in this section).

[0091] The solubilizer and / or compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon ethers consisting of ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether (DME), and mixtures thereof (meaning any mixture of hydrocarbon ethers disclosed in this section).

[0092] The compatibilizer may be a linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon compatibilizer containing 3 to 15 carbon atoms. The compatibilizer may be at least one hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of at least propane, including propylene and propane, butane, including n-butane and isobutene, pentane, including n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane and cyclopentane, hexane, octane, nonane, and decane, among others. Commercially available hydrocarbon compatibilizers include, but are not limited to, those sold under the trade name Isopar® H by Exxon Chemical (USA), undecane (C 11 ) and dodecane (C 12 ) and a mixture of high purity C 11 ~C 12 Iso-paraffin), Aromatic 150(C9~C 11 Aromatic 200(C9~C 15 aromatic) and Naptha 140 (C5~C 11 mixtures of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the hydrocarbons disclosed in this section.

[0093] The compatibilizer may alternatively be at least one polymeric compatibilizer. The polymeric compatibilizer may be a random copolymer of a fluorinated acrylate and a non-fluorinated acrylate, the polymer having the formula CH2=C(R 1 )CO2R 2 , CH2=C(R 3 )C6H4R 4 , and CH2=C(R 5 )C6H4XR 6 wherein X is oxygen or sulfur and R 1 , R 3 , and R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4 alkyl radicals, and R 2 , R 4 , and R 6are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon chain-based radicals containing C and F, which may further contain H, Cl, ether oxygen, or sulfur in the form of thioether, sulfoxide, or sulfone groups and mixtures thereof. Examples of such polymeric compatibilizers include those available commercially from EI du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE, 19898, USA) under the trade name Zonyl® PHS. Zonyl® PHS is a 40% by weight mixture of CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH2CH2(CF2CF2) m F (also known as Zonyl® fluoromethacrylate or ZFM), where m is 1-12, mainly 2-8, and 60% by weight of lauryl methacrylate (CH2=C(CH3)CO2(CH2) 11 It is a random copolymer made by polymerizing CH3 (also called LMA) with

[0094] In some embodiments, the compatibilizer component contains about 0.01 to 30 weight percent (based on the total weight of the compatibilizer) of an additive that reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel, or other metals and their alloys found in heat exchangers in a manner that reduces the adhesion of the lubricant to the metal. Examples of additives that reduce metal surface energy include those available from DuPont under the trade names Zonyl® FSA, Zonyl® FSP, and Zonyl® FSJ.

[0095] Another non-refrigerant component that may be used with the compositions of the present invention may be a metal surface deactivator. The metal surface deactivator may be selected from the group consisting of areoxalyl bis(benzylidene)hydrazide (CAS Registry Number 6629-10-3), N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine (CAS Registry Number 32687-78-8), 2,2,-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate (CAS Registry Number 70331-94-1), N,N-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-diaminopropane (CAS Registry Number 94-91-7), and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (CAS Registry Number 60-00-4) and its salts, and mixtures thereof (meaning any mixture of metal surface deactivators disclosed in this chapter).

[0096] The non-refrigerant component used with the composition of the present invention may alternatively be a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenyl phosphorothioates, organophosphates or phosphites, aryl alkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethane, alkyl silanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones such as acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, ionic liquids, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any stabilizers disclosed in this chapter). The terpene or terpenoid stabilizer may include farnesene. The phosphite stabilizer may include diphenyl phosphites.

