tire

Abstract

To provide a tire 2 that can attain improvement in wet performance during steering without increasing rolling resistance.SOLUTION: A tread 4 of a tire 2 comprises a cap layer 38 constituting a portion of an outer surface of the tire 2, an intermediate layer 40 positioned inside the cap layer 38, in a radial direction, and a base layer 42 position inside the intermediate layer 40, in the radial direction. A Loss tangent at 30°C of the intermediate layer 40 is lower than a loss tangent at 30°C of the cap layer 38, and a loss tangent at 30°C of the base layer 42 is lower than the loss tangent at 30°C of the intermediate layer 40. In an axial direction, an outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is positioned outside an outer end PB of the base layer 42. In the radial direction, a position of the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 matches a position of the outer end PB of the base layer 42, or the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is positioned inside the outer end PB of the base layer 42.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a tire. [Background technology]

[0002] When low heat generation rubber is used in the tread, a tire with low rolling resistance is obtained. The grip of low heat generation rubber is inferior to that of high heat generation rubber that can exert a high grip. For this reason, when low heat generation rubber is used in the tread, for example, braking performance on wet road surfaces (hereinafter also referred to as wet performance) decreases. It is difficult to achieve a good balance between rolling resistance and wet performance. Various studies have been conducted with the aim of reducing rolling resistance and improving wet performance (for example, Patent Document 1 below). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] JP 2018-2008 A Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] As vehicle speeds increase, tires are required to have improved wet performance when cornering, not just when driving straight. To improve wet performance, the use of rubber with high grip in the tread is being considered. However, rubber with high grip is prone to heat generation, which increases the rolling resistance of tires. There is a need to establish technology that can improve wet performance when cornering without increasing rolling resistance.

[0005] The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and has an object to provide a tire that can achieve improved wet performance during cornering without increasing rolling resistance. [Means for solving the problem]

[0006] A tire according to one aspect of the present invention includes a tread that comes into contact with a road surface. The tire's outer surface includes a tread surface and a pair of side surfaces that are connected to the ends of the tread surface. In a meridian section of the tire, the contour of the tread surface includes a plurality of curved contours consisting of arcs having different radii. The contour of the tire's outer surface includes, at the end of the tread surface, a curved portion consisting of a curved contour line that is made of an arc having a smallest radius among the plurality of curved contour lines included in the contour of the tread surface and that is connected to the side surface, an inner adjacent contour line that is located axially inside the curved portion and tangent to the curved portion, and an outer adjacent contour line that is located axially outside the curved portion and tangent to the curved portion. The intersection of a straight line that passes through an intersection point between a tangent to the curved portion at a tangent point between the inner adjacent contour line and the curved portion and a tangent to the curved portion at a tangent point between the outer adjacent contour line and the curved portion and extends radially, is the tread reference edge, and the outer surface of the tire. The axial distance from the equatorial plane to the tread reference edge is the tread half width. The tread comprises a cap layer constituting a part of the outer surface of the tire, an intermediate layer located radially inside the cap layer, and a base layer located radially inside the intermediate layer. The intermediate layer has a loss tangent at 30°C lower than the loss tangent at 30°C of the cap layer, and the loss tangent at 30°C of the base layer is lower than the loss tangent at 30°C of the intermediate layer. In the axial direction, an outer end of the cap layer is located outside an outer end of the base layer. In the radial direction, a position of the outer end of the cap layer coincides with a position of the outer end of the base layer, or the outer end of the cap layer is located inside an outer end of the base layer.

[0007] Preferably, in the tire, an outer end of the intermediate layer is located outside an outer end of the base layer in the axial direction, and a position of the outer end of the intermediate layer coincides with a position of the outer end of the base layer in the radial direction, or the outer end of the intermediate layer is located inside an outer end of the base layer.

[0008] Preferably, in the tire, a position of an outer end of the base layer coincides with a position of the tread reference edge in the axial direction, or the outer end of the base layer is located inside the tread reference edge.

[0009] Preferably, in this tire, the tire is mounted on a regular rim, the internal pressure of the tire is adjusted to the regular internal pressure, and a load of 70% of the regular load is applied to the tire as a vertical load to bring the tire into contact with a flat road surface, resulting in a contact surface that is a reference contact surface, and half of the contact width of the reference contact surface is a contact half width. Of the outer surface of the tire, a portion that is formed by the cap layer is a cap surface. In the axial direction, the outer end of the cap surface is located outside the tread reference edge. In a meridian cross section of the tire, the ratio of the sum of the length from the tread reference edge to the outer end of the cap surface and the tread half width, measured along the outer surface of the tire, to the contact half width is 1.15 or more and 1.20 or less.

[0010] Preferably, in the tire, a ratio of a thickness of the cap layer to a thickness of the tread at the tread reference edge is equal to or greater than 15% and equal to or less than 35%.

[0011] Preferably, in the tire, at an outer end of the cap surface, a ratio of a thickness of the cap layer to a thickness of the tread is equal to or greater than 15% and equal to or less than 35%.

[0012] Preferably, in the tire, a difference between an LAT abrasion index of the cap layer and an LAT abrasion index of the intermediate layer is equal to or greater than -10 and equal to or less than 10. Effect of the Invention

[0013] According to the present invention, a tire can be obtained that can achieve improved wet performance during cornering without increasing rolling resistance. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0014] [Figure 1]FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a part of a tire according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is an image diagram illustrating the contact width of the reference contact surface. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the contour of a shoulder portion of the tire of FIG. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing a portion of the tire of FIG. [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing a modified example of the tread configuration. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the tire of FIG. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing a part of the tire of Comparative Example 1. As shown in FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0015] Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail based on preferred embodiments with appropriate reference to the drawings.

[0016] In this disclosure, a state in which a tire is mounted on a standard rim, the internal pressure of the tire is adjusted to a standard internal pressure, and no load is applied to the tire is referred to as a standard state.

[0017] In this disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the dimensions and angles of each part of the tire are measured in a normal state. The dimensions and angles of each part in a meridian section of the tire that cannot be measured when the tire is mounted on a normal rim are measured by matching the distance between the left and right beads in the tire section obtained by cutting the tire along a plane including the rotation axis to the distance between the beads in the tire when mounted on a normal rim.

