Heat transfer fluids for use in cryogenic chiller applications

Abstract

This application relates to compositions (e.g., heat transfer fluids) for use in refrigeration and heat transfer applications. The compositions of the present invention are useful in methods of producing cooling and heating, as well as in methods of replacing refrigerants, and in refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump devices.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This application relates to compositions (e.g., heat transfer fluids) for use in refrigeration and heat transfer applications. The compositions of the present invention are useful in methods of producing cooling and heating, as well as in methods of replacing refrigerants, and in refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump devices. [Background technology]

[0002] Many of today's semiconductor manufacturing processes, power electronics, power avionics, and computing data centers require advanced heat transfer fluids to maintain optimal performance over extended periods of time. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been used successfully in heat transfer applications due to their combination of excellent safety and health properties, dielectric properties, and wide operating temperature ranges. However, the atmospheric lifetimes of PFCs range from several hundred to over 10,000 years and they are potent greenhouse gases with an exemplary GWP of over 8,600. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0003] The present application relates, inter alia, to (i) a compound selected from an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether and a first hydrofluoroether; (ii) a second compound selected from a hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether.

[0004] The present application further provides a process for producing cooling comprising condensing a composition provided herein and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.

[0005] The application further provides methods of using the compositions provided herein as a heat transfer fluid, the heat transfer fluid being a working fluid that removes heat from, adds heat to, or maintains a temperature in the vicinity of a body to be cooled or heated.

[0006] The present application further provides a method of replacing a heat transfer fluid in a cooling fluid distribution unit, a refrigeration system, or a heat pump system, comprising providing a composition provided herein as a replacement for the heat transfer fluid.

[0007] The present application further provides a refrigeration system (e.g., an ultra-low temperature refrigeration or chiller system) comprising the compositions provided herein.

[0008] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials for use in the present invention are described herein, and other suitable methods and materials known in the art may be used. The materials, methods, and examples are merely illustrative and are not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0009] [Figure 1] Calculated solid-liquid equilibria for 70 wt. % MPHE / 30 wt. % HFE-7200 blends over the entire composition range of the blends are shown. [Diagram 2] 1 shows a comparison of absolute viscosity of pure MPHE and a blend of 70 wt. % MPHE / 30 wt. % HFE-7200. [Diagram 3] 1 shows the calculated solid-liquid equilibria for blends of MPHE and Vertrel™ XF over the composition range. [Figure 4]1 shows the calculated solid-liquid equilibria for blends of MPHE and DR CFX70 over the composition range. [Diagram 5] Calculated solid-liquid equilibria for HFE-7500 / HFE-7000 blends over the entire composition range of the mixtures are shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0010] Recent environmental issues and government regulations are focused on mitigating global warming (worldwide regulations, F-Gas regulations in the EU / Canada, and SNAP regulations in the US). In response to global market demand, methyl perfluoroheptene ether (MPHE) was developed and exhibits a low GPW (100-year ITH) of 2.5 and zero ODP. MPHE exhibits an application profile similar to PFCs, but with a significantly lower GPW.

[0011] Chiller heat transfer fluid (HFT) or circulating fluid may remove heat, add heat, or maintain temperature through the chiller's refrigeration circuit. Recent advanced chiller developments have moved to operation at ultra-low temperatures for processing tooling in the automotive, energy, chemical processing, and semiconductor manufacturing industries. For ultra-low temperature chillers, the operating temperature may be, for example, -80°C to +60°C. Such ultra-low temperature systems may also require the heat transfer fluid to be pumpable (e.g., viscosity of about 10 cSt or less) while maintaining heat transfer, dielectric, and fluid properties at temperatures below -95°C (e.g., to maintain a constant temperature of -80°C).

[0012] Although the extrapolated freezing point of the MPHE is estimated at -94°C, experimental data indicates that the first "solid" of the MPHE occurs at -87°C. Additional data also indicates that the MPHE "freezes out" and reduces its heat transfer properties when the chiller refrigerant temperature set point falls below -85°C, and therefore cannot be used as a single-phase chiller heat transfer fluid. Alternative heat transfer fluids such as 3M™ Novec™ HFE-7200 (boiling point: 76°C) may result in excessive fluid losses due to the low boiling point as chillers are expected to operate over a wide temperature range (≧70°C).

[0013] In an exemplary ultra-low temperature refrigeration circuit, the chiller's refrigeration cycle begins with a low pressure liquid entering an evaporator / heat exchanger. In the evaporator, heat from the heat transfer fluid boils the refrigerant, changing it from a low pressure liquid to a low pressure gas, which then enters the compressor and is compressed to a high pressure gas. The high pressure gas enters the condenser, where ambient air or cooling water removes the heat, cooling the high pressure gas to a high pressure liquid. The high pressure liquid travels to an expansion valve, and when the heat transfer fluid temperature rises above a set temperature, the expansion valve opens to admit refrigerant at a lower temperature to the heat exchanger. This cools the heat transfer fluid to the desired temperature. Ultra-low temperature refrigeration circuits can be useful, for example, in the following applications: Semiconductor manufacturing – used in maintaining temperatures in etching, lithography, cleaning, dicing, coating, and / or testing equipment. Medical Applications - for use in maintaining the temperature of medical imaging equipment (e.g., X-ray imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), etc.) and / or storage facilities for blood or other biological samples or tissue. Machine tooling applications - used to maintain temperature in wire cutting, plasma welding, laser processing etc. Analytical equipment applications: Used to maintain the temperature of electron microscopes (e.g. scanning electron microscopes, transmission electron microscopes, etc.), gas chromatographs (GC), X-ray analytical instruments, etc.

[0014] The present application provides new compositions that may be useful as heat transfer fluids over a wide temperature range, and may be particularly useful in the ultra-low temperature refrigeration applications described herein.

[0015] Definitions and Abbreviations As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "has," "having," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements, but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Furthermore, unless expressly stated to the contrary, "or" refers to an inclusive "or" and not an exclusive "or." For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or absent), A is false (or absent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).

[0016] As used herein, "consisting essentially of" is used to define compositions, methods that include materials, steps, features, ingredients, or elements in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additionally included materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not substantially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention, particularly the mechanism of action for achieving any desired result of the inventive process. The terms "consists essentially of" or "consisting essentially of" occupy a middle ground between "comprising" and "consisting of."

[0017] Additionally, the use of "a" or "an" is used to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be interpreted to include one or at least one, and the singular also includes the plural unless it is clear that a different meaning is intended.

[0018] As used herein, the term "about" is meant to account for variations due to experimental error (e.g., plus or minus about 10% of the indicated value). All measurements reported herein are understood to be modified by the term "about," unless otherwise indicated, regardless of whether the term "about" is explicitly used.

[0019] When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range, a preferred range, or a list of upper and / or lower preferred values, these are to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit or preferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, whether or not the ranges are separately disclosed. When a numerical range is described herein, unless otherwise indicated, the range is intended to include its endpoints, and to include all integers and fractions within the range.

[0020] Global warming potential (GWP) is an index for estimating the relative global warming contribution due to the atmospheric emission of one kilogram of a particular greenhouse gas compared to the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide. GWP can be calculated for various time horizons and indicates the impact of a given gas over its atmospheric lifetime. GWP for a 100-year time horizon is the value usually referenced.

[0021] As used herein, the term "Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)" is defined in The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, section 1.4.4, pages 1.28-1.31 (see the first paragraph of this section). ODP represents the degree of stratospheric ozone depletion expected from a compound on a mass-by-mass basis relative to fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11).