[0097] The stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of tocopherol; hydroquinone; t-butylhydroquinone; monothiophosphates, and dithiophosphates (available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland (hereinafter "Ciba") under the trade name Irgalube® 63); dialkylthiophosphates (available from Ciba under the trade names Irgalube® 353 and Irgalube® 350, respectively); butylated triphenyl phosphorothioates (available from Ciba under the trade name Irgalube® 232); amine phosphates (available from Ciba under the trade name Irgalube® 349 (Ciba)). ba); hindered phosphite (commercially available as Irgafos® 168 from Ciba), and tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (commercially available as Irgafos® OPH from Ciba); (Di-n-octyl phosphite); and iso-decyl diphenyl phosphite (commercially available as Irgafos® DDPP from Ciba); trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, and tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; triaryl phosphates, including triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and trixylenyl phosphate, and mixed alkylaryl phosphates, including isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP) and bis(t-butylphenyl)phenyl phosphate (TBPP); butylated triphenyl phosphates, such as those commercially available under the trade name Syn-O-Ad®, such as Syn-O-Ad® 8784, phosphates; tert-butylated triphenyl phosphates, such as those sold under the trade name Durad® 620; isopropyl triphenyl phosphates, such as those sold under the trade names Durad® 220 and Durad® 110; anisole; 1,4-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethoxybenzene; 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene; myrcene, alloocimene, limonene (especially d-limonene); retinal; pinene (alpha or beta); menthol; geraniol;Farnesol; Phytol; Vitamin A; Terpinene; δ-3-carene; Terpinolene; Phellandrene; Fentane; Dipentene; Caratenoids such as lycopene, xanthophylls such as beta-carotene, and zeaxanthin; Retinoids such as hepaxanthin and isotretinoin; Bornane; 1,2-propylene oxide; 1,2-butylene oxide; n-butyl glycidyl ether; Trifluoromethyloxirane; 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane; 3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxetane (e.g., OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd.)); 3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane (e.g., OXT-211 (Toagosei Co.,Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane (e.g., OXT-212 (Toagosei Co.,Ltd)); ascorbic acid; methanethiol (methyl mercaptan); ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan); coenzyme A; dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA); grapefruit mercaptan ((R)-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl)propane-2-thiol); cysteine ​​((R)-2-amino-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid); lipoamide (1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide); 5,7-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-[2,3(or 3,4)-dimethylphenyl]-2(3H)-benzofuranone (commercially available under the trade name Irganox® HP-136 from Ciba); benzyl phenyl sulfide; dif diisopropylamine; dioctadecyl 3,3'-thiodipropionate available from Ciba under the trade name Irganox® PS802 (Ciba); didodecyl 3,3'-thiopropionate available from Ciba under the trade name Irganox® PS800; di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate available from Ciba under the trade name Tinuvin® 770; poly-(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate available from Ciba under the trade name Tinuvin® 622LD (Ciba); methylbistarylamine;Vistaroamine;phenol-α-naphthylamine;bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS);tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS);vinyltriethoxysilane;vinyltrimethoxysilane;2,5-difluorobenzophenone;2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone;2-aminobenzophenone;2-chlorobenzophenone;benzyl phenyl sulfide;diphenyl sulfide;dibenzyl sulfide;ionic liquids and mixtures and combinations thereof.;

[0098] The additive used with the composition of the present invention may alternatively be an ionic liquid stabilizer. The ionic liquid stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of organic salts that are liquid at room temperature (approximately 25° C.), the salts having a cation selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium, and triazolium, and mixtures thereof; and [BF4] - , PF6 - , [SbF6] - , [CF3SO3] - , [HCF2CF2SO3] - , [CF3HFCCF2SO3] - , [HCClFCF2SO3] - , [(CF3SO2)2N] - , [(CF3CF2SO2)2N] - , [(CF3SO2)3C] - , [CF3CO2] - , and F -and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the ionic liquid stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of: emim BF4 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate), bmim BF4 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraborate); emim PF6 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate); and bmim PF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), all of which are available from Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich).

[0099] In some embodiments, the stabilizer may be a hindered phenol, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; tocopherol; hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinones, including t-butylhydroquinone, other derivatives of hydroquinone, and the like; hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, including 4,4'-thio-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4 '-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); alkylidene-bisphenols including 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- or 4,4-biphenol diol derivatives; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert Phenol; 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol, 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiol (2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol) etc.); acylaminophenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol; 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol); sulfides such as bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide;Any substituted phenolic compound, such as phenol containing one or more substituted or cyclic straight or branched chain aliphatic substituents, such as bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, as well as mixtures thereof (meaning any mixture of phenols disclosed in this section);

[0100] The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be a tracer. The tracer may be two or more tracer compounds of the same class of compounds or different classes of compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer is present in the composition at a total concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm) by weight to about 1000 ppm based on the weight of the total composition. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. Alternatively, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm.