[0018] A genuine rim is a rim that is specified in the standard on which the tire is based. The "standard rim" in the JATMA standard, the "Design Rim" in the TRA standard, and the "Measuring Rim" in the ETRTO standard are genuine rims.

[0019] Normal tire pressure means the internal pressure specified in the standard on which the tire is based. The "maximum air pressure" in the JATMA standard, the "maximum value" listed in "TIRE LOAD LIMITS AT VARIOUS COLD INFLATION PRESSURES" in the TRA standard, and the "INFLATION PRESSURE" in the ETRTO standard are normal tire pressures.

[0020] Normal load refers to the load specified in the standard on which the tire is based. The "maximum load capacity" in the JATMA standard, the "maximum value" listed in "TIRE LOAD LIMITS AT VARIOUS COLD INFLATION PRESSURES" in the TRA standard, and the "LOAD CAPACITY" in the ETRTO standard are normal loads.

[0021] In the present disclosure, the crosslinked rubber is a molded product of the rubber composition obtained by pressurizing and heating the rubber composition. The rubber composition is an uncrosslinked rubber obtained by mixing a base rubber and chemicals in a kneader such as a Banbury mixer. The crosslinked rubber is also called vulcanized rubber, and the rubber composition is also called unvulcanized rubber.

[0022] Examples of the base rubber include natural rubber (NR), butadiene rubber (BR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber (IR), ethylene propylene rubber (EPDM), chloroprene rubber (CR), acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), and butyl rubber (IIR). Examples of the chemicals include reinforcing agents such as carbon black and silica, plasticizers such as aromatic oil, fillers such as zinc oxide, lubricants such as stearic acid, antioxidants, processing aids, sulfur, and vulcanization accelerators. The selection of the base rubber and chemicals, the content of the selected chemicals, etc. are appropriately determined depending on the specifications of each element such as the tread and sidewall to which the rubber composition is applied.

[0023] In the present disclosure, the loss tangent (also referred to as tan δ) at a temperature of 30°C of an element made of crosslinked rubber among the elements constituting a tire is measured in accordance with the provisions of JIS K6394 using a viscoelasticity spectrometer ("VES" manufactured by Iwamoto Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) under the following conditions. Initial distortion = 10% Dynamic strain = 2% Frequency = 10Hz Deformation mode = tension In this measurement, the test specimen is sampled from a tire. If it is not possible to sample the test specimen from a tire, the test specimen is sampled from a sheet-like crosslinked rubber (hereinafter also referred to as a rubber sheet) obtained by pressing and heating the rubber composition used to form the element to be measured at a temperature of 170°C for 12 minutes.

[0024] In the present disclosure, the LAT abrasion index is an index for evaluating the abrasion resistance of an element made of crosslinked rubber among elements constituting a tire. The higher the LAT abrasion index, the more excellent the abrasion resistance of the element being evaluated. The LAT abrasion index is measured using a friction tester, for example, an LAT tester (Laboratory Abration and Skid Tester) such as LAT100 (manufactured by VMI). In this measurement, a rubber composition used to form the element to be measured is vulcanized and molded in a mold for the test piece at 170°C for 20 minutes to prepare a test piece. Using this test piece, the volume loss of this test piece (volume loss of the evaluation target) is measured under conditions of a load of 50N, a speed of 20km / h, and a slip angle of 5°. The volume loss of the reference rubber composition (reference volume loss) is also measured in the same manner. Using the volume loss of the evaluation target and the reference volume loss, the LAT abrasion index of the evaluation target element is obtained by the following formula. LAT wear index = (reference volume loss amount / evaluation target volume loss amount) x 100 The LAT abrasion index is the volume loss of the object to be evaluated, expressed as an index with the reference volume loss being 100. There is no particular limitation on the reference rubber composition. For example, when obtaining the LAT abrasion index of a tread component, a rubber composition for a cap layer of a conventional tread composed of two layers, a cap layer and a base layer, is used as the reference rubber composition.

[0025] Fig. 1 shows a portion of a tire 2 according to one embodiment of the present invention. This tire 2 is a tire for passenger cars. Fig. 1 shows a portion of a cross section (hereinafter also referred to as a meridian cross section) of the tire 2 along a plane including the rotation axis of the tire 2. In Fig. 1, the left-right direction is the axial direction of the tire 2, and the up-down direction is the radial direction of the tire 2. The direction perpendicular to the paper surface of Fig. 1 is the circumferential direction of the tire 2.

[0026] 1, the dashed dotted line EL is the equatorial plane of the tire 2. The tire 2 is symmetrical with respect to the equatorial plane, except for the tread pattern and decorations such as designs and letters engraved on the outer surface.

[0027] In FIG. 1, a tire 2 is mounted on a rim R. The rim R is a regular rim. Air is filled inside the tire 2, and the internal pressure of the tire 2 is adjusted. The tire 2 mounted on the rim R is also called a tire-rim assembly. The tire-rim assembly includes the rim R and the tire 2 mounted on the rim R.

[0028] 1, the position indicated by the symbol PW is the axially outer end of the tire 2. If there is a decoration such as a pattern or lettering on the outer surface, the outer end PW is identified based on a virtual outer surface obtained by assuming that there is no decoration.

[0029] In Fig. 1, the length indicated by the symbol WA is the maximum width of the tire 2, i.e., the section width (see JATMA, etc.). The section width WA of the tire 2 is the axial distance from one outer end PW to the other outer end PW. The outer end PW is the position where the tire 2 shows the maximum width (hereinafter, the maximum width position). The section width WA is measured with the tire 2 in a normal state.

[0030] The tire 2 includes a tread 4 , a pair of sidewalls 6 , a pair of clinches 8 , a pair of beads 10 , a carcass 12 , a belt 14 , a band 16 , a pair of cushions 18 , a pair of chafers 20 , and an inner liner 22 .

[0031] The outer surface of the tread 4 comes into contact with the road surface. Grooves 24 are cut into the tread 4. This forms a tread pattern.