[0022] Refrigeration capacity (sometimes referred to as cooling capacity) is a term that defines the change in enthalpy of a refrigerant or working fluid in an evaporator per unit mass of circulating refrigerant or working fluid. Volumetric cooling capacity refers to the amount of heat removed by the refrigerant or working fluid in the evaporator per unit volume of refrigerant vapor leaving the evaporator. Refrigeration capacity is a measure of the ability of a refrigerant, working fluid, or heat transfer composition to produce cooling. Thus, the higher the volumetric cooling capacity of a working fluid, the higher the cooling rate that can be obtained in the evaporator at the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable with a given compressor. Cooling rate refers to the heat removed per unit time by the refrigerant in the evaporator.

[0023] Similarly, volumetric heating capacity is a term that defines the amount of heat supplied by the refrigerant or working fluid in the condenser per unit volume of refrigerant or working fluid vapor entering the compressor. The higher the volumetric heating capacity of the refrigerant or working fluid, the greater the heating rate that can be obtained in the condenser at the maximum volumetric flow rate achievable with a given compressor.

[0024] The coefficient of performance (COP) is the amount of heat removed in the evaporator divided by the energy required to run the compressor. The higher the COP, the more energy efficient. COP is directly related to the energy efficiency ratio (EER), an efficiency rating for a refrigeration or air conditioning unit at a particular set of internal and external temperatures.

[0025] As used herein, a heat transfer medium includes compositions used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink, such as from the object to be cooled to a chiller evaporator, or from a chiller condenser to a cooling tower, or other structure where heat can be released to the surroundings.

[0026] As used herein, a working fluid or refrigerant includes a compound or mixture of compounds (e.g., the compositions provided herein) that function to transfer heat in a cycle, where the working fluid undergoes a phase change from liquid to gas and back to liquid in a repeated cycle.

[0027] Subcooling is the reduction of a liquid to a temperature below the saturation point of that liquid at a given pressure. The saturation point is the temperature at which a vapor composition is completely condensed into a liquid (also called the bubble point). However, subcooling continues to cool the liquid to a cooler liquid at a given pressure. Cooling a liquid below its saturation temperature can increase the net refrigeration capacity. Subcooling thereby increases the refrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of the system. The amount of subcooling is the amount of cooling (in degrees) below the saturation temperature, or how far below its saturation temperature a liquid composition is cooled.

[0028] The term "superheat" defines how much a vapor composition is heated above its saturated vapor temperature, also called the "dew point," which is the temperature at which liquid droplets first form when the vapor composition is cooled.

[0029] As used herein, the term "substantially free" refers to less than about 1%, e.g., less than about 0.5%, less than about 0.25%, less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.01%, less than about 0.001%, less than about 0.0001%, less than about 0.00001%, etc.

[0030] Chemicals, Abbreviations, and Acronyms CAP: Cooling (or heating) capacity COP: Coefficient of performance cSt (or CSt): Centistokes DR CFX70: Tetradecafluoroheptene (boiling point: 71.5°C; MW: 350g / mol) FC77 or Fluorinert™ Electronic Liquid FC-77: A thermally stable, fully fluorinated liquid (primarily an eight carbon compound, available from 3M). GWP: Global Warming Potential HFE: Hydrofluoroether HFE-7000: 1-Methoxyheptafluoropropane HFE-7100: A mixture of methyl nonafluorobutyl ether and methyl nonfluoroisobutyl ether HFE-7200 or HFE-569mccc: A mixture of 1-ethoxyperfluorobutane and 1-ethoxyperfluoro-isobutane HFE-7500: 2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-ethoxydodecafluorohexane HFT: Heat transfer fluid HT110 or Galden® HT-110: 1-Propene 1,1,2,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-oxidative polymerization MPHE: Methyl perfluoroheptene ether ODP: Ozone Depletion Potential PFC: Perfluorocarbon PFPE: Perfluoropolyether Vertrel™ XF or HFC-43-10mee: 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-Decafluoropentane wt%: weight percent

[0031] composition This application is (i) a compound selected from an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether and a first hydrofluoroether; (ii) a second compound selected from a hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether.

[0032] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 10 cSt or less, e.g., about 9 cSt or less, about 8 cSt or less, about 7 cSt or less, about 6 cSt or less, about 5 cSt or less, about 4 cSt or less, about 3 cSt or less, about 2 cSt or less, or about 1 cSt or less. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 6 cSt or less.

[0033] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 10 cSt or less at a temperature of about -90° C. to about -100° C., e.g., about 8 cSt or less, about 6 cSt or less, about 4 cSt or less, about 2 cSt or less, or about 1 cSt or less at a temperature of about -90° C. to about -100° C. In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 6 cSt or less at a temperature of about -90° C. to about -100° C.

[0034] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of from about 0.1 cSt to about 10 cSt, e.g., from about 0.1 cSt to about 8 cSt, from about 0.1 cSt to about 6 cSt, from about 0.1 cSt to about 4 cSt, from about 0.1 cSt to about 2 cSt, from about 0.1 cSt to about 1 cSt, from about 1 cSt to about 10 cSt, from about 1 cSt to about 8 cSt, from about 1 cSt to about 6 cSt, from about 1 cSt to about 4 cSt, from about 1 cSt to about 2 cSt, from about 2 cSt to about 10 cSt, from about 2 cSt to about 8 cSt, from about 2 cSt to about 6 cSt, from about 2 cSt to about 4 cSt, from about 4 cSt to about 10 cSt, from about 4 cSt to about 8 cSt, from about 4 cSt to about 6 cSt, from about 6 cSt to about 10 cSt, from about 6 cSt to about 8 cSt, or from about 8 cSt to about 10 cSt.

[0035] In some embodiments, the composition has a viscosity of about 0.1 cSt to about 10 cSt at a temperature of about -90°C to about -100°C, e.g., about 0.1 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 4 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 2 cSt, about 0.1 cSt to about 1 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 1 cSt to about 8 cSt, about ... St ~ about 6 cSt, about 1 cSt - about 4 cSt, about 1 cSt - about 2 cSt, about 2 cSt - about 10 cSt, about 2 cSt - about 8 cSt, about 2 cSt - about 6 cSt, about 2 cSt - about 4 cSt, about 4 It exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of cSt to about 10 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 8 cSt, about 4 cSt to about 6 cSt, about 6 cSt to about 10 cSt, about 6 cSt to about 8 cSt, or about 8 cSt to about 10 cSt.

[0036] In some embodiments, the composition is non-flammable.

[0037] In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 15 to about 95 weight percent alkyl perfluoroalkene ether, e.g., from about 15 to about 90 weight percent, from about 15 to about 80 weight percent, from about 15 to about 70 weight percent, from about 15 to about 60 weight percent, from about 15 to about 50 weight percent, from about 15 to about 40 weight percent, from about 15 to about 30 weight percent, from about 15 to about 20 weight percent, from about 20 to about 95 weight percent, from about 20 to about 90 weight percent, from about 20 to about 80 weight percent, from about 20 to about 70 weight percent, from about 20 to about 60 weight percent, from about 20 to about 50 weight percent, from about 20 to about 40 weight percent, from about 20 to about 30 weight percent, from about 30 to about 95 weight percent, from about 30 to about 90 weight percent, from about 30 to about 80 weight percent, from about 30 to about 70 weight percent, from about 30 to about 60 weight percent. , about 30 to about 50 weight percent, about 30 to about 40 weight percent, about 40 to about 95 weight percent, about 40 to about 90 weight percent, about 40 to about 80 weight percent, about 40 to about 70 weight percent, about 40 to about 60 weight percent, about 40 to about 50 weight percent, about 50 to about 95 weight percent, about 50 to about 90 weight percent, about 50 to about 80 weight percent, about 50 to about 70 weight percent, about 50 to about 60 weight percent, about 60 to about 95 weight percent, about 60 to about 90 weight percent, about 60 to about 80 weight percent, about 60 to about 70 weight percent, about 70 to about 95 weight percent, about 70 to about 90 weight percent, about 70 to about 80 weight percent, about 80 to about 95 weight percent, about 80 to about 90 weight percent, or about 90 to about 95 weight percent alkyl perfluoroalkene ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60 to about 90 weight percent alkyl perfluoroalkene ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60 to about 80 weight percent alkyl perfluoroalkene ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 65 to about 75 weight percent alkyl perfluoroalkene ether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 weight percent alkyl perfluoroalkene ether.In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 15 weight percent of the alkyl perfluoroalkene ether, hi some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10 weight percent of the alkyl perfluoroalkene ether.