[0101] The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, nitrous oxide, and combinations thereof. Alternatively, the tracer may be selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ca), 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236cb), 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb), 1,1,2,2- Tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254cb), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254eb), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 2,2-difluoropropane (HFC-272ca), 2-fluoropropane (HFC-281ea), 1-fluoropropane (HFC-281fa), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4-nonafluorobutane (HFC-329p), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-329p), Perfluoro-2-methylpropane (HFC-329mmz), 1,1,1,2,2,4,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338mf), 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338pcc), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluorobutane (HFC-347s), hexafluoroethane (perfluoroethane, PFC-116), perfluorocyclopropane (PFC-C216) , perfluoropropane (PFC-218), perfluoro-cyclobutane (PFC-C318), perfluorobutane (PFC-31-10mc), perfluoro-2-methylpropane (CF3CF(CF3)2), perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mycm), trans-perfluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, trans), cis-perfluoro-2,The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of 3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, cis), perfluoromethylcyclopentane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (ortho, meta or para), perfluoroethylcyclohexane, perfluoroindan, perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane and its isomers, perfluoroisopropylcyclohexane, cis-perfluorodecalin, trans-perfluorodecalin, cis- or trans-perfluoromethyldecalin, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tracer is a blend containing two or more hydrofluorocarbons or one hydrofluorocarbon combined with one or more perfluorocarbons.

[0102] Tracers may be added to the compositions of the invention in predetermined amounts to allow for the detection of any dilution, contamination, or other alteration of the composition.

[0103] Additives that may be used with the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be perfluoropolyethers, as described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0284555, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0104] It will be understood that the particular additives described above as suitable for the non-refrigerant components are identified as possible refrigerants, however, in accordance with the present invention, when used, these additives are not present in amounts that may affect the novel and fundamental characteristics of the refrigerant mixtures of the present invention.

[0105] In some embodiments, the refrigerant compositions disclosed herein may be prepared by any convenient method for combining the desired amounts of the individual components, as is standard in the art. A preferred method is to weigh the desired amounts of the components and then combine the components in a suitable container. Agitation may be used if desired. EXAMPLES

[0106] The present invention will be described in more detail by specific examples. The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize various non-critical parameters that can be changed or modified to obtain essentially the same results. The following parameters were used as the basis for calculating the comparative data of R-1234ze(E), as shown in Table A. 凝縮器 = 40.0℃, T 蒸発器 = 5.0℃, no subcooling, T 戻り = 10.0°C, compressor efficiency = 85%.

[0107] [Table 1]

[0108] Example 1: R-1225ye(E) / R-1234ze(E) / R-134a blends as alternative refrigerants to R-1234ze(E) The cooling performance of the mixtures containing R-1225ye(E), R-1234ze(E), and optionally R-134a was determined, including suction pressure (suction P), discharge pressure (discharge P), compressor discharge temperature (discharge T), and average evaporator and condenser temperature gradients (average gradients). The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity (CAP) of the inventive mixtures compared to R-1234ze(E) were also determined. The following parameters were used to calculate the data shown in Tables 1A-1B. T 凝縮器 = 40.0℃, T 蒸発器 = 5.0℃, no subcooling, T 戻り = 10.0°C, compressor efficiency = 85%.

[0109] [Table 2-1]

[0110] [Table 2-2]

[0111] [Table 3-1]

[0112] [Table 3-2]

[0113] The results in Tables 1A-1B show that the blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-1234ze(E), with similar cooling capacity and energy efficiency (COP). The blends also exhibit low temperature gradients (<~1K), making them particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. The compressor discharge temperatures of the blends are also similar to R-1234ze(E).

[0114] Example 2: R-1225ye(E) as an alternative refrigerant to R-1234ze The cooling performance of the mixtures containing R-1225ye(E) and R-1234ze(E) was determined, including suction pressure (suction P), discharge pressure (discharge P), compressor discharge temperature (discharge T), and average evaporator and condenser temperature gradients (average gradient). The relative energy efficiency (COP) and volumetric cooling capacity (CAP) of the inventive mixtures compared to R-1234ze(E) were also determined. The following parameters were used to calculate the data shown in Tables 2A-2B. T 凝縮器 = 40.0℃, T 蒸発器 = 5.0℃, no subcooling, T 戻り = 10.0°C, compressor efficiency = 85%.

[0115] [Table 4]

[0116] [Table 5]

[0117] The results in Tables 2A-2B show that the blends analyzed in this example are good alternatives to R-1234ze(E), with similar cooling capacity and energy efficiency (COP). The blends also exhibit low temperature gradients (<~1K), making them particularly suitable for use in centrifugal chillers. The compressor discharge temperatures of the blends are also similar to R-1234ze(E).

[0118] Other embodiments 1. In some embodiments, the present application provides a composition comprising (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and a compound selected from R-134a and R-1234ze(E), or a mixture thereof.

[0119] 2. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the composition comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-134a.

[0120] 3. The composition of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the composition comprises about 85 to about 95 weight percent of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

[0121] 4. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprises about 5 to about 15% by weight of R-134a.

[0122] 5. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-3, wherein the composition comprises 90 weight percent of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and about 10 weight percent of R-134a.

[0123] 6. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the composition comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-1234ze(E).

[0124] 7. The composition of embodiment 1 or 6, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 99 weight percent of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and from about 99 to about 1 weight percent of R-1234ze(E).

[0125] 8. The composition of any one of embodiments 1, 6, and 7, wherein the composition comprises from about 1 to about 40 weight percent of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and from about 60 to about 1 weight percent of R-1234ze(E).

[0126] 9. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the composition comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-134a, and R-1234ze(E).

[0127] 10. The composition of embodiment 1 or 9, wherein the composition comprises about 1 to about 85 weight percent of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 5 to about 89 weight percent of R-1234ze(E), and about 10 weight percent R-134a.

[0128] 11. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A to 1B.

[0129] 12. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A to 2B.

[0130] 13. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E).

[0131] 14. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±20% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E).

[0132] 15. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±10% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E).

[0133] 16. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein the composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±5% of the cooling capacity of R-1234ze(E).

[0134] 17. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-16, wherein the composition exhibits a GWP of less than about 150.

[0135] 18. A process for producing cooling, comprising condensing a composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17, and then evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.

[0136] 19. A process for producing heat, comprising evaporating a composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17, and then condensing such composition in the vicinity of a body to be heated.

[0137] 20. A method of replacing R-1234ze(E) in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system, comprising providing a composition according to any one of embodiments 1 to 17 as a replacement for R-1234ze(E).

[0138] 21. An air conditioning system, a heat pump system, or a refrigeration system comprising the composition of any one of embodiments 1-17.

[0139] 22. An air conditioning system, heat pump system, or refrigeration system as described in embodiment 21, wherein the system comprises an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device.

[0140] 23. An air conditioning system, heat pump system, or refrigeration system as described in embodiment 21 or 22, wherein such system comprises one or more heat exchangers operating in countercurrent mode or in cross-current mode with a countercurrent tendency.

[0141] 24. A method for replacing R-1234ze(E) in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system, comprising providing (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene as a replacement for said R-1234ze(E).

[0142] 25. The method of embodiment 24, wherein the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system comprises an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device.

[0143] 26. The method of embodiment 24 or 25, wherein such refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pump system comprises one or more heat exchangers operating in countercurrent mode or in cross-current mode with a countercurrent tendency.

[0144] Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with its detailed description, it should be understood that the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not to limit the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be combined with any of the features described herein with respect to any particular aspect and / or embodiment of the invention, with any one or more of the other features of any other aspect and / or embodiment of the invention described herein, with appropriate modifications to ensure compatibility of the combination. Such combinations are considered to be part of the invention contemplated by this disclosure.

Claims

1. A composition consisting of 1 to 85 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 5 to 89 weight percent R-1234ze(E), and 5 to 10 weight percent R-134a.

2. 13. A process for producing refrigeration comprising condensing the composition of claim 1 and then evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.

3. 13. A process for producing heat comprising evaporating the composition of claim 1 and then condensing said composition in the vicinity of a body to be heated.

4. 13. A method of replacing R-1234ze(E) in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system, comprising providing the composition of claim 1 as a replacement for the R-1234ze(E).

5. 13. An air conditioning system, a heat pump system, or a refrigeration system comprising the composition of claim 1.

6. The air conditioning, heat pump, or refrigeration system of claim 5 , wherein the system comprises an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device.

7. 6. An air conditioning, heat pump or refrigeration system according to claim 5, wherein the system comprises one or more heat exchangers operating in a counter-current mode or in a cross-current mode with a counter-current tendency.

8. 1. A method of replacing R-1234ze(E) in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system, comprising providing (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene as a replacement for said R-1234ze(E) to form a composition consisting of 1 to 85 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, 5 to 89 weight percent R-1234ze(E), and 5 to 10 weight percent R-134a.

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