[0032] In this tire 2, at least three circumferential grooves 26 extending continuously in the circumferential direction are cut into the tread 4. As a result, at least four land portions 28 arranged in parallel in the axial direction are formed in the tread 4. In the tire 2 shown in Fig. 1, four land portions 28 are formed by cutting the three circumferential grooves 26 into the tread 4. The circumferential grooves 26 form part of the grooves 24 that form the tread pattern.

[0033] In Fig. 1, the position indicated by the symbol PE is the equator of the tire 2. The equator PE is the intersection point between the outer surface of the tread 4 and the equatorial plane. As shown in Fig. 1, when a groove 24 is present on the equatorial plane, the equator PE is determined based on a virtual outer surface of the tread 4 obtained by assuming that the groove 24 does not exist.

[0034] Each sidewall 6 is continuous with an end of the tread 4. The sidewall 6 is located radially inward of the tread 4. The sidewall 6 extends from the end of the tread 4 toward the clinch 8 along the carcass 12. The sidewall 6 is made of crosslinked rubber in consideration of cut resistance.

[0035] Each clinch 8 is located radially inside the sidewall 6. The clinch 8 contacts the rim R. The clinch 8 is made of crosslinked rubber in consideration of wear resistance.

[0036] Each bead 10 is located axially inside the clinch 8. The bead 10 includes a core 30 and an apex 32. Although not shown, the core 30 includes a steel wire.

[0037] The apex 32 is located radially outward of the core 30. The apex 32 tapers outward. The apex 32 is made of crosslinked rubber having high rigidity.

[0038] The carcass 12 is located on the inside of the tread 4, the pair of sidewalls 6, and the pair of clinches 8. The carcass 12 bridges between one bead 10 and the other bead 10. This carcass 12 has a radial structure.

[0039] The carcass 12 includes at least one carcass ply 34. From the viewpoint of weight reduction, the carcass 12 of the tire 2 is configured with one carcass ply 34.

[0040] The carcass ply 34 includes a ply body 34a and a pair of turned-up portions 34b. The ply body 34a spans between one core 30 and the other core 30. Each turned-up portion 34b is continuous with the ply body 34a and is turned up from the inside to the outside in the axial direction at each core 30. In this tire 2, an end of the turned-up portion 34b is located outside the maximum width position PW in the radial direction.

[0041] Although not shown, the carcass ply 34 includes a number of carcass cords arranged in parallel. These carcass cords are covered with a topping rubber. Each carcass cord crosses the equator plane. The carcass cord is a cord made of an organic fiber. Examples of the organic fiber include nylon fiber, rayon fiber, polyester fiber, and aramid fiber.

[0042] The belt 14 is located on the inside of the tread 4 in the radial direction. The belt 14 is layered on the carcass 12 from the outside in the radial direction. In FIG. 1, the length indicated by the symbol WR is the axial width of the belt 14. The axial width WR is the axial distance from one end of the belt 14 to the other end. In this tire 2, the axial width WR of the belt 14 is 65% or more and 85% or less of the cross-sectional width WA.

[0043] The belt 14 is composed of at least two layers 36 laminated in the radial direction. The belt 14 of the tire 2 is composed of two layers 36 laminated in the radial direction. Of the two layers 36, the layer 36 located on the inner side is the inner layer 36a, and the layer 36 located on the outer side is the outer layer 36b. As shown in FIG. 1, the inner layer 36a is wider than the outer layer 36b. The length from an end of the outer layer 36b to an end of the inner layer 36a is 3 mm or more and 10 mm or less.

[0044] Although not shown, each of the inner layer 36a and the outer layer 36b includes a number of belt cords arranged in parallel. These belt cords are covered with a topping rubber. Each belt cord is inclined with respect to the equator plane. The material of the belt cord is steel.

[0045] The band 16 is located between the tread 4 and the belt 14 in the radial direction. The band 16 is laminated on the belt 14 on the inside of the tread 4.

[0046] Although not shown, the band 16 includes a band cord wound in a spiral shape. The band cord extends substantially in the circumferential direction. Specifically, the angle that the band cord forms with the circumferential direction is 5° or less. The band 16 has a jointless structure. In the tire 2, a cord made of an organic fiber is used as the band cord. Examples of the organic fiber include nylon fiber, rayon fiber, polyester fiber, and aramid fiber.

[0047] The band 16 of the tire 2 is composed of a full band whose two ends face each other across the equator PE. The band 16 is wider than the belt 14. The length from the end of the belt 14 to the end of the band 16 is 3 mm or more and 10 mm or less. The band 16 covers the entire belt 14. The band 16 may include a pair of edge bands that are spaced apart in the axial direction and cover the ends of the full band and the ends of the belt 14. The band 16 may be composed of only a pair of edge bands.

[0048] The cushions 18 are spaced apart from each other in the axial direction. The cushions 18 are located between the ends of the belt 14 and the band 16 and the ply body 34a of the carcass 12. The cushions 18 are made of crosslinked rubber having low stiffness.

[0049] Each chafer 20 is located radially inside the bead 10. The chafer 20 contacts the rim R. The chafer 20 of the tire 2 is made of a cloth and rubber impregnated into the cloth.

[0050] The inner liner 22 is positioned inside the carcass 12. The inner liner 22 constitutes the inner surface of the tire 2. The inner liner 22 is made of a crosslinked rubber having a low gas permeability coefficient. The inner liner 22 maintains the internal pressure of the tire 2.

[0051] 1, the position indicated by the symbol PH is a position on the outer surface of the tread 4. The position PH corresponds to the axially outer end of the contact surface of the tire 2 with the road surface.

[0052] The contact patch for identifying the position PH is obtained, for example, by using a contact patch shape measuring device (not shown). This contact patch is obtained by applying a load of 70% of the normal load as a vertical load to the tire 2 with the camber angle of the tire 2 in a normal state set to 0°, and bringing the tire 2 into contact with a flat road surface. In the tire 2, the contact patch obtained in this manner is the reference contact patch, and the position on the outer surface of the tread 4 that corresponds to the axial outer end of the reference contact patch is the above-mentioned position PH. In the tire 2, this position PH is the reference contact end.

