A system for mitigating energy absorption at the Earth's Surface using a programmable forcing network of climate control panels

Abstract

A dynamically controllable system 10 for mitigating energy absorption at the Earth's surface includes a series of panel units 110, 610 mounted on land and water bodies above the Earth's surface. Each panel unit 110, 610 supports a rotatable shaft 112, 612 to which a panel 100, 600 is joined or integrally formed. Each panel (forcing) 100, 600 has a radiation reflecting surface 102, 602 and a radiation emitting surface 104, 604 opposite the radiation reflecting surface 102, 602. The panel 100, 602 is selectively rotated to a predetermined one of a number of cardinal positions, i.e., reflecting, emitting and neutral positions, or to intermediate positions between two of the cardinal positions. The programmable controller 130 receives a variety of data including top of atmosphere satellite data, air temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, meteorological data, time of day, position of the panel unit, radiation insulation, and combinations thereof. In response to both local and regional real-time data, the programmable controller directs the rotational orientation of the panels within the panel unit to create the desired reflection of short and long wavelength radiation away from the Earth's surface.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention generally relates to a dynamic system that utilizes a network of programmable climate control panels deployed on the Earth's surface (on land and / or bodies of water) to mitigate both energy absorption and energy emission (longwave and shortwave) at the Earth's surface. [Background technology]

[0002] The current climate of the Earth is said to be in a critical state, as evidenced by the continuing increase in the Earth's average surface temperature, typically referred to as "global warming." This rising temperature trend is brought about by human activities and is associated with and believed to be caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as methane and nitrous oxide, mainly from the burning of fossil fuels and other human activities (which increase methane and nitrous oxide), since the beginning of the industrial era. Associated with this increase in temperature are a variety of perturbations and problems, including rising sea levels, adverse effects on agriculture, and a host of severe weather events (droughts, excessive rainfall, hurricanes, and storms).

[0003] The impacts of global warming include significant economic impacts. Analysis of the economic impacts of global warming has been the subject of much work, including that of Nobel Prize-winning expert William Nordhaus. Dr. Nordhaus pioneered the modern economics of climate change, beginning with his 1979 book on climate change. He and others devised the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and Economy ("DICE") to aggregate the relative economic impacts of various climate policies. Table 1 is a reproduction of a table from Murphy (2009), p. 211 (https: / / www.econlib.org / library / Columns / y2018 / MurphyNordhaus.html), which shows the economic costs associated with global warming as a no-remediation baseline, with baseline costs estimated to exceed US$22 trillion. Various potential remediation plans are also estimated to cost trillions of dollars.

[0004] [Table 1] Note: PDV = present discounted value Source: Adapted from Murphy (2009), p. 211, adapted from Nordhaus 2008, 89

[0005] The responses proposed to mitigate the global warming problem and its associated impacts fall into two basic categories: (a) CO2 reduction, and (b) geoengineering solutions. CO2 reduction requires burning less fossil fuels and forces society to use alternative energy sources such as wind and solar. This is an indirect attack on the offending causes of global warming, and seeks to limit or minimize the future addition of CO2 to the Earth's atmosphere without mitigating the incoming radiant energy from the sun. This has resulted in the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which accepts and issues policy advice focused on reducing human activity. Due to the huge economic costs of the solution, it is considered unacceptable by many.

[0006] Geoengineering solutions attempt to mitigate incoming radiation from the Sun, or short-wavelength surface reflections. Examples of geoengineering solutions include (1) introducing aerosol particles into the earth's atmosphere to block incoming radiation, (2) planting certain crops that are more reflective, (3) modifying the materials used on urban roof surfaces and paving to make them more reflective, and (4) placing reflective spheres in the earth's atmosphere or in space just outside the earth's atmosphere.

[0007] Table 2 below compares the projected effectiveness of geoengineering proposals (identified as ALBEDO modified proposals) with carbon dioxide reduction proposals. Geoengineering solutions have so far been deemed unacceptable and, as a result, have not been explored at all.

[0008] [Table 2] Note: GHG stands for greenhouse gases emitted by human activities and natural processes, and includes carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, etc. The committee intends to limit the discussion to proposals that cause the fewest problems, and thus marine iron eutrophication is excluded from the CDR list. Each item may not apply to some proposals within each category. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0009] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Patent No. 4,219,008 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Patent No. 4,284,069 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Patent No. 4,739,748 [Patent Document 4] US Patent Application Publication No. 2010 / 300429 [Patent Document 5] US Patent Application Publication No. 2012 / 067337 [Patent Document 6] Swiss Patent Invention No. 611674 [Patent Document 7] U.S. Patent No. 2,857,634 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0010] Table 2 shows that geoengineering solutions have significant advantages. They are cheaper to implement and can produce results within a few years. They can be implemented quickly and unilaterally and can produce large impacts. Despite these advantages, geoengineering solutions are estimated to introduce new global risks, such as potentially altering global weather patterns. Furthermore, some of the geoengineering proposals, such as painting roofs white or planting reflective crops, lack the effectiveness needed to compensate for global warming at current levels of CO2 and other GHGs.

[0011] What is needed are solutions that mitigate global warming with sufficient effectiveness at current or increased GHG levels, with low or no risk to change in global weather patterns, and that can be achieved at lower economic cost and impacts than the costly GHG reduction plans currently being pursued by the IPCC and the Paris Climate Agreement. [Means for solving the problem]

[0012] A system for mitigating energy absorption at the Earth's surface includes a plurality of panel units, each configured to support at least one rotatable shaft, a panel joined to or integrally formed with each shaft, and each panel having a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation emissive surface opposite the radiation reflecting surface.

[0013] The system further includes means for rotating the shaft to selectively position the panel in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emissive orientation and a neutral orientation. The radiation reflective surface may be one of a number of reflective materials, such as, but not limited to, aluminum, gold, silver, or textured films having a reflectivity of about 95% or greater. The radiation reflective surface of the panel reflects short wavelength radiation and long wavelength radiation. According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a system for mitigating energy absorption at a surface of the Earth, the system comprising: a panel unit configured to support at least one rotatable shaft; a panel joined to or formed integrally with the shaft, the panel having a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation emitting surface opposite the radiation reflecting surface; means for rotating the shaft, the panel unit selectively placing the panel in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emitting orientation and a neutral orientation; a second panel unit configured to support a second rotatable shaft; a second panel joined to or formed integrally with the second rotatable shaft, the second panel having a second radiation reflecting surface and a second radiation emitting surface opposite the second radiation reflecting surface; means for rotating the second shaft, the panel unit selectively placing the panel in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emitting orientation and a neutral orientation; the means for rotating the shaft and the means for rotating the second shaft are controlled by at least one programmable controller, the at least one programmable controller receiving top-of-atmosphere satellite data and weather data. According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for mitigating heat transfer characteristics at the surface of the Earth, comprising the steps of: The method includes: locating a plurality of systems on a surface of the Earth; and selectively rotating a shaft of a panel of at least one panel unit with a programmable controller for rotating the shaft, the plurality of systems including at least one panel unit and a shaft rotating means for rotating the shaft to place a panel in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflecting orientation, an emitting orientation, and a neutral orientation, each of the at least one panel unit configured to support at least one rotatable shaft with a panel integrally formed or coupled to the shaft, the panel having a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation reflecting surface. The method further includes a means for rotating the shafts, the means having an emission surface opposite an emission surface, the means for rotating the shafts being controlled by at least one programmable controller configured to receive top-of-atmosphere satellite data and determine a desired home position orientation for each of the panels, the means for rotating the shafts by the programmable controller selectively rotating the shafts of the panels of the at least one panel unit, the selective rotation of the shafts of the panels being determined in response to the top-of-atmosphere satellite data received by the programmable controller, and the orientation of the panels can be changed over time and in response to changes in the top-of-atmosphere satellite data. According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of mitigating heat transfer characteristics at the surface of the Earth, comprising: locating a plurality of systems on the Earth's surface; and selectively rotating shafts of panels of at least one panel unit with a programmable controller for rotating the shaft, said plurality of systems comprising at least one panel unit and means for rotating the shaft for placing a panel in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emissive orientation and a neutral orientation, each of said at least one panel unit being configured to support at least one rotatable shaft with panels integrally formed or coupled to said shaft, The panels have a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation emitting surface opposite the radiation reflecting surface, the means for rotating the shafts is controlled by at least one programmable controller configured to receive top of atmosphere satellite data and determine a desired home position orientation for each of the panels, and the means for rotating the shafts by the programmable controller selectively rotates the shafts of the panels of the at least one panel unit, the selective rotation of the shafts of the panels being determined in response to the top of atmosphere satellite data received by the programmable controller, and the orientation of the panels can be changed over time and in response to changes in the top of atmosphere satellite data. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] The emitting surface may be formed of or coated with a radiation absorbing material such as carbon black, soot, platinum black, carborundum, etc. The radiation emitting surface of the panel absorbs short and long wavelength radiation and has emissivities greater than about 95% over the full black body spectrum.

[0015] One such means includes a stepper motor or other motor adapted for engagement with a rotatable shaft. The motor controls the angle of the panel based on rotational position feedback. A local programmable controller may provide standard diurnal functions such as sun tracking and nighttime horizontal alignment. The controller may also receive downline loads from a remote Global Command Center. The Global Command Center algorithms are based on various climate data such as top of atmosphere satellite data, temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, meteorological data, time of day, panel unit position, radiation insulation, and combinations thereof.

[0016] In a preferred embodiment, each panel unit has a frame to which a rotatable shaft is attached. The panel units are mounted at a distance of at least one meter above a ground surface or at least one meter above a water surface (such as an ocean or lake). The frame defines an air passage that directs air below the panel. Optimally, the panel units are located at a predetermined mid-latitude location on the globe, such as the equator or an area within the range of 40 degrees north to 40 degrees south latitude.

[0017] In another preferred embodiment, each panel unit has a series of pairs of support posts, each pair of support posts being spaced apart by a length to accommodate a panel. The shafts of the panels may be supported by different pairs of struts arranged to form a grid or collection of panels that make up the panel unit. Bearing units associated with the support posts receive the shafts to which the panels are joined. The panel shafts may be rotated by dedicated individual motors or by motors coupled to a linkage to rotate the shafts in unison with one another as directed by a programmable controller. The pairs of support posts may be installed without a surrounding frame.

[0018] In one embodiment, some of the panel units may be maintained in a fixed bias position, with all or substantially all of the panels therein having their panel surfaces maintained in one of the cardinal positions, such as a reflective orientation or an emissive orientation.

[0019] A second aspect of the present invention is a method for reducing radiant energy absorption at the Earth's surface by installing a plurality of the above-described systems of the present invention at predetermined distribution locations on the Earth's surface and selectively rotating the shafts of the panels in the panel units by shaft rotation means controlled by a programmable controller.

[0020] The panel units are installed over land masses and water masses. For maximum heat reduction, they are best installed in areas considered to be the equator, mid-latitudes, or between 40 degrees north and 40 degrees south latitude. This preferred location also coincides with the predominant desert climates that are the primary target areas.

[0021] The panels within a panel unit can be rotated in various ways to position the panels not only in a predetermined one of each of the cardinal positions, but also in a predetermined rotational position between two cardinal positions. In most cases, the panels within one panel unit will be rotated to the same rotational orientation, and at a given time, the panels within different panel units will be rotatable to different rotational orientations. The rotational orientation of the panels within each of the panel units of multiple panel units will be dynamically controlled by a programmable controller. Additionally, in some areas, it is envisioned that fixed deflection position panel units will be installed, in which all or substantially all of the panels have panel surfaces that are maintained in one of the cardinal positions of either the reflective or emissive orientation. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0022] The above summary, together with the following detailed description of the present disclosure, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. For the purposes of illustrating the present disclosure, there are shown in the drawings embodiments of a presently preferred global environmental control system. It being understood, however, that the present disclosure is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

[0023] [Figure 1] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing the annual and global average energy balance of the Earth, showing incoming and outgoing solar radiation. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing how short and long wavelength solar radiation enters and leaves the Earth's surface when the sky is clear (without cloud cover). [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a global environment control system according to the present invention. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of each panel, as well as a panel unit (base module) equipped with the panels and each panel. [Figure 5A] FIG. 5A is a right-front perspective view of a panel unit deployed in a reflective orientation. [Figure 5B]FIG. 5B is a right front perspective view of the panel unit deployed in the ejection orientation. [Figure 5C] FIG. 5C is a right front perspective view of the panel unit deployed in a neutral orientation. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram modeling an environmental control system according to the present invention in a daytime use configuration with the panels oriented for daytime incident short-wavelength direct radiation. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram modeling an environmental control system according to the present invention with panels oriented for incoming short wavelength direct radiation during the day using sun tracking (direct normal). [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram modeling an environmental control system according to the present invention in a daytime use configuration with the panels oriented for direct short wavelength radiation incident during the day using sun tracking (direct normal with vertical reflection). [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram modeling an environmental control system according to the present invention in a night-time configuration with panels oriented to block radiative emissions from the Earth's surface at night. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing a representative grouping of panel units over a portion of a square mile area. [Figure 11] Figure 11 is a graph of incoming solar radiation by calendar month at different latitudes on Earth. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a graph of Earth's planetary ALBEDO (%) as a function of latitude. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a mid-latitude region suitable for placing panel units according to the present invention. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating one command and control option for the global environmental control system of the present invention. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram modeling a climate control system according to the present invention in a daytime use configuration. [Figure 16]FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram modeling a climate control system according to the present invention in a night-time use configuration. [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of a lake surface illustrating the reflection of short wavelength radiation by the water surface. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of a panel unit of the present invention deployed on the water surface, illustrating the reflection of short wavelength radiation by the panel unit. [Figure 19] FIG. 19 is a right front perspective view of the panel in a neutral orientation, mounted on a shaft supported by bearings in support posts. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 is a right front perspective view of the panel of FIG. 19 in an ejection orientation. [Figure 21] FIG. 20 is a right front perspective view of the panel of FIG. 19 in a reflective orientation. [Figure 22] FIG. 22 is a right-front perspective view of the panel of FIG. 19 in a partially reflective orientation. [Diagram 23] 23 is a right side view of the panel of FIG. 19 and a right side view of a second panel adjacent it, the two panels forming a panel unit together. EXAMPLES

[0024] In the following description, certain terminology is used for convenience only and not for purposes of limitation. Unless otherwise specified herein, the terms "a," "an," and "the" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" rather than being limited to a single element. This terminology includes the above words, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import.

[0025] Additionally, it should be understood that the terms "about," "approximately," "generally," "substantially," and similar terms used herein when referring to dimensions or characteristics of components of the present invention do not preclude minor variations therefrom that are functionally similar, and that the dimensions / characteristics described are not precise boundaries or parameters. At the very least, references involving numerical parameters such as those that include variations using mathematical and industrial principles accepted in the art (e.g., rounding, measurement or other systematic errors, manufacturing tolerances, etc.) will not alter the least significant digit.

[0026] The present invention will now be described in detail by way of examples with reference to the accompanying drawings. The preferred embodiments and examples shown throughout this description should be considered as illustrative rather than limiting to the present invention. As used herein, "the present invention" refers to any one of the embodiments of the present invention described herein, and any equivalents. Furthermore, references to various feature(s) of the "present invention" throughout this document do not imply that all claimed embodiments or methods must include the referenced feature(s). The following description is provided to enable one skilled in the art to make and use the present invention, and describes the best mode contemplated by the inventor for carrying out the present invention. However, various modifications defined by the appended claims will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the claims.

[0027] It should be noted that the step(s) recited in any method claim below do not necessarily have to be performed in the order recited. One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize variations in performing the steps from the order recited. Moreover, the absence of mention or discussion of a feature, step, or component provides basis for a claim in which the absent feature or component is excluded by a proviso or similar claim language.

[0028] Figure 1 shows the annual and global average energy budget of the Earth, showing incoming and outgoing solar radiation. The average Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) incoming solar radiation (long and short wavelengths) is 342 W / m2 in a given year. 2 The heat is returned to the atmosphere as sensible heat, evapotranspiration (latent heat), and thermal infrared radiation (long wavelength radiation). Most of this radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, which in return emits radiation both upwards and downwards.

[0029] Referring to Figure 1, the average insolation of the Earth at the top of the atmosphere is 342 W / m 2 The short wavelength component 107 is estimated to be 107 W / m 2 The long wavelength component 235 is 235W / m 2 The total is 342W / m 2 and is equal to the amount of solar radiation. The radiation escaping from the top of the atmosphere can be characterized as a short-wavelength component of 107 and a long-wavelength component of 235. The short-wavelength component of 107 is 107 W / m 2 is called off, and the long wavelength 235 is 235W / m 2 total of 342 W / m 2 and is equal to the incoming solar radiation. If we can increase the amount of shortwave radiation107 and / or longwave radiation235 escaping from the top of the atmosphere, the global temperature will decrease. Conversely, if there is a decrease in the amount of radiation escaping from the atmosphere, the global temperature will increase. In the case of greenhouse gases, an increase in the amount of GHGs in the Earth's atmosphere makes it more difficult for longwave radiation to escape, and the temperature of the Earth will increase.

[0030] Referring now to Figure 2, a spectral graph of short and long wavelength radiation (clear sky) is shown. This spectral graph can be downloaded from https: / / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov / pms / articles / PMC6174548 / . The primary goal is to affect the balance of radiative energy experienced at the Earth's surface. As can be seen, the conditions for suppressing the energy depend greatly on the radiation wavelength. Figure 2 can be divided into three large regions: (1) the magnitude and wavelength associated with the radiation incident on the Earth from the Sun - see the upper left part of the figure (labeled Solar Energy Absorbing Gases), (2) the magnitude and wavelength of the upward radiation from the Earth escaping the atmosphere - see the upper right part of Figure 2, and (3) the individual and cumulative attenuation of atmospheric gases as a function of wavelength. This acts to block the downward and upward radiation - see the lower part of Figure 2 (labeled "Transition" - including the dotted line). Atmospheric "windows" are regions of the spectrum where radiation can pass relatively unabsorbed through atmospheric gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide), thus producing less atmospheric heat (less greenhouse effect). The two main windows are the short-wave window, which is responsible for allowing sunlight to pass through to the Earth, and the long-wave window (10-14 microns), which provides optimal passage for thermal long-wave emissions. As shown in Figure 2, atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are harmful in the long-wave window.

[0031] It should be noted that the "clear-sky" gas phenomenon shown in Figure 2 becomes a secondary effect in the presence of any amount of cloud cover that manifests itself through the presence of water droplets or ice crystals. The effect of clouds far exceeds that of gas, both in incoming and outgoing radiation.

[0032] According to the present invention, as shown in FIG. 3, a geo-engineering solution 10 to global climate control uses a distributed system of programmable forcings deployed in predefined regions around the world. The programmable forcings are a series of panel units 110 having rotatable panels 100 with a radiation reflecting surface 102 on one side and a radiation absorbing surface 104 on the other side. The panel units 110 are placed at multiple locations on the Earth's surface (including on land and over bodies of water). The orientation of the individual panels 100 within the panel units 110 is varied and dynamically controlled to (i) reflect incident solar radiation, (ii) absorb incident solar radiation, and / or (iii) allow incident solar radiation to bypass and reach the Earth's surface. Using this system, the Earth's surface properties can be dynamically altered to counteract the effects of harmful CO2 and other GHG gases and / or even reset the Earth's temperature to pre-industrial levels.

[0033] The desired orientation of each panel 100 in a panel unit 110 in the global climate control system is determined based on several factors, including (i) top of atmosphere measurements from satellite observatories 120, such as, but not limited to, CERES and MODIS, (ii) day or night conditions at the deployment location on the Earth's surface 124 (including landmasses and bodies of water), (iii) sea level, and (iv) weather conditions including relative humidity and temperature along with the amount of cloud cover 128 at the deployment location. The top of atmosphere measurements and other factors 129 are delivered to a central database and processor (or a series of databases and processors) in a global climate command and control center 130, from which calculations are made as to whether incident solar radiation should be reflected, absorbed, or in some other way attenuated by the panels of a particular panel unit. Control signals 132 from the global climate command and control center control motors associated with the panel units 110 so that the individual panels 100 can be rotated to the desired orientation.

[0034] Currently, numerous satellite systems are operated by NASA and NOAA that aim to provide real-time feedback on the Earth's radiation budget, including shortwave radiation and longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere. These systems also collect data on a variety of other important factors, such as cloud cover, temperature, humidity, sea level, among other functions, which aim to meet the needs of the meteorological community. This data is also shared with and used by the Global Climate Command and Control Center 130 for the system of the present invention. Highly sophisticated NASA and NOAA satellites, such as CERES and MODIS, with dedicated operations and data teams, are already in place and already collect regional and global data that would be necessary to operate the system of the present invention described herein. This data can be supplemented by local data collected by sensors 140 on or above the individual panel units 110, such as temperature, humidity, and incoming solar radiation.

[0035] The Earth Command and Control Center 130 provides remote control of the panels / forcings 100 of the panel units 110 that make up the Earth panel network. Feedback information 142 comes from sensors 140 at or on the panel units 110, along with information coming from the satellites 120. A network of distributed forcings will be complex, but the benefits will soon be realized. The Earth Command and Control Center 130 can control the orientation of the individual panels 100 to affect climatic conditions such as weather patterns, ocean current patterns, and possibly an overall improvement of the global climate, including attenuation of extreme weather conditions. This Earth Command and Control Center 130 can provide high speed (response in seconds), allowing for control strategies that can optimize a given climatic goal. Finally, the signal feedback is correlated, lending itself to acritical control.

[0036] I envisage that a global panel oversight committee be set up to ensure that global climate goals are decided by consensus and monitored appropriately. Such a committee would also ensure that the entire system functions in agreement with the member states that constitute the committee. This governance committee could be considered a great asset in building global solidarity by addressing key issues that concern all.

[0037] As shown in FIG. 4, in one embodiment, the panel unit 110 has a frame 114 that can be mounted on a support or deployed on the surface of a land or body of water depending on the desire for a particular deployment position. A series of panels 100 are configured to rotate within the panel unit 110. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, five panels 100 are placed within the panel unit 110, each of which is attached to a respective shaft 112 that extends outside the frame 114 of the panel unit 110. The shaft 112 is then received within or joined to a motor or series of motors to control its rotation. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4, the panel unit (base module) 110 has a width of 20 feet to 60 feet (6.1 m to 18.3 m), with a width of 30 feet (9.1 m) shown in FIG. 4. In this embodiment, the individual panels 100 held within the panel unit 110 have a width of 4 to 6 feet (1.2 m to 1.8 m), with a width of 6 feet (1.8 m) shown in FIG. 4. Such individual panels 100 may have lengths of 250 to 400 feet (76.2 to 122 m), with the 330 foot (100.6 m) length shown in Figure 4. In the embodiment shown in Figure 4, the combined group (panel unit 110 or base module having five panels 100) has a footprint of 330 feet by 330 feet (100.6 m by 100.6 m). These dimensions are exemplary, and other dimensions of panels and panel units used as desired when the panel units are deployed over a particular land surface or body of water are within the scope of the present invention.

[0038] The panels 100 provide important optical properties for both positive and negative forcing. Each panel 100 has a radiation reflecting surface 102 and a radiation emitting surface 104 opposite the radiation reflecting surface 102. The radiation reflecting surface 102 is highly reflective, preferably 95% reflective, to short and long wavelength solar radiation. The radiation emitting surface 104 is ideally a black body radiator.

[0039] In one embodiment, the panel 100 is formed of aluminum, the reflective or reflecting surface 102 is aluminum, and the emissive or absorptive surface 104 is painted with a black body coating. Such black body coatings include soot, carbon black, platinum black, and carborundum. These coatings have an emissivity of 95% or greater across the black body spectrum at a given temperature. Emissivity black paint is available from Acktar - https: / / www.acktar.com / products-services / high-emissivity-materials / -. To obtain the desired emissivity, the paint can be applied to a thickness of at least about 5 microns.

[0040] In other embodiments, panel 100 is formed of a composite material, and a polymeric film having reflective material or particles incorporated therein is applied to radiation reflecting or reflective surface 102, and a polymeric film having radiation absorbing particles mixed therein is applied to radiation emitting or absorbing surface 104. Alternatively, radiation reflecting or reflective surface 102 may be painted with an aluminum-containing paint or coated with an aluminum coating.

[0041] In another embodiment, a reflective aluminized film is applied to the panel surface 102. The aluminized film is strong, robust, weather resistant and cost effective. Other metal films including gold or silver may also be considered. Aluminum, gold and silver may form a mirror surface that reflects both short and long wavelength radiation. Alternatively, the reflective surface 102 may be formed of "radiative cooling" materials with reflectivity of over 95% in the short wavelength range, some of which are designed to have IR emissivity in the long wavelength window. Radiative cooling materials provide ideal performance for daylight use. As yet another alternative, highly specialized polymer layer dielectric mirrors may be created to tailor their spectral characteristics when used for the reflective surface 102.

[0042] Additionally, the radiative reflective surface may comprise or have an applied film, such as a new class of materials referred to as radiative cooling films, that have spectral radiation characteristics that reflect visible, short wavelength radiation and emit long wavelength, infrared radiation. Radiative cooling films are currently used to improve cooling of building roofs.

[0043] Special emissive surface materials are available that are designed to enhance thermal emission at night. Special emissive surface materials can be designed to promote the magnitude and frequency of long-wavelength radiation emission through the long-wavelength window, thereby improving the cooling effect associated with increased energy emission at the top of the atmosphere. Examples of emissive surface materials include carbon black coatings, Martin Black paint, black Tedlar, black polyethylene, and advanced emissive coatings that employ nanotube technology. Surface roughness also improves emission and convection into the surrounding air.

[0044] The panels 100 have three basic positions, as shown in Figures 5A, 5B, and 5C. In Figure 5A, an exemplary panel unit 110a has four panels 100 and is shown with the panels 100 in a reflective orientation. The reflective surfaces 102 of the panels 100 are oriented upward and reflect all or most of the incoming downwelling short-wavelength and long-wavelength solar radiation. In this manner, by reflecting the incoming downwelling short-wavelength and downwelling long-wavelength solar radiation, a significant portion of the reflected radiation escapes the top of the atmosphere, reducing radiation within the Earth's atmosphere. In Figure 5B, an exemplary panel unit 110 has four panels 100 and is shown with the panels 100 in an emitting orientation. The emitting or absorbing surfaces 104 of the panels 100 are oriented upward and absorb the incoming short-wavelength and long-wavelength solar radiation. The incoming downwelling solar radiation is absorbed by the panel surfaces 104, and the upwelling radiation is emitted from the panel surfaces 104. 5C, an exemplary panel unit 110 has four panels 100 and is shown with the panels 100 in a neutral orientation. The panels 100 are rotated 90 degrees so that incoming solar radiation passes through the frame 114, passes through the panels 100, and reaches the Earth's surface.

[0045] In a preferred embodiment, the panel 100 can be positioned in any desired orientation other than the three cardinal positions. Thus, more or less descending short wavelength radiation and descending long wavelength radiation can be reflected by the panel 100 as the panel 100 is rotated to an angular orientation between the cardinal positions.

[0046] The panel unit frame 114 defines air passages 116 that allow air to flow beneath the panels 100 of the panel unit 110. Air in the surrounding area may thus move into and around the panel frame 114. Heat flux moves horizontally between the panel 100 and adjacent areas. Additionally, the panel 100 can be rotated intermittently, creating air exchange between the defined area beneath the panel unit 110 and the surrounding air.

[0047] 6, the panel unit 110 is shown mounted at a height of about 1.2 meters above the Earth's surface 124. The panel unit 110 has a width that allows the panel 100 to rotate without the ends of the panel 100 contacting the earth or water surface on which the panel unit 110 is installed. The panel 100 may have a length as desired. Depending on the configuration of the panel unit 110, lengths of 100 feet (30.5 m) to over 500 feet (152.4 m) are possible, with a typical panel 100 having a length of 330 feet (100.6 m). An optimal panel unit 110 placement would position the rotatable panel 100 about 1 meter to about 3 meters above the Earth's surface 124. In such a panel placement, the width of the panel 100 may desirably be about 1 to about 2.8 meters, or about 4 feet to about 6 feet (1.2 m to about 1.8 m). Thus, the panel surface area is 600 square feet (55.8 m). 2 ) to approximately 3,000 square feet (278.8 m 2 ) is expected.

[0048] When the panel units 110 are deployed in a reflective orientation with the radiation-reflecting surface 102 of each panel 100 facing upward, as shown in FIG. 6, the descending diurnal short-wavelength direct radiation 342 is reflected by the panels 100 as indicated by arrows 107, and the coverage area 170 under the panel unit 110 is shaded 172 by the descending radiation 342, thereby cooling the coverage area 170 under the panel unit 110. The cooling effect of the coverage area 170 is distributed horizontally and vertically via advection and convection of air. A unique feature is that both long-wavelength and short-wavelength radiation are reflected by the panels 100 of the panel unit 110. The average global cooling effect achieved by the system 10 of the present invention is expected to be a function of the magnitude of different surface characteristics at various wavelengths (short and long wavelengths), the location (latitude and longitude) of the panel unit on the Earth's surface, and the percentage of the Earth's surface that is covered by the panel unit.

[0049] Mechanisms for rotating the shaft 112 include, but are not limited to, (a) a combination of a stepper motor (brushless DC motor) and a link to an associated indexer (controller) and driver (amplifier), and (b) a torque motor (permanent magnet synchronous rotary motor) with an associated controller and driver (see, for example, motor 150 in FIG. 19). The motor controls adjustment of the angular position of the panel based on mechanically linked encoded angular position feedback. The shaft 112 can be rotated by the motor 150 to at least position and hold the panel 100 in each of the configurations as shown in FIGS. 5A-5C. Preferably, the shaft 112 can be rotated to position the panel 100 in the panel unit 110 in any desired angular orientation, which can be maintained until an instruction center applicable to the panel unit 110 transmits an alternative position command.

[0050] When the shaft 112 is not directly acted upon by the selected motor, a linkage may be provided between the shaft 112 and the selected motor(s). The linkage may include pivot arm(s), crank arm(s) or rocker arch(s) along with a gearbox (see, for example, U.S. Patent No. 9,453,899 to Exosun).

[0051] Solar tracking may be used to orient the panels 100 of the panel unit 110 in a direct vertical reflective configuration during clear daylight hours to reflect descending daytime shortwave direct radiation 342. When solar tracking is used to orient the panel 100, the reflected radiation 107 may be reflected in a direction perpendicular to the reflective surface 102 of the panel 100, as shown in Figure 7. Alternatively, when solar tracking is used to orient the panel 100, the reflected radiation 107 may be reflected in a direction at an angle to the reflective surface 102 of the panel 100, as shown in Figure 8.

[0052] For direct normal incidence solar radiation, maximum shading beneath the panel unit 110 occurs with the panel oriented perpendicular to the direct normal radiation (see FIG. 6). To maximize top-of-air cooling for maximum shading effect on the Earth's surface beneath the panel unit 110, the angular orientation of the panel 100 may be optimized for normal reflection.

[0053] When the incoming solar radiation is more diffuse, e.g., not direct, the panel 100 can be oriented with its reflective surface 102 facing upwards towards the sun and the panel unit 110 deployed as shown in Figure 6. At a given time during the day, there is a mix of direct normal radiation and diffuse down-going short-wave radiation. The angle of the panel 100 can be optimized by the control system. As an example, on a very cloudy day where 99 percent of the down-going radiation is diffuse, the optimal panel angle would be horizontal (as shown in Figure 6).

[0054] FIG. 9 shows the panel unit in a proposed orientation at night. The panel 100 has a radiation absorbing surface 104 oriented upwards towards the upper atmosphere. The radiation absorbing surface 104 (black body) will emit radiation (heat) 392 as a function of temperature, which is mainly influenced by the surrounding air, according to Planck's law. The Earth's surface 124 emits radiation (heat) 390 as a function of the skin temperature and the spectral emissivity of the corresponding terrain. The effect of the two surfaces is additive, and the panel unit 110 enhances nighttime cooling at the Earth's surface. Additionally, the panel 100 blocks radiation ions from the terrain as a function of the aspect ratio of the panel's height to surface area dimensions. The radiation reflecting material on the radiation reflecting surface 102 of the panel 100 then reflects the IR radiation 390, maximizing the amount of radiation that can escape and cool the Earth's surface 124.

[0055] One or more fans 300 may be mounted in or near the panel unit 110 to direct air beneath the panel 100 in the direction of arrow 304. The rotation 302 of each of the fans 300 may optionally be controlled by a programmable controller. Such airflow 304 may cool the area beneath the panel 100 and may also cool motors or other components or structures of the radiation / energy absorption mitigation system.

[0056] 19-23 show another alternative panel unit 610 according to the present invention, which is composed of at least two panels 600 (see FIG. 23), preferably four or more panels, forming a panel unit. As shown in FIGS. 19-23, the panel 600 has a reflective surface 602 and an emission surface 604 opposite the reflective surface 602. The radiation reflection surface 602 is highly reflective to short and long wavelength solar radiation, preferably 95% reflective. The radiation emission surface 604 is ideally a black body radiator. The material composition of the panel 600 can be the same as the material composition described herein for the panel 100.

[0057] The panel 600 is joined to or integrally formed with a shaft 612. The ends of the shaft 612 extend beyond the side ends of the panel 600. Each panel 600 is supported so that it can rotate on the ground or water. A pair of support posts 620, 620' are spaced apart by a distance that fits the length of the panel 600. Bearings 622, 622' associated with the support posts 620, 622' accommodate the shaft 612 so that the shaft 612 can rotate relative to the support posts 620, 620'. One end of the shaft 612 is rotatably connected to a motor 150, such as, but not limited to, a stepper motor. Multiple pairs of posts can be installed to support multiple panels, forming a panel unit 610. One or more sensors 640, such as temperature and humidity sensors, can be installed on each support post. Preferably, the sensors 640 transmit data to a programmable controller associated with the panel unit 610.

[0058] Figure 19 shows the panel 600 in a neutral orientation where a maximum amount of solar radiation impacts the ground below the panel 600, shading only a very small area below the panel 600. In contrast, as shown in Figures 20 and 21, a substantially shaded area 672 is below the panel 600 when the panel 600 is in the radiation emitting or radiation absorbing orientations of Figure 20 as well as when it is in the reflective orientation shown in Figure 21. The programmable controller sends instructions to the motor 150 to rotate the shaft 612 of the panel 600 to a particular angular orientation to reflect or absorb incident radiation as desired.

[0059] Intermediate orientations between neutral, emissive and reflective are possible, such as one intermediate orientation shown in Figure 22. In such intermediate orientations, a shaded region 674 of a different size, smaller than shaded region 672, is formed under panel 600.

[0060] A series of panel units 110, 610 may be installed to form a panel farm at a given location. An example of a possible distribution or tiling of panel units 110 is shown in FIG. 10. An array of eleven panel units (base modules) 110 of the size proposed in this application would cover an area of ​​1 / 128th of a square mile (or km 2 The distance between the optical axis and the optical fiber can be set over a range of 1 / 128 of the optical axis.

[0061] The panel units 110, 610 should be deployed on the Earth's surface in sufficient quantities and in a highly distributive fashion to create a dispersive forcing radiation from the top of the atmosphere. The minimum improvement in the energy balance to compensate for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is 0.031 W / m per year. 2It is believed that the average Earth cooling effect produced by the system 10 is a function of the magnitude of different surface characteristics at various radiation wavelengths (short and long wavelength radiation), the location on the Earth where the panel unit is deployed (latitude and longitude), and the percentage of the Earth's surface that is covered by the panel unit 110,610. A preliminary benchmark is to deploy the panel unit 110,610 over an area of ​​at least 1,000,000 square miles (2,590,000 km2). 2 ) of the Earth's surface (both land and water), which is approximately 0.5% of the Earth's surface. When the panel 100,600 is in a reflective orientation, the panel unit 110,610 shades a given surface area 170,672, blocking the absorption of energy at the Earth's surface 124. Under this benchmark of 0.5% of the Earth's surface, the reduction in absorbed energy is significant: (0.5%) (168 W / m 2 )=0.84W / m 2 With this invention, the average improvement in shortwave radiation is 0.60 W / m 2 is expected, with an average improvement in long-wavelength radiation of 0.40 W / m 2 The average improvement in heat insulation due to shading is expected to be 0.80 W / m 2 Combined, the total average is estimated at 0.80 W / m 2 This is expected to vary with latitude and longitude placement along with optimization of panel unit control.

[0062] Placing panel units 110, 610 primarily in mid-latitude regions on or near the Earth's equator has the greatest potential for reducing global warming, since these regions experience the most incoming solar radiation throughout the year. Figure 11 shows the incoming solar radiation (i.e., incoming shortwave radiation) at the Earth's surface as a function of distance from the equator as a function of calendar month. This data can be downloaded at http: / / www.physicalgeography.net / fundamentals / 6i.html.

[0063] Figure 12 shows the total reflectance of shortwave radiation received by the Earth as a function of latitude. This data can be downloaded at http: / / www.climatedata.info / forcing / albedo / .

[0064] FIG. 13 identifies optimal mid-latitude regions for placement of panel units 110, 610 of the environmental control system 10 of the present invention. As shown, the optimal mid-latitude regions are from 40 degrees north of the equator (40°N) to 40 degrees south of the equator (40°S), and more preferably from 20 degrees north of the equator (20°N) to 20 degrees south of the equator (20°S). These regions receive the most incoming solar radiation and, by reflecting more radiation, have the greatest effect on reducing the temperature of the Earth. Thus, the initial distribution of panel units can be selected to maximize the efficiency of surface cooling.

[0065] The environmental control system 10 according to the present invention is intended to be distributed primarily in densely populated areas, as these areas are expected to offer easier installation and maintenance while remaining uninterrupted to daily life. Distribution of the panel units will include installation in small villages, of which there are an estimated 1.2 billion worldwide (600 million in India alone). Small surface area areas (e.g., less than 0.25 square miles (0.65 km2)) will be ideal for use in small residential areas. 2 )) may participate in a given village. Combining deployments in small villages may produce high cumulative coverage with immediate support from the inhabitants of those villages. For larger towns and cities, panel units can reach up to 1 square mile (2.59 km2) without disturbing the inhabitants. 2 ) or more. Again, when panels are installed in populated areas, high cumulative coverage is likely due to ready support from residents.

[0066] The surface mounted panel unit 110, 610 with the rotatable panel 100, 600 of the present invention has important optical surface properties that redirect (reflect) down-going radiation upwards through the short wavelength window (see FIG. 2). Alternatively, the rotatable panel 100, 600 can be positioned to improve emission of long wavelength radiation that escapes through the long wavelength window. For example, the panel 100, 600 can be set in an emission position at night (see FIGS. 9 and 20). The combined effects of reflection and emission will have a net cooling effect on the Earth's surface.

[0067] The system 10 of the present invention provides programmable forcings that can be deployed and positioned around the world to safely and effectively reverse global warming on a real-time basis despite rising levels of GHG emissions into the Earth's atmosphere. The panel units 110, 610 can be deployed and then programmed and activated as needed. Effects can be adjusted and even reversed remotely. This includes real-time programming and takes into account other variables such as, but not limited to, cloud cover, circulation patterns and air temperature. The estimated cost of deploying the dynamic system of the present invention to mitigate energy absorption around the world would be much less than the estimated cost of reducing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions and the estimated cost of the adverse effects of continued global warming.

[0068] FIG. 14 shows one option for the overall communication and control scheme of the system 10 of the present invention for mitigating energy absorption at the Earth's surface. Each panel unit group (panel farm) 500 has an associated instrument pack 502 to provide local data such as temperature, humidity and incident solar radiation, which can be accessed and analyzed by the command center 130. In addition, satellite data systems (maintained by NASA and NOAA) 120 collect and share various historical and real-time information about the planetary systems. In addition to the planet's short and long wavelength emissions (important for energy balance factors), there is also information about cloud cover, greenhouse gas concentrations, humidity, surface temperature and sea level. Such data 129 can also be accessed and analyzed by the command center 130.

[0069] As shown in Figure 14, some of the panel units 110 may be arranged in fixed deflection positions, with the panels within such panel units 110 being fixed in a base position in a reflective orientation. These fixed deflection position panels will not rotate if deemed safe and appropriate for the position in which the panel unit is deployed. Including a number of fixed deflection position panels will reduce the complexity and cost of manufacturing, installing, controlling and maintaining the system.

[0070] The system 10 for mitigating energy absorption at the Earth's surface according to the present invention is not a temperature control system intended to operate solely with thermal feedback. Temperature forcing (panels 100, 600 of panel units 110, 610) will provide positive or neutral effects on the overall climate, both locally and regionally and globally. Since there is a wide range of time constants associated with various aspects of the Earth's climate (which may take years), long-term average targets will be established on a minute-by-minute, diurnal and seasonal basis. According to the present invention, there will be no adverse effects on the major planetary circulation patterns, both atmospheric and oceanic. The system 10 is designed to avoid these problems by having programmable control elements with high spatial distribution. Flexibility in the deployment of the panel units 110, 610 and panels 100, 600 and how they are controlled by the control elements will be key to success.

[0071] Due to the complexity of atmospheric variables such as cloud cover versus clear sky conditions with changing concentrations of greenhouse gases, it would be infeasible to use simplified control algorithms for optimal control of the system of the present invention. Instead, the system is designed and targeted to support Adaptive Control and ultimately Intelligent Control. Each of these control schemes would require appropriate feedback on key variables related to the desired effect on the overall climate system. Feedback of an immense array of satellite data and local measurement data is the key to optimally controlling the system.

[0072] Due to the large number of panel unit farms 500 required for the system and to have a detectable impact on mitigating climate change, it is expected that the panel units 110, 610 will be manufactured and installed on a piecemeal basis over a period of years. It may be necessary to try different prototypes of the panel unit test farms to measure the effectiveness of the panel surface under various atmospheric conditions. The novel features of the inventive system, such as perfect blackbody radiator and IR reflectance, along with the control dynamics, are not currently used in existing geoengineering solutions.

[0073] Figures 15 and 16 model the control algorithm of a dynamic system according to the present invention for mitigating energy absorption (both long and short wavelength radiation) at the Earth's surface during day and night conditions. Figure 15 shows the altered heat transfer at the Earth's surface in daylight or daylight with and without the deployment of an environmental control panel unit according to the present invention. When the environmental control panel units are installed and controlled according to the present invention, the peak top of atmosphere radiation heat coefficients are ultimately affected by the differential performance of a given surface area relative to adjacent areas.

[0074] Under normal circumstances, both short and long wavelengths from the atmosphere will be absorbed by the Earth's surface (land or water) due to radiative heat transfer, downward radiation, and upward radiation from the surface will travel upwards, be attenuated by atmospheric gases and / or clouds, and some will escape the Earth's atmosphere. The normal amount of upward radiation is a function of the surface temperature and surface structure (is it sand, soil, rock, water, etc.). The partial reflection of short wavelength radiation based on the surface ALBEDO will be reflected upwards, some of which will be absorbed by the atmosphere, and some of which will escape the Earth's atmosphere. Figure 15 shows that when the panel units are installed, the panel surface will substitute for the normal surface characteristics. This substitution can result in an increase in reflectivity by more than a factor of 9 in many cases. The area defined by the panel is shown shaded in Figure 15. The diagram of daytime radiation (Figure 15) takes into account the presence or absence of cloud cover amount that affects what is received at the Earth's surface. The cloud variable is shown with a switch (on / off) to simulate the effect in terms of presence and absence.

[0075] FIG. 16 shows the changed heat transfer at the Earth's surface in darkness or nighttime with and without the deployment of an environmental control panel unit according to the present invention. In contrast to that shown in FIG. 15, the model in FIG. 16 shows the removal of the sun. Top-of-atmosphere radiative heat is ultimately affected by the different performance of a given surface area relative to the adjacent area where the climate control panel unit is installed. Under normal circumstances, radiative heat transfer, downward radiation, causes both short and long wavelengths from the atmosphere to be absorbed by the Earth's surface (land or water), while upward radiation from the Earth's surface travels upward, is attenuated and absorbed by atmospheric gases and clouds, and some escapes the Earth's atmosphere. The normal amount of upward radiation is a function of the surface temperature and the surface structure (whether it is sand, soil, rock, water, etc.). The spectral characteristics of these surface types vary, and none of them reach the ideal black body radiator.

[0076] When a panel unit according to the present invention is installed, the panel surface becomes a proxy for the surface properties of the Earth and depending on the orientation of the panel, it can act as an IR reflector or a perfect black body emitter. In either case, the area defined by the panel is shown as shaded in Figure 16. Looking at Figure 16, the model takes into account that atmospheric conditions may be possible both with and without cloud cover resulting in dramatically different situations of cloud cover.

[0077] The system of the present invention also has advantages when the panel units 110, 610 are installed on bodies of water such as lakes and oceans. In the present application, "earth surface" is intended to include bodies of water as well as land. As shown in Figures 17 and 18, when the panel 100 is installed on a body of water 400 in a reflective orientation, it blocks the water below the panel unit 110 and reflects both short wavelength 30 and long wavelength 350 radiation away from the lake water. Cool air 410 flows between the panel unit 110 and the water surface 400. The temperature of the lake water decreases in proportion to the percentage of the lake surface covered by the panel unit 110. When installed on the lake surface, the panel unit 110 can be fixed to a frame that is cantilevered from the shore or can be attached to a buoyant frame. Such a panel unit 110 can be installed on the sea surface. In such cases, the panels 100 may be mounted on a buoyant frame, such as made from high density polypropylene, that will resist degradation from exposure to water, salt water, other contaminants, and the effects of weather.

[0078] [Installation example] Desert Mounting - Tabq Province, Saudi Arabian Desert Tabuk province in the Saudi Arabian desert, coordinates Latitude:28.465899 Longitude: 37.361435

[0079] The average direct normal radiation (over a year) is 7349W / m per day 2 It is given that: Using the conversion factor of 0.04166, we find that the average incident solar radiation is 306 W / m 2 Obtain the direct normal radiation (a panel that tracks the sun to maintain the normal angle). 20% attenuation of incoming solar radiation by the desert atmosphere. Sand reflectance 25% 95% reflectivity of aluminum Using this constant together with , we can produce the following Tables 3 and 4 which show the downward and upward radiation. Additionally, Tables 3 and 4 include that 50% of the heat absorbed in the atmosphere is radiated back into space as long wavelength (LW) radiation.

[0080] [Table 3]

[0081] [Table 4]

[0082] The calculations in Tables 3 and 4 show the net improvement in net emissions from Earth to space. 261.8W / m 2 - 68.9W / m 2 = 193W / m 2 . Current imbalances in the top of the atmosphere (TOA)

[0083] A typical reference to the overall TOA imbalance is this: https: / / theconversation.com / earths-energy-budget-is-out-of-balance-heres-how-thats-warming-the-climate-165244: "Nearly all of that energy absorbed was matched by energy emitted back into space. However, now that leftover builds up as global warming. According to the latest data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, that leftover has increased from just under 0.6 watts per square meter at the end of the last century to 0.79 watts between 2006 and 2018. Most of it now heats the oceans. That sounds like a small number, but that energy adds up."

[0084] To compensate or cancel this increase on an annual basis, we calculate: 0.79-0.6=0.19 W / m over 120 years. 2 .

[0085] This is = 0.19 W / m 2 / 120 years = 0.001583 W / m per year 2 This corresponds to an increase of

[0086] To compensate or cancel this annual increase, we can calculate the required panel coverage (based on SW reflectance) as follows: Ratio of Panel Forcing to Panel Requirement 188 / 0.001583=118,737

[0087] The required fraction of the Earth's surface area can be calculated as follows: Total surface area of ​​the Earth: 5.10E+14 square meters Percentage of coverage required: 5.10E+14 / 118,737=4.18E+9 square kilometers (1,614 square miles).

[0088] [Surface energy balance] The main component of global warming is typically considered in terms of the surface heating problem due to the yearly increase in GHG emissions, the main component being CO2 emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels. For panels, the short wave (SW) energy (heat) absorbed by the panels at their surface is given as follows: From Table 3 above, we can see that 306W / m 2 Ground incident solar radiation 290W / m 2 reflection This shows: 306-290=16W / m 2 is absorbed by the Earth.

[0089] The SW radiation without the panel is (Table 4 above): 306W / m 2 Ground insulation 76.5W / m 2 reflection This means that 306-78.5=229.5W / m 2 is absorbed by the Earth. In total, the panels will emit 229.5 – 16 = 213.5 W / m 2 Provide improvements.

[0090] [Overview of the surface energy balance] The most important factor causing surface heating by greenhouse gases is considered to be the emission of CO2 gas resulting from the burning of fossil fuels. Worldwide, these CO2 emissions occur at a rate of 40 billion tons per year. The equivalent forcing of this emission is reported in the literature to be 0.031 W / m 2 The ratio of panel improvement to annual increase in CO2 emissions is 213.5W / 0.031=6,871. The area of ​​the Earth's surface needed to achieve this improvement by SW reflection to offset one year's worth of CO2 emissions can be calculated as follows: Total surface area of ​​the Earth: 5.10E+14 square meters Percentage of coverage required: 5.10E+14 / 6,871 = 74,200 square kilometers (28,648 square miles).

[0091] The net effect of the panels of the present invention, including shading and nighttime effects, is estimated to be at least twice this effect, covering an area of ​​approximately 14,300 square miles (1329 km2). 2 ) of solar energy. If current green energy emissions could be compensated for by 50%, the cooling target could be reduced even further. In that case, it would be 50% of the panel compensation, or 7,150 square miles (665 km2). 2 ) is required.

[0092] The present invention is superior to other engineering approaches proposed to control heat flux in relation to the Earth's energy balance. Panels of the panel unit of the present invention can be installed at optimal latitudes on land and water bodies and controlled, preferably in concert, by a real-time feedback control system. The panels provide an adjustable solution that responds to empirical data, both real-time and historic. Data includes variables such as changes in cloud activity, temperature, humidity, composition of atmospheric gases and incoming solar radiation. Such data are currently available through satellites and ground stations used in weather forecasting and climate science research. The number, location and orientation of the panels (full range of reflectance from 0 to 1 when rotated) can be monitored and altered in response to changes in the data.

[0093] In contrast, other proposed engineering approaches lack real-time control and are considered open-loop systems. For example, painting terrestrial structures such as roofs and roads can only be done in limited areas and is not programmable or adjustable to changing conditions. Planting more reflective crops can only be done in limited areas and is not programmable or adjustable in real-time to changing conditions. Placing reflective foam on the ocean surface can only be done in limited areas and is not programmable or adjustable in real-time to changing conditions. The release of reflective aerosol particles into the atmosphere cannot be controlled beyond the time of initial release and time.

[0094] A part or all of the above-described embodiments may be described as, but is not limited to, the following supplementary notes. [Appendix 1] A system for mitigating energy absorption at a surface of the Earth, comprising: a panel unit (110, 110a, 610) configured to support at least one rotatable shaft (112, 612); a panel (100, 600) joined to or integrally formed with said shaft (112) and having a radiation reflecting surface (102, 602) and a radiation emitting surface (104, 604) opposite said radiation reflecting surface; and means (150, 150a) for rotating said shaft (112, 612) to selectively place the panel (100, 600) in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflecting orientation, an emitting orientation, and a neutral orientation. [Appendix 2] 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the radiation reflecting surface (102, 602) comprises aluminum. [Appendix 3] 3. The system of claim 1 or 2, further comprising: a second panel unit (110', 610) configured to support a second rotatable shaft (112', 612a); a second panel (100', 600a) joined to or integrally formed with the second rotatable shaft (112', 612a) and having a second radiation reflecting surface (102', 602a) and a second radiation emitting surface (104', 604a) opposite the second radiation reflecting surface; and a means (150', 150a) for rotating the second shaft (112', 612a) to selectively place the panel (100', 600a) in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflecting orientation, an emitting orientation, and a neutral orientation. [Appendix 4] 4. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the means for rotating the shaft (150) is controlled by a programmable controller (130, 132). [Appendix 5] The system of any of appendices 1 to 4, wherein the programmable controller (130, 132) receives data selected from the group consisting of top-of-atmosphere satellite data, temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, weather data, time, position of the panel unit, radiated solar radiation, and combinations thereof. [Appendix 6] 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the panel unit (110) comprises a frame (114), the frame defining an air passage (116) for directing air beneath the panel (100). [Appendix 7] 7. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising a fan (300) for directing air under the panel (100). [Appendix 8] The system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the panel units (110, 610) are mounted above the ground or water surface at a distance of at least about 1 meter. [Appendix 9] The system according to any one of appendixes 1 to 8, wherein the panel unit (110, 610) is installed in a mid-latitude region, preferably in a region at a latitude between 40 degrees north and 40 degrees south. [Appendix 10] A system as described in any of claims 1 to 9, further comprising a fixed deflection position panel unit (1100) in which all or substantially all of the panels (1000) have panel surfaces that are maintained in the reflective orientation. [Appendix 11] A system as described in any of claims 1 to 10, further comprising a fixed deflection position panel unit (1100) having a panel surface that is maintained in the emission orientation, in which all or substantially all of the panels (1000) therein are fixed deflection position panel units (1100) having panel surfaces that are maintained in the emission orientation. [Appendix 12] 12. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the means (150) for rotating the shaft (112, 612) and the means (150a) for rotating the second shaft (112', 612a) are controlled by a programmable controller (130, 132). [Appendix 13] The system of any of appendices 1 to 12, wherein the programmable controller (130, 132) receives data selected from the group consisting of top-of-atmosphere satellite data, temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, weather data, time, position of the panel unit, radiated solar radiation, and combinations thereof. [Appendix 14] 14. The system of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the means (150) for rotating the shaft (112, 612) comprises a motor (150). [Appendix 15] A method for mitigating energy absorption at the Earth's surface, the method comprising: installing a plurality of systems according to any one of claims 1 to 14 on the Earth's surface; and selectively rotating the shafts of the panel units with a means for rotating the shafts via a programmable controller. [Appendix 16] 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the selective rotation of the shaft of the panel is determined in response to data selected from the group consisting of top of atmosphere satellite data received by the programmable controller, air temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, weather data, time, position of the panel unit, radiated solar radiation, and combinations thereof. [Appendix 17] 17. The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the radiation-reflecting surface of the panel reflects short wavelength radiation and long wavelength radiation. [Appendix 18] 18. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the panel units are installed on land and on bodies of water. [Appendix 19] 19. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the panel unit is installed in a mid-latitude region between 40 degrees north latitude and 40 degrees south latitude. [Appendix 20] 20. The method of claim 15, wherein the panel can be rotated in a variety of ways to position the panel not only in a predetermined one of each of the cardinal positions, but also in a predetermined rotational position between two cardinal positions. [Appendix 21] 21. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 20, wherein the rotational orientation of the panel of each of the panel units of the multiple panel units is dynamically controlled by a programmable controller. [Appendix 22] 22. The method of any one of claims 15 to 21, further comprising at least one fixed deflection position panel unit, all or substantially all of the panels therein having panel surfaces that are maintained in a selected one of the reflective orientation or the emissive orientation. [Appendix 23] 23. The method according to any one of appendixes 15 to 22, wherein at least one of the panels of each panel unit is selectively rotatable dynamically in real time. [Appendix 24] 24. The method of claim 15, wherein the programmable controller includes adaptive control, intelligent control or other feedback. [Appendix 25] 1. A system for mitigating energy absorption at a surface of the Earth, comprising: a panel unit configured to support at least one rotatable shaft; a panel joined to or formed integrally with the shaft, the panel having a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation emitting surface opposite the radiation reflecting surface; means for rotating the shaft to selectively place the panel in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emitting orientation, and a neutral orientation; a second panel unit configured to support a second rotatable shaft; a second panel joined to or formed integrally with the second rotatable shaft, the second panel having a second radiation reflecting surface and a second radiation emitting surface opposite the second radiation reflecting surface; means for rotating the second shaft, the means for selectively placing the panel in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emitting orientation, and a neutral orientation; the means for rotating the shaft and the means for rotating the second shaft are controlled by at least one programmable controller, the at least one programmable controller receiving top-of-atmosphere satellite data and weather data. [Appendix 26] 26. The system of claim 25, wherein the radiation reflective surface comprises aluminum. [Appendix 27] The system of claim 25 or 26, wherein the programmable controller receives at least one additional data selected from the group consisting of air temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, time of day, position of the panel unit, position of the second panel unit, radiant solar radiation, and combinations thereof. [Appendix 28] 28. The system of any one of claims 25 to 27, wherein the panel unit includes a frame, the frame defining an air passage for directing air beneath the panel. [Appendix 29] 29. The system of any one of claims 25 to 28, further comprising a fan that directs air beneath the panel. [Appendix 30] 30. A system according to any one of claims 25 to 29, wherein the panel units are mounted above the ground or water surface at a distance of at least about 1 meter. [Appendix 31] The system according to any one of appendixes 25 to 30, wherein the panel unit is installed in an area at a latitude between 40 degrees north and 40 degrees south. [Appendix 32] 32. The system of any one of claims 25 to 31, further comprising a fixed bias panel unit, all or substantially all panels therein having a radiation reflecting surface, and all panels of the fixed bias panel unit being maintained in a radiation reflecting orientation. [Appendix 33] 33. The system of any of claims 25 to 32, further comprising a fixed bias panel unit, all or substantially all panels therein having a radiation-reflecting surface, and all panels of the fixed bias panel unit being maintained in a radiation-emitting orientation. [Appendix 34] 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the means for rotating the shaft includes a motor. [Appendix 35] 13. A method for mitigating energy absorption at the Earth's surface, comprising: installing a plurality of the systems of claim 1 on the Earth's surface; and selectively rotating the shafts of the panel unit and a second panel unit with a means for rotating the shafts by a programmable controller, wherein the selective rotation of the shafts of the panels is determined in response to top-of-atmosphere satellite data received by the programmable controller. [Appendix 36] 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the selective rotation of the shafts of the panel and the second panel is determined in response to top of atmosphere satellite data received by the programmable controller and in response to additional data received by the programmable controller selected from the group consisting of air temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, weather data, time, panel, unit position, radiated solar radiation, and combinations thereof. [Appendix 37] 37. The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein the radiation reflective surface of the panel and the radiation reflective surface of the second panel reflect short wavelength radiation and long wavelength radiation. [Appendix 38] 38. The method of any one of claims 35 to 37, wherein the panel units are installed on land and on bodies of water. [Appendix 39] 39. The method according to any one of claims 35 to 38, wherein the panel unit is installed in a mid-latitude region between 40 degrees north latitude and 40 degrees south latitude. [Appendix 40] 40. The method of claim 35, wherein the panel can be rotated in a variety of ways to position the panel not only in a predetermined one of each of the cardinal positions, but also in a predetermined rotational position between two cardinal positions. [Appendix 41] 41. The method of any one of claims 35 to 40, wherein the rotational orientation of the panel of each of the panel units of a number of panel units is dynamically controlled by a programmable controller. [Appendix 42] 42. The method of any of claims 35 to 41, further comprising at least one fixed bias unit, wherein all or substantially all of the panels therein have a radiative reflective surface and a radiative emitting surface opposite the radiative reflective surface, the panels being maintained on the panel surfaces in a selected one of a reflective orientation or a radiative orientation. [Appendix 43] 43. The method of any of claims 35 to 42, wherein at least one of the panels of each panel unit is selectively rotatable dynamically in real time. [Appendix 44] 44. The method of any one of claims 35 to 43, wherein the programmable controller includes adaptive control, intelligent control or other feedback. [Appendix 45] A method of mitigating heat transfer characteristics at the Earth's surface, comprising: installing a plurality of systems on the Earth's surface; and selectively rotating shafts of panels of at least one panel unit with a programmable controller for rotating the shaft, the plurality of systems comprising at least one panel unit and a shaft rotating means for placing a panel in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emissive orientation, and a neutral orientation, each of the at least one panel unit configured to support at least one rotatable shaft with a panel integrally formed or coupled to the shaft, the panel a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation emitting surface opposite the radiation reflecting surface, wherein the means for rotating the shaft is controlled by at least one programmable controller configured to receive top-of-atmosphere satellite data and determine a desired home position orientation for each of the panels, and wherein the means for rotating the shaft by the programmable controller selectively rotates the shafts of the panels of the at least one panel unit, the selective rotation of the shafts of the panels being determined in response to the top-of-atmosphere satellite data received by the programmable controller, and the orientation of the panels can be changed over time and in response to changes in the top-of-atmosphere satellite data. [Appendix 46] The method of claim 45, wherein the at least one programmable controller determines selective rotation of the shaft of the panel in response to at least one additional data selected from the group consisting of air temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, weather data, time of day, position of the at least one panel unit, radiated solar radiation, and combinations thereof. [Appendix 47] 47. The method of claim 45 or 46, wherein the panel unit is disposed on land. [Appendix 48] 48. The method of any one of claims 45 to 47, wherein the panel unit is placed over a body of water.

[0095] Further objects, advantages, features and possible applications of the present invention will become apparent from the description of the embodiments with reference to the drawings, in which: all the described and / or illustrated features, either by themselves or in any meaningful combination, constitute the subject of the present invention, regardless of their compilation in the claim(s) or the claims to which they refer. [Explanation of symbols]

[0096] 24 Heat (multiple) 30 Radiation reflected from a surface 40 Atmospheric Window 67 Radiation absorbed by the atmosphere 77 Radiation reflected by clouds, aerosols, and the atmosphere 78 Evapotranspiration 100,100' Panel or Forcing 102,102' Radiation reflection surface 104,104' Radiation absorbing surface 107 Reflected solar radiation 110,119' Panel unit 112,112' shaft 114 Frames 116 Air passage in the frame 120 Monitor Satellites 124 Earth surface, including land and water 128 Weather conditions - radiation, cloud cover, humidity, temperature 129 Top of the Atmosphere Measurements 130 Global Climate Command and Control Center (GCCC) 132 Control signals from GCCC (multiple) 140 Sensor on panel unit 142 Feedback from sensors 150 Motor 165 Radiation emitted by the atmosphere 168 Radiation absorbed by the Earth's surface 170 Area within range under panel unit 172 Shadow area 235 Emission long wavelength radiation 300 Fans 302 Arrow indicating fan rotation 304 Airflow directed under the panel 324 Backward radiation absorbed by the Earth's surface 342 Incident solar radiation 350 surface radiation 390 Surface radiation 392 Radiation Emitted from a Blackbody 400 Water surface 402 Air Flow 500 Panel Farm 502 Instrument Pack 600 Panels 602 Radiation Reflection Surface 604 Radiation Absorption Surface 610 Panel unit 612 Shaft 620,620' Support Post 622,622' Bearing 640 Sensor on the pillar 672 Shadow area 674 Shadow area 1000 Panels 1100 Fixed change position panel unit

Claims

1. 1. A system for mitigating energy absorption at an Earth's surface, comprising: a panel unit configured to support at least one rotatable shaft; a panel joined to or integrally formed with said shaft, said panel having a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation emitting surface opposite said radiation reflecting surface; means for rotating said shaft to selectively position the panels in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emissive orientation, and a neutral orientation; a second panel unit configured to support a rotatable second shaft; and a second panel joined to or integrally formed with the rotatable second shaft, the second panel having a second radiation reflecting surface and a second radiation emitting surface opposite the second radiation reflecting surface; means for rotating said second shaft to selectively place the panels in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emissive orientation, and a neutral orientation; Equipped with at least one programmable controller receives at least the top of atmosphere satellite data; the means for rotating the shaft and the means for rotating the second shaft are controlled by the at least one programmable controller in response to the received top-of-atmosphere satellite data; The panel unit and the second panel unit are outdoors on the surface of the Earth. system.

2. The radiation reflecting surface comprises aluminum. The system of claim 1 .

3. The programmable controller further receives at least one data selected from the group consisting of air temperature at a panel unit, relative humidity at a panel unit, time of day, a position of the panel unit, a position of the second panel unit, radiated solar radiation, and combinations thereof. The system of claim 1 .

4. The panel unit includes a frame. The frame defines an air passageway that directs air beneath the panel. The system of claim 1 .

5. Further comprising a fan for directing air under the panel. The system of claim 4.

6. The panel units are mounted above the ground or water surface at a distance of at least about 1 meter. The system of claim 1 .

7. The panel unit is installed in an area between 40 degrees north latitude and 40 degrees south latitude. The system of claim 1 .

8. Further comprising a fixed bias panel unit; all or substantially all of the panels therein have radiation-reflecting surfaces; All panels of the fixed bias panel unit are maintained in a radially reflecting orientation. The system of claim 1 .

9. Further comprising a fixed bias panel unit; all or substantially all of the panels therein have radiation-reflecting surfaces; All panels of said fixed bias panel unit are maintained in a radiation-emitting orientation. The system of claim 1 .

10. The means for rotating the shaft includes a motor. The system of claim 1 .

11. 1. A method for mitigating energy absorption at a surface of the Earth, comprising: locating a plurality of systems according to claim 1 on a surface of the Earth; selectively rotating the shafts of the panel unit and the second panel unit with a means for rotating the shafts by a programmable controller; Including, Selective rotation of the shaft of the panel is determined in response to top-of-atmosphere satellite data received by the programmable controller. method.

12. The selective rotation of the shaft of the panel and the second panel is determined in response to top of atmosphere satellite data received by the programmable controller and is determined in response to data received by the programmable controller selected from the group consisting of air temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, weather data, time of day, panel, unit position, radiated solar radiation, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 11.

13. The radiation reflecting surface of the panel and the radiation reflecting surface of the second panel reflect short wavelength radiation and long wavelength radiation. The method of claim 11.

14. The panel units are installed on land and water bodies. The method of claim 11.

15. The panel unit is installed in a mid-latitude region between 40 degrees north and 40 degrees south. The method of claim 11.

16. The panel can be rotated in various ways to position the panel not only in a given one of each of the cardinal positions, but also in a given rotational position between two cardinal positions. The method of claim 11.

17. The rotational orientation of the panels of each of the panel units of the multiple panel units is dynamically controlled by a programmable controller. The method of claim 11.

18. Further comprising at least one fixed bias unit; all or substantially all of the panels therein have a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation emitting surface opposite the radiation reflecting surface; The panel is maintained with the panel surface in a selected one of a reflective orientation or an emissive orientation. The method of claim 11.

19. At least one of the panels of each panel unit is dynamically and selectively rotatable in real time. The method of claim 11.

20. The programmable controller may include adaptive control, intelligent control or feedback based on information obtained from sensors at or on the panel unit, along with information obtained from satellites. The method of claim 11.

21. 1. A method of mitigating heat transfer characteristics at a surface of the Earth, comprising: placing a plurality of systems on the surface of the Earth; selectively rotating the shaft of a panel of at least one panel unit with a means for rotating the shaft via a programmable controller; Including, The plurality of systems include At least one panel unit; means for rotating the shaft to place the panels in each of a plurality of predetermined cardinal positions selected from the group consisting of a reflective orientation, an emissive orientation, and a neutral orientation; Equipped with Each of the at least one panel unit is configured to support at least one rotatable shaft with a panel integrally formed with or coupled to the shaft; the panel has a radiation reflecting surface and a radiation emitting surface opposite the radiation reflecting surface; the means for rotating the shafts is controlled by at least one programmable controller configured to receive top-of-atmosphere satellite data and determine a desired home position orientation for each of the panels, the means for rotating the shafts by the programmable controller selectively rotating the shafts of the panels of the at least one panel unit; selective rotation of the shaft of the panel is determined in response to the received top-of-atmosphere satellite data; the orientation of said panels is changed over time and in response to changes in top-of-atmosphere satellite data; The at least one panel unit is outdoors on the surface of the Earth. method.

22. The at least one programmable controller determines selective rotation of the shaft of the panel in response to at least one data selected from the group consisting of air temperature at the panel unit, relative humidity at the panel unit, weather data, time of day, position of the at least one panel unit, radiated solar radiation, and combinations thereof.

22. The method of claim 21.

23. The panel unit is placed on land.

22. The method of claim 21.

24. The panel unit is placed over a body of water.

22. The method of claim 21.

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