[0038] In some embodiments, the alkyl perfluoroalkene ether is methyl perfluoroheptene ether. In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of two or more structural and / or stereoisomers.

[0039] In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 48 to about 52 weight percent 5-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 18 to about 22 weight percent 3-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 18 to about 22 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-2-heptene, and about 6 to about 10 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene.

[0040] In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 50 weight percent 5-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 3-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-2-heptene, and about 8 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene.

[0041] In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 48 to about 52 weight percent 5-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 12 to about 16 weight percent 3-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 4 to about 8 weight percent 3-methoxy(Z)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 18 to about 22 weight percent 4-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-2-heptene, about 1 to about 3 weight percent 4-methoxy(Z)-perfluoro-3-heptene, and about 4 to about 8 weight percent 4-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene.

[0042] In some embodiments, the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 50 weight percent 5-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 14 weight percent 3-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 6 weight percent 3-methoxy(Z)-perfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 4-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-2-heptene, about 2 weight percent 4-methoxy(Z)-perfluoro-3-heptene, and about 6 weight percent 4-methoxy(E)-perfluoro-3-heptene.

[0043] In some embodiments, the composition comprises: (i) an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether; (ii) a second compound selected from hydrofluoroethers, perfluorocarbons, and perfluoropolyethers.

[0044] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether and a second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a second hydrofluoroether.

[0045] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 85 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether, e.g., about 5 to about 80 weight percent, about 5 to about 70 weight percent, about 5 to about 60 weight percent, about 5 to about 50 weight percent, about 5 to about 40 weight percent, about 5 to about 30 weight percent, about 5 to about 20 weight percent, about 5 to about 10 weight percent, about 10 to about 85 weight percent, about 10 to about 80 weight percent, about 10 to about 70 weight percent, about 10 to about 60 weight percent, about 10 to about 50 weight percent, about 10 to about 40 weight percent, about 10 to about 30 weight percent, about 10 to about 20 weight percent, about 20 to about 85 weight percent, about 20 to about 80 weight percent, about 20 to about 70 weight percent, about 20 to about 60 weight percent, about 20 to about 50 weight percent, about 20 to about 50 weight percent, about 20 to about 60 weight percent, about 20 to about 50 weight percent, about 20 to about 85 weight percent, about 20 to about 80 weight percent, about 20 to about 70 weight percent, about 20 to about 60 weight percent, about 20 to about 5 ... The second hydrofluoroether may comprise about 40 weight percent, about 20 to about 30 weight percent, about 30 to about 85 weight percent, about 30 to about 80 weight percent, about 30 to about 70 weight percent, about 30 to about 60 weight percent, about 30 to about 50 weight percent, about 30 to about 40 weight percent, about 40 to about 85 weight percent, about 40 to about 80 weight percent, about 40 to about 70 weight percent, about 40 to about 60 weight percent, about 40 to about 50 weight percent, about 50 to about 85 weight percent, about 50 to about 80 weight percent, about 50 to about 70 weight percent, about 50 to about 60 weight percent, about 60 to about 85 weight percent, about 60 to about 80 weight percent, about 60 to about 70 weight percent, about 70 to about 85 weight percent, about 70 to about 80 weight percent, or about 80 to about 85 weight percent.

[0046] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10 to about 40 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 to about 40 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 to about 35 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 30 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0047] In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100, HFE-7200, and HFE-7500. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7000. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7100. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7500.

[0048] In some embodiments, the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 60 to about 80 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 40 to about 20 weight percent HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 65 to about 75 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 35 to about 25 weight percent HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 30 weight percent HFE-7200.

[0049] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether and a perfluorocarbon. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a perfluorocarbon.

[0050] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 15 to about 5 weight percent perfluorocarbon, e.g., about 15 to about 10 or about 10 to about 5 weight percent perfluorocarbon. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10 weight percent perfluorocarbon. In some embodiments, the perfluorocarbon is FC77.

[0051] As used herein, "FC77" refers to Fluorinert™ Electronic Liquid FC-77, which is commercially available from 3M and would be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The physical properties of FC77 are provided below. Additional information can be found, for example, in 3M's product information sheet, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0052] [Table 1]

[0053] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 95 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 15 to about 5 weight percent FC 77. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 10 weight percent FC 77.

[0054] In some embodiments, the composition comprises an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether and a perfluoropolyether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a perfluoropolyether.

[0055] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 15 to about 5 weight percent perfluoropolyether, e.g., about 15 to about 10 or about 10 to about 5 weight percent perfluoropolyether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10 weight percent perfluoropolyether. In some embodiments, the perfluoropolyether is HT110.

[0056] As used herein, "HT110" refers to Galden® HT-110 (1-propene 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-oxidative polymerization), which is commercially available from Solvay and would be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The physical properties of HT110 are provided below.

[0057] [Table 2]

[0058] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 95 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 15 to about 5 weight percent HT110.In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 10 weight percent HT110.

[0059] In some embodiments, the composition comprises: (i) a first hydrofluoroether; and (ii) a second hydrofluoroether.

[0060] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 to about 90 weight percent of the first hydrofluoroether, e.g., about 70 to about 85, about 70 to about 80, about 70 to about 75, about 75 to about 90, about 75 to about 85, about 75 to about 80, about 80 to about 90, about 80 to about 85, or about 85 to about 90 weight percent of the first hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the first hydrofluoroether is HFE-7500.

[0061] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 30 to about 10 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether, e.g., about 30 to about 15, about 30 to about 20, about 30 to about 25, about 25 to about 10, about 25 to about 15, about 25 to about 20, about 20 to about 10, about 20 to about 15, or about 15 to about 10 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0062] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 to about 90 weight percent of the first hydrofluoroether and about 30 to about 10 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 weight percent of the first hydrofluoroether and about 20 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0063] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFE-7500 and about 30 to about 10 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 80 weight percent HFE-7500 and about 20 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether.

[0064] In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100, and HFE-7200. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7000. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7100. In some embodiments, the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7200.

[0065] How to use The compositions provided herein can act as working fluids used to carry heat from a heat source to a heat sink. Such heat transfer compositions can also be useful as refrigerants in cycles where the fluid undergoes a phase change, i.e., from liquid to gas or vice versa, or as single-phase working fluids (e.g., as chiller heat transfer fluids (HFT) or circulating fluids). Examples of heat transfer systems include, but are not limited to, air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water chillers, flooded evaporative chillers, direct expansion chillers, walk-in coolers, high temperature heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, immersion cooling systems, data center cooling systems, and combinations thereof. It is understood that exemplary heat transfer systems can include components useful for single-phase heat transfer. Thus, the present application provides heat transfer systems (e.g., heat transfer devices) as described herein that include the compositions provided herein. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful as working fluids or heat transfer fluids in heat transfer systems (e.g., working fluids for refrigeration or heating applications). In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a high temperature heat pump (e.g., a heat pump comprising a heat exchanger operating at a temperature above about 50° C.). In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a centrifugal compressor. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a chiller device. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or system comprising a centrifugal chiller device. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in a centrifugal high temperature heat pump.

[0066] In some embodiments, the provided compositions may be useful as heat transfer fluids (e.g., chiller heat transfer fluids or circulating fluids). As used herein, a heat transfer fluid (HFT), or circulating fluid, is a working fluid that can remove heat, add heat, or maintain temperature in the vicinity of an object to be cooled (e.g., the refrigeration circuit of a chiller). In an exemplary heat transfer system, a pumping system circulates the cooled heat transfer fluid from the chiller to the process (or, e.g., a semiconductor manufacturing tool). The heat transfer fluid removes heat from the process, and the warmed heat transfer fluid returns to the chiller tank via a heat exchanger. The heat transfer fluid is recooled in the heat exchanger and circulated back to the process side where heat is acquired again. The process requires temperature control, and the circulating fluid must remain single-phase throughout the process temperature range. In systems using single-phase heat transfer fluids, the properties of the fluid (e.g., viscosity, boiling point, etc.) must remain relatively constant. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful as heat transfer fluids, where the compositions maintain a single phase (e.g., liquid) over the operating temperature range of a heat transfer system (e.g., from about -140°C to about 120°C).

[0067] Mechanical vapor-compression refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems include an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an expansion device. Refrigeration cycles reuse refrigerant in multiple steps, producing a cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in a different step. A multiphase cycle (e.g., condensation / evaporation) can be described as follows: liquid refrigerant enters an evaporator through an expansion device, where the liquid refrigerant boils at a low temperature by taking heat from the environment to form a gas and produce cooling. Often, air or a heat transfer fluid flows over or around the evaporator to transfer the cooling effect produced by the evaporation of the refrigerant in the evaporator to the object to be cooled. The low pressure gas enters a compressor where the gas is compressed and its pressure and temperature are increased. The high pressure (compressed) gaseous refrigerant then enters a condenser where the refrigerant is condensed and releases its heat to the environment. The refrigerant returns to the expansion device through which the liquid expands from the higher pressure level in the condenser to the lower pressure level in the evaporator, thus repeating the cycle.

[0068] An object to be cooled or heated may be defined as any space, location, object, or object to which it is desirable to provide cooling or heating. Examples include spaces (open or enclosed) that require air conditioning, cooling, or heating, such as rooms, apartments, or buildings, such as apartment buildings, college dormitories, townhouses, or other tenement or single-family homes, hospitals, office buildings, supermarkets, classrooms or administrative buildings of a college or university, and passenger compartments of automobiles or trucks. Additionally, objects to be cooled may include electronic devices, such as computer equipment, central processing units (CPUs), data centers, server banks, and personal computers, among others.

[0069] By "proximate" it is meant that the evaporator of the system containing the refrigerant is located either within or in close proximity to the object to be cooled, such that the air moving over the evaporator moves within or around the object to be cooled. In a process for producing heating, "proximate" means that the condenser of the system containing the refrigerant is located either within or in close proximity to the object to be heated, such that the air moving over the evaporator moves within or around the object to be heated. In some embodiments, with respect to heat transfer, "proximate" can mean, for example, that the object to be cooled is directly immersed in the heat transfer composition, or that tubes containing the heat transfer composition run within, around, and out of electronic equipment.

[0070] Exemplary refrigeration systems include, but are not limited to, commercial, industrial, or residential refrigerators and freezers, ice machines, built-in coolers and freezers, vending machines, flooded evaporative chillers, direct expansion chillers, water chillers, centrifugal chillers, walk-in and reach-in coolers and freezers, and combined systems. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be used in supermarket refrigeration systems. Additionally, stationary applications may utilize a secondary loop system that uses a primary refrigerant to generate cooling at one location and moves it to a remote location via a secondary heat transfer fluid.

[0071] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in single-phase chiller systems (e.g., chillers that can operate using a single-phase heat transfer composition). In some embodiments, the single-phase chiller system includes a single-phase semiconductor chiller. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful over a wide range of temperatures for cooling and heating applications. For example, the compositions provided herein can be used at temperatures between about -140°C and about 120°C, e.g., between about -140°C and about 110°C, between about -140°C and about 100°C, between about -140°C and about 50°C, between about -140°C and about 25°C, between about -140°C and about 0°C, between about -140°C and about -25°C, between about -140°C and about -50°C, between about -140°C and about -100°C, between about -140°C and about -120°C, between about -120°C and about 120°C, between about -120°C and about 110°C, between about -120°C and about 10°C, 0°C, about -120°C to about 50°C, about -120°C to about 25°C, about -120°C to about 0°C, about -120°C to about -25°C, about -120°C to about -50°C, about -120°C to about -100°C, about -100°C to about 120°C, about -100°C to about 110°C, about -100°C to about 100°C, about -100°C to about 50°C, about -100°C to about 25°C, about -100°C to about 0°C, about -100°C to about -25°C, about -100°C to about -50°C, about -75°C to about 120 °C, about -75°C to about 110°C, about -75°C to about 100°C, about -75°C to about 50°C, about -75°C to about 25°C, about -75°C to about 0°C, about -75°C to about -25°C, about -50°C to about 120°C, about -50°C to about 110°C, about -50°C to about 100°C, about -50°C to about 50°C, about -50°C to about 25°C, about -50°C to about 0°C, about -25°C to about 120°C, about -25°C to about 110°C, about -25°C to about 100°C, about -25°C to about 50°C, about -2 They may be suitable as working fluids at temperatures of from about 5° C. to about 25° C., from about 0° C. to about 120° C., from about 0° C. to about 110° C., from about 0° C. to about 100° C., from about 0° C. to about 50° C., from about 0° C. to about 25° C., from about 25° C. to about 120° C., from about 25° C. to about 110° C., from about 25° C. to about 100° C., from about 25° C. to about 50° C., from about 50° C. to about 120° C., from about 50° C. to about 110° C., from about 50° C. to about 100° C., from about 100° C. to about 120° C., from about 100° C. to about 110° C., or from about 110° C. to about 120° C. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be suitable as working fluids at temperatures of from −135° C. to about 110° C.In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be suitable as working fluids at temperatures from -95° C. to about 100° C. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be suitable as working fluids at temperatures from -70° C. to about 60° C.

[0072] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in mobile heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or devices. In some embodiments, the compositions are useful in stationary heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems or devices.

[0073] As used herein, a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system refers to any refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump device that is incorporated into a road, rail, sea, or air transportation unit. The mobile air conditioning or heat pump system may be used in an automobile, truck, train, or other transportation system. Mobile refrigeration may include truck, plane, or train transportation refrigeration. Additionally, devices intended to provide refrigeration to any mobile carrier-independent system, known as an "intermodal" system, are included in the present invention. Such intermodal systems include "containers" (intermodal sea / land), and "swap bodies" (intermodal road and rail).

[0074] As used herein, a stationary air conditioning or heat pump system is a system that is fixed in place during operation. Stationary air conditioning or heat pump systems may be associated with or attached to any of a variety of buildings. These stationary applications may include, but are not limited to, chillers, heat pumps, including residential high temperature heat pumps, residential, commercial, or industrial air conditioning systems, as well as stationary air conditioning and heat pumps, including those exterior connected to buildings such as window, ductless, ducted packaged terminals, rooftop systems, etc.

[0075] Stationary heat transfer may refer to systems for cooling electronic equipment such as immersion cooling systems, submersion cooling systems, phase change cooling systems, data center cooling systems, or simply liquid cooling systems.

[0076] In some embodiments, a method is provided for using the composition as a heat transfer fluid, the method comprising transporting the composition from a heat source to a heat sink.

[0077] In some embodiments, a method for producing cooling is provided that includes evaporating either the compound or composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled and then condensing the composition.

[0078] In some embodiments, a method for producing heating is provided that includes condensing any of the present compositions in the vicinity of a body to be heated and then evaporating the composition.

[0079] In some embodiments, the composition is for use in heat transfer and the working fluid is a heat transfer component.

[0080] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention are for use in refrigeration or air conditioning.

[0081] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be useful for reducing or eliminating the flammability of a flammable refrigerant provided herein. In some embodiments, the present application provides a method for reducing the flammability of a flammable refrigerant, comprising adding to the flammable refrigerant a composition comprising a composition disclosed herein.

[0082] The compositions provided herein may be useful as replacements for currently used ("current") refrigerants or oils. As used herein, the term "current refrigerant" or "current oil" should be understood to mean the refrigerant or oil for which the heat transfer system is designed to operate, or the refrigerant or oil present in the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein may be useful as replacements for current refrigerants selected from perfluorocarbons, perfluoropolyethers, silicone oils, hydrocarbon oils, and aqueous ethylene glycol solutions. In some embodiments, the replacement compositions (i.e., compositions provided herein) increase the operating temperature range of a refrigeration or heat pump system compared to the heat transfer fluid (e.g., increase the operating temperature to a temperature of about -140°C to about 120°C, as described herein).

[0083] In many cases, replacement refrigerants are most useful when they can be used in the original refrigeration equipment designed for a different refrigerant, e.g., with minimal to no system modifications. In many applications, some embodiments of the compositions of the present disclosure are useful as refrigerants and provide at least equivalent cooling performance (meaning cooling capacity) as the refrigerant for which replacement is sought.

[0084] In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 50° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 100° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 120° C. In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenser that operates at a temperature greater than about 150° C.

[0085] In some embodiments, the present application provides a method for improving the energy efficiency of a heat transfer system or device comprising an incumbent refrigerant, the method comprising substantially replacing the incumbent refrigerant with an alternative refrigerant composition provided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system is a chiller system or chiller device provided herein.

[0086] In some embodiments, methods are provided for operating a heat transfer system designed to operate with an incumbent refrigerant or for transferring heat by filling an empty system with the composition of the present invention or by substantially replacing the incumbent refrigerant with the composition of the present invention.

[0087] As used herein, the term "substantially replace" should be understood to mean draining the current refrigerant from the system or pumping the current refrigerant from the system and then charging the system with the composition of the present invention. The system may be flushed with one or more quantities of the replacement refrigerant prior to charging. It should be understood that in some embodiments, some small amount of the current refrigerant may be present in the system after the system has been charged with the composition of the present invention.

[0088] In another embodiment, a method is provided for recharging a heat transfer system containing a current refrigerant and a lubricant, comprising substantially removing the current refrigerant from the heat transfer system while retaining a substantial portion of the lubricant within the system, and introducing one of the present compositions into the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, the lubricant in the system is partially replaced.

[0089] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may be used to charge the refrigerant in a chiller. For example, if the performance of a chiller using a current refrigerant is reduced due to a refrigerant leak, the compositions disclosed herein can be added to restore the performance to original specifications.

[0090] In some embodiments, a heat exchange system is provided containing any of the compositions disclosed herein, the heat exchange system being selected from the group consisting of systems having air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps, water chillers, flooded evaporative coolers, direct expansion coolers, walk-in coolers, heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile air conditioning units, and combinations thereof. Additionally, the compositions provided herein may be useful in secondary loop systems in which the compositions function as a primary refrigerant to provide cooling for a secondary heat transfer fluid, which in turn cools a remote location.

[0091] In some embodiments, the systems described herein may operate more efficiently if the heat exchangers are operating in countercurrent mode or cross-current mode with countercurrent tendency. Countercurrent tendency means that the closer the heat exchanger is to a countercurrent mode as possible, the more efficient the heat transfer will be. Therefore, air conditioning heat exchangers, especially evaporators, are designed to provide some aspect of countercurrent tendency.

[0092] In some embodiments, the present application provides an air conditioning or heat pump system that includes one or more heat exchangers (either an evaporator, a condenser, or both) operating in a counterflow mode or a crossflow mode with a counterflow tendency.

[0093] In some embodiments, a refrigeration system is provided herein that includes one or more heat exchangers (either an evaporator, a condenser, or both) operating in a countercurrent mode or a crosscurrent mode with a countercurrent tendency.

[0094] In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a stationary refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system. In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system is a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system.

[0095] Additionally, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions may function as a primary refrigerant in a secondary loop system that provides cooling to a remote location through the use of a secondary heat transfer fluid that may include water, a salt solution (e.g., calcium chloride), glycol, carbon dioxide, or a fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid (HFC, HCFC, hydrofluoroolefin, "HFO", hydrochlorofluoroolefin, "HCFO", chlorofluoroolefin, "CFO", or perfluorocarbon ("perfluorocarbon, PFC"). In this case, the secondary heat transfer fluid is adjacent to the evaporator and is cooled before being transferred to a second remote object to be cooled, and thus is the object being cooled. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions function as a secondary heat transfer fluid and thus can transfer or provide cooling (or heating) to a remote location.

[0096] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein further comprise one or more non-refrigerant components (also referred to herein as additives) selected from the group consisting of lubricants, dyes (including UV dyes), solubilizers, compatibilizers, stabilizers, tracers, antiwear agents, extreme pressure additives, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, polymerization inhibitors, metal surface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foam control agents, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, detergents, viscosity modifiers, and mixtures thereof. Indeed, many of these optional non-refrigerant components may fit one or more of these categories and may themselves have qualities that aid in achieving one or more performance characteristics.

[0097] In some embodiments, one or more non-refrigerant components are present in minor amounts relative to the overall composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of the additive(s) in the disclosed compositions is from less than about 0.1 weight percent to as much as about 5 weight percent of the total composition. In some embodiments of the present invention, the additive is present in the disclosed compositions in an amount of about 0.1 weight percent to about 5 weight percent or about 0.1 weight percent to about 3.5 weight percent of the total composition. The additive component(s) selected for the disclosed compositions are selected based on the utility and / or requirements of the individual equipment components or systems.

[0098] In one embodiment, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, alkylbenzenes, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols, polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, silicones, silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes, polyalpha-olefins, and combinations thereof.

[0099] The lubricants disclosed herein may be commercially available lubricants. For example, the lubricants may be paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oil under the trade name BVM100N, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Crompton Co. under the trade name Suniso® 1GS, Suniso® 3GS, and Suniso® 5GS, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil under the trade name Sontex® 372LT, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Calumet Lubricants under the trade name Calumet® RO-30, linear alkyl benzene sold by Shrieve Chemicals under the trade name Zerol® 75, Zerol® 150, and Zerol® 500, branched alkyl benzene sold by Nippon Oil as HAB22, polyol ester (POE) sold by Castrol, United Kingdom under the trade name Castrol® 100, Dow (Dow and polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), such as RL-488A from Microelectronics Chemical, Midland, Michigan, as well as mixtures thereof.

[0100] Notwithstanding the weight ratios of the compositions disclosed herein, it is understood that in some heat transfer systems, additional lubricant may be obtained from one or more equipment components of such heat transfer systems while the compositions are in use. For example, some refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump systems may have lubricant filled into the compressor and / or compressor lubrication sump. Such lubricant is present in the refrigerant of such systems in addition to any lubricant additives. When in use and in the compressor, the refrigerant may pick up a certain amount of equipment lubricant, changing the refrigerant-lubricant composition from the starting ratio.

[0101] The non-refrigerant components used in the compositions of the present invention may include at least one dye. The dye may be at least one ultraviolet (UV) dye. As used herein, an "ultraviolet" dye is defined as an ultraviolet fluorescent or phosphorescent composition that absorbs light in the ultraviolet or "near" ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Fluorescence produced by an ultraviolet fluorescent dye can be detected under ultraviolet irradiation that emits at least some radiation having a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to about 775 nanometers.

[0102] Ultraviolet dyes are useful components in detecting leaks of compositions because the fluorescence of the dye can be observed at or near the point of the leak in an apparatus (e.g., a refrigeration unit, air conditioner, or heat pump). The ultraviolet emission (e.g., fluorescence from the dye) can be observed under ultraviolet light. Thus, if a composition containing such an ultraviolet dye leaks from a given point in the apparatus, the fluorescence can be detected at or near the point of the leak.

[0103] In some embodiments, the ultraviolet dye may be a fluorescent dye, hi some embodiments, the fluorescent dye is selected from the group consisting of naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes, phenanthracenes, xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, and derivatives of such dyes, and combinations thereof.

[0104] Another non-refrigerant component that may be used in the compositions of the present disclosure may include at least one solubilizing agent selected to improve the solubility of one or more dyes in the compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of dye to solubilizing agent ranges from about 99:1 to about 1:1. The solubilizing agent may include at least one compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (e.g., dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof.

[0105] In some embodiments, the non-refrigerant component comprises at least one compatibilizer to improve compatibility of one or more lubricants with the disclosed compositions. The compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (e.g., dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, and mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the compatibilizers disclosed in this paragraph).

[0106] The solubilizer and / or compatibilizer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon ethers consisting of ethers containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether (DME), and mixtures thereof (meaning any mixture of the hydrocarbon ethers disclosed in this paragraph).

[0107] The compatibilizer may be a linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon compatibilizer containing 3 to 15 carbon atoms. The compatibilizer may be at least one hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of, inter alia, at least, propane, including propylene and propane, butane, including n-butane and isobutene, pentane, including n-pentane, isopentane, neopentane and cyclopentane, hexane, octane, nonane, and decane. Commercially available hydrocarbon compatibilizers include, but are not limited to, those sold under the trade name Isopar® H by Exxon Chemical (USA), undecane (C 11 ) and dodecane (C 12 ) mixture (high purity C 11 ~C 12 Isoparaffin), Aromatic 150 (C9~C 11 Aromatic200(C9~C 15 Aromatic) and Naptha 140 (C5-C 11 mixtures of paraffinic, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons) and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the hydrocarbons disclosed in this paragraph.

[0108] The compatibilizer may alternatively be at least one polymeric compatibilizer. The polymeric compatibilizer may be a random copolymer of fluorinated and non-fluorinated acrylates, the polymer having the formula CH2=C(R 1 )CO2R 2 , CH2=C(R 3 )C6H4R 4 , and CH2=C(R 5 )C6H4XR 6 wherein X is oxygen or sulfur, and R 1 , R 3 , and R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4 alkyl groups; R 2 , R 4 , and R 6are independently selected from the group consisting of carbon chain-based groups containing C and F, and may further contain H, Cl, ether oxygen, or sulfur in the form of thioether, sulfoxide, or sulfone groups, and mixtures thereof. Examples of such polymeric compatibilizers include those available commercially from EI du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, DE, 19898, USA) under the trade name Zonyl® PHS. Zonyl® PHS is a 40 weight percent CH2=C(CH3)CO2CH2CH2(CF2CF2) m F (also known as Zonyl® fluoromethacrylate or ZFM), where m is 1 to 12, primarily 2 to 8, and 60 weight percent lauryl methacrylate (CH2=C(CH3)CO2(CH2) 11 It is a random copolymer made by polymerizing 1,2-dichlorophenyl ether (CH3, also known as LMA).

[0109] In some embodiments, the compatibilizer component contains about 0.01 to 30 weight percent (based on the total weight of the compatibilizer) of an additive that reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel, or other metals and their alloys found in heat exchangers in a manner that reduces adhesion of the lubricant to the metal. Examples of metal surface energy reducing additives include those available from DuPont under the trade names Zonyl® FSA, Zonyl® FSP, and Zonyl® FSJ.

[0110] Another non-refrigerant component that may be used in the composition of the present invention may be a metal surface deactivator. The metal surface deactivator is selected from the group consisting of areoxalyl bis(benzylidene)hydrazide (CAS Registry Number 6629-10-3), N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine (CAS Registry Number 32687-78-8), 2,2,'-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate (CAS Registry Number 70331-94-1), N,N'-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-diaminopropane (CAS Registry Number 94-91-7), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CAS Registry Number 60-00-4) and its salts, and mixtures thereof (meaning any mixture of the metal surface deactivators disclosed in this paragraph).

[0111] The non-refrigerant component used in the composition of the present invention may alternatively be a stabilizer selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylated triphenyl phosphorothionates, organophosphates, organophosphites, aryl alkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides, oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines, nitromethanes, alkyl silanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides, divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones (e.g., acetaldehyde dimethyl hydrazone), ionic liquids, and mixtures thereof. The terpene or terpenoid stabilizer may include farnesene. The phosphite stabilizer may include diphenyl phosphite.

[0112] In some embodiments, the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of tocopherol, hydroquinone, t-butylhydroquinone, monothiophosphates, and dithiophosphates (available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Basel, Switzerland (hereinafter "Ciba") under the trade name Irgalube® 63); dialkylthiophosphates (available from Ciba under the trade names Irgalube® 353 and Irgalube® 350, respectively); butylated triphenyl phosphorothioates (available from Ciba under the trade name Irgalube® 232); amine phosphates (available from Ciba under the trade name Irgalube® 349); hindered phosphite (available from Ciba as Irgafos® 168), and tris-(di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (available from Ciba under the trade name Irgafos® OPH); (Di-n-octyl phosphite); and isodecyl diphenyl phosphite (available from Ciba under the trade name Irgafos® DDPP); trimethyl phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, trialkyl phosphates such as tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate, and triaryl phosphate; triaryl phosphates including triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and trixylenyl phosphate, and mixed alkylaryl phosphates including isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP) and bis(t-butylphenyl)phenyl phosphate (TBPP); butylated triphenyl phosphates (such as those commercially available under the trade name Syn-O-Ad®, including Syn-O-Ad® 8784); tert-butylated triphenyl phosphates (such as those commercially available under the trade name Durad® 620); isopropylated triphenyl phosphates (such as those commercially available under the trade names Durad® 220 and Durad® 110); anisole; 1,4-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethoxybenzene; 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene; myrcene, alloocimene, limonene (especially d-limonene);Retinal;Pinene (alpha or beta);Menthol;Geraniol;Farnesol;Phytol;Vitamin A;Terpinene;Delta-3-carene;Terpinolene;Phellandrene;Fenchene;Dipentene;Caratenoids such as lycopene, beta-carotene, and xanthophylls such as zeaxanthin;Retinoids such as hepaxanthin and isotretinoin;Bornane;1,2-Propylene oxide;1,2-Butylene oxide;n-Butyl glycidyl ether;Trifluoromethyloxirane;1,1-Bis(trifluoromethyl )oxirane;3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxetane, e.g., OXT-101 (Toagosei);3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane, e.g., OXT-211 (Toagosei);3-ethyl-3-((2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane, e.g., OXT-212 (Toagosei);ascorbic acid;methanethiol (methyl mercaptan);ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan);coenzyme A;dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA);grapefruit mercaptan ((R)-2-(4-methylcyclohexyl) cysteine ​​((R)-2-amino-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid); lipoamide (1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide); 5,7-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-[2,3(or 3,4-)-dimethylphenyl]-2(3H)-benzofuranone (available from Ciba under the trade name Irganox® HP-136); benzyl phenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; diisopropylamine; dioctadecyl 3,3'-thiodipropionate (available from Ciba under the trade name Irgan ox® PS802 (Ciba); didodecyl 3,3'-thiopropionate (commercially available from Ciba under the trade name Irganox® PS800); di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate (commercially available from Ciba under the trade name Tinuvin® 770); poly-(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate (commercially available from Ciba under the trade name Tinuvin® 622LD); methyl bis(tallowamine); bis(tallowamine);Phenol-α-naphthylamine;bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS);tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS);vinyltriethoxysilane;vinyltrimethoxysilane;2,5-difluorobenzophenone;2',5'-dihydroxyacetophenone;2-aminobenzophenone;2-chlorobenzophenone;benzyl phenyl sulfide;diphenyl sulfide;dibenzyl sulfide;ionic liquids;and mixtures and combinations thereof.