[0053] An image of the reference contact surface is shown in Figure 2. In Figure 2, the up-down direction corresponds to the circumferential direction of the tire 2, and the left-right direction corresponds to the axial direction of the tire 2. The direction perpendicular to the paper surface of Figure 2 corresponds to the radial direction of the tire 2.

[0054] In FIG. 2, the length indicated by the symbol CW is the ground width of the reference ground plane. The ground width CW is the axial distance from one reference ground end PH to the other reference ground end PH. The ground width CW is represented by the maximum width of the reference ground plane. In this disclosure, half of the ground width CW is also referred to as the half ground width HCW.

[0055] Fig. 3 shows a part of the tire 2 shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 3, the left-right direction is the axial direction of the tire 2, and the up-down direction is the radial direction of the tire 2. The direction perpendicular to the paper surface of Fig. 3 is the circumferential direction of the tire 2.

[0056] Fig. 3 shows the contour of the shoulder portion of the tire 2 in a meridian cross section. The contour shown in Fig. 3 is obtained by measuring the outer surface shape of the tire 2 in a normal state with a displacement sensor.

[0057] In a meridian cross section, the contour of the outer surface of the tire 2 (hereinafter, tire outer surface TS) is formed by connecting multiple contour lines consisting of straight lines or circular arcs. In this disclosure, a contour line consisting of a straight line or a circular arc is simply referred to as a contour line. A contour line consisting of a straight line is referred to as a straight contour line, and a contour line consisting of a circular arc is referred to as a curved contour line.

[0058] The tire outer surface TS includes a tread surface T and a pair of side surfaces S connected to the ends of the tread surface T. In a meridian cross section, the contour of the tread surface T includes a plurality of curved contour lines having different radii. In this tire 2, the curved contour line having the smallest radius among the plurality of curved contour lines included in the contour of the tread surface T is located at the end portion of the tread surface T and connected to the side surface S. In a meridian cross section, the contour of the tire outer surface TS includes, at the end portion of the tread surface T, a curved portion that is a curved contour line consisting of an arc having the smallest radius among the plurality of curved contour lines included in the contour of the tread surface T and connected to the side surface S. In FIG. 3, this curved portion is indicated by the symbol RS.

[0059] In the contour of the tire outer surface TS, the curved portion RS is tangent to a contour line adjacent to the axially inner side (hereinafter, referred to as an inner adjacent contour line NT) at a tangent point CT. This curved portion RS is tangent to a contour line constituting the contour of the side surface S adjacent to the axially outer side (hereinafter, referred to as an outer adjacent contour line NS) at a tangent point CS. This contour of the tire outer surface TS includes an inner adjacent contour line NT located axially inside the curved portion RS and tangent to the curved portion RS, and an outer adjacent contour line NS located axially outside the curved portion RS and tangent to the curved portion RS.

[0060] In FIG. 3, solid line LT is a tangent to curved portion RS at a point of contact CT between the inner adjacent contour line NT and curved portion RS. Solid line LS is a tangent to curved portion RS at a point of contact CS between the outer adjacent contour line NS and curved portion RS. The position indicated by symbol PT is the intersection point between tangent line LT and tangent line LS. In this tire 2, this intersection point PT is the imaginary tread edge. The position indicated by symbol Pe is the intersection point between a straight line that passes through the imaginary tread edge PT and extends in the radial direction and the tire outer surface TS. This intersection point Pe is the tread reference edge.

[0061] In Fig. 1, the length indicated by the double-headed arrow WT is the width of the tread 4. The width of the tread 4 is the axial distance from one tread reference end Pe to the other tread reference end Pe. In the tire 2, the ratio (WT / WA) of the width WT of the tread 4 to the cross-sectional width WA is 70% or more and 90% or less.

[0062] In the tread 4, a portion from one tread reference end Pe to the other tread reference end Pe is an area (hereinafter also referred to as a normal contact area) that is expected to come into contact with the road surface under normal driving conditions of the tire 2. From the viewpoint of effective reinforcement of the portion of the tread 4 (hereinafter also referred to as a tread portion), the belt 14 and band 16 described above are disposed in this normal contact area. As shown in FIG. 1, the position of the end of the band 16 almost coincides with the position of the tread reference end Pe in the axial direction. In this tire 2, the band 16 has an axial width equivalent to the width WT of the tread 4. Specifically, the difference between the width WT of the tread 4 and the axial width of the band 16 is not less than −10 mm and not more than 10 mm.

[0063] 1, the length indicated by the double-headed arrow WH is the axial width of the reference ground plane. The axial width WH is the axial distance from one reference ground end PH to the other reference ground end PH.

[0064] In the tire 2, the tread reference edge Pe is located axially outboard of the reference ground contact edge PH. In other words, the axial width WH of the reference ground contact surface is narrower than the width WT of the tread 4. Specifically, the ratio (WH / WT) of the axial width WH to the width WT of the tread 4 is 70% or more and 90% or less.

[0065] As described above, three circumferential grooves 26 are formed in the tread 4 of the tire 2. There are no particular limitations on the arrangement, groove depth, and groove width of the three circumferential grooves 26 in the tire 2. The arrangement, groove depth, and groove width of the circumferential grooves of a tire are generally applied to the tread 4.

[0066] In the tire 2, the circumferential groove 26 located on the outer side in the axial direction among the three circumferential grooves 26 is a shoulder circumferential groove 26s. The circumferential groove 26 located on the inner side of the shoulder circumferential groove 26s is a middle circumferential groove 26m.

[0067] As described above, the tread 4 of the tire 2 is formed with four land portions 28. Of the four land portions 28, the land portion 28 located on the equatorial plane side is the middle land portion 28m, and the land portion 28 located on the outer side of the middle land portion 28m is the shoulder land portion 28s.

[0068] The shoulder land portion 28s includes a reference ground contact edge PH. Between the left and right middle land portions 28m is a middle circumferential groove 26m. In the tire 2, the middle circumferential groove 26m is located on the equatorial plane. The middle circumferential groove 26m is also referred to as a center circumferential groove.

