Truncated NKG2D chimeric receptors and their use in natural killer cell immunotherapy

Abstract

A truncated NKG2D chimeric receptor and its use in natural killer cell immunotherapy is provided. [Solution] Polynucleotides encoding chimeric receptors are provided, which comprise one or both of (a) an extracellular receptor domain and (b) an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD8a, 4-1BB, and CD3ζ.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Related Applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 477,335, filed March 27, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 628,774, filed February 9, 2018, the entireties of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] Incorporating material by reference in an ASCII text file This application incorporates by reference the sequence listing contained in the following ASCII text file filed concurrently herewith: a) File name: 44591144002SequenceListing.txt; created on March 27, 2018 with a size of 186KB

[0003] The present invention relates to truncated NKG2D chimeric receptors and their use in natural killer cell immunotherapy. [Background technology]

[0004] The emergence and persistence of many diseases is characterized by an inadequate immune response to abnormal cells, including malignant and virally infected cells. Immunotherapy is the use and manipulation of a patient's immune system to treat a variety of diseases. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] International Publication No. 2014 / 117121 Brochure Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] Immunotherapy represents a new technological advance in the treatment of disease, where immune cells are engineered to express specific targeting and / or effector molecules that specifically identify and react to diseased or damaged cells. This represents a promising advance based, at least in part, on the ability to specifically target diseased or damaged cells, unlike more conventional approaches such as chemotherapy (where all cells are affected), and the desired outcome is that sufficient healthy cells survive to allow the patient to survive. One immunotherapy approach is the recombinant expression of chimeric receptors in immune cells to achieve targeted recognition and destruction of the desired abnormal cells. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] To address this need for specific targeting and destruction, incapacitation or especially inactivation of diseased or infected cells, polynucleotides, amino acids and vectors are provided herein that encode chimeric receptors that confer enhanced targeting and cytotoxicity to cells, such as natural killer cells. Additionally, methods for producing the cells and methods for targeting and destroying diseased or damaged cells using the cells are provided. In some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode chimeric receptors that include an extracellular receptor domain and an effector domain that includes a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain, where the extracellular receptor domain includes a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), and where the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D.

[0008] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a chimeric receptor comprising one or both of: (a) an extracellular receptor domain; and (b) an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain comprises a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D). In some embodiments, the peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D, e.g., a fragment of NKG2D is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 2. Additional NKG2D fragments are also used in accordance with embodiments, as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3zeta. In one embodiment, CD3zeta is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 13, although sequences that differ from CD3zeta but share similar functions may also be used in accordance with embodiments, as disclosed herein.

[0009] In some embodiments, the transmembrane region of the effector domain comprises a CD8a transmembrane domain. In one embodiment, the transmembrane region of the effector domain further comprises a CD8a hinge region. In some embodiments, the CD8a hinge region is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain further comprises 4-1BB. In one embodiment, 4-1BB is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:12, although sequences that differ from 4-1BB but share similar functions as disclosed herein may also be used depending on the embodiment.

[0010] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD8a, 4-1BB, and CD3z. In some embodiments, such a chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In further embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108, although sequences that differ from SEQ ID NO: 108 but share similar functions may be used depending on the embodiment, as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

[0011] In some embodiments, any of the chimeric receptors disclosed herein may also be co-expressed with membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15). In some embodiments, mbIL15 is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, mbIL15 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. Other sequences for mbIL15 may also be used depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, mbIL15 is bicistronic expressed on the same polynucleotide as the chimeric receptor. In other embodiments, mbIL15 is co-expressed on a separate construct. In some embodiments, the intracellular signaling domain is further enhanced by coupling its expression with that of membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15).