[0113] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein further comprise an ionic liquid stabilizer. The ionic liquid stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of organic salts that are liquid at room temperature (about 25° C.), the salts being selected from the group consisting of pyridinium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium, thiazolium, oxazolium, and triazolium, and mixtures thereof, and [BF4] - , PF6 - , [SbF6] - , [CF3SO3] - , [HCF2CF2SO3] - , [CF3HFCCF2SO3] - , [HCClFCF2SO3] - , [(CF3SO2)2N] - , [(CF3CF2SO2)2N] - , [(CF3SO2)3C] - , [CF3CO2] - , and F - and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the ionic liquid stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of emim BF4 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate); bmim BF4 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraborate); emim PF6 (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate); and bmim PF6 (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), all of which are available from Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich).

[0114] In some embodiments, the stabilizer may be a hindered phenol, such as alkylated monophenols, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol; 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol; tocopherols, hydroquinone and alkylated hydroquinones, such as t-butylhydroquinone, other derivatives of hydroquinone, hydroxylated thiodiphenyl ethers, such as 4,4'-thio-bis(2-methyl-6 -tert-butylphenol; 4,4'-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-thiobis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); alkylidene-bisphenols such as 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2- or 4,4-biphenoldiol derivatives; 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4 -methyl-6-tert-butylphenol; 4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); 4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol); 2,2'-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol); 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiols, for example, 2,2'-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol). butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol); bisphenols containing heteroatoms, such as 2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol, 4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol, and other acylaminophenols; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N'-dimethylaminomethylphenol); sulfides, such as bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl)sulfide;Any substituted phenolic compound such as phenol containing one or more substituted or cyclic, straight or branched chain aliphatic substituents, such as bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) sulfide, as well as mixtures thereof (meaning mixtures of any of the phenols disclosed in this paragraph);

[0115] In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein further comprise a tracer. The tracer may be two or more tracer compounds of the same class of compounds or different classes of compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer is present in the composition at a total concentration of about 50 parts per million (ppm) to about 1000 ppm by weight based on the weight of the total composition. In some embodiments, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. Alternatively, the tracer is present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm.

[0116] The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons (e.g., additional perfluorocarbons), fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinated compounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, nitrous oxide, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the tracer is selected from the group consisting of trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ca), 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236cb), 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb), 1,1 ,2,2-Tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254cb), 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254eb), 1,1,1-Trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 2,2-Difluoropropane (HFC-272ca), 2-Fluoropropane (HFC-281ea), 1-Fluoropropane (HFC-281fa), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4-Nonafluorobutane (HFC-329p), 1,1, 1-Trifluoro-2-methylpropane (HFC-329mmz), 1,1,1,2,2,4,4,4-Octafluorobutane (HFC-338mf), 1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-Octafluorobutane (HFC-338pcc), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptafluorobutane (HFC-347s), Hexafluoroethane (Perfluoroethane, PFC-116), Perfluoro-cyclopropane (PFC-C216 ), perfluoropropane (PFC-218), perfluoro-cyclobutane (PFC-C318), perfluorobutane (PFC-31-10mc), perfluoro-2-methylpropane (CF3CF(CF3)2), perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mycm), trans-perfluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, trans), cis-perfluoro-2,The tracer may be selected from the group consisting of 3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, cis), perfluoromethylcyclopentane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (ortho, meta, or para), perfluoroethylcyclohexane, perfluoroindane, perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane and its isomers, perfluoroisopropylcyclohexane, cis-perfluorodecalin, trans-perfluorodecalin, cis- or trans-perfluoromethyldecalin, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the tracer is a blend containing two or more hydrofluorocarbons or one hydrofluorocarbon combined with one or more perfluorocarbons.

[0117] Tracers may be added to the compositions of the present invention in predetermined amounts to allow for detection of any dilution, contamination, or other alteration of the composition.

[0118] The additives that may be used in the compositions of the present invention may alternatively be perfluoropolyethers as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007 / 0284555, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0119] It will be understood that the particular additives described above as suitable for the non-refrigerant components are identified as possible refrigerants, however, in accordance with the present invention, when used, these additives are not present in amounts that affect the novel and fundamental characteristics of the refrigerant mixtures of the present invention.

[0120] In some embodiments, the refrigerant compositions disclosed herein may be prepared by any convenient method for combining the desired amounts of the individual components, as is standard in the art. A preferred method is to weigh the desired amounts of the components and then combine the components in a suitable vessel. Agitation may be used if desired. EXAMPLES

[0121] The present invention will be described in more detail by specific examples. The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Those skilled in the art will easily recognize various non-critical parameters that can be changed or modified to obtain essentially the same results.

[0122] Example 1. Solid-Liquid Equilibrium of Blends of MPHE and Novec™ HFE-7200 Freezing point measurement Using a TA Instruments RDA III rheometer and 50 mm parallel plates, the change in viscosity of MPHE and Novec™ HFE-7200 blends was measured at a frequency of 1 Hz from 25° C. to −150° C. A nitrogen purge was maintained around the blends during the measurements. The liquid viscosity profile as a function of temperature for the MPHE / HFE-7200 (70 wt% / 30 wt%) blends is shown in FIG. 2.

[0123] Boiling Point Range The atmospheric boiling points of the mixtures listed in Table 1 were measured using an ebulliometer having a three-neck round bottom flask with a condenser on top, further equipped with a thermocouple thermometer probe. Approximately 14 g of MPHE was charged to the ebulliometer and heated to atmospheric boiling point. Small measured increments of HFE-7200 were added and the temperature recorded. A representative list of boiling points for MPHE / HFE-7200 blends is shown in Table 1 below.

[0124] [Table 3]

[0125] Figure 1 shows a representative computer simulation of solid-liquid equilibrium for MPHE / HFE-7200 blends over the entire composition range of the blend. As shown in Figure 1, with 70 wt% MPHE (boiling point: 110°C) and 30 wt% HFE-7200 (boiling point: 76°C), the initial solid of the blend is expected to appear at -95°C and the final liquid is expected to become solid at -116°C with an average freezing point of approximately -106°C. The boiling point of the 70 / 30 blend is 88.3°C and the operating temperature of the blend is expected to be between -95°C and 69°C for single-phase heat transfer fluid applications.

[0126] Example 2. Comparative Example of Solid-Liquid Equilibrium for Blends of MPHE and Low Boiling Point Fluorinated Fluids FIG. 3 shows the results of a computer simulation of solid-liquid equilibrium carried out over the compositional range of a blend of MPHE and a lower boiling fluorinated fluid (Vertrel™ XF (boiling point: 55° C.)). The initial solid of the binary mixture is predicted to appear at −91.5° C. and the final liquid is predicted to become solid at −92.5° C., with an average freezing point of about −92° C. The boiling point of the MPHE / XF mixture is 74.3° C. and the expected operating temperature range is −91.5° C. to 54° C.

[0127] Figure 4 shows the results of computer simulations of solid-liquid equilibrium performed over the composition range of a blend of MPHE and a lower boiling fluorinated fluid (DR CFX70 (boiling point: 71.5°C)). As shown in Figure 3, this binary mixture did not extend the operating temperature limit compared to pure MPHE at any composition ratio.

[0128] Example 3. Solid-Liquid Equilibrium of Blends of HFE-7000 and HFE-7500 Freezing point and boiling measurements were performed following the general procedure described in Example 1. Figure 5 shows a representative computer simulation of solid-liquid equilibrium for HFE-7000 / HFE-7500 blends over the composition range of the blends. A representative listing of boiling and freezing points for HFE-7000 / HFE-7500 blends is provided in Table 2 below.

[0129] [Table 4]

[0130] Example 4. Liquid phase density and kinematic viscosity analysis Table 3 shows the calculated liquidus densities and kinematic viscosities of blends of MPHE and HFE-7200 (70 wt% / 30 wt%), and Table 4 shows the calculated kinematic viscosity as a function of temperature for pure MPHE. The densities and kinematic viscosities were determined using computer simulations.

[0131] [Table 5-1]

[0132] [Table 5-2]

[0133] [Table 6-1]

[0134] [Table 6-2]

[0135] Example 5. Comparison of fluid freezing points The viscosity change of the samples was measured from 25°C to -150°C at a frequency of 1 Hz using a TA Instruments RDA III rheometer and 50 mm parallel plates. A nitrogen purge was maintained around the blends during the measurements. The freezing point of the heat transfer fluid was extrapolated based on the viscosity profile as a function of temperature.

[0136] Table 5 shows a comparison of the calculated fluid freezing points of pure MPHE, pure HFE-7200, a 70 wt% MPHE / 30 wt% HFE-7200 blend, and a 75 wt% HFE-7500 / 25 wt% HFE-7000 blend.

[0137] [Table 7]

[0138] Other embodiments 1. In some embodiments, the present application provides a composition comprising: (i) a compound selected from an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether and a first hydrofluoroether; (ii) a second compound selected from a hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether. 2. A composition comprising: (i) an alkyl perfluoroalkene ether; (ii) a second compound selected from a hydrofluoroether, a perfluorocarbon, and a perfluoropolyether. 3. The composition of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the alkyl perfluoroalkene ether is methyl perfluoroheptene ether. 4. The composition of embodiment 3, wherein the methyl perfluoroheptene ether comprises a mixture of about 50 weight percent 5-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 3-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene, about 20 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-2-heptene, and about 8 weight percent 4-methoxyperfluoro-3-heptene. 5. The composition of embodiment 3, wherein the composition comprises about 60 to about 80 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether. 6. The composition of any one of embodiments 3 to 5, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a second hydrofluoroether. 7. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100, HFE-7200, and HFE-7500. 8. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the second hydrofluoroether is HFE-7200. 9. The composition of embodiment 8, wherein the composition comprises about 40 to about 20 weight percent HFE-7200. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and HFE-7200. 11. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition comprises about 60 to about 80 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 40 to about 20 weight percent HFE-7200. 12. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein the composition comprises about 70 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 30 weight percent HFE-7200. 13. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a perfluorocarbon. 14. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-5 and 13, wherein the perfluorocarbon is FC77. 15. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, 13, and 14, wherein the composition comprises about 85 to about 95 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 15 to about 5 weight percent FC77. 16. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the composition comprises methyl perfluoroheptene ether and a perfluoropolyether. 17. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5 and 16, wherein the perfluoropolyether is HT110. 18. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, 16, and 17, wherein the composition comprises about 85 to about 95 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether and about 15 to about 5 weight percent HT110. 19. A composition comprising: (i) a first hydrofluoroether; and (ii) a second hydrofluoroether. 20. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the first hydrofluoroether is HFE-7500. 21. The composition of any one of embodiments 1, 19, and 20, wherein the second hydrofluoroether is selected from HFE-7000, HFE-7100, and HFE-7200. 22. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 and 19-21, wherein the composition comprises about 70 to about 90 weight percent HFE-7500 and about 30 to about 10 weight percent of the second hydrofluoroether. 23. The composition of any one of embodiments 1-22, wherein the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 10 cSt or less. 24. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the composition exhibits a maximum kinematic viscosity of about 6 cSt or less at a temperature of about -90°C to about -100°C. 25. The composition of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the composition is non-flammable. 26. In some embodiments, the present application further provides a process for producing cooling, comprising condensing a composition described in any one of embodiments 1-25 and then evaporating the composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled. 27. A method for producing cooling, comprising circulating a heat transfer fluid comprising a composition of any one of embodiments 1-25 in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, the heat transfer fluid being a working fluid that removes heat from, adds heat to, or maintains a temperature in the vicinity of the body to be cooled. 28. In some embodiments, the present application further provides a method of replacing a heat transfer fluid in a cooling fluid distribution unit, a refrigeration system, or a heat pump system, comprising providing a composition of any one of embodiments 1-25 as a replacement for the heat transfer fluid. 29. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the heat transfer fluid is selected from perfluorocarbons, perfluoropolyethers, silicone oils, hydrocarbon oils, and aqueous ethylene glycol solutions. 30. The method of embodiment 28 or 29, wherein the alternative composition increases the operating temperature range of the refrigeration or heat pump system compared to the heat transfer fluid. 31. In some embodiments, the present application further provides a refrigeration system comprising the composition of any one of embodiments 1-25. 32. A refrigeration system as described in embodiment 31, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid in the system. 33. A refrigeration system according to embodiment 31 or 32, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid at temperatures from about -135°C to about 110°C. 34. A refrigeration system according to any one of embodiments 31 to 33, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid at temperatures from about -95°C to about 100°C. 35. A refrigeration system according to any one of embodiments 31 to 34, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid at temperatures from about -70°C to about 60°C. 36. A refrigeration system according to any one of embodiments 31 to 35, wherein the system comprises a chiller containing the composition. 37. A refrigeration system according to any one of embodiments 31 to 36, wherein the chiller is a single-phase chiller. 38. The refrigeration system of any one of embodiments 31 to 37, wherein the chiller is a single-phase semiconductor chiller.

[0139] Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with its detailed description, it should be understood that the foregoing description is intended to illustrate, but not to limit, the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. It should be understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains that any of the features described herein with respect to any particular aspect and / or embodiment of the present invention can be combined with any one or more of the other features of any other aspect and / or embodiment of the present invention described herein, with appropriate modifications to ensure compatibility of the combination. Such combinations are considered to be part of the invention contemplated by this disclosure.

Claims

1. 1. A composition comprising: (i) 60 to 80 weight percent methyl perfluoroheptene ether; (ii) 40 to 20 weight percent HFE-7200; and A composition comprising:

2. 13. A process for producing cooling comprising condensing the composition of claim 1 and then evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.

3. 13. A method for producing cooling comprising circulating a heat transfer fluid comprising the composition of claim 1 in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, the heat transfer fluid being a working fluid that removes heat from, adds heat to, or maintains a temperature in the vicinity of the body to be cooled.

4. 13. A method of replacing a heat transfer fluid in a cooling fluid distribution unit, a refrigeration system, or a heat pump system, comprising providing a composition according to claim 1 as a replacement for the heat transfer fluid.

5. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the alternative composition increases the operating temperature range of the refrigeration or heat pump system as compared to the heat transfer fluid.

6. A refrigeration system comprising the composition of claim 1.

7. 7. The refrigeration system of claim 6, wherein the composition is suitable for use as a working fluid at temperatures from -135°C to 110°C.

8. 8. The refrigeration system of claim 7, wherein the system comprises a chiller containing the composition.

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