[0069] FIG. 4 shows a part of the tire 2 shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 shows a tread portion of the tire 2. In FIG. 4, the left-right direction is the axial direction of the tire 2, and the up-down direction is the radial direction of the tire 2. The direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 4 is the circumferential direction of the tire 2. In FIG. 4, the length indicated by the symbol HWT is the axial distance from the equatorial plane to the tread reference edge Pe. This axial distance HWT is half the width WT of the tread 4 described above, and is also called the half tread width.

[0070] The tread 4 of the tire 2 includes a cap layer 38, an intermediate layer 40, and a base layer 42. The cap layer 38 constitutes a part of the tire outer surface TS. The intermediate layer 40 is located radially inside the cap layer 38. The base layer 42 is located radially inside the intermediate layer 40. As shown in FIG. 4 , the cap layer 38 is laminated on the intermediate layer 40, and the intermediate layer 40 is laminated on the base layer 42. Except for the vicinity of a tread reference edge Pe described later, the cap layer 38, the intermediate layer 40, and the base layer 42 are configured to have a substantially uniform thickness.

[0071] In FIG. 4, the position indicated by the symbol PC is the outer end of the cap layer 38. The length indicated by the symbol WC is the axial width of the cap layer 38. The axial width WC is the axial distance from one outer end PC to the other outer end PC. The position indicated by the symbol PM is the outer end of the intermediate layer 40. The length indicated by the symbol WM is the axial width of the intermediate layer 40. The axial width WM is the axial distance from one outer end PM to the other outer end PM. The position indicated by the symbol PB is the outer end of the base layer 42. The length indicated by the symbol WB is the axial width of the base layer 42. The axial width WB is the axial distance from one outer end PB to the other outer end PB.

[0072] As described above, the cap layer 38 constitutes a part of the tire outer surface TS. The part of the tire outer surface TS that is constituted by the cap layer 38 is the cap surface 44. The position indicated by the symbol PF is the outer end of the cap surface 44. In this tire 2, the outer end PF of the cap surface 44 is located outboard of the tread reference edge Pe in the axial direction. The outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is located inboard of the outer end PF of the cap surface 44 in the radial direction. The outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is not located on the tire outer surface TS. When the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is located on the tire outer surface TS, the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is also the outer end PF of the cap surface 44.

[0073] 4, the position indicated by the symbol PS is the outer end of the tread 4 on the tire outer surface TS. In this tire 2, the outer end PF of the cap surface 44 coincides with the outer end PS of the tread 4. In this tire 2, the intermediate layer 40 located inside the cap layer 38 is not exposed to the tire outer surface TS.

[0074] In this tire 2, the position of the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 coincides in the radial direction with the position of the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40. The position of the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 coincides in the axial direction with the position of the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40. In this tire 2, the position of the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is appropriately adjusted between the outer end PF of the cap surface 44 and the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40, taking into consideration the effect on the performance of the tire 2.

[0075] In this tire 2, the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 is located axially outboard of the end of the belt 14. The end of the band 16 is located between the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 and the end of the belt 14. In this tire 2, the intermediate layer 40 covers the ends of the belt 14 and the band 16. In particular, from the viewpoint of preventing damage to the end of the belt 14, the length from the end of the belt 14 to the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 is preferably 10 mm or more and 15 mm or less.

[0076] In this tire 2, the base layer 42 is laminated on the band 16. The base layer 42 is reinforced by the band 16 and the belt 14 located inside the band 16. From the viewpoint of effective reinforcement, in this tire 2, it is preferable that the axial width WB of the base layer 42 is equal to or narrower than the axial width of the band.

[0077] In this tire 2, the cap layer 38, the intermediate layer 40, and the base layer 42 are each made of a crosslinked rubber having a different heat buildup property. In this tire 2, the cap layer 38 is most likely to generate heat, and the base layer 42 is least likely to generate heat. The intermediate layer 40 has a heat buildup property between that of the cap layer 38 and that of the base layer 42. In this tire 2, the loss tangent LTm of the intermediate layer 40 at 30°C is lower than the loss tangent LTc of the cap layer 38 at 30°C. The loss tangent LTb of the base layer 42 at 30°C is lower than the loss tangent LTm of the intermediate layer 40 at 30°C.

[0078] The loss tangent LTb of the base layer 42 at 30°C is preferably 0.11 or less. This is because the base layer 42 effectively contributes to reducing rolling resistance. From this viewpoint, the loss tangent LTb is more preferably 0.10 or less, and further preferably 0.09 or less. The smaller the loss tangent LTb of the base layer 42, the more preferable it is, and therefore no preferable lower limit is set.

[0079] The loss tangent Ltm of the intermediate layer 40 at 30°C is preferably 0.15 or less. This is because the intermediate layer 40 effectively contributes to reducing rolling resistance. From this viewpoint, the loss tangent Ltm is more preferably 0.14 or less, and even more preferably 0.13 or less. The loss tangent Ltm of the intermediate layer 40 at 30°C is preferably 0.11 or more. This is because the intermediate layer 40 can ensure the necessary rigidity and effectively contribute to improving wet performance. From this viewpoint, the loss tangent LTm is more preferably 0.12 or more.

[0080] The loss tangent LTc of the cap layer 38 at 30°C is preferably 0.15 or more. This is because the cap layer 38 can contribute to improving wet performance. From this viewpoint, the loss tangent LTc is more preferably 0.16 or more, and even more preferably 0.17 or more. The cap layer 38 contacts the road surface. From the viewpoint of improving wet performance, the higher the loss tangent LTc, the more preferable. However, a high loss tangent LTc leads to heat generation. There is a concern that the heated cap layer 38 will increase the temperature of the intermediate layer 40 more than expected. From the viewpoint of keeping the temperature state of the entire tread 4 stable and maintaining low rolling resistance, the loss tangent LTc of the cap layer 38 at 30°C is preferably 0.30 or less, more preferably 0.28 or less, and even more preferably 0.27 or less.

[0081] In the tire 2, in the axial direction, the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is located outside the outer end PB of the base layer 42. In the radial direction, the position of the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 coincides with the position of the outer end PB of the base layer 42, or the outer end PC of the cap layer 38 is located inside the outer end PB of the base layer 42. In the tire 2, the cap layer 38 is disposed so as to surround the base layer 42 from the outside in the radial direction.

[0082] Of the tire outer surface TS, the portion that is expected to come into contact with the road surface is formed by the tread 4. In this tire 2, the portion that is expected to come into contact with the road surface is formed by the cap layer 38. In other words, the end of the portion that is expected to come into contact with the road surface is the end PF of the cap surface 44 described above. In this tire 2, the cap layer 38 comes into contact with the road surface even during cornering. In this tire 2, wet performance during cornering is improved.

[0083] In this tire 2, the cap layer 38 comes into contact with the road surface not only when driving straight but also when cornering. Since a rubber having high grip is used for the cap layer 38, in this tire 2, the intermediate layer 40 located inside the cap layer 38 can be made of a rubber that takes low heat generation into consideration by slightly sacrificing grip force, rather than a rubber that emphasizes grip force that is prone to heat generation. In this tire 2, even though the outer portion of the tread 4 is made of the cap layer 38 that is prone to heat generation, the intermediate layer 40 located inside the cap layer 38 contributes to reducing rolling resistance. This tire 2 can achieve improved wet performance during cornering without increasing rolling resistance.

[0084] In this tire 2, in the axial direction, the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 is located outside the outer end PB of the base layer 42. In the radial direction, the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 is located inside the outer end PB of the base layer 42. Although not shown, the position of the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 may coincide with the position of the outer end PB of the base layer 42 in the radial direction.

[0085] In this tire 2, the intermediate layer 40 is disposed so as to surround the base layer 42 from the outside in the radial direction. As described above, the cap layer 38 is disposed so as to surround the intermediate layer 40 from the outside in the radial direction. In other words, the cap layer 38 covers the intermediate layer 40 from the outside, and the intermediate layer 40 covers the base layer 42 from the outside. In this tire 2, the intermediate layer 40 is effectively disposed between the cap layer 38 and the base layer 42 at the end portion of the tread 4 that moves actively during running. The intermediate layer 40, which is less likely to generate heat than the cap layer 38, effectively contributes to reducing rolling resistance. Since the grip force is taken into consideration for the intermediate layer 40, the necessary wet performance is ensured even when the cap layer 38 is worn down, even when cornering. From the standpoint of reducing rolling resistance and ensuring wet performance, in this tire 2, it is preferable that, in the axial direction, the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 is located outside the outer end PB of the base layer 42, and, in the radial direction, the position of the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 coincides with the position of the outer end PB of the base layer 42, or the outer end PM of the intermediate layer 40 is located inside the outer end PB of the base layer 42.

[0086] During cornering, which generates a large inertial force (hereinafter also referred to as severe cornering), the vehicle rolls and the outer portion of the tread reference end Pe comes into contact with the road surface, causing wear to this outer portion. For this reason, during severe cornering, there is concern that the wear of this outer portion will expose the base layer 42. If the base layer 42 is exposed, there is a risk that peeling of the tread 4 will occur starting from the base layer 42. For this reason, tires are required to have not only improved wet performance during cornering, but also improved durability during severe cornering.

[0087] As shown in Fig. 4, in the tire 2, the position of the outer end PB of the base layer 42 coincides with the position of the tread reference end Pe in the axial direction. In the tire 2, as shown in Fig. 5, the outer end PB of the base layer 42 may be located inside the tread reference end Pe.

[0088] In this tire 2, the base layer 42 is disposed at a position away from the tire outer surface TS at an end portion of the tread 4. This prevents the base layer 42 from being exposed even if the portion outside the tread reference end Pe is worn away during severe cornering. In this tire 2, durability during severe cornering is improved. From this viewpoint, in the tire 2, it is preferable that the position of the outer end PB of the base layer 42 coincides with the position of the tread reference end Pe in the axial direction, or that the outer end PB of the base layer 42 is located inside the tread reference end Pe.

[0089] As described above, in the tire 2, the intermediate layer 40 is located between the cap layer 38 and the base layer 42. The intermediate layer 40 generates heat more easily than the base layer 42, but generates heat less easily than the cap layer 38. The tire 2 can reduce rolling resistance while improving durability during severe cornering.

[0090] 5, the length indicated by the symbol α is the axial distance from the tread reference end Pe to the outer end PB of the base layer 42. This axial distance α is expressed as a positive number when the outer end PB of the base layer 42 is located outside the tread reference end Pe, and is expressed as a negative number when the outer end PB of the base layer 42 is located inside the tread reference end Pe.

[0091] In the tire 2, when the outer end PB of the base layer 42 is located inside the tread reference end Pe in the axial direction, the ratio (α / HWT) of the axial distance α to the tread half width HWT is preferably −10.0% or more, and more preferably −6.0% or more, from the viewpoint of reducing rolling resistance. From the viewpoint of improving durability during severe cornering, the ratio (α / HWT) is preferably 3.0% or less, and more preferably 0.0% or less.

[0092] 4, the length indicated by the symbol β is the length from the tread reference edge Pe to the outer edge PF of the cap surface 44. This length F is measured along the tire outer surface TS in the meridian cross section of this tire 2.

[0093] In this tire 2, the ratio ((β+HWT) / HCW) of the sum (β+HWT) of the length β from the tread reference end Pe to the outer end PF of the cap surface 44 and the tread half width HWT to the half contact width HCW is preferably 1.15 or greater and 1.20 or less.

[0094] By setting the ratio ((β+HWT) / HCW) to be 1.15 or greater, the portion that comes into contact with the road surface during cornering is formed of the cap layer 38. In the tire 2, the wet performance during cornering is improved. From this viewpoint, the ratio ((β+HWT) / HCW) is more preferably 1.16 or greater.

[0095] By setting the ratio ((β+HWT) / HCW) to 1.20 or less, the volume of the cap layer 38 included in the edge portion of the tread 4 is appropriately maintained. In the tire 2, the effect of the cap layer 38 on the rolling resistance is suppressed. From this viewpoint, the ratio ((β+HWT) / HCW) is more preferably 1.19 or less.

[0096] Fig. 6 shows a part of the tire 2 shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 6 shows a shoulder portion of the tire 2. In Fig. 6, the left-right direction is the axial direction of the tire 2, and the up-down direction is the radial direction of the tire 2. The direction perpendicular to the paper surface of Fig. 6 is the circumferential direction of the tire 2.

[0097] In Fig. 6, the solid line Le is a normal line to the tire outer surface TS that passes through the tread reference edge Pe. The length indicated by the double-headed arrow X is the thickness of the tread 4 measured along the normal line Le. This thickness X is the thickness of the tread 4 at the tread reference edge Pe. The length indicated by the double-headed arrow x is the thickness of the cap layer 38 measured along the normal line Le. This thickness x is the thickness of the cap layer 38 at the tread reference edge Pe.

[0098] In the tire 2, at the tread reference edge Pe, the ratio (x / X) of the thickness x of the cap layer 38 to the thickness X of the tread is preferably equal to or greater than 15% and equal to or less than 35%.

[0099] Setting the ratio (x / X) to 15% or greater ensures a necessary thickness for the cap layer 38 at the tread reference edge Pe. In the tire 2, the cap layer 38 effectively contributes to improving the wet performance during cornering. From this viewpoint, the ratio (x / X) is more preferably 20% or greater.

[0100] By setting the ratio (x / X) to 35% or less, the cap layer 38 at the tread reference edge Pe is maintained at an appropriate thickness. In the tire 2, the effect of the cap layer 38 on the rolling resistance is effectively suppressed. From this viewpoint, the ratio (x / X) is more preferably 30% or less.

[0101] In Figure 6, the solid line LF is a normal to the tire outer surface TS, passing through the outer edge PF of the cap surface 44. The length indicated by the double-headed arrow Y is the thickness of the tread 4 measured along the normal line LF. This thickness Y is the thickness of the tread 4 at the outer edge PF of the cap surface 44. The length indicated by the double-headed arrow y is the thickness of the cap layer 38 measured along the normal line LF. This thickness y is the thickness of the cap layer 38 at the outer edge PF of the cap surface 44.

[0102] In the tire 2, at the outer end PF of the cap surface 44, the ratio (y / Y) of the thickness y of the cap layer 38 to the thickness Y of the tread is preferably equal to or greater than 15% and equal to or less than 35%.

[0103] Setting the ratio (y / Y) to 15% or greater ensures a necessary thickness for the cap layer 38 at the outer end PF of the cap surface 44. In the tire 2, the cap layer 38 effectively contributes to improving the wet performance during cornering. From this viewpoint, the ratio (y / Y) is more preferably 20% or greater.

[0104] By setting the ratio (y / Y) to 35% or less, the cap layer 38 is maintained at an appropriate thickness at the outer end PF of the cap surface 44. In the tire 2, the effect of the cap layer 38 on the rolling resistance is effectively suppressed. From this viewpoint, the ratio (y / Y) is more preferably 30% or less.

[0105] In the tire 2, the portion of the tread 4 consisting of the cap layer 38 and the intermediate layer 40 corresponds to the cap layer of the tread of a conventional tire consisting of the cap layer and the base layer. From the viewpoint that the tread 4 can effectively contribute to improving the wet performance and reducing the rolling resistance, the ratio (Ltc / Ltm) of the loss tangent LTc of the cap layer 38 at 30°C to the loss tangent LTm of the intermediate layer 40 at 30°C is preferably 110% or more and 250% or less. This ratio (Ltc / Ltm) is more preferably 130% or more, and even more preferably 150% or more. This ratio (Ltc / Ltm) is more preferably 240% or less, and even more preferably 230% or less.

[0106] In this tire 2, if there is a discrepancy between the wear resistance of the cap layer 38 and the wear resistance of the intermediate layer 40, there is a concern that the amount of wear of the two layers will differ during severe cornering. In this case, a step will be generated near the boundary between the cap layer 38 and the intermediate layer 40, and damage may occur starting from this step. From the viewpoint of improving durability during severe cornering, it is preferable that the LAT wear index of the cap layer and the LAT wear index of the intermediate layer are approximately the same. Specifically, it is preferable that the difference between the LAT wear index of the cap layer and the LAT wear index of the intermediate layer is -10 or more and 10 or less.

[0107] As described above, according to the present invention, a tire can be obtained that can achieve improved wet performance during cornering without increasing rolling resistance. EXAMPLES

[0108] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0109] [Example 1] A pneumatic tire for passenger cars (tire size = 205 / 55R16) was obtained having the basic structure shown in Figure 1 and the specifications shown in Table 1 below. The half tread width HWT was 89 mm, and the half contact width HCW was 80 mm.

[0110] A tread having a configuration shown in Figure 4 was used, including a cap layer, an intermediate layer, and a base layer. The loss tangent LTc of the cap layer at 30°C was 0.27. The loss tangent LTm of the intermediate layer at 30°C was 0.12. The loss tangent LTb of the base layer at 30°C was 0.10.

[0111] In this Example 1, the ratio (α / HWT) of the axial distance α from the tread reference end Pe to the outer end PB of the base layer to the tread half width HWT was 0.0%. The ratio ((β+HWT) / HCW) of the sum (β+HWT) of the length β from the tread reference end Pe to the outer end PC of the cap surface and the tread half width HWT to the ground contact half width HCW was 1.18. At the tread reference end Pe, the ratio (x / X) of the cap layer thickness x to the tread thickness X was 20%. At the outer end PF of the cap surface, the ratio (y / Y) of the cap layer thickness y to the tread thickness Y was 20%. The difference (LATc-LATm) between the LAT wear index of the cap layer and the LAT wear index of the intermediate layer was 0.

[0112] [Comparative Example 1] A tire of Comparative Example 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the tread configuration was as shown in Fig. 7 and the ratio (α / HWT), ratio ((β+HWT) / HCW), ratio (x / X) and ratio (y / Y) were as shown in the following Table 1. The tread configuration of Comparative Example 1 is a conventional configuration.

[0113] [Example 2-3] Tires of Examples 2-3 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the ratio (α / HWT) was set as shown in Table 1 below.

[0114] [Example 4] A tire of Example 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the ratio ((β+HWT) / HCW) was set as shown in Table 2 below.

[0115] [Examples 5-6] Tires of Examples 5 and 6 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the ratio (x / X) and the ratio (y / Y) were as shown in Table 2 below.

[0116] [Example 7] A tire of Example 7 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the cap layer was made of a rubber composition with improved grip and the difference (LATc-LATm) was set as shown in the following Table 2. The loss tangent LTc of the cap layer of Example 7 at 30°C was 0.30.

[0117] [Rolling resistance coefficient (RRC)] Using a rolling resistance tester, the rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) of the prototype tire was measured when it was running on a drum at a speed of 80km / h under the following conditions. The results are shown as an index in Table 1 below. The higher the value, the lower the rolling resistance of the tire. Rim: 16×6.5J Internal pressure: 250kPa Vertical load: 4.82kN

[0118] [Durability during severe turning (DRY)] The prototype tire was mounted on a rim (size = 16 x 7J) and air was filled to adjust the tire's internal pressure to 250 kPa. The tire was then fitted to a test vehicle (passenger car). The test vehicle was driven around a circular test course on a dry road surface in an understeered state. The running speed was set at 100 km / h. After 30 laps, the wear condition of the tire's buttress was checked and evaluated based on the number and length of cracks. The results are shown in Table 1-2 below. The higher the value, the better the durability during severe cornering. In this evaluation, an index of 100 or more was set as the pass standard.

[0119] [Wet performance when turning (WET)] The prototype tire was mounted on a rim (size = 16 x 7J) and filled with air to adjust the internal pressure of the tire to 250 kPa. The tire was then mounted on a test vehicle (passenger car). The test vehicle was driven on a test course with a wet road surface (water film thickness = 1.4 mm) and the lap time was measured. The results are shown as an index in Table 1-2 below. The higher the value, the better the wet performance during cornering. In this evaluation, an index of 100 or more was set as the pass standard.

[0120] [Table 1]

[0121] [Table 2]

[0122] As shown in Table 1-2, it has been confirmed that the wet performance during cornering can be improved without increasing the rolling resistance in the examples. From these evaluation results, the superiority of the present invention is clear. [Industrial Applicability]

[0123] The technology described above that can improve wet performance during cornering without increasing rolling resistance can be applied to various types of tires. [Explanation of symbols]

[0124] 2. Tires 4. Tread 6. Sidewall 12. Carcass 14. Belt 16...Band 26, 26s, 26m...Circumferential groove 28, 28s, 28m...Land 34, 34a, 34b... Carcass ply 36, 36a, 36b...layer 38 Cap layer 40. Middle class 42 Base layer 44 Cap surface

Claims

1. A tire having a tread that comes into contact with a road surface, The outer surface of the tire includes a tread surface and a pair of side surfaces continuous with ends of the tread surface, In a meridian cross section of the tire, a profile of the tread surface includes a plurality of curved profile lines formed of arcs having different radii, a contour of an outer surface of the tire includes, at an end portion of the tread surface, a curved portion formed of a curved contour line connected to the side surface and consisting of an arc having a smallest radius among a plurality of curved contour lines included in the contour of the tread surface, an inner adjacent contour line located axially inside the curved portion and tangent to the curved portion, and an outer adjacent contour line located axially outside the curved portion and tangent to the curved portion, a tread reference edge is an intersection point between a tangent to the curved portion at a tangent point between the inner adjacent contour line and the curved portion and a tangent to the curved portion at a tangent point between the outer adjacent contour line and the curved portion, the tangent point passing through the radial direction and the outer surface of the tire; The axial distance from the equatorial plane to the tread reference edge is the tread half width, The tread includes a cap layer constituting a part of an outer surface of the tire, an intermediate layer positioned radially inside the cap layer, and a base layer positioned radially inside the intermediate layer, A portion of the outer surface of the tire that is configured with the cap layer is a cap surface, a loss tangent at 30° C. of the intermediate layer is lower than a loss tangent at 30° C. of the cap layer, and a loss tangent at 30° C. of the base layer is lower than a loss tangent at 30° C. of the intermediate layer; an outer end of the cap layer is located outside an outer end of the base layer in an axial direction; In the radial direction, a position of an outer end of the cap layer coincides with a position of an outer end of the base layer, or the outer end of the cap layer is located inside the outer end of the base layer. tire.

2. an outer end of the intermediate layer is located outside an outer end of the base layer in an axial direction; In the radial direction, a position of an outer end of the intermediate layer coincides with a position of an outer end of the base layer, or the outer end of the intermediate layer is located inside the outer end of the base layer.

2. The tire of claim 1.

3. In the axial direction, a position of an outer end of the base layer coincides with a position of the tread reference edge, or the outer end of the base layer is located inside the tread reference edge.

3. A tire according to claim 1 or 2.

4. The tire is mounted on a standard rim, the internal pressure of the tire is adjusted to the standard internal pressure, and a load of 70% of the standard load is applied to the tire as a vertical load. The tire is brought into contact with a flat road surface, and the contact surface obtained is the reference contact surface. Half the ground width of the reference ground plane is a ground half width; an outer end of the cap surface is located outside the tread reference end in an axial direction; In a meridian cross section of the tire, a ratio of a sum of a length from the tread reference edge to an outer edge of the cap surface and the tread half width, measured along an outer surface of the tire, to the contact half width is 1.15 or more and 1.20 or less. A tire according to any one of claims 1 to 3.

5. At the tread reference end, a ratio of a thickness of the cap layer to a thickness of the tread is 15% or more and 35% or less. A tire according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

6. At an outer end of the cap surface, a ratio of a thickness of the cap layer to a thickness of the tread is 15% or more and 35% or less.

6. The tire of claim 5.

7. The difference between the LAT abrasion index of the cap layer and the LAT abrasion index of the intermediate layer is -10 or more and 10 or less. A tire according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

Images