[0012] In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises an OX-40 domain. In some embodiments, the OX-40 domain is either a replacement or an addition to mbIL15. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, an OX-40 domain, and CD3zeta. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide construct is designed to bicistronic co-express mbIL15. In some such embodiments, the polynucleotide construct comprises one or more cleavage sites (e.g., T2A, P2A, E2A, and / or F2A cleavage sites) recognized and cleaved by, for example, a cytoplasmic protease. In some embodiments, mbIL15 is coupled to the chimeric receptor by a cytoplasmic protease cleavage site. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90 coupled to mbIL15 encoded by SEQ ID NO: 16 by a cytoplasmic protease cleavage site. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109 coupled by a cytoplasmic protease cleavage site to mbIL15 encoded by SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91 and is co-expressed with mbIL15 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. As disclosed herein, sequences that differ from SEQ ID NOs: 90, 91, 109, 16 and / or 16 but share similar functions may also be used depending on the embodiment.

[0013] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an IgG4 hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, an OX-40 domain, and CD3zeta. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide construct is designed to bicistronic co-express mbIL15 with the chimeric receptor. In some such embodiments, the polynucleotide construct comprises one or more cleavage sites recognized and cleaved by a cytoplasmic protease (e.g., T2A, P2A, E2A, and / or F2A cleavage site(s). In some embodiments, mbIL15 is coupled to the chimeric receptor by a cytoplasmic protease cleavage site. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100 coupled to mbIL15 encoded by SEQ ID NO: 16 by a cytoplasmic protease cleavage site. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101 and is co-expressed with mbIL15 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. As disclosed herein, sequences that differ from SEQ ID NOs: 100, 101 and / or 16, but share similar functions, may also be used depending on the embodiment.

[0014] In some embodiments, methods are provided for treating cancer comprising administering to a subject having cancer a composition comprising natural killer (NK) cells that express a chimeric receptor encoded by a polynucleotide described above or elsewhere herein.

[0015] In one embodiment, the NK cells are autologous cells isolated from a patient with cancer or an infectious disease, hi a further embodiment, the NK cells are allogeneic cells isolated from a donor.

[0016] Also provided herein is the use of a polynucleotide as described above or elsewhere herein in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity in a mammal in need thereof. In some embodiments, provided is the use of a polynucleotide as described above or elsewhere herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof.

[0017] According to some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode chimeric receptors that include an extracellular receptor domain and an effector domain that includes a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. As discussed in more detail herein, the extracellular receptor domain serves to recognize and bind a ligand on a target cell. The effector domain serves to transmit a signal that initiates a signal cascade that results in cytotoxic activity against the target cell (upon binding to the target cell by the extracellular domain). According to some embodiments, the polynucleotides unexpectedly encode chimeric receptors that provide enhanced cytotoxicity compared to non-engineered NK cells.

[0018] In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain comprises a peptide that binds to the natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D). According to some embodiments, the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a functional fragment of NKG2D (e.g., a truncation, fragment or portion of full-length NKG2D. As used herein, the terms "fragment," "truncation" and "portion" shall be given their ordinary meanings and are intended to be interchangeable. For example, in some embodiments, the fragment of NKG2D is encoded by a polynucleotide that comprises a fragment of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the fragment of NKG2D comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, while in further embodiments, the fragment encoding NKG2D is codon optimized, e.g., comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In further embodiments, the fragment encoding NKG2D is codon optimized, e.g., comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68.

[0019] In some embodiments, the effector domains include one or more of CD16, NCR1, NCR2, NCR3, 4-1BB, NKp80, CD3ζ, and 2B4. In some embodiments, these effector domains are conjugated to CD8α.

[0020] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD16. As used herein, coupled shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall also refer to direct (e.g., a first nucleotide directly followed by a second nucleotide) or indirect (e.g., sequences are in frame with each other but separated by intervening nucleotides) attachment of a nucleotide sequence in such a manner as to permit expression of the nucleotide sequence, e.g., in an in vitro transcription / translation system, in a host cell (e.g., in vitro and / or in vivo). As used herein, "linked" and "coupled" are used interchangeably. In some embodiments, the NKG2D / CD16 chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:23. In some embodiments, the NKG2D / CD16 chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to NCR1. In some embodiments, such a chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28.

[0021] As discussed above, in some embodiments, an NKG2D fragment is conjugated to NCR2 and the resulting chimeric receptor comprises at least a portion of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21. Some embodiments provide a chimeric receptor comprising a fragment of NKG2D conjugated to NCR3. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 and the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30.

[0022] As discussed in more detail below, combinations of transmembrane and intracellular domains are used in some embodiments to provide synergistic interactions between the components of the chimeric receptor, resulting in enhanced cytotoxic effects. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domains and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain and a fragment of NKG2D coupled to 4-1BB. In some embodiments, such a chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. In some embodiments, the resulting chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.

[0023] In some embodiments, NCR1 is used in combination with an NKG2D fragment. In some embodiments, the NKG2D fragment is linked solely to NCR1. In further embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to NCR1 and 4-1BB. In some such embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the NCR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20.

[0024] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD8a, 4-1BB, and CD3z. In some embodiments, such a NKG2D / CD8a / 4-1bb / CD3z chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

[0025] In some embodiments, NCR3 is comprised in a chimeric receptor. For example, an NKG2D / NCR3 construct is provided in some embodiments. The resulting chimeric receptor comprises the NCR3 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises an NKG2D / NCR2 / 4-1BB construct or an NKG2D / NCR3 / 4-1BB construct.

[0026] In some embodiments, a linker, hinge or other "spacing" element is provided in the chimeric receptor construct. For example, in some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a linker. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a GS linker between portions of the construct, such as between any of 4-1BB, CD16, NCR1, NCR3, 2B4 or NKp80. In some embodiments, one or more GS linkers are provided, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more than 7. In some embodiments, a chimeric receptor is provided that includes a hinge region. Depending on the location in a particular construct, the hinge region may be synonymous with the linker region, and vice versa. In some embodiments, the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the hinge region can be truncated to a desired length and thus encoded by a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, a glycine-serine motif is used as the hinge. In some embodiments, the hinge region comprises a glycine-serine repeat motif having the amino acid sequence of (GGGGS)n, where n is the number of repeats (SEQ ID NO:31). In some embodiments, nine repeats are used, resulting in a hinge region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:33. In some embodiments, three repeats are used, resulting in a hinge region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34.

[0027] In some embodiments, two separate molecules can be used as a hinge or linker, for example, the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 (CD8a / GS3). In some embodiments, a portion of a beta-adrenergic receptor is used as a hinge or linker. In some embodiments, a portion of a beta2-adrenergic receptor is used. In one embodiment, the extracellular domain of a beta2-adrenergic receptor is used, encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane helix of a beta2-adrenergic receptor is used, encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42. Depending on the embodiment, these two beta2-adrenergic receptor portions are used together in a chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8a signal peptide comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. Optionally, depending on the embodiment, other signal peptides are used. The signal peptide can be used in a multimeric format according to some embodiments.

[0028] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises one or more hemi-ITAM sequences. In some such embodiments, the hemi-ITAM comprises the amino acid motif DGYXXL (wherein X is any amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 14). Multiple hemi-ITAMs are used in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the hemi-ITAM comprises NKp80. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises one or more ITSM sequences. The ITSM sequence is, in some embodiments, used in combination with a hemi-ITAM motif. In some embodiments, the ITSM is the amino acid motif S / TXYXXL / I (wherein X is any amino acid; SEQ ID NO: 15). In some embodiments, the effector comprises a 2B4 domain.

[0029] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and 2B4. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a beta adrenergic extracellular domain, a beta adrenergic transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and 2B4. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, 2B4, a GS3 linker, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, a GS3 linker, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D encoded by a codon-optimized sequence coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a beta-adrenergic extracellular domain, a beta-adrenergic transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, an additional GS3 linker, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, an additional GS3 linker, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB, and 2B4.In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB, a GS3 linker, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge and a CD8a transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the effector comprises 4-1BB. In some such embodiments, the effector comprises 4-1BB, optionally in combination with one or more of NKp80, 2B4, CD3zeta, Dap10, Dap12, CD28, or other signaling domains provided herein). In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises CD3zeta. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises the intracellular domain of 2B4. In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises the intracellular domain of DAP10.

[0030] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, 2B4, and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59.

[0031] In addition, any of the chimeric receptors disclosed herein may also be co-expressed with membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15). For example, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a chimeric receptor that includes an extracellular receptor domain that includes a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a fragment of NKG2D, a transmembrane domain, and an effector domain, which is co-expressed with an additional construct that encodes membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15). In some embodiments, a chimeric receptor as discussed herein is co-expressed with mbIL-15. In some embodiments, the effector domain includes 4-1BB and CD3zeta, and the transmembrane domain includes CD8a.

[0032] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is engineered to not contain DNAX-activating protein 10 (DAP10). Additionally, in some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is engineered to not contain ITAM motifs.

[0033] In some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode chimeric receptors that include one, two, or all of: (a) an extracellular receptor domain that includes a fragment of NKG2D that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D; (b) a transmembrane region that includes CD8a; and (c) an effector domain that includes 4-1BB and an intracellular domain of 2B4 or DAP10. In some embodiments, the effector domain includes 2B4 followed by 4-1BB. In further embodiments, the effector domain includes 4-1BB followed by 2B4. In some embodiments, the effector domain includes DAP10 followed by 4-1BB. In further embodiments, the effector domain includes 4-1BB followed by DAP10. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor includes a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and DAP10. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:60. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor includes the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, 2B4, and DAP10. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB followed by DAP10 followed by 2B4. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB followed by 2B4 followed by DAP10. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65.

[0034] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to an intracellular effector domain. In some embodiments, multiple fragments of NKG2D are used, e.g., additional NKG2D fragments (optionally codon-optimized) are coupled to the first fragment, e.g., by a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, such chimeric receptors further comprise a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and CD3zeta. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is coexpressed with an additional construct encoding membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15).

[0035] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a chimeric receptor that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprises an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by a fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1, a transmembrane region comprising the CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a chimeric receptor that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprises an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by SEQ ID NO: 2, a transmembrane region comprising the CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a chimeric receptor that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprises an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by SEQ ID NO: 3, a transmembrane region comprising the CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a chimeric receptor that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprises an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by SEQ ID NO: 68, a transmembrane region comprising the CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain. In some embodiments, fragments of NKG2D encoded by any of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, or 68 may also be used. In some embodiments, the CD3ζ transmembrane region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69. In some embodiments, fragments of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69 are also used, i.e., fragments that retain the ability to transduce at least about 65%, about 75%, about 85%, or about 95% of the signaling of a native CD3ζ subunit (including dimers). In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises additional residues adjacent to the CD3ζ transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the additional amino acids are extracellular residues of a native CD3ζ sequence. In other embodiments, the additional amino acids are randomly selected. In some embodiments, there are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, or 20 additional amino acids. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor domain comprises a hinge region, in some embodiments, a CD8a hinge, encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.In some embodiments, the hinge region is a CD8a hinge encoded by a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. Depending on the embodiment, the fragment is about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95% of the length of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. Depending on the embodiment, the fragment is about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98% or about 99% homologous to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8a signal peptide and may comprise the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises the CD16 intracellular domain. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB and CD16 (with either the "first" versus "second" portion of the construct). In some embodiments, one or more repeats of 4-1BB and / or CD16 are used.

[0036] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane domain, and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79.

[0037] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane domain and CD16 followed by 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70.

[0038] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D conjugated to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3 zeta transmembrane domain and 4-1BB followed by CD16, optionally conjugated by a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.

[0039] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising CD16 and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73.

[0040] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises NKp80. In some embodiments, the effector domain is NKp80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D, optionally conjugