Active Alignment System to Improve Optical Coupling of Multiplexers for Laser-Driven Intravascular Lithotripsy

Abstract

A catheter system 100 for treating a treatment site 106 within a blood vessel wall 108 or within a heart valve, or adjacent to the blood vessel wall 108 or heart valve, includes a first light source 124, a plurality of light guides 122A, a multiplexer 128, and a multiplexer alignment system 142. The first light source 124 generates light energy. Each of the plurality of light guides 122A is configured to alternately receive light energy from the first light source 124. Each light guide 122A has a guide proximal end 122P. The multiplexer 128 receives light energy from the first light source 124. The multiplexer 128 alternately directs the light energy from the first light source 124 to each of the plurality of light guides 122A. The multiplexer alignment system 142 is operably coupled to the multiplexer 128. The multiplexer alignment system 142 includes a second light source 270 that generates a probe source beam 270A that scans the guide proximal end 122P of each of the plurality of light guides 122A.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 023,669, filed May 12, 2020, and U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 308,934, filed May 5, 2021. To the extent permitted, the contents of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 023,669 and U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 308,934 are incorporated by reference in their entireties into this application. [Background technology]

[0002] Vascular lesions within the body's blood vessels can be associated with an increased risk of major adverse events such as myocardial infarction, embolism, deep vein thrombosis, stroke, etc. Severe vascular lesions can make it difficult for physicians to treat and achieve patency in a clinical setting.

[0003] Vascular lesions may be treated using interventions such as medical therapy, balloon angioplasty, atherectomy, stenting, vascular graft bypass, to name a few, but such interventions are not always ideal or may require subsequent treatment to address the lesion. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention relates to a catheter system for treating a treatment site within a blood vessel wall or within a heart valve or adjacent to a blood vessel wall or heart valve. In various embodiments, the catheter system includes a first light source, a plurality of light guides, a multiplexer, and a multiplexer alignment system. The first light source generates light energy. Each of the plurality of light guides is configured to alternately (i.e., alternately) receive light energy from the first light source. Each light guide has a guide proximal end. The multiplexer receives light energy from the first light source. The multiplexer alternately directs the light energy from the first light source to each of the plurality of light guides. The multiplexer alignment system is operably coupled to the multiplexer. The multiplexer alignment system includes a second light source that generates a probe source beam that scans the guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides.

[0005] In some embodiments, the probe source beam scanning the proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides results in a backscattered energy beam being scattered from the proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides, In such embodiments, the catheter system can further include a system controller including a processor that analyzes the backscattered energy beam to determine optimal optical coupling between the guide beam and the plurality of light guides.

[0006] In certain embodiments, the first light source provides optical energy in the form of a source beam that is directed to the multiplexer, and in such embodiments, the system controller is configured to control operation of the first light source to generate a single source beam in the form of pulses of optical energy.

[0007] In some embodiments, a plurality of light guides can be at least partially held within the guide coupling housing, and in which the probe source beam is configured to scan a face of the guide coupling housing, in such embodiments, a guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides can be held within the guide coupling housing.

[0008] In certain embodiments, a multiplexer alignment system is operatively coupled to the multiplexer such that the probe source beam scans the guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides at a predetermined time before the individual guide beams scan the guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides.

[0009] In some embodiments, the catheter system further includes a system console including a multiplexer and a multiplexer alignment system, and the multiple light guides are mechanically coupled to the system console.

[0010] In certain embodiments, the multiplexer alignment system includes a coupling optical element configured to focus the probe source beam to scan the guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides. In some embodiments, the multiplexer can utilize the coupling optical element to focus each of the individual guide beams into one of the plurality of light guides. Alternatively, the multiplexer can utilize another coupling optical element to focus each of the individual guide beams into one of the plurality of light guides.

[0011] In various embodiments, the catheter system further includes a first beam splitter that receives the source beam from the first light source and the probe source beam from the second light source, the first beam splitter configured to direct each of the source beam and the probe source beam to a respective guide proximal end of the plurality of light guides. In one such embodiment, the first beam splitter is a dichroic beam splitter. In certain embodiments, the first beam splitter is configured to transmit one of the source beam and the probe source beam and reflect the other of the source beam and the probe source beam.

[0012] The catheter system may further include a second beam splitter and a photodetector. In such an embodiment, the second beam splitter is configured to receive the backscattered energy beam and direct at least a portion of the backscattered energy beam to the photodetector. In one such embodiment, the second beam splitter is a 10 / 90 beam splitter that redirects approximately 90 percent of the backscattered energy beam to the photodetector. Alternatively, the second beam splitter may have another suitable design that transmits more than or less than 10 percent of the backscattered energy beam and redirects more than or less than 90 percent of the backscattered energy beam. Furthermore, in such an embodiment, the photodetector may generate a signal based at least in part on at least a portion of the backscattered energy beam that is directed to the photodetector. Furthermore, the signal from the photodetector may be amplified by an amplifier to provide an amplified signal. In such an embodiment, the amplified signal is directed to signal processing electronics to determine an intensity of the optical energy contained in the backscattered energy beam. Further, in such embodiments, the intensity of the optical energy contained in the backscattered energy beam is evaluated to determine optimal optical coupling between the guide beam and the plurality of light guides.

[0013] In some embodiments, the catheter system further includes a power source configured to provide power to each of the first light source, the system controller, the multiplexer, and the multiplexer alignment system.

[0014] In certain embodiments, the multiplexer alignment system includes a coupling optical element configured to focus the probe source beam to scan the guide proximal ends of each of the plurality of light guides. In one such embodiment, the coupling optical element is positioned in a beam path of the probe source beam between a first beam splitter and the plurality of light guides. In another such embodiment, the coupling optical element is positioned in a beam path of the probe source beam between a first beam splitter and a second beam splitter.

[0015] In certain embodiments, the multiplexer includes a multiplexer base, a multiplexer stage, and a stage mover that moves the multiplexer stage with a single linear degree of freedom relative to the multiplexer base. In some embodiments, the first beam splitter, the second beam splitter, and the combining optical element can be mounted on the multiplexer stage. In some such embodiments, the multiplexer further includes a redirector mounted on the multiplexer stage, the redirector configured to direct the source beam from the first light source to the combining optical element. In such embodiments, movement of the multiplexer stage relative to the multiplexer base moves the source beam and the probe source beam relative to the multiple light guides such that the respective guide beams and the probe source beam are directed to scan across a guide proximal end of each of the multiple light guides.

[0016] In various embodiments, the multiplexer includes a first movable redirector and a second movable redirector positioned in the optical path of the source beam from the first light source and in the optical path of the probe source beam from the second light source. In such embodiments, the first movable redirector is movable about an axis by a first redirector mover, the second movable redirector is movable about an axis by a second redirector mover, and the movements of the first movable redirector and the second movable redirector cooperate to direct the source beams as individual guide beams, and the probe source beam is directed to the combining optics such that the guide beams and the probe source beam scan across the entire guide proximal end of each of the multiple light guides. In certain embodiments, at least one of the first movable redirector and the second movable redirector includes a galvanometer mirror scanner.

[0017] In certain embodiments, the multiplexer includes a multiplexer stage and a stage mover that moves the multiplexer stage relative to each of the plurality of light guides. In such embodiments, the stage mover is capable of rotationally moving the multiplexer stage about an axis of rotation. Moreover, in some such embodiments, the light energy from the first light source is directed to the multiplexer stage as a single source beam substantially along the axis of rotation. Moreover, in certain such embodiments, the multiplexer further includes a beam path adjuster, wherein the source beam and the probe source beam are directed to the beam path adjuster substantially along the axis of rotation, and wherein the beam path adjuster is configured to redirect the source beam and the probe source beam such that the source beam and the probe source beam are directed in a direction parallel to and away from the axis of rotation. In another embodiment, the beam path adjuster includes one of an anamorphic prism pair, a wedge prism pair, a closely spaced right angle mirror pair, and a closely spaced right angle prism pair. In some embodiments, the beam path adjuster is movable to direct the source beams as individual guide beams and to direct the probe source beam to the combining optics such that the guide beams and the probe source beam rotatably scan across the guide proximal ends of each of the multiple light guides.

[0018] In various embodiments, the first light source comprises a laser, hi some such embodiments, the first light source comprises a pulsed infrared light source.

[0019] In various embodiments, the second light source comprises a laser. In certain such embodiments, the second light source comprises a visible continuous wave light source.

[0020] The present invention further relates to a method for treating a treatment site within or adjacent to a blood vessel wall, the method including any of the aforementioned catheter systems.

[0021] In certain embodiments, the multiplexer can include a first movable redirector and a second movable redirector, hi various embodiments, at least one of the redirectors includes a multi-directional scanner with an f-theta lens.

[0022] The invention further relates to a method for treating a treatment site within a blood vessel wall or within a heart valve or adjacent to a blood vessel wall or heart valve, the method including generating light energy with a first light source; receiving light energy from the first light source with a multiplexer; directing the light energy from the first light source to each of a plurality of light guides in the form of individual guide beams with the multiplexer; operably coupling a multiplexer alignment system to the multiplexer; and generating a probe source beam with a second light source such that the multiplexer alignment system scans a guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides.

[0023] This summary is a summary of some of the teachings of the present application and is not intended to be an exclusive or exhaustive treatment of the present subject matter. Further details are found in the detailed description and the appended claims. Other aspects will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description and viewing the drawings that form a part of the detailed description, each of which is not to be taken in a limiting sense. The scope of the present specification is defined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

[0024] The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, both as to its structure and its operation, can best be understood from the accompanying drawings taken in conjunction with the accompanying description, in which like reference characters refer to like parts and in which: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0025] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a catheter system according to various embodiments herein, the catheter system including a first light source, a plurality of light guides, a multiplexer, and a multiplexer alignment system. [Diagram 2] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of an embodiment of a catheter system including an embodiment of a multiplexer and a multiplexer alignment system. [Figure 3A] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a timing scheme when the multiplexer and multiplexer alignment system are scanning with respect to multiple light guides, and a graphical representation of backscattered beam intensity as a function of scan position used to determine the appropriate time to fire the first light source. [Figure 3B] 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative timing scheme when the multiplexer and multiplexer alignment system are scanning with respect to multiple light guides, and a graphical representation of backscattered beam intensity as a function of scan position used to determine the appropriate timing to fire the first light source. [Figure 3C] 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative timing scheme when the multiplexer and multiplexer alignment system are scanning with respect to multiple light guides, and a graphical representation of backscattered beam intensity as a function of scan position used to determine the appropriate timing to fire the first light source. [Figure 3D] 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating an alternative timing scheme when the multiplexer and multiplexer alignment system are scanning with respect to multiple light guides, and a graphical representation of backscattered beam intensity as a function of scan position used to determine the appropriate timing to fire the first light source. [Figure 4] FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of another embodiment of a catheter system including another embodiment of a multiplexer and a multiplexer alignment system. [Diagram 5]1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of yet another embodiment of a catheter system including yet another embodiment of a multiplexer and a multiplexer alignment system; [Figure 6] FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of yet another embodiment of a catheter system including yet another embodiment of a multiplexer and a multiplexer alignment system. [Figure 7] FIG. 11 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of yet another embodiment of a catheter system including yet another embodiment of a multiplexer and a multiplexer alignment system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0026] While embodiments of the present invention are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, details thereof have been shown by way of example and drawings and are described in detail herein. It is understood, however, that the scope of the present specification is not limited to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the specification.

[0027] Treatment of vascular lesions can reduce major adverse events or deaths in affected patients. As mentioned herein, major adverse events can occur anywhere in the body due to the presence of vascular lesions. Major adverse events can include, but are not limited to, major cardiac adverse events, major adverse events in the peripheral or central vascular system, major adverse events in the brain, major adverse events in muscle tissue, or major adverse events in any internal organ.

[0028] In the treatment of vascular lesions, such as calcium deposits in arteries, it is generally beneficial to be able to treat multiple closely spaced areas with a single insertion and positioning of a catheter balloon. To be able to do this in an optical excitation system, such as in a laser-driven intravascular lithotriptor, it is usually desirable to have several output channels, e.g., optical fibers and targets, for the treatment process, each output channel including an emitter, e.g., a plasma generator, that can be distributed to an appropriate desired location within the balloon. Since the high-power laser source is often the largest and most expensive component in the system, having a dedicated laser source for each optical fiber may not be feasible for many reasons, including packaging requirements, power consumption, thermal considerations, and economics. For such reasons, it may be advantageous to multiplex a single laser into many different optical fibers simultaneously and / or sequentially for therapeutic purposes. This allows each fiber to use all or a specific portion of the laser power from a single laser.

[0029] Thus, the catheter systems and associated methods disclosed herein are configured to provide a means to use a single light source to power multiple fiber optic channels within a laser-driven pressure wave generator designed to apply pressure to vascular lesions, such as calcified and / or fibrous vascular lesions, to induce disruption. More specifically, the invention detailed herein includes a multiplexer that multiplexes a single energy or light source, e.g., a single laser source, into one or more of multiple light guide, e.g., fiber optic channels, within a disposable device.

[0030] As described in detail herein, the catheter system and method of the present invention further incorporates means for improving light coupling to individual output channels, e.g., optical fibers, organized into a multichannel array. Active optics continuously measures the coupling efficiency during operation of the multiplexer and determines optimal parameters for triggering the energy source. For example, in various embodiments, the present invention incorporates a second energy source for probing the face of the multichannel array and the individual optical fibers within the multichannel array. The energy source is coupled into a common path with the beam of the primary energy source. The focused probe beam spot can be coincident with the primary energy spot or offset to provide scan-ahead timing that gives the system predictable control of the firing of the primary energy source, e.g., a laser. The focused probe beam spot scatters from the face of the multichannel array and from the individual optical fibers. Optics and sensors allow for continuous monitoring of the light returned from the probe beam spot. The relative intensity of the returned light is correlated, and a corresponding signal generated by the signal processing electronics correlates with the coupling efficiency. Thus, the scanning process generates a data stream from which the coupling efficiency as a function of the multiplexer position is determined. In a particular embodiment, the projection spot from the primary energy source laser is configured to lag behind that of the probe spot in a closely controlled or calibrated manner. Thus, the system controls the parametric operation of the multiplexer to calculate the optimal time to fire the primary energy source at the point when the multiplexer is in the optimal position. In another embodiment, the probe beam spot can be utilized in an active scanning system that passes through all the fibers to find the XY position for each fiber that gives the optimal coupling, and does this without firing the primary energy source. Thus, the second energy source can slowly move forward and perform an exhaustive XY scan across the face of the multichannel array, mapping the entirety. The system then stores that information and uses those locations to fire the primary energy sources in real time.

[0031] With such a design, the systems and methods of the present invention can be implemented with any multiplexer configuration, either linear, circular, patterned, or scanning, provided that the probe and primary laser beams can be combined and spot tracked by the beam path, which can then be associated with parametric operation of the multiplexer mechanism.

[0032] It has been found that the catheter systems and methods of the present invention provide various advantages and / or solve important problems including one or more of: 1) reducing system optical coupling dependence on the mechanical tolerances of the output channels (optical fibers) and the tolerances of their position within the multichannel array; 2) reducing performance dependence on the precision of connecting and aligning the multichannel array to the multiplexer; 3) reducing dependence on the precision of the positioning mechanisms within the multiplexer and the associated quality and precision of its optical and mechanical components; 4) improving the speed and performance of the multiplexer and multichannel array system; and 5) improving cost objectives by enabling the use of lower cost, lower precision multichannel arrays in disposable devices.

[0033] In various embodiments, the catheter system disclosed herein can include a catheter configured to be advanced to a treatment site within a blood vessel or a heart valve or adjacent to a blood vessel or a heart valve within a patient's body. The catheter includes a catheter shaft and a balloon coupled and / or secured to the catheter shaft. The balloon herein can include a balloon wall defining a balloon interior and can be configured to receive a balloon fluid within the balloon interior to expand from a contracted configuration suitable for advancing the catheter through the patient's vasculature to an expanded configuration suitable for fixing the catheter in place relative to the treatment site. The catheter system also includes a plurality of light guides disposed within the balloon along the catheter shaft. Each light guide can be configured to generate pressure waves within the balloon to destroy vascular lesions.

[0034] In various embodiments, the catheter system and associated methods of the present invention utilize a high energy source, e.g., a light source such as a high energy laser source or another suitable high energy source, that provides energy directed by an energy guide, e.g., a light guide, to generate localized plasma in balloon fluid held within the balloon interior of an inflatable balloon of the catheter. Thus, the energy guide may sometimes be referred to as a "plasma generator" or may be said to incorporate a "plasma generator" at or near the guide distal end of the energy guide located within the balloon interior. The localized plasma generation then provides high energy bubbles inside the balloon interior, creating pressure waves that apply pressure to induce disruption of a treatment site, such as a calcified or fibrous vascular lesion, within or adjacent to a vessel wall within the patient's body.

[0035] In some embodiments, the energy source can be configured to provide sub-millisecond energy pulses, e.g., light energy, from the energy source to initiate plasma formation in the balloon fluid within the balloon, causing rapid bubble formation and imparting pressure waves to the balloon wall at the treatment site. The pressure waves can thus transmit mechanical energy through the incompressible balloon fluid to the treatment site, imparting a crushing force to the treatment site. As used herein, a treatment site can include a vascular lesion, such as a calcified vascular lesion or a fibrous vascular lesion, typically found in blood vessels and / or heart valves.

[0036] As used herein, the terms "intravascular lesion," "vascular lesion," and "treatment site" are used interchangeably unless otherwise noted. Thus, an intravascular lesion and / or a vascular lesion may be referred to herein simply as a "lesion."

[0037] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the following detailed description of the invention is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. Other embodiments of the invention will readily suggest themselves to such skilled artisans having the benefit of this disclosure. Reference will now be made in detail to the implementation of the invention as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

[0038] For clarity, not all of the typical features of the implementations described herein are shown and described. Of course, it will be understood that the development of any such actual implementation will require numerous implementation-specific decisions to be made in order to achieve the particular goals of the developer, such as compliance with application-related and business-related constraints, and that these particular goals will vary from implementation to implementation and from developer to developer. Moreover, it will be understood that such a development effort may be complex and time-consuming, but will nevertheless be a routine undertaking of engineering for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.

[0039] It is understood that the catheter system disclosed herein can include many different configurations. Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic cross-sectional view of a catheter system 100 according to various embodiments herein is shown. As described herein, the catheter system 100 is adapted to apply pressure to induce disruption at one or more treatment sites within or adjacent to a vessel wall of a blood vessel or heart valve within a patient. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the catheter system 100 can include a catheter 102, a light guide bundle 122 including one or more (preferably multiple) light guides 122A, a source manifold 136, a fluid pump 138, and one or more of a system console 123 including one or more of a light source 124 (sometimes referred to herein as a "first light source"), a power source 125, a system controller 126, a graphic user interface 127 ("GUI"), a multiplexer 128, and a multiplexer alignment system 142. Alternatively, the catheter system 100 may include more or fewer components than those specifically shown in FIG.

[0040] The catheter 102 is configured to navigate to a treatment site 106 within or adjacent to a blood vessel 108 in a body 107 of a patient 109. The treatment site 106 may include one or more vascular lesions, such as, for example, a calcified vascular lesion. Additionally or alternatively, the treatment site 106 may include a vascular lesion, such as a fibrotic vascular lesion.

[0041] The catheter 102 may include an inflatable balloon 104 (sometimes simply referred to herein as a "balloon"), a catheter shaft 110, and a guidewire 112. The balloon 104 may be coupled to the catheter shaft 110. The balloon 104 may include a balloon proximal end 104P and a balloon distal end 104D. The catheter shaft 110 may extend from a proximal portion 114 of the catheter system 100 to a distal portion 116 of the catheter system 100. The catheter shaft 110 may include a longitudinal axis 144. The catheter shaft 110 may also include a guidewire lumen 118 configured to travel over the guidewire 112. The catheter shaft 110 may further include an inflation lumen (not shown). In some embodiments, the catheter 102 can have a distal end opening 120 and can accommodate and track over a guidewire 112 as the catheter 102 is moved and positioned at or near the treatment site 106. In some embodiments, the balloon proximal end 104P can be coupled to the catheter shaft 110 and the balloon distal end 104D can be coupled to the guidewire lumen 118.

[0042] The catheter shaft 110 of the catheter 102 may be coupled to one or more light guides 122A of the light guide bundle 122 in optical communication with the light sources 124. The light guides 122A may be disposed within the balloon 104 along the catheter shaft. Additionally, each of the light guides 122A may have a distal guide end 122D at any suitable longitudinal position relative to the length of the balloon 104. In some embodiments, each light guide 122A may be an optical fiber and the light source 124 may be a laser. The light source 124 may be in optical communication with the light guides 122A at the proximal portion 114 of the catheter system 100. More specifically, the light source 124 may be in optical communication with each of the light guides 122A selectively and / or alternatively in any desired combination, sequence and / or pattern due to the presence and operation of a multiplexer 128, as described in more detail herein. Additionally, as described herein, the light sources 124 may be more precisely and accurately coupled in optical communication with each of the light guides 122A due to the presence of the multiplexer alignment system 142.

[0043] In some embodiments, the catheter shaft 110 may be coupled to multiple light guides 122A, such as a first light guide, a second light guide, a third light guide, etc., that may be positioned at any suitable location around the guidewire lumen 118 and / or the catheter shaft 110. For example, in certain non-exclusive embodiments, two light guides 122A may be spaced approximately 180 degrees apart around the guidewire lumen 118 and / or the catheter shaft 110, three light guides 122A may be spaced approximately 120 degrees apart around the guidewire lumen 118 and / or the catheter shaft 110, or four light guides 122A may be spaced approximately 90 degrees apart around the guidewire lumen 118 and / or the catheter shaft 110. Additionally or alternatively, the multiple light guides 122A need not be uniformly spaced from one another around the guidewire lumen 118 and / or the catheter shaft 110. More specifically, it is further understood that the light guides 122A described herein can be uniformly or non-uniformly positioned around the guidewire lumen 118 and / or catheter shaft 110 to achieve a desired effect at a desired location.

[0044] The balloon 104 may include a balloon wall 130 that defines a balloon interior 146 and may be inflated with a balloon fluid 132 to expand from a contracted configuration suitable for advancing the catheter 102 through the patient's vasculature to an expanded configuration suitable for securing the catheter 102 in position relative to the treatment site 106. Stated another way, when the balloon 104 is in the expanded configuration, the balloon wall 130 of the balloon 104 is configured to be positioned at the treatment site 106, i.e., substantially adjacent to the vascular lesion. While FIG. 1 illustrates the balloon wall 130 of the balloon 104 as spaced apart from the treatment site 106 of the blood vessel 108, this is done merely for ease of illustration, and it will be appreciated that the balloon wall 130 of the balloon 104 will generally be substantially directly adjacent to the treatment site 106 when the balloon is in the expanded configuration.

[0045] In some embodiments, the light source 124 of the catheter system 100 may be configured to deliver sub-millisecond light pulses from the light source 124 along the light guide 122A to a location within the balloon interior 146 of the balloon 104, thereby inducing plasma formation in the balloon fluid 132 within the balloon interior 146 of the balloon 104, i.e., via a plasma generator 133 (shown in phantom) located at each guide distal end 122D of the light guide 122A. The plasma formation causes rapid bubble formation, providing a pressure wave at the treatment site 106. An exemplary plasma-induced bubble is shown in FIG. 1 as bubble 134.

[0046] Balloons 104 suitable for use with the catheter system 100 described in detail herein include those capable of passing through a patient's vasculature when in a deflated configuration. In some embodiments, the balloons 104 herein are formed from silicone. In other embodiments, the balloons 104 herein are formed from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyurethane, polymers such as PEBAX™ material available from Arkema, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, nylon, and the like. In some embodiments, the balloons 104 can include those having a diameter ranging from 1 millimeter (mm) to 25 mm. In some embodiments, the balloons 104 can include those having a diameter ranging from at least 1.5 mm to 12 mm. In some embodiments, the balloons 104 can include those having a diameter ranging from at least 1 mm to 5 mm.

[0047] Further, in some embodiments, the balloons 104 herein can include those having lengths ranging from at least 5 mm to 300 mm. More specifically, in some embodiments, the balloons 104 herein can include those having lengths ranging from at least 8 mm to 200 mm. It is understood that a longer balloon 104 can be positioned adjacent a larger treatment site 106 and thus can be used to apply pressure to induce fragmentation of a larger vascular lesion or multiple vascular lesions at a precise location within the treatment site 106.

[0048] Additionally, the balloon 104 herein may be inflated to an inflation pressure of about 1 atmosphere (atmosphere) to 70 atmospheres. In some embodiments, the balloon 104 herein may be inflated to an inflation pressure of at least 20 atmospheres to 70 atmospheres. In other embodiments, the balloon 104 herein may be inflated to an inflation pressure of at least 6 atmospheres to 20 atmospheres. In yet other embodiments, the balloon 104 herein may be inflated to an inflation pressure of at least 3 atmospheres to 20 atmospheres. In yet other embodiments, the balloon 104 herein may be inflated to an inflation pressure of at least 2 atmospheres to 10 atmospheres.

[0049] Additionally, the balloons 104 herein may include those having a variety of shapes, including, but not limited to, conical, square, rectangular, spherical, conical / square, conical / spherical, expanded spherical, elliptical, tapered, bone, stepped diameter, offset, or conical offset. In some embodiments, the balloons 104 herein may include a drug eluting coating structure or a drug eluting stent structure. The drug eluting coating or drug eluting stent may include one or more therapeutic agents, including anti-inflammatory agents, anti-tumor agents, anti-angiogenic agents, and the like.

[0050] The balloon fluid 132 may be a liquid or a gas. Exemplary balloon fluids 132 suitable for use herein may include, but are not limited to, one or more of water, saline, contrast medium, fluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, gases such as carbon dioxide, and the like. In some embodiments, the described balloon fluids 132 may be used as a base inflation fluid. In some embodiments, the balloon fluid 132 includes a 50:50 volumetric ratio of saline to contrast medium. In other embodiments, the balloon fluid 132 includes a 25:75 volumetric ratio of saline to contrast medium. In yet other embodiments, the balloon fluid 132 includes a 75:25 volumetric ratio of saline to contrast medium. Additionally, balloon fluids 132 suitable for use herein may be adjusted based on composition, viscosity, and the like to manipulate the speed of travel of pressure waves in the fluid. In certain embodiments, balloon fluids 132 suitable for use herein are biocompatible. The amount of balloon fluid 132 may be adjusted depending on the light source 124 selected and the type of balloon fluid 132 used.

[0051] In some embodiments, the contrast agents used in the contrast media herein may include, but are not limited to, iodine-based contrast agents, such as ionic or non-ionic iodine-based contrast agents. Some non-limiting examples of ionic iodine-based contrast agents include diatrizoate, metrizoate, iothalamic acid, and ioxaglate. Some non-limiting examples of non-ionic iodine-based contrast agents include iopamidol, iohexol, ioxilan, iopromide, iodixanol, and ioversol. In other embodiments, non-iodine-based contrast agents may be used. Suitable non-iodine-containing contrast agents may include gadolinium (III)-based contrast agents. Suitable fluorocarbon and perfluorocarbon agents may include, but are not limited to, agents such as the perfluorocarbon dodecafluoropentane (DDFP, C5F12).

[0052] Additionally, the balloon fluid 132 herein can include those that include absorbers that can selectively absorb light in the ultraviolet region (e.g., at least 10 nanometers (nm) to 400 nm), the visible region (e.g., at least 400 nm to 780 nm), or the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., at least 780 nm to 2.5 μm). Suitable absorbers can include those that have an absorption maximum along a spectrum from at least 10 nm to 2.5 μm. Alternatively, the balloon fluid 132 can include those that include absorbers that can selectively absorb light in the mid-infrared region (e.g., at least 2.5 μm to 15 μm), or the far infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (e.g., at least 15 μm to 1 mm). In various embodiments, the absorbers can have an absorption maximum that coincides with the emission maximum of a laser used in the catheter system. As non-limiting examples, the various lasers described herein may include a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG-maximum emission=1064 nm) laser, a holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG-maximum emission=2.1 μm) laser, or an erbium:YAG (Er:YAG-maximum emission=2.94 μm) laser. In some embodiments, the absorbers used herein may be water soluble. In other embodiments, the absorbers used herein are not water soluble. In some embodiments, the absorbers used in the balloon fluid 132 herein may be tailored to match the peak emission of the light source 124. Various light sources 124 having emission wavelengths of at least 10 nanometers to 1 millimeter are discussed elsewhere herein.

[0053] It is understood that the catheter system 100 and / or light guide bundle 122 disclosed herein can include any number of light guides 122A in optical communication with the light source 124 in the proximal portion 114 and the balloon fluid 132 in the balloon interior 146 of the balloon 104 in the distal portion 116. For example, in some embodiments, the catheter system 100 and / or light guide bundle 122 can include from one light guide 122A to five light guides 122A. In other embodiments, the catheter system 100 and / or light guide bundle 122 can include from five light guides 122A to fifteen light guides 122A. In still other embodiments, the catheter system 100 and / or light guide bundle 122 can include from ten light guides 122A to thirty light guides 122A. Alternatively, in yet other embodiments, the catheter system 100 and / or the light guide bundle 122 may include more than 30 light guides 122A.

[0054] The light guide 122A herein may include an optical fiber or a flexible light pipe. The light guide 122A herein may be thin and flexible and may transmit an optical signal with little loss of intensity. The light guide 122A herein may include a core surrounded by a cladding around its circumference. In some embodiments, the core may be a cylindrical core or a partially cylindrical core. The core and cladding of the light guide 122A may be formed from one or more materials, including, but not limited to, one or more types of glass, silica, or one or more polymers. The light guide 122A may also include a protective coating, such as a polymer. It is understood that the refractive index of the core is greater than the refractive index of the cladding.

[0055] Each light guide 122A can guide light along its length from a proximal portion, i.e., guide proximal end 122P, to a distal portion, i.e., guide distal end 122D, having at least one optical window (not shown) located within the balloon interior 146. The light guides 122A can form an optical path as part of an optical network that includes light sources 124. An optical path within an optical network allows light to travel from one portion of the network to another. Both optical fibers and flexible light pipes can provide optical paths within the optical networks herein.

[0056] Additionally, the light guide 122A herein can take many forms around and / or relative to the catheter shaft 110 of the catheter 102 described herein. In some embodiments, the light guide 122A can extend parallel to the longitudinal axis 144 of the catheter shaft 110. In some embodiments, the light guide 122A can be physically coupled to the catheter shaft 110. In other embodiments, the light guide 122A can be disposed along the length of the outer diameter of the catheter shaft 110. In still other embodiments, the light guide 122A herein can be disposed within one or more light guide lumens within the catheter shaft 110.

[0057] In addition, it will be further appreciated that the light guides 122A may be positioned at any suitable location about the guidewire lumen 118 and / or catheter shaft 110, and that the guide distal ends 122D of each of the light guides 122A may be positioned at any suitable longitudinal location relative to the length of the balloon 104 and / or the length of the guidewire lumen 118 to more effectively and precisely deliver pressure waves for the purpose of destroying vascular lesions at the treatment site 106.

[0058] Additionally, the light guide 122A herein can include one or more opto-acoustic transducers 154, where each opto-acoustic transducer 154 can be in optical communication with the light guide 122A within which it is disposed. In some embodiments, the opto-acoustic transducer 154 can be in optical communication with the distal guide end 122D of the light guide 122A. Additionally, in such embodiments, the opto-acoustic transducer 154 can have a shape that corresponds to and / or matches the distal guide end 122D of the light guide 122A.

[0059] The photoacoustic transducer 154 is configured to convert light energy into sound waves at or near the distal guide end 122D of the light guide 122A. It is understood that the direction of the sound waves can be adjusted by changing the angle of the distal guide end 122D of the light guide 122A.

[0060] It is further understood that the opto-acoustic transducer 154 disposed at the guide distal end 122D of the light guide 122A herein can have the same shape as the guide distal end 122D of the light guide 122A. For example, in certain non-exclusive embodiments, the opto-acoustic transducer 154 and / or the guide distal end 122D can have a conical shape, a convex shape, a concave shape, a bulbous shape, a square shape, a stepped shape, a semicircular shape, an oval shape, etc. It is also understood that the light guide 122A can further include additional opto-acoustic transducers 154 disposed along one or more sides of the length of the light guide 122A.

[0061] The light guides 122A described herein can further include one or more redirecting features or "diverters" (not shown in FIG. 1) within the light guide 122A configured to direct light to exit the light guide 122A toward the sides and toward the balloon wall 130, for example, at or near the guide distal end 122D of the light guide 122A. The redirecting features can include any features of the systems herein that redirect light from the light guide 122A away from its axial path toward the sides of the light guide 122A. Additionally, the light guides 122A can each include one or more optical windows disposed along a longitudinal or axial surface of each light guide 122A and in optical communication with the redirecting features. Stated another way, the redirecting features herein can be configured to direct light within the light guide 122A toward the sides, for example, at or near the guide distal end 122D where the sides are in optical communication with the optical windows. The optical window can include a portion of the light guide 122A that allows light from within the light guide 122A to exit the light guide 122A, such as a portion of the light guide 122A that lacks cladding on or around the light guide 122A.

[0062] Examples of redirecting features suitable for use herein include reflective elements, refractive elements, and fiber diffusers. Additionally, redirecting features suitable for focusing light from the tip of the light guide 122A herein may include, but are not limited to, those having convex surfaces, gradient index (GRIN) lenses, and mirror focusing lenses. Upon contact with the redirecting feature, the light is redirected within the light guide 122A to the optoacoustic transducer 154, which is in optical communication with the side of the light guide 122A. As previously described, the optoacoustic transducer 154 then converts the light energy into sound waves that extend away from the side of the light guide 122A.

[0063] A source manifold 136 can be disposed at or near the proximal portion 114 of the catheter system 100. The source manifold 136 can include one or more proximal end openings that can receive one or more light guides 122A of the light guide bundle 122, the guidewire 112, and / or an inflation conduit 140 that is coupled in fluid communication with a fluid pump 138. The catheter system 100 can also optionally include a fluid pump 138 configured to inflate the balloon 104 with balloon fluid 132, i.e., via the inflation conduit 140.

[0064] As previously mentioned, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the system console 123 includes one or more of the light source 124, the power supply 125, the system controller 126, the GUI 127, the multiplexer 128, and the multiplexer alignment system 142. Alternatively, the system console 123 may include more or fewer components than those specifically shown in FIG. 1. For example, in certain non-exclusive alternative embodiments, the system console 123 may be designed without the GUI 127. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the light source 124, the power supply 125, the system controller 126, the GUI 127, the multiplexer 128, and the multiplexer alignment system 142 may be provided in the catheter system 100 without the specific need for the system console 123.

[0065] Further, as shown, the system console 123, and components included therein, are operatively coupled to the catheter 102, the light guide bundle 122, and the remainder of the catheter system 100. For example, in some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1, the system console 123 can include a console coupling opening 148 (which may also be commonly referred to as a "socket") through which the light guide bundle 122 is mechanically coupled to the system console 123. In such embodiments, the light guide bundle 122 can include a guide coupling housing 150 (which may also be commonly referred to as a "ferrule") that accommodates a portion of each of the light guides 122A, e.g., the guide proximal ends 122P. The guide coupling housing 150 is configured to be selectively retained in the console coupling opening 148 to provide a desired mechanical coupling between the light guide bundle 122 and the system console 123.

[0066] Additionally, the light guide bundle 122 may also include a guide bundler 152 (or “shell”) that brings the individual light guides 122A closer together so that the light guides 122A and / or the light guide bundle 122 may assume a more compact configuration as they extend with the catheter 102 into the blood vessel 108 during use of the catheter system 100.

[0067] As provided herein, the light source 124 may be selectively and / or alternatively coupled in optical communication with each of the light guides 122A, i.e., to the guide proximal ends 122P of each of the light guides 122A in the light guide bundle 122. In particular, the light source 124 is configured to generate light energy in the form of a source beam 124A, e.g., a pulsed source beam, that may be selectively and / or alternatively directed to and received by each of the light guides 122A in the light guide bundle 122 in any desired combination, order, sequence, and / or pattern. More specifically, as described in more detail below, the source beam 124A from the light source 124 is directed through a multiplexer 128 such that individual guide beams 124B (or "multiplexed beams") may be selectively and / or alternatively directed to and received by each of the light guides 122A in the light guide bundle 122. In particular, each pulse of the light source 124, i.e., each pulse of the source beam 124A, may be directed through a multiplexer 128 to generate one or more separate guide beams 124B (only one shown in FIG. 1) that are selectively and / or alternatively directed to one or more of the light guides 122A in the light guide bundle 122.

[0068] The light source 124 may have any suitable design. In certain embodiments, as discussed above, the light source 124 may be configured to provide sub-millisecond light pulses from the light source 124 that are focused onto a small spot, i.e., by use of a multiplexer alignment system 142, and coupled to the guide proximal end 122P of the light guide 122A. Such pulses of light energy are then directed along the light guide 122A to a location within the balloon 104, thereby inducing plasma formation in the balloon fluid 132 within the balloon interior 146 of the balloon 104. In particular, the light energy emitted at the guide distal end 122D of the light guide 122A energizes the plasma generator 133 to form a plasma in the balloon fluid 132 within the balloon interior 146. The plasma formation causes rapid bubble formation and imparts pressure waves to the treatment site 106. In such embodiments, the sub-millisecond light pulses from the light source 124 may be delivered to the treatment site 106 at a frequency between about 1 Hertz (Hz) and 5000 Hz. In some embodiments, sub-millisecond light pulses from light source 124 may be delivered to treatment site 106 at a frequency between about 30 Hz and 1000 Hz. In other embodiments, sub-millisecond light pulses from light source 124 may be delivered to treatment site 106 at a frequency between about 10 Hz and 100 Hz. In yet other embodiments, sub-millisecond light pulses from light source 124 may be delivered to treatment site 106 at a frequency between about 1 Hz and 30 Hz. Alternatively, sub-millisecond light pulses may be delivered to treatment site 106 at a frequency that may exceed 5000 Hz.

[0069] It is understood that while light source 124 is typically utilized to provide pulses of light energy, light source 124 may still be described as providing a single source beam 124A, i.e., a single pulsed source beam.

[0070] Light sources 124 suitable for use herein can include various types of light sources including lasers and lamps. Suitable lasers can include short pulse lasers on the sub-millisecond timescale. In some embodiments, light sources 124 can include lasers on the nanosecond (ns) timescale. Lasers can also include short pulse lasers on the picosecond (ps), femtosecond (fs), and microsecond (μs) timescales. It is understood that there are many combinations of laser wavelengths, pulse widths, and energy levels that can be used to achieve plasma in the balloon fluid 132 of the catheters 102 described herein. In various embodiments, the pulse widths can include those that fall within a range of at least 10 ns to 200 ns inclusive. In some embodiments, the pulse widths can include those that fall within a range of at least 20 ns to 100 ns inclusive. In other embodiments, the pulse widths can include those that fall within a range of at least 1 ns to 500 ns inclusive.

[0071] Further, typical nanosecond lasers can include lasers in the UV to IR spectrum spanning wavelengths of approximately 10 nanometers (nm) to 1 millimeter (mm). In some embodiments, the light source 124 suitable for use in the catheter system 100 herein can include those capable of generating light at wavelengths of at least 750 nm to 2000 nm. In other embodiments, the light source 124 can include those capable of generating light at wavelengths of at least 700 nm to 3000 nm. In still other embodiments, the light source 124 can include those capable of generating light at wavelengths of at least 100 nm to 10 micrometers (μm). The nanosecond laser can include a laser with a repetition rate of up to 200 kHz. In some embodiments, the laser can include a Q-switched Thulium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Tm:YAG) laser. In other embodiments, the laser can include a neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser, an erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser, an excimer laser, a helium-neon laser, a carbon dioxide laser, and a doped pulsed fiber laser.

[0072] The catheter systems 100 disclosed herein can generate pressure waves having a maximum pressure in the range of at least 1 megapascal (MPa) to 100 MPa. The maximum pressure generated by a particular catheter system 100 depends on the light source 124, the absorbing material, the bubble expansion, the propagation medium, the balloon material, and other factors. In some embodiments, the catheter systems 100 disclosed herein can generate pressure waves having a maximum pressure in the range of at least 2 MPa to 50 MPa. In other embodiments, the catheter systems 100 disclosed herein can generate pressure waves having a maximum pressure in the range of at least 2 MPa to 30 MPa. In still other embodiments, the catheter systems 100 disclosed herein can generate pressure waves having a maximum pressure in the range of at least 15 MPa to 25 MPa.

[0073] The pressure waves described herein may be applied to the treatment site 106 from a distance ranging from at least 0.1 millimeters (mm) to 25 mm radially from the light guide 122A when the catheter 102 is positioned at the treatment site 106. In some embodiments, the pressure waves may be applied to the treatment site 106 from a distance ranging from at least 10 mm to 20 mm radially from the light guide 122A when the catheter 102 is positioned at the treatment site 106. In other embodiments, the pressure waves may be applied to the treatment site 106 from a distance ranging from at least 1 mm to 10 mm radially from the light guide 122A when the catheter 102 is positioned at the treatment site 106. In still other embodiments, the pressure waves may be applied to the treatment site 106 from a distance ranging from at least 1.5 mm to 4 mm radially from the light guide 122A when the catheter 102 is positioned at the treatment site 106. In some embodiments, pressure waves may be applied to the treatment site 106 from a range of at least 2 MPa to 30 MPa separated by a distance of 0.1 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, pressure waves may be applied to the treatment site 106 from a range of at least 2 MPa to 25 MPa separated by a distance of 0.1 mm to 10 mm.

[0074] Power supply 125 is electrically coupled to and configured to provide the necessary power to each of light source 124, system controller 126, GUI 127, multiplexer 128, and multiplexer alignment system 142. Power supply 125 may have any suitable design suitable for such purposes.

[0075] As previously described, the system controller 126 is electrically coupled to and receives power from the power source 125. Additionally, the system controller 126 is coupled to and configured to control the operation of each of the light source 124, the GUI 127, the multiplexer 128, and the multiplexer alignment system 142. The system controller 126 may include one or more processors or circuits for controlling the operation of at least the light source 124, the GUI 127, the multiplexer 128, and the multiplexer alignment system 142. For example, the system controller 126 may control the light source 124 to generate pulses of optical energy as desired, for example, at any desired firing rate. Additionally, the system controller 126 may control the multiplexer alignment system 142 to map and precisely ensure a desired optical coupling between the light source 124 and the light guide 122A. Substantially simultaneously and / or subsequently, the system controller 126 can control the multiplexer 128 to selectively and / or alternatively direct the light energy from the light source 124, i.e., source beam 124A, to each light guide 122A in the form of individual guide beams 124B in a desired manner. Additionally, the system controller 126 can be further configured to control the operation of other components of the catheter system 100, such as positioning of the catheter 102 adjacent the treatment site 106, inflation of the balloon 104 with balloon fluid 132, etc. Additionally or alternatively, the catheter system 100 can include one or more additional controllers, which can be located in any manner suitable for the purpose of controlling various operations of the catheter system 100.

[0076] The GUI 127 is accessible by a user or operator of the catheter system 100. Additionally, the GUI 127 is electrically connected to the system controller 126. With such a design, the GUI 127 may be used by the user or operator to ensure that the catheter system 100 is used as needed to apply pressure to the vascular lesion at the treatment site 106 to induce fractures in the vascular lesion. Additionally, the GUI 127 may provide information to the user or operator that may be used before, during, and after use of the catheter system 100. In one embodiment, the GUI 127 may provide static visual data and / or information to the user or operator. Additionally or alternatively, the GUI 127 may provide dynamic visual data and / or information to the user or operator, such as video data or any other data that changes over time during use of the catheter system 100. Additionally, in various embodiments, the GUI 127 may include one or more colors, different sizes, varying brightness, etc., that may serve as warnings to the user or operator. Additionally or alternatively, the GUI 127 may provide audio data or information to the user or operator. It is understood that the details of the GUI 127 may vary depending on the design requirements of the catheter system 100 or the particular needs, specifications, and / or desires of the user or operator.

[0077] As provided herein, the multiplexer 128 is configured to selectively and / or alternatively direct optical energy from the light source 124 to each of the light guides 122A in the light guide bundle 122. More specifically, the multiplexer 128 is configured to receive optical energy from a single light source 124, e.g., a single source beam 124A from a single laser source, and selectively and / or alternatively direct such optical energy in the form of individual guide beams 124B in any desired combination, order, sequence, and / or pattern to each of the light guides 122A in the light guide bundle 122. Thus, the multiplexer 128 enables the catheter system 100 to simultaneously and / or sequentially direct the single light source 124 through the multiple light guides 122A such that the catheter system 100 can apply pressure to induce disruption of vascular lesions at the treatment site 106 within or adjacent to the vessel wall of the blood vessel 108 in a desired manner. Additionally, as shown, the catheter system 100 can include one or more optical elements 147 to direct light energy, such as source beam 124A, from the light source 124 to the multiplexer 128.

[0078] Further, as provided herein, the multiplexer alignment system 142 is configured to ensure that the multiplexer 128 is accurately and precisely aligned so that the individual guide beams 124B are optically coupled onto the guide proximal ends 122P of the desired light guides 122A. More specifically, in various embodiments, the multiplexer alignment system 142 provides an effective means of improving the optical coupling between the light sources 124 and the guide proximal ends 122P of the respective light guides 122A in the light guide bundle 122 by measuring the coupling efficiency and determining optimal parameters for triggering the firing of the light sources 124. As described herein, in some embodiments, the multiplexer alignment system 142 can be configured to operate continuously during simultaneous use of the multiplexers 128. Additionally or alternatively, in other embodiments, the multiplexer alignment system 142 may be configured to actively scan each of the light guides 122A of the light guide bundle 122 to find and map an XY position for each light guide 122A that provides optimal coupling prior to firing of the light sources 124 and operation of the multiplexer 128. In such alternative embodiments, the catheter system 100, e.g., the system controller 126, may be configured to store information from the multiplexer alignment system 142 and use the mapped position for each light guide 122A for real-time firing of the light sources 124 and operation of the multiplexer 128.

[0079] As described herein, multiplexer 128 and / or multiplexer alignment system 142 may have any suitable design suitable for precisely, selectively, and / or alternatively directing light energy from light source 124 to each of light guides 122A of light guide bundle 122. Various non-exclusive alternative embodiments of multiplexer 128 and multiplexer alignment system 142 are described in detail herein below.

[0080] 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of an embodiment of a catheter system 200 including an embodiment of a multiplexer 228 and a multiplexer alignment system 242. More specifically, FIG. 2 illustrates a light guide bundle 222 including a plurality of light guides 222A, a light source 224, a system controller 226 including control electronics 226A and signal processing electronics 226B, and a control system 226 for receiving optical energy in the form of a source beam 224A, e.g., a pulsed source beam and / or a semi-continuous wave source beam, from the light source 224 and selectively and / or alternatively directing optical energy in the form of individual guide beams 224B to respective guide-proximal light sources of the plurality of light guides 222A. 2 shows a multiplexer 228 directing the guide beam 224B to the respective guide proximal ends 222P of the light guides 222A, and a multiplexer alignment system 242 utilizing optical energy from a second light source 270 in the form of a probe source beam 270A to probe the face of the light guide bundle 222 and / or the respective guide proximal ends 222P of the light guides 222A within the light guide bundle 222 as a means of improving optical coupling between the guide beam 224B and the respective guide proximal ends 222P of the light guides 222A. The light guide bundles 222 and / or light guides 222A and light source 224 are substantially similar in design and function as described in detail above herein. Accordingly, such components will not be described in detail with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2. Additionally, certain components of the system console 123 illustrated and described above in connection with FIG. 1, such as the power supply 125 and GUI 127, are not shown in FIG. 2 for simplicity and ease of illustration, but will be understood to be generally included in many embodiments.

[0081] As shown, in some embodiments, the control electronics 226A and the signal processing electronics 226B may be included as part of the system controller 226. Alternatively, the control electronics 226A and / or the signal processing electronics 226B may be separate from the system controller 226 and in electrical communication with the system controller 226.

[0082] The light guide bundle 222 may include any suitable number of light guides 222A, which may be positioned and / or oriented relative to one another in any suitable manner, for example, to best align the light guides 222A with the multiplexer 228 and / or the multiplexer alignment system 242. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the light guide bundle 222 includes four light guides 222A aligned in a linear array with one another. Alternatively, the light guide bundle 222 may include a different number of light guides 222A, i.e., more than four or less than four light guides 222A, and / or the light guides 222A may be arranged in a different manner with respect to one another.

[0083] As shown in FIG. 2, each of the light guides 222A includes a plasma generator 233 positioned at the guide distal end 222D of the light guide 222A.

[0084] Further, as shown, the guide proximal ends 222P of each of the plurality of light guides 222A are retained within the guide coupling housing 250, i.e., within a guide coupling slot 256 formed in the guide coupling housing 250. In various embodiments, the guide coupling housing 250 is configured to be selectively coupled to the system console 123 (shown in FIG. 1 ), such that the guide coupling slots 256, and thus the light guides 222A, are maintained in a desired fixed position relative to the multiplexer 228 and the multiplexer alignment system 242 during use of the catheter system 200. In some embodiments, the guide coupling slots 256 are provided in the form of a V-groove, such as a V-groove ferrule block commonly used in multi-channel fiber optic communication systems. Alternatively, the guide coupling slots 256 can have another suitable design.

[0085] The guide coupling housing 250 can have any suitable number of guide coupling slots 256, which can be positioned and / or oriented relative to one another in any suitable manner, for example, to best align the guide coupling slots 256, and thus the light guide 222A, with the multiplexer 228 and the multiplexer alignment system 242. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the guide coupling housing 250 includes four guide coupling slots 256 spaced apart in a linear array with respect to one another with precise spacing between adjacent guide coupling slots 256. Thus, in such an embodiment, the guide coupling housing 250 can hold up to four guide proximal ends 222P of the light guides 222A. Alternatively, the guide coupling housing 250 can have a different number of guide coupling slots 256, i.e., more than four or less than four guide coupling slots 256, and / or the guide coupling slots 256 can be arranged differently with respect to one another.

[0086] As previously discussed, the multiplexer 228 is configured to receive optical energy in the form of source beam 224A from the light source 224 and selectively and / or alternatively direct that optical energy in the form of individual guide beams 224B to the respective guide proximal ends 222P of the light guides 222A. Thus, as shown in FIGURE 2, the multiplexer 228 is operatively in optical communication with and / or optically coupled to the light guide bundle 222, i.e., the plurality of light guides 222A.

[0087] The design of the multiplexer 228 can vary depending on the requirements of the catheter system 200, the relative positioning of the light guides 222A, and / or to suit the desires of a user or operator of the catheter system 200. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2, the multiplexer 228 includes one or more of a multiplexer base 258, a multiplexer stage 260, a stage mover 262, a redirector 264, a coupling optics 266, and a first beam splitter 268, which are used in conjunction with the system controller 226, i.e., the control electronics 226A and / or the signal processing electronics 226B, and the multiplexer alignment system 242, which are described in detail herein. Alternatively, the multiplexer 228 can include more or fewer components than those specifically shown in Figure 2.

[0088] Additionally, as described above, the multiplexer alignment system 242 is configured to probe a surface of the light guide bundle 222 (i.e., a surface of the guide coupling housing 250) and / or a respective guide proximal end 222P of the light guide 222A within the light guide bundle 222 as a means of improving optical coupling between the guide beam 224B and the respective guide proximal end 222P of the light guide 222A.

[0089] The design of the multiplexer alignment system 242 can vary depending on the requirements of the catheter system 200, the relative positioning of the light guides 222A, and / or to suit the needs of a user or operator of the catheter system 200. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the multiplexer alignment system 242 includes one or more of a second light source 270, a first beam splitter 268, a second beam splitter 272, an optical element 274, a photodetector 276, and an amplifier 278, which are used in conjunction with the system controller 226, i.e., the control electronics 226A and / or the signal processing electronics 226B, and the multiplexer 228. As described in detail herein, the second light source 270 provides optical energy in the form of a probe source beam 270A that is directed to scan across the entire guide proximal end 222P of each of the light guides 222A during the mapping process. 2, multiplexer alignment system 242 and / or second light source 270 are operatively in optical communication with and / or optically coupled to light guide bundle 222, i.e., multiple light guides 222A. Alternatively, multiplexer alignment system 242 may include more or fewer components than those specifically shown in FIG.

[0090] During use of the catheter system 200, the multiplexer base 258 is fixed in position relative to the light source 224 and the light guide 222A. Further, in this embodiment, the multiplexer stage 260 is movably supported on the multiplexer base 258. More specifically, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the stage mover 262 is configured to move the multiplexer stage 260 along a linear path relative to the multiplexer base 258. Further, in certain embodiments, the stage mover 262 may be configured to linearly move the multiplexer stage 260 relative to the multiplexer base 258 along one or more stage guides 263 coupled to the multiplexer base 258.

[0091] 2, the redirector 264, the coupling optical element 266, and the first beam splitter 268 of the multiplexer 228 are mounted to and / or carried by the multiplexer stage 260. Thus, movement of the multiplexer stage 260 relative to the multiplexer base 258 results in corresponding movement of the redirector 264, the coupling optical element 266, and the first beam splitter 268 relative to the fixed multiplexer base 258. Additionally, with the light guide 22A fixed in position relative to the multiplexer base 258, movement of the multiplexer stage 260 results in corresponding movement of the redirector 264, the coupling optical element 266, and the first beam splitter 268 relative to the light guide 222A.

[0092] 2, first beam splitter 268, second beam splitter 272, optical element 274, photodetector 276, and amplifier 278 of multiplexer alignment system 242 are also mounted to and / or carried by multiplexer stage 260. Thus, movement of multiplexer stage 260 relative to multiplexer base 258 results in corresponding movement of first beam splitter 268, second beam splitter 272, optical element 274, photodetector 276, and amplifier 278 relative to the fixed multiplexer base 258. Additionally, when light guide 222A is fixed in position relative to multiplexer base 258, movement of multiplexer stage 260 results in corresponding movement of first beam splitter 268, second beam splitter 272, optical element 274, photodetector 276, and amplifier 278 relative to light guide 222A. It is understood that in this and various other embodiments, photodetector 276 can include additional focusing or collection optics.

[0093] In various embodiments, in conjunction with the use of multiplexer alignment system 242, multiplexer 228 is configured to precisely align coupling optics 266 with each of light guides 222A such that source beams 224A generated by light sources 224 can be precisely directed and focused by multiplexer 228 as corresponding guide beams 224B into the guide proximal ends 222P of each of light guides 222A. As shown in FIG. 2, in its simplest form, multiplexer 228 uses a precision mechanism, i.e., stage mover 262, to translate coupling optics 266 along a linear path. This approach requires a single degree of freedom. In certain embodiments, the linear translation mechanism, i.e., the stage mover 262 and / or the multiplexer stage 260, can be electronically controlled to sequentially align the beam path of the guide beam 224B with each individual light guide 222A that is partially held within the guide coupling housing 250 during the scanning process. Alternatively, the stage mover 262 can be equipped with mechanical stops to allow precise alignment of the coupling optics 266 with the respective positions of the light guides 222A.

[0094] In this embodiment, stage mover 262 can have any suitable design suitable for linearly moving multiplexer stage 260 relative to multiplexer base 258. More particularly, stage mover 262 can be any suitable type of linear translation mechanism.

[0095] As previously mentioned, the multiplexer stage 260 is configured to support the necessary optical elements, such as redirectors 264 and coupling optical elements 266, to focus the optical energy generated by the light sources 224 towards each light guide 222A for optimal coupling. With such a design, the small divergence of the guided beam 224A over the short travel distance of the translated multiplexer stage 260 has minimal impact on the coupling efficiency into each light guide 222A.

[0096] Further, in this embodiment, the source beam 224A directed to the multiplexer 228 first encounters a redirector 264 configured to redirect the source beam 224A toward the combining optical element 266. In some embodiments, the redirector 264 redirects the source beam 224A toward the combining optical element 266 by approximately 90 degrees. Alternatively, the redirector 264 can redirect the source beam 224A toward the combining optical element 266 by more than 90 degrees or less than 90 degrees. Thus, the redirector 264 mounted to the multiplexer stage 260 is configured to direct the source beam 224A through the combining optical element 266 such that the individual guide beams 224B are focused into the individual light guides 222A within the guide combining housing 250.

[0097] The combining optics 266 may have any suitable design for the purpose of focusing the individual guide beams 224B into each of the light guides 222A. In one embodiment, the combining optics 266 includes two lenses that are specifically configured to focus the individual guide beams 224B as desired. Alternatively, the combining optics 266 may have another suitable design.

[0098] In certain non-exclusive alternative embodiments, steering the source beam 224A so that it is properly aimed and focused into each of the light guides 222A can be accomplished using an optomechanical scanner, an XY galvanometer, or other multi-axis beam steering device.

[0099] It will be appreciated that the act of aligning the beam path of the guide beam 224B with the selected light guide 222A assumes that the axis of actuation is perfectly parallel to the axis of the light guide bundle 222 and / or the individual light guides 222A. In some embodiments, a vertical dither can be included to track this axis.

[0100] 2, the probe source beam 270A from the second energy source 270 is first directed to a second beam splitter 272, from which at least a portion of the probe source beam 270A is directed forward toward an optical element 274. Further, as shown in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the multiplexer alignment system 242, together with the multiplexer 228, is configured to precisely align the optical element 274, e.g., a coupling lens, with respect to each of the light guides 222A such that the probe source beam 270A generated by the second light source 270 can be precisely directed and focused by the multiplexer alignment system 242 to scan across the face of the guide coupling housing 250 and / or the guide proximal end 222P of each of the light guides 222A.

[0101] Additionally, as shown, each of the individual guide beams 224B and the probe source beam 270A are all directed to impinge on the first beam splitter 268 before being directed to the light guide 222A. Stated another way, in this embodiment, the first beam splitter 268 is positioned in the optical path of each of the guide beams 224B between the combining optical element and the light guide 222A, and the first beam splitter 268 is also positioned in the optical path of the source beam 270A between the optical element 274 and the light guide 222A. In certain embodiments, the first beam splitter 268 may be a dichroic beam splitter configured to transmit light having wavelengths longer than a predetermined cutoff wavelength and reflect (e.g., redirect by about 90 degrees or another suitable amount) light having wavelengths shorter than the predetermined cutoff wavelength. For example, in some embodiments, the light source 224 can be a pulsed infrared laser source such that the individual guide beams 224B have wavelengths in the infrared range, and the second light source 270 can be a low-power visible continuous wave laser source such that the probe source beams 270A have wavelengths in the visible range. In such embodiments, the first beam splitter 268 can have a predetermined cutoff wavelength such that the individual guide beams 224B are transmitted through the first beam splitter 268 toward the light guide 222A, while the probe source beams 270A are reflected by the first beam splitter 268 and redirected toward the light guide 222A. Thus, as shown, the first beam splitter 268 effectively allows the path of the probe source beams 270A to be combined with the path of the individual guide beams 224B. Alternatively, the first beam splitter 268 and / or the light source 224 and the second light source 270 can have another suitable design.

[0102] Additionally or alternatively, in one embodiment, the second light source 270 can include and / or incorporate high speed modulation to enable phase sensitive (lock-in) detection. It is understood that in such an embodiment, the modulation must be much faster than the dwell time on the target as the probe source beam 270A from the second light source 270 scans across the face of the guide coupling housing 250 and / or the respective guide proximal end 222P of the light guide 222A.

[0103] During operation of the catheter system 200, the control electronics 226A drives the stage mover 262 to move the multiplexer stage 260 in a desired manner such that the probe source beam 270A and the individual guide beams 224B scan across the face of the guide coupling housing 250 and / or the guide proximal end 222P of each of the light guides 222A. Additionally, the optical elements 274 of the multiplexer alignment system 242 are used to focus the probe source beam 270A downward to form a spot that couples to the guide proximal end 222P of each light guide 222A in a similar manner to the individual guide beams 224B that are directed and focused by the redirector 264 and coupling optical elements 266 of the multiplexer 228. In some embodiments, the design and focal length of the optical elements 274 may be configured to provide a larger spot size for the probe source beam 270A than the spot size for the individual guide beams 224B. This can be used to cover more of the proximal guide end 222P of each light guide 222 when scanning is performed.

[0104] 2, the catheter system 200 is controlled such that the probe source beam 270A is slightly offset from the individual guide beams 224B as the individual guide beams 224B are scanned across the face of the guide coupling housing 250. More specifically, in such an embodiment, the optical element 274 and the coupling optical element 266 may be configured and / or positioned such that the probe source beam 270A slightly precedes or slightly leads the individual guide beams 224B during the scanning process. Stated differently, the coupling optical element 266 in the multiplexer 228 and the optical element 274 of the multiplexer alignment system 242 are aligned such that the spots from the guide beams 224B are formed a controlled distance behind the spots from the probe source beams 270A.

[0105] Further, during operation, the second light source 270 is configured to operate continuously as the multiplexer 228 and the multiplexer alignment system 242 scan across the face of the guide coupling housing 250. In particular, a spot from the probe source beam 270A of the second light source 270 is focused by the optical element 274 onto the end face of the guide coupling housing 250 and onto the face of the individual light guides 222A during the scanning process. During the scanning process, at least a portion of the light in the focused spot from the probe source beam 270A scatters from the face of the guide coupling housing 250 and the face of the individual light guides 222A and is directed back to the first beam splitter 268 as a backscattered energy beam 270B. The backscattered energy beam 270B is reflected from the first beam splitter 268 and redirected towards the optical element 274 where it is collected and collimated. Thus, the optical element 274 acts to form a spot from the second energy source 270 as it is focused towards and onto the guide coupling housing 250, as well as to collect light scattered from the probe source beam 270A, i.e., backscattered energy beam 270B, that impinges on a surface of the guide coupling housing 250 and / or light guide 222A, and to collimate such light.

[0106] Additionally or alternatively, in certain embodiments, each proximal guide end 222P of light guide 222A may be coated with an anti-reflective coating at the wavelength of guide beam 224B and a highly reflective coating at the wavelength of probe source beam 270A. Such a design may improve the degree of backscattering in probe source beam 270A, thus providing backscattered energy beam 270B.

[0107] The optical element 274 then focuses the backscattered energy beam 270B back towards the second beam splitter 272. More specifically, as shown, not only is the second beam splitter 272 positioned in the optical path of the probe source beam 270A from the second light source 270, but the second beam splitter 272 is also positioned in the optical path of the backscattered energy beam 270B between the optical element 274 and the photodetector 276. In one embodiment, the second beam splitter 272 can be a 10 / 90 beam splitter configured to transmit 10 percent of the incident beam and redirect or reflect 90% of the incident beam. This allows a small portion of the incident light from the backscattered energy beam 270B to pass through, while the majority of the light returned as the backscattered energy beam 270B is reflected back to the photodetector 276. Thus, the optical element 274 effectively couples at least a portion of the light energy scattered from the surface of the guide coupling housing 250 and the surface of the individual light guides 222A, i.e., in the form of backscattered energy beam 270B, onto the photodetector 276. With such a design, a significant portion of the visible light scattered from the surface of the guide coupling housing 250 and the surface of the individual light guides 222A is collected by the photodetector 276. It can be seen that the small percentage of the transmitted light returning through the second beam splitter 272 is easily compensated for by increasing the power of the second energy source 270. This approach improves the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the detection system. Alternatively, the second beam splitter 272 can have another suitable design. For example, in certain non-exclusive alternative embodiments, the second beam splitter 272 can be a 1 / 99 beam splitter, a 5 / 95 beam splitter, a 20 / 80 beam splitter, a 30 / 70 beam splitter, a 40 / 60 beam splitter, a 50 / 50 beam splitter, a 60 / 40 beam splitter, a 70 / 30 beam splitter, an 80 / 20 beam splitter, a 90 / 10 beam splitter, a 95 / 5 beam splitter, a 99 / 1 beam splitter, or another suitable design.

[0108] Further, in some embodiments, the photodetector 276 then generates a signal based on the portion of the visible light scattered from the surfaces of the guide coupling housing 250 and the surfaces of the individual light guides 222A, i.e., the portion of the backscattered energy beam 270B collected by the photodetector 276. As shown in FIG. 2, the signal from the photodetector 276 is then directed to an amplifier 278, which amplifies the signal from the photodetector 276. The amplified signal can then be utilized, for example, in the signal processing electronics 226B, to determine the intensity of the backscattered energy beam 270B.

[0109] As described herein, the design of the second beam splitter 272 should be such that it is necessary to direct at least a sufficient portion of the backscattered energy beam 270B to the photodetector 276 to generate a signal strong enough to be effectively evaluated by the signal processing electronics 226B.

[0110] It will further be appreciated that the photodetector 276 can have any suitable design suitable for effectively collecting the portion of the visible light scattered from the surfaces of the guide coupling housing 250 and the surfaces of the individual light guides 222A, i.e., the backscattered beam 270B. For example, in one non-limiting embodiment, the photodetector 276 can include a narrowband spectral filter configured to match the wavelength of the probe source beam 270A from the second light source 270 to reduce background noise.

[0111] As the probe source beam 270A scans across the face of the guide coupling housing 250, the local reflectivity results in strong backscattering and therefore a large signal. For example, if the spot from the probe source beam 270A is far away from the guide proximal end 222P of the light guide 222A, the amount of backscattering, and therefore the corresponding signal, will be high. As the spot from the probe source beam 270A aligns with the guide proximal end 222P, and thus the fiber core, more light is coupled into the light guide and the backscattered signal decreases. When the signal reaches a relative minimum, that is precisely an indication of optimal coupling. In other words, as described herein, when the intensity of the backscattered energy beam 270B is determined to be at a local minimum, i.e., as determined by the signal processing electronics 226B, it is determined that it is the right time to launch the light source 224 so that the guide beam 224B is precisely aimed and coupled into the guide proximal end 222P of the desired light guide 222A. The signal processing electronics 226B and the control electronics 226A monitor and keep track of this information.

[0112] More specifically, if the system controller 226 and / or control electronics 226A controls the speed of the scanning process, and the offset between the probe source beam 270A and the individual guide beams 224B is known, the time between the optimal alignment for coupling the probe source beam 270A and the time when the individual guide beams 224B are at that position can be precisely determined. This allows the catheter system 200 to completely scan the face of the guide coupling housing 250 and / or the respective guide proximal ends 222P of the light guide 222A to determine the location of the optimal coupling, leaving time to precisely position the spot and fire the light source 224 accordingly. It will be appreciated that this general concept can be applied to fire the light source 224 to precisely couple the individual guide beams 224B onto the respective guide proximal ends 222P of the light guide 222A in any suitable combination, sequence, and / or pattern. This general concept is illustrated in Figures 3A-3D.

[0113] In particular, Figures 3A-3D are schematic diagrams depicting a timing scheme when the multiplexer and multiplexer alignment system are scanning with respect to multiple light guides, and graphical representations of backscattered beam intensity as a function of scan position used to determine the appropriate timing for firing the light source. As shown, four light guides 322A are organized into a linear array by a guide coupling housing 350. The position of the probe spot 380P from the probe source beam is shown along with the projected position of the guide spot 380G from each guide beam from the pulsed light source as the pulsed light source is fired. In particular, in Figure 3A, the probe spot 380P from the probe source beam is first approaching the guide proximal end 322P (labeled with the number "3") of the third light guide 322A. As shown, the projected guide spot 380G in the guide beam is also shown to lag slightly behind the probe spot 380P in the scan direction from the probe source beam. Additionally, the graph on the right side of the figure shows the measured backscattering intensity signal as a function of the multiplexer position. The multiplexer alignment system determines the optimal coupling efficiency by identifying a local minimum in the curve.

[0114] Then, in FIG. 3B, the probe spot 380P from the probe source beam first starts to impinge on the guide proximal end 322P of the third light guide 322A, where the projected guide spot 380G from the guide beam is again slightly delayed along the scan direction. Then, in FIG. 3C, the probe spot 380P from the probe source beam is exactly impinging on the guide proximal end 322P of the third light guide 322A. At such a point, as shown in the right graph, the intensity signal is shown with a local minimum along the curve. When the probe spot 380P from the probe source beam passes this position and the guide spot from the primary beam enters the position, the light source is fired. Therefore, based on the known offset between the probe source beam and the guide beam and the known scan speed, it is understood that this is a good time to fire the light source so that the guide beam is exactly coupled into the guide proximal end of the third light guide. By adjusting the timing of this process, the timing and characteristics of the laser pulses, as well as other properties of the multiplexer dynamics, can be precisely tuned. Such timing is shown in Figure 3D.

[0115] Returning now to FIG. 2, it will be appreciated that while FIG. 2 shows light guide 222A fixed in place relative to multiplexer base 258, in some alternative embodiments light guide 222A may be configured to move relative to coupling optics 266 and optical element 274 which are fixed in place. In such embodiments, guide coupling housing 250 itself moves, for example, guide coupling housing 250 may be supported by a linear translation stage. Multiplexer alignment system 242 must monitor the position of this stage and determine the parametric motion in the projected guide spot from light source 224 while scanning to determine the position for optimal coupling. The system controls the stage and steps it to align light guide 222A with guide beam 224B and coupling optics 266 when the determined position for optimal coupling is reached. It will be further appreciated that while such embodiments may be effective, additional protection and control is required to ensure that guide coupling housing 250 is safe and reliable as it moves relative to coupling optics 266 of multiplexer 228 during use.

[0116] Further alternatively, in another embodiment, the scanning process in each of the multiplexer alignment system 242 and the multiplexer 228 can be performed independently of each other. In particular, in one non-exclusive alternative embodiment, the catheter system 200 can be configured such that the multiplexer alignment system 242 performs a complete scan and mapping of the surface of the guide coupling housing 250 and / or the surface of the guide proximal end 222P of each of the light guides 222A without the multiplexer 228 scanning substantially simultaneously. Thus, in such an embodiment, the multiplexer alignment system 242 scans all of the light guides 222A to find the XY position in each light guide 222A that provides the best coupling, and does so without firing the primary light source 224. The multiplexer alignment system steps slowly to perform a complete XY scan over the entire surface of the guide coupling housing 250 and maps it entirely. Such information is then stored in the control electronics, where such information regarding position is then used for real-time firing of the primary light source 224. In this embodiment, the multiplexer alignment system 242 can still utilize a second light source 270, such as that shown in Figure 2. Alternatively, the multiplexer alignment system 242 can be configured to use the same light source 224 as is used and operated by the multiplexer 228.

[0117] 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of another embodiment of a catheter system 400 including another embodiment of a multiplexer 428 and a multiplexer alignment system 442. As shown, the embodiment of the catheter system 400 shown in FIG. 7 including the multiplexer 428 and the multiplexer alignment system 442 is substantially similar in design and function to the catheter system 200 shown and described with respect to FIG. 2. For example, as shown, the catheter system 400 again includes a light guide bundle 422 including a plurality of light guides 422A held within a guide coupling housing 450, a light source 424 generating a source beam 424A, a system controller 426 including control electronics 426A and signal processing electronics 426B, a multiplexer 428, and a multiplexer alignment system 442.

[0118] It will be appreciated that the light guide bundle 422 may include any suitable number of light guides 422A, which may be positioned and / or oriented relative to one another in any suitable manner, for example, to best align the light guides 422A with respect to the multiplexer 428 and the multiplexer alignment system 442. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the light guide bundle 422 again includes four light guides 422A aligned with one another in a generally linear array, where the guide proximal ends 422P of each of the light guides 422A are held within a guide coupling housing 450. The light guide bundle 422 and / or the light guides 422A are substantially similar in design and function, as described in detail herein above. Accordingly, such components will not be described in detail with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 4.

[0119] As previously mentioned, multiplexer 428 and multiplexer alignment system 442 are substantially similar in design and function to those described in detail herein above in connection with Figure 2. In particular, multiplexer 428 again includes one or more of a multiplexer base 458, a multiplexer stage 460, a stage mover 462, a redirector 464, and a first beam splitter 468, which are used in conjunction with system controller 426, i.e., control electronics 426A and / or signal processing electronics 426B, and multiplexer alignment system 442. Additionally, the multiplexer alignment system 442 again includes one or more of the second light source 470 generating the probe source beam 470A, the first beam splitter 468, the second beam splitter 472, the photodetector 476, and the amplifier 478, which are used in conjunction with the system controller 426, i.e., the control electronics 426A and / or the signal processing electronics 426B, and the multiplexer 428.

[0120] However, in this embodiment, the relative positioning of certain components of multiplexer 428 and / or multiplexer alignment system 442 has been altered from the previous embodiment. Additionally, as shown, coupling optics 266 of multiplexer 228 and optical element 274 of multiplexer alignment system 242 have been replaced with coupling optics 482 that is configured to be included in and used by both multiplexer 428 and multiplexer alignment system 442.

[0121] More specifically, as shown, each of source beam 424A and probe source beam 470A is directed to and impinges on first beam splitter 468 before being directed to combining optics 482. As shown in FIG. 4, source beam 424A is transmitted through first beam splitter 468, e.g., a dichroic beam splitter, as individual guide beams 424B, which are directed through combining optics 482 to be directed and focused to scan across a face of guide combining housing 450 and / or respective guide proximal ends 422P of light guide 422A. Similarly, as shown, the probe source beam 470A is redirected by the first beam splitter 468 such that the probe source beam 470A is also directed through the coupling optics 482 to be directed and focused to scan across the face of the guide coupling housing 450 and / or the respective guide proximal end 422P of the light guide 422A. With such a design, i.e., by using the coupling optics 482 used for both the multiplexer 428 and the multiplexer alignment system 442, the overall design can be simplified and have a more compact layout. The guide beam 424B and the probe source beam 470A are focused downward after the coupling optics 482, thereby improving the damage threshold in the coupling optics 482. Furthermore, such a design also moves the focal portions of the guide beam 424B and the probe source beam 470A further out from the multiplexer stage 460. This facilitates configuration for connecting the guide coupling housing 450 to the system console 123 (shown in FIG. 1).

[0122] As with the previous embodiment, during the scanning process, at least a portion of the light in the focused spot from the probe source beam 470A is scattered from the surfaces of the guide coupling housing 450 and the surfaces of the individual light guides 422A and directed back to the combining optics 482 and the first beam splitter 468 as a backscattered energy beam 470B. After being focused and collimated by the combining optics 482, the backscattered energy beam 470B is reflected from the first beam splitter 468 and redirected by the first beam splitter 468 towards a second beam splitter 472, e.g., a 10 / 90 beam splitter or another suitable type of beam splitter (i.e., with a different level of transmission and reflectance of the incident beam). The second beam splitter 472 then reflects a portion, e.g., a majority, of the light returned as the backscattered energy beam 470B to the photodetector 476.

[0123] Further, in some embodiments, the photodetector 476 then generates a signal based on the portion of the visible light scattered from the surfaces of the guide coupling housing 450 and the surfaces of the individual light guides 422A, i.e., the portion of the backscattered energy beam 470B collected by the photodetector 476. As shown in FIG. 4, the signal from the photodetector 476 is directed to an amplifier 478, which amplifies the signal from the photodetector 476. The amplified signal is then utilized, for example, in the signal processing electronics 426B, to determine the intensity of the backscattered energy beam 470B. It will be appreciated that in this and various other embodiments, the photodetector 476 can include additional focusing or collection optics.

[0124] Further, as in the previous embodiment, once the intensity of the backscattered energy beam 470B is determined to be at a local minimum, i.e., as determined by the signal processing electronics 426B, then it is determined that it is the right time to fire the light source 424 so that the guide beam 424B is accurately directed and coupled to the guide proximal end 422P of the desired light guide 422A. The signal processing electronics 426B and the control electronics 426A monitor this information and keep track of it. More specifically, if the system controller 426 and / or the control electronics 426A control the speed of the scanning process, and the offset between the probe source beam 470A and the individual guide beams 424B are known, then the time between the optimal alignment for coupling the probe source beam 470A and the time when the individual guide beams 424B are at that position can be precisely determined. This leaves time for the catheter system 400 to completely scan the face of the guide coupling housing 450 and / or the respective proximal guide ends 422P of the light guides 422A to determine the optimum coupling location and then precisely position the spot accordingly to fire the light source 424. It will be appreciated that this general concept can be applied to fire the light source 424 to precisely couple the individual guide beams 424B onto the respective proximal guide ends 422P of the light guides 422A in any suitable combination, sequence, and / or pattern.

[0125] Further, while FIG. 4 shows the light guide 422A fixed in place relative to the multiplexer base 458, it will be appreciated that in some alternative embodiments the light guide 422A can be configured to move relative to the coupling optics 482 which are fixed in place. In such embodiments, the guide coupling housing 450 itself moves, for example the guide coupling housing 450 can be supported by a linear translation stage. The multiplexer alignment system 442 needs to monitor the position of this stage and determine the parametric motion in the projected guide spot from the light source 424 while scanning to determine the position for optimal coupling. The system controls the stage and steps it to align the light guide 422A with the guide beam 424B and the coupling optics 482 when the determined position for optimal coupling is reached.

[0126] 5 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of yet another embodiment of a catheter system 500 including yet another embodiment of a multiplexer 528 and a multiplexer alignment system 542. In particular, as shown in FIG. 5, the catheter system 500 can include one or more of a light guide bundle 522 including multiple light guides 522A held within a guide coupling housing 550, a light source 524 generating a source beam 524A, a system controller 526 including control electronics 526A and signal processing electronics 526B, a multiplexer 528, and a multiplexer alignment system 542.

[0127] Light guide bundle 522 may include any suitable number of light guides 522A, which may be positioned and / or oriented relative to one another in any suitable manner to best align the light guides 522A, for example, with respect to multiplexer 528 and multiplexer alignment system 542. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, light guide bundle 522 again includes four light guides 522A aligned with one another in a generally linear array, with guide proximal ends 522P of each of light guides 522A held within guide coupling housing 550. Light guide bundle 522 and / or light guides 522A are substantially similar in design and function, as described in detail herein above. Accordingly, such components will not be described in detail with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 5.

[0128] Similar to the previous embodiment, the multiplexer 528 is configured to receive optical energy in the form of a source beam 524A, e.g., a pulsed source beam, from the light source 524 and direct that optical energy in the form of individual guide beams 524B to the guide proximal ends 522P of each of the plurality of light guides 522A in any desired combination, order, sequence, and / or pattern.

[0129] The design of the multiplexer 528 can vary depending on the requirements of the catheter system 500, the relative positioning of the light guides 522A, and / or to suit the desires of a user or operator of the catheter system 500. In the embodiment shown in Figure 5, the multiplexer 528 includes one or more of a (fixed) redirector 564, a first beam splitter 568, a first movable redirector 584, a second movable redirector 586, and a coupling optical element 582, which are used in conjunction with a system controller 526, i.e., control electronics 526A and / or signal processing electronics 526B, and a multiplexer alignment system 542, which are described in detail herein. Alternatively, the multiplexer 528 can include more or fewer components than those specifically shown in Figure 5.

[0130] Additionally, similar to the previous embodiment, multiplexer alignment system 542 is configured to probe a surface of light guide bundle 522 (i.e., a surface of guide coupling housing 550) and / or a proximal guide end 522P of each light guide 522A within light guide bundle 522 as a means of improving optical coupling between guide beam 524B and each proximal guide end 522P of light guide 522A.

[0131] The design of the multiplexer alignment system 542 can vary depending on the requirements of the catheter system 500, the relative positioning of the light guides 522A, and / or to suit the needs of a user or operator of the catheter system 500. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the multiplexer alignment system 542 includes one or more of the second light source 570, the first beam splitter 568, the second beam splitter 572, the first movable redirector 584, the second movable redirector 586, the coupling optics 582, the photodetector 576, and the amplifier 578, which are used in conjunction with the system controller 526, i.e., the control electronics 526A and / or the signal processing electronics 526B, and the multiplexer 528. As described in more detail herein, the second light source 570 provides optical energy in the form of a probe source beam 570A that is directed to scan across the entire guide proximal end 522P of each of the light guides 522A during the mapping process. Alternatively, the multiplexer alignment system 542 may include more or fewer components than those specifically shown in FIG.

[0132] As previously discussed, in various embodiments, the multiplexer 528 and multiplexer alignment system 542 are configured to operate substantially simultaneously, with the probe source beam 570A from the second light source 570 slightly leading the guide beam 524B from the light source 524 as both the probe source beam 570A and the individual guide beams 524B are scanning across the face of the guide coupling housing 550. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the multiplexer alignment system 542 may be configured to completely map the face of the guide coupling housing 550 with the probe source beam 570A from the second light source 570 prior to any use of the light source 524 and multiplexer 528 configured to direct and focus the individual guide beams 524B into the respective guide proximal ends 522P of the light guide 522A in any desired sequence, order, or pattern. The general operation of each of multiplexer 528 and multiplexer alignment system 542 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 will now be described in more detail.

[0133] During use of the multiplexer 528, the source beam 524A from the light source 524 is first directed to and impinges on the redirector 564, which is configured to redirect the source beam 524A toward a first beam splitter 568, such as a dichroic beam splitter, by, for example, about 90° or another suitable amount. Based on the design of the first beam splitter 568, the source beam 524A is then transmitted through the first beam splitter 568 toward the first movable redirector 584. As shown, the first movable redirector 584 is configured to redirect the source beam 524A toward the second movable redirector 586. In this embodiment, the first movable redirector 584 is selectively rotatable about a rotation axis 584X, i.e., by a first redirector mover 584A, to adjust the angle of the source beam 524A when the source beam 524A is directed to the second movable redirector 586. The source beam 524A is then redirected by the second movable redirector 586 and directed to the coupling optics 582 as a guide beam 524B that is coupled by the coupling optics 582 onto the guide proximal end 522P of each light guide 522A, as desired. In this embodiment, the second movable redirector 586 is selectively rotatable about a rotation axis 586X, i.e., by a second redirector mover 586A, to adjust the angle of the guide beam 524B when the guide beam 524B is directed to the coupling optics 582. As used herein, the coupling optics 582 may alternatively include a simple lens, a compound lens, or an f-theta lens.

[0134] It will be appreciated that the first and second movable redirectors 584, 586 and the corresponding redirector movers 584A, 586A can have any suitable design suitable for redirecting the source beam 524A and / or the guide beam 524B in a desired manner. For example, in one embodiment, the first and second movable redirectors 584, 586 can each be provided in the form of a galvanometer, i.e., a galvanometer mirror scanner including a mirror (or other reflective surface) that is rotated about an axis of rotation 584X, 586X using the redirector movers 584A, 586A, respectively. Alternatively, the movable redirectors 584, 586 can include one or more multi-axis scanners. The movers 584A, 586A are utilized to rotate the movable redirectors 584, 586, respectively, to steer the guided beam 524B into the coupling optical element 582, i.e., at a desired angle of incidence, so that the guided beam 524B can be selectively focused by the coupling optical element 582 to one of the light guides 522A in the light guide bundle 522. In particular, as the movable redirectors 584, 586 are rotated, the movable redirectors 584, 586 steer the guided beam 524B at various angles into the coupling optical element 582, e.g., a focusing lens, such that the guided beam 524B is linearly scanned and the focal point is translated to a different light guide 522A implemented in the light guide bundle 522. Thus, by changing the angle of the movable redirectors 584, 586, the guide beam 524B can be selectively steered to the proximal guide end 522P of either of the light guides 522A within the light guide bundle 522. In non-exclusive alternative embodiments, the movable redirectors 584, 586 can include mirrors attached to opto-mechanical scanners, galvanometers, or other multi-axis beam steering devices that are used to direct the source beam 524A and / or guide beam 524B as desired through the coupling optics 582 so that the guide beam 524B is coupled into the selected light guide 522A in any desired manner.

[0135] 5, during use of the multiplexer alignment system 542, the probe source beam 570A from the second energy source 570 is first directed to the second beam splitter 572, from which at least a portion of the probe source beam 570A is directed forward to the first beam splitter 568. Based on the design of the first beam splitter 568, the probe source beam 570A is then redirected by the first beam splitter 568 to the first movable redirector 584. From here, the probe source beam 570A follows the same path as previously described for the source beam 524A and / or guide beam 524B as the source beam 524A and / or guide beam 524B are ultimately directed and focused into the light guide 522A. In particular, as shown, first movable redirector 584 is configured to redirect probe source beam 570A towards second movable redirector 586, which then redirects probe source beam 570A towards coupling optics 582. As previously described, by adjusting the respective angles of first movable redirector 584 and second movable redirector 586, probe source beam 570A can then be focused by coupling optics 582 and scanned across a face of guide coupling housing 550 and / or across guide proximal ends 522P of each of light guides 522A within light guide bundle 522.

[0136] 5, the catheter system 500 is controlled such that the probe source beams 570A are slightly offset from the respective guide beams 524B as the respective guide beams 524B are scanned across the face of the guide coupling housing 550. More specifically, in such embodiments, the movable redirectors 584, 586 and the coupling optics 582 may be configured and / or positioned such that the probe source beams 570A are slightly ahead or slightly ahead of the respective guide beams 524B during the scanning process. Stated differently, the movable redirectors 584, 586 and the coupling optics 582 are aligned such that the spots from the guide beams 524B are formed a controlled distance behind the spots from the probe source beams 570A.

[0137] Additionally, similar to the previous embodiment, during the scanning process, at least a portion of the light in the focused spot from the probe source beam 570A is scattered from the surfaces of the guide coupling housing 550 and the surfaces of the individual light guides 522A and directed as backscattered energy beam 570B back to the coupling optics 582, the second movable redirector 586, the first movable redirector 584, and the first beam splitter 568. After being focused and collimated by the coupling optics 582 and redirected by the second movable redirector 586 and the first movable redirector 584, the backscattered energy beam 570B is reflected from the first beam splitter 568 and redirected by the first beam splitter 568 towards a second beam splitter 572, such as a 10 / 90 beam splitter or another suitable type of beam splitter (i.e., with a different level of transmission and reflectance of the incident beam). A second beam splitter 572 then reflects a portion, eg, a majority, of the light returned as backscattered energy beam 570B to a photodetector 576.

[0138] Further, in some embodiments, photodetector 576 then generates a signal based on the portion of the visible light scattered from the surfaces of guide coupling housing 550 and the surfaces of each individual light guide 522A, i.e., the portion of backscattered energy beam 570B collected by photodetector 576. As shown in FIG. 5, the signal from photodetector 576 is then directed to amplifier 578, where the signal from photodetector 576 is amplified. The amplified signal can then be utilized, for example, in signal processing electronics 526B, to determine the intensity of backscattered energy beam 570B.

[0139] Further, as in the previous embodiment, once the intensity of the backscattered energy beam 570B is determined to be at a local minimum, i.e., as determined by the signal processing electronics 526B, then it is determined that it is the appropriate time to fire the light source 524 so that the guide beam 524B is accurately directed and coupled to the guide proximal end 522P of the desired light guide 522A. The signal processing electronics 526B and the control electronics 526A monitor this information and keep track of it. More specifically, if the system controller 526 and / or the control electronics 526A control the speed of the scanning process, and the offset between the probe source beam 570A and the individual guide beams 524B are known, then the time between the optimal alignment for coupling the probe source beam 570A and the time when the individual guide beams 524B are at that position can be precisely determined. This leaves time for the catheter system 500 to completely scan the face of the guide coupling housing 550 and / or the respective proximal guide ends 522P of the light guides 522A to determine the optimum coupling location and then precisely position the spot accordingly to fire the light source 524. It will be appreciated that this general concept can be applied to fire the light source 524 to precisely couple the individual guide beams 524B into the respective proximal guide ends 522P of the light guides 522A in any suitable combination, sequence, and / or pattern.

[0140] 6 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of yet another embodiment of a catheter system 600, including yet another embodiment of a multiplexer 628 and a multiplexer alignment system 642. In particular, as shown in FIG. 6, the catheter system 600 can include one or more of a light guide bundle 622 including a plurality of light guides 622A held within a guide coupling housing 650, a light source 624 generating a source beam 624A, a system controller 626 including control electronics 626A and signal processing electronics 626B, a multiplexer 628, and a multiplexer alignment system 642.

[0141] It will be appreciated that the light guide bundle 622 may include any suitable number of light guides 622A, which may be positioned and / or oriented relative to one another in any suitable manner, for example, to best align the light guides 622A with respect to the multiplexer 628 and the multiplexer alignment system 642. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the light guide bundle 622 includes six light guides 622A aligned in a generally circular array with respect to one another, where the guide proximal ends 622P of the light guides 622A are held within guide coupling housing 650, i.e., within guide coupling slots 656 within the generally cylindrically shaped guide coupling housing 650. The light guide bundle 622 and / or light guides 622A are substantially similar in design and function as described in detail herein above. Accordingly, such components will not be described in detail with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 6.

[0142] Similar to the previous embodiment, the multiplexer 628 is configured to receive optical energy in the form of a source beam 624A, e.g., a pulsed source beam, from the light source 624 and direct the optical energy in the form of individual guide beams 624B to the guide proximal ends 622P of each of the plurality of light guides 622A in any desired combination, order, sequence, and / or pattern.

[0143] The design of the multiplexer 628 can vary depending on the requirements of the catheter system 600, the relative positioning of the light guides 622A, and / or to suit the needs of a user or operator of the catheter system 600. In the embodiment shown in Figure 6, the multiplexer 628 includes one or more of a redirector 664, a first beam splitter 668, a multiplexer stage 660, a stage mover 662, a beam path adjuster 688, and a coupling optical element 682, which are used in conjunction with a system controller 626, i.e., control electronics 626A and / or signal processing electronics 626B, and a multiplexer alignment system 642, which are described in detail herein. Alternatively, the multiplexer 628 can include more or fewer components than those specifically shown in Figure 6.

[0144] Additionally, similar to the previous embodiment, the multiplexer alignment system 642 is configured to probe a surface of the light guide bundle 622 (i.e., a surface of the guide coupling housing 650) and / or a respective guide proximal end 622P of the light guide 622A within the light guide bundle 622 as a means of improving optical coupling between the guide beam 624B and the respective guide proximal end 622P of the light guide 622A.

[0145] The configuration of the multiplexer alignment system 642 can vary depending on the requirements of the catheter system 600, the relative positioning of the light guides 622A, and / or to suit the needs of a user or operator of the catheter system 600. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the multiplexer alignment system 642 includes one or more of a second light source 670, a first beam splitter 668, a second beam splitter 672, a beam path adjuster 688, a coupling optics 682, a photodetector 676, and an amplifier 678, which are used in conjunction with the system controller 626, i.e., the control electronics 626A and / or the signal processing electronics 626B, and the multiplexer 628. As described in detail herein, the second light source 670 provides optical energy in the form of a probe source beam 670A that is directed to scan across the entire guide proximal end 622P of each of the light guides 622A during the mapping process. Alternatively, multiplexer alignment system 642 may include more or fewer components than those specifically shown in FIG.

[0146] As previously discussed, in various embodiments, the multiplexer 628 and multiplexer alignment system 642 are configured to operate substantially simultaneously, with the probe source beam 670A from the second light source 670 slightly leading the guide beam 624B from the light source 624 as both the probe source beam 670A and the individual guide beams 624B are scanning across the face of the guide coupling housing 650. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the multiplexer alignment system 642 can be configured to completely map the face of the guide coupling housing 650 with the probe source beam 670A from the second light source 670 prior to any use of the light source 624 and multiplexer 628 configured to focus the individual guide beams 624B towards the respective guide proximal ends 622P of the light guides 622A in any desired sequence, order, or pattern. The general operation of each of multiplexer 628 and multiplexer alignment system 642 in the embodiment shown in FIG. 6 will now be described in more detail.

[0147] During use of the multiplexer 628, the source beam 624A from the light source 624 is first directed to and impinges on the redirector 664, which is configured to redirect the source beam 624A toward a first beam splitter 668, such as a dichroic beam splitter, by, for example, about 90° or another suitable amount. Based on the design of the first beam splitter 668, the source beam 624A is then transmitted through the first beam splitter 668 toward the beam path adjuster 688.

[0148] As shown, the beam path adjuster 688 and the coupling optical element 682 are mounted to and / or carried by the multiplexer stage 660. Further, as shown in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, the stage mover 662 is configured to rotationally move the multiplexer stage 660. More specifically, in this embodiment, the multiplexer stage 660 and / or the stage mover 662 require a single rotational degree of freedom. Further, as shown, the multiplexer stage 660 and / or the beam path adjuster 688 are aligned with the beam path of the source beam 624A from the redirector 664 on a rotation axis 688X. Thus, the multiplexer stage 660 is configured to be rotated by the stage mover 662 about the rotation axis 688X.

[0149] During use of the catheter system 600, the source beam 624A is initially directed along the rotation axis 688X to the multiplexer stage 660. The beam path adjuster 688 is then configured to deflect the source beam 624A laterally a predetermined distance, i.e., from the rotation axis 688X, such that the source beam 624A is directed in a direction substantially parallel to and spaced away from the rotation axis 688X. More specifically, the beam path adjuster 688 deflects the source beam 624A to match the radius of the circular pattern of the light guide 622A within the guide coupling housing 650. As the multiplexer stage 660 is rotated, the beam path adjuster 688 follows a circular path.

[0150] It will be appreciated that the beam path adjuster 688 can have any suitable design. For example, in certain non-exclusive alternative embodiments, the beam path adjuster 688 can be provided in the form of an anamorphic prism pair, a wedge prism pair, or a closely spaced right angle mirror or prism pair. Alternatively, the beam path adjuster 688 can include another suitable form of optical element to achieve the desired lateral beam offset.

[0151] Additionally, as discussed above, a coupling optic 682 is also mounted to and / or carried by the multiplexer stage 660. As with the previous embodiment, the coupling optic 682 is configured to focus the individual guide beams 624B into each of the light guides 622A within the light guide bundle 622, which is partially carried within the guide coupling housing 650 for optimal coupling.

[0152] 6, during use of the multiplexer alignment system 642, the probe source beam 670A from the second energy source 670 is first directed to the second beam splitter 672, from which at least a portion of the probe source beam 670A is directed forward to the first beam splitter 668. Based on the design of the first beam splitter 668, the probe source beam 670A is then redirected by the first beam splitter 668 to the beam path adjuster 688. From here, the probe source beam 670A follows the same path as previously described for the source beam 624A and / or guide beam 624B as the source beam 624A and / or guide beam 624B are ultimately directed and focused into the light guide 622A. In particular, as shown, the beam path adjuster 688 is configured to deflect the probe source beam 670A laterally a predetermined distance, i.e., away from the rotation axis 688X, such that the probe source beam 670A is directed toward the coupling optics 682 in a direction substantially parallel to and away from the rotation axis 688X. The coupling optics 682 then focuses the probe source beam 670A toward the guide coupling housing 650. By rotating the multiplexer stage 660 using the stage mover 662 in a rotational manner as described above, the probe source beam 670A may then be focused by the coupling optics 682 and circularly scanned around the face of the guide coupling housing 650 and / or the guide proximal end 622P of each of the light guides 622A within the light guide bundle 622.

[0153] In this embodiment, the stage mover 662 can have any suitable design suitable for the purpose of rotationally moving the multiplexer stage 660 about the rotation axis 688X. More specifically, the stage mover 662 can be any suitable type of rotation mechanism. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the stage mover 662 can be electronically controlled, for example, using a stepper motor or a piezoelectrically actuated rotation stage, to sequentially align the beam path of the guide beam 624B with each of the individual light guides 622A held therein. Alternatively, in other embodiments, the stage mover 662 and / or the multiplexer stage 660 can include mechanical stops so that the coupling optical element 682 can be precisely aligned with the respective positions of the light guides 622A.

[0154] As previously mentioned, in certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6, the catheter system 600 is controlled such that the probe source beam 670A is slightly offset from the respective guide beam 624B as the respective guide beam 624B is scanned around the face of the guide coupling housing 650. More specifically, in such embodiments, the beam path adjuster 688 and the coupling optics 682 may be configured and / or positioned such that the probe source beam 670A slightly precedes or slightly leads the respective guide beam 624B during the scanning process. Stated differently, the beam path adjuster 688 and the coupling optics 682 are aligned such that the spot from the guide beam 624B is formed a controlled distance behind the spot from the probe source beam 670A.

[0155] Additionally, similar to the previous embodiment, during the scanning process, at least a portion of the light in the focused spot from the probe source beam 670A scatters from the surfaces of the guide coupling housing 650 and the surfaces of the individual light guides 622A and is directed back as a backscattered energy beam 670B to the coupling optics 682, the beam path adjuster 688, and the first beam splitter 668. After being focused and collimated by the coupling optics 682 and redirected by the beam path adjuster 688, the backscattered energy beam 670B is reflected from the first beam splitter 668 and redirected by the first beam splitter 668 to a second beam splitter 672, such as a 10 / 90 beam splitter or another suitable type of beam splitter (i.e., with a different level of transmission and reflectance of the incident beam). The second beam splitter 672 then reflects a portion, eg, a majority, of the light returned as backscattered energy beam 670B to a photodetector 676.

[0156] Further, in some embodiments, the photodetector 676 then generates a signal based on the portion of the visible light scattered from the surfaces of the guide coupling housing 650 and the surfaces of the individual light guides 622A, i.e., the portion of the backscattered energy beam 670B collected by the photodetector 676. As shown in FIG. 6, the signal from the photodetector 676 is then directed to an amplifier 678, where the signal from the photodetector 676 is amplified. The amplified signal can then be utilized, for example, in the signal processing electronics 626B, to determine the intensity of the backscattered energy beam 670B.

[0157] Further, as in the previous embodiment, when the intensity of the backscattered energy beam 670B is determined to be at a local minimum, i.e., as determined by the signal processing electronics 626B, it is determined that it is the right time to fire the light source 624 so that the guide beam 624B is accurately directed and coupled to the guide proximal end 522P of the desired light guide 622A. The signal processing electronics 626B and the control electronics 626A monitor this information and keep track of it. More specifically, if the system controller 626 and / or the control electronics 626A control the speed of the scanning process, and the offset between the probe source beam 670A and the individual guide beams 624B are known, the time between the optimal alignment for coupling the probe source beam 670A and the time when the individual guide beams 624B are at that position can be precisely determined. This leaves time for the catheter system 600 to completely scan the face of the guide coupling housing 650 and / or the respective proximal guide ends 622P of the light guides 622A to determine the optimum coupling location and then precisely position the spot accordingly to fire the light source 624. It will be appreciated that this general concept can be applied to fire the light source 624 to precisely couple the individual guide beams 624B into the respective proximal guide ends 622P of the light guides 622A in any suitable combination, sequence, and / or pattern.

[0158] Alternatively, while FIG. 6 shows the light guide 622A fixed in place relative to the multiplexer stage 660, it will be appreciated that in some embodiments the light guide 622A can be configured to move, e.g., rotate, relative to the coupling optics 682 which is fixed in place. In such embodiments, the guide coupling housing 650 itself moves, e.g., the guide coupling housing 650 can rotate about a rotation axis 688X, and the system controller 626 can control the rotation stage to step the light guide 622A to align with the coupling optics and the guide beam 624B, respectively, in the desired pattern. The multiplexer alignment system 642 must monitor the position of this stage and determine the movement of the projected guide spot from the light source 624 while scanning and determining the position for optimal coupling. The system controls the stage to step the stage to align the light guide 622A with the guide beam 624B and the coupling optics 682 when the determined position for optimal coupling is reached. In such an embodiment, the guide coupling housing 650 is not rotated continuously, but rather rotated a predetermined number of degrees and then counter-rotated to avoid winding up of the light guide 622A.

[0159] 7 is a simplified schematic diagram of a portion of yet another embodiment of a catheter system 700 including yet another embodiment of a multiplexer 728 and a multiplexer alignment system 742. As shown, the embodiment of the catheter system 700 shown in FIG. 7, including the multiplexer 728 and the multiplexer alignment system 742, is substantially similar to the catheter system 200 shown and described in connection with FIG. 2. For example, as shown, the catheter system 700 again includes a light guide bundle 722 including a plurality of light guides 722A held within a guide coupling housing 750, a light source 724 generating a source beam 724A, a system controller 726 including control electronics 726A and signal processing electronics 726B, a multiplexer 728, and a multiplexer alignment system 742.

[0160] It will be appreciated that the light guide bundle 722 may include any suitable number of light guides 722A, which may be positioned and / or oriented relative to one another in any suitable manner, for example, to best align the light guides 722A with the multiplexer 728 and the multiplexer alignment system 742. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the light guide bundle 722 again includes four light guides 722A aligned with one another in a generally linear array, where the guide proximal ends 722P of each of the light guides 722A are held within a guide coupling housing 750. The light guide bundle 722 and / or light guides 722A are substantially similar in design and function as previously described in detail herein. Accordingly, such components will not be described in detail with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG.

[0161] As previously mentioned, the multiplexer 728 and multiplexer alignment system 742 are substantially similar in design and function to those described in detail above in connection with Figure 2. In particular, the multiplexer 728 again includes one or more of a multiplexer base 758, a multiplexer stage 760, a stage mover 762, a redirector 764, a coupling optics 766, and a first beam splitter 768, which are used in conjunction with the system controller 726, i.e., control electronics 726A and / or signal processing electronics 726B, and the multiplexer alignment system 742. Additionally, the multiplexer alignment system 742 again includes one or more of a second light source 770 generating a probe source beam 770A, a first beam splitter 768, a second beam splitter 772, an optical element 774, a photodetector 776, and an amplifier 778, which are used in conjunction with the system controller 726, i.e., control electronics 726A and / or signal processing electronics 726B, and a multiplexer 728.

[0162] However, in this embodiment, the mode of operation of the catheter system 700 is somewhat different in that the scanning process for each of the multiplexer alignment system 742 and the multiplexer 728 is performed independently of each other. In particular, in such an embodiment, the catheter system 700 is configured such that the multiplexer alignment system 742 performs a complete scan and mapping of the surface of the guide coupling housing 750 and / or the surface of the guide proximal end 722P of each of the light guides 722A with the probe source beam 770A from the second light source 770 backscattered at least in part as a backscattered energy beam 770B, without the multiplexer 728 substantially simultaneously scanning with the individual guide beams 724B. Thus, in such an embodiment, the multiplexer alignment system 742 scans all the light guides 722A and finds the XY position for each light guide 722A that provides the optimal coupling, and does so without firing the primary light source 724. The multiplexer alignment system slowly steps through and performs a complete XY scan across the entire face of the guide coupling housing 750, mapping the entirety. Such information is then stored in the control electronics 726A, and such information regarding position is then used for real-time firing of the primary light source 724. In this embodiment, the multiplexer alignment system 742 can still utilize a second light source 770, such as shown in FIG. 7. Alternatively, the multiplexer alignment system 742 can be configured to use the same light source 724 as is used and operated by the multiplexer 728.

[0163] In application of this alternative embodiment, the catheter system 700 may be used according to the following steps: 1) a user inserts the guide coupling housing 750 into the system console 123 (shown in FIG. 1); 2) the catheter system 700 locks the guide coupling housing in place and switches to a standby mode; 3) the multiplexer alignment system 742 scans across the face of the guide coupling housing 750 according to some XY pattern (such as a zigzag) and maps the position for optimal coupling for each light guide 722A; 4) the system controller 726 and / or control electronics 726A store all of these positions and switch to a ready mode; and 5) the user actuates the catheter 102 (shown in FIG. 1), and the multiplexer 728 scans across the face of the guide coupling housing 750, stopping at each optimal XY position and firing the light source 724.

[0164] Although the embodiment depicted in FIG. 7 is shown as being used within an embodiment substantially similar to that shown and described in connection with FIG. 2, it will be appreciated that such alternative modes of operation of the multiplexer and multiplexer alignment system may be utilized with any of the embodiments depicted and described herein.

[0165] As described in detail herein, various embodiments may utilize multiplexers and multiplexer alignment systems to solve one or more of the problems present in conventional catheter systems. For example, 1) The multiplexer and multiplexer alignment system reduces the dependence of optical coupling on the assembly precision and mechanical tolerance stack-up and true alignment of the light guides, guide coupling housings, and associated connections, thereby enabling the use of lower cost, lower precision components in disposable devices and improved cost of goods sold. 2) The multiplexer and multiplexer alignment system reduces the dependence of the multiplexer's performance on the accuracy of the multiplexer's positioning mechanism and the associated quality and accuracy of its optical and mechanical components, thereby improving the speed and performance of the entire multiplexer and catheter system.

[0166] It should be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the content and / or context clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term "or" is generally used in its sense including "and / or" unless the content or context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0167] It should also be noted that, as used herein and in the appended claims, the phrase "configured" refers to a system, apparatus, or other structure that is constructed or configured to perform a particular task or adopt a particular configuration. The phrase "configured" can be used interchangeably with other similar phrases, such as arranged and configured, built and arranged, constructed, manufactured and arranged, etc.

[0168] The headings used herein are provided for consistency with suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or to provide organizational guidance. These headings should not be construed as limiting or characterizing the invention(s) described in any claim that may issue from this disclosure. As an example, a description of a technology in the "Background" is not an admission that the technology is prior art to any invention(s) in this disclosure. Neither the "Summary" nor the "Abstract" should be construed as a feature of the invention(s) described in the issued claims.

[0169] The embodiments described herein are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that those skilled in the art can appreciate and understand the principles and practices. Thus, aspects have been described with reference to various specific preferred embodiments and techniques. However, it should be understood that many variations and modifications can be made while remaining within the spirit and scope of the description.

[0170] Although several different embodiments of the catheter system have been illustrated and described herein, it will be understood that one or more features of any one embodiment may be combined with one or more features of one or more of the other embodiments, provided that such combination satisfies the intent of the invention.

[0171] While several exemplary aspects and embodiments of the catheter system have been discussed above, those skilled in the art will recognize certain modifications, permutations, additions, and subcombinations thereof. Accordingly, the following appended claims and the claims introduced below are intended to be construed to include all such modifications, permutations, additions, and subcombinations that are within the true spirit and scope thereof, and are not intended to be limited to the details of construction or design shown herein.

Claims

1. 1. A catheter system for treating a treatment site within or adjacent to a blood vessel wall or a heart valve, comprising: a first light source that generates light energy; a plurality of light guides, each configured to alternately receive light energy from the first light source, each light guide having a proximal guide end; a multiplexer that receives the optical energy from the first light source, the multiplexer alternately directing the optical energy from the first light source to each of the plurality of light guides; a multiplexer alignment system operably coupled to the multiplexer, the multiplexer alignment system including a second light source generating a probe source beam that scans the guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides; a first beam splitter receiving a source beam from the first light source and a probe source beam from the second light source, the first beam splitter configured to direct each of the source beam and the probe source beam toward the guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides; A catheter system comprising:

2. The catheter system of claim 1 , wherein the first beamsplitter comprises a dichroic beamsplitter.

3. 3. The catheter system of claim 1, wherein the first beam splitter is configured to transmit one of the source beam and the probe source beam and to reflect the other of the source beam and the probe source beam.

4. the multiplexer alternately directs the optical energy from the first light source in the form of individual guide beams to each of the plurality of light guides, the probe source beam scanning the guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides resulting in a backscattered energy beam scattered from the guide proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides; and 4. The catheter system of claim 1, further comprising a system controller that analyzes the backscattered energy beam to determine optical coupling between the individual guide beams and the plurality of light guides.

5. The catheter system of claim 4 , wherein the system controller is configured to control operation of the first light source to generate pulses of light energy.

6. 6. The catheter system of claim 4, wherein the multiplexer alignment system is operatively coupled to the multiplexer such that the probe source beam scans the proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides at a predetermined time before an individual guide beam scans the proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides.

7. 7. The catheter system of claim 4, further comprising a second beam splitter and a photodetector, the second beam splitter configured to (i) receive the backscattered energy beam and (ii) direct at least a portion of the backscattered energy beam to the photodetector.

8. 8. The catheter system of claim 7, wherein the second beam splitter is a 10 / 90 beam splitter that redirects approximately 90 percent of the backscattered energy beam toward the photodetector.

9. 9. The catheter system of claim 7 or 8, wherein the photodetector generates a signal based at least in part on at least a portion of the backscattered energy beam directed at the photodetector.

10. 10. The catheter system of claim 9, wherein the signal from the photodetector is amplified by an amplifier to provide an amplified signal that is directed to signal processing electronics to determine an intensity of the optical energy contained in the backscattered energy beam.

11. 11. The catheter system of claim 10, wherein the intensity of the optical energy contained in the backscattered energy beam is evaluated to determine an optimal optical coupling between the guide beam and the plurality of light guides.

12. 12. The catheter system of claim 7, wherein the multiplexer alignment system includes a plurality of coupling optical elements configured to focus the probe source beam to scan the proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides.

13. 13. The catheter system of claim 12, wherein the coupling optical element is positioned in a beam path of the probe source beam between the first beam splitter and the second beam splitter.

14. 14. The catheter system of claim 12 or 13, wherein the multiplexer includes a multiplexer base, a multiplexer stage, and a stage mover that moves the multiplexer stage with a single linear degree of freedom relative to the multiplexer base.

15. The catheter system of claim 14 , wherein the first beam splitter, the second beam splitter, and the combining optical element are implemented in the multiplexer stage.

16. 12. The catheter system of claim 7, wherein the multiplexer includes a multiplexer base, a multiplexer stage, and a stage mover that moves the multiplexer stage with a single linear degree of freedom relative to the multiplexer base, and the multiplexer further includes a first movable redirector and a second movable redirector positioned in the optical path of the source beam from the first light source and in the optical path of a probe source beam from the second light source.

17. 17. The catheter system of claim 16, wherein the first movable redirector is movable about an axis by a first redirector mover and the second movable redirector is movable about an axis by a second redirector mover, movement of the first movable redirector and the second movable redirector cooperate to direct the source beams as the individual guide beams, and the probe source beam is directed to a combining optic such that the guide beam and the probe source beam scan across the guide proximal end of each of the multiple light guides.

18. 7. The catheter system of claim 1, wherein the multiplexer alignment system includes a plurality of coupling optical elements configured to focus the probe source beam to scan the proximal end of each of the plurality of light guides.

19. 19. The catheter system of claim 18, wherein the multiplexer is configured to utilize the combining optical element to focus each of the individual guide beams into one of the plurality of light guides.

20. 5. The catheter system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of light guides are at least partially held within a guide coupling housing, and the probe source beam is configured to scan a face of the guide coupling housing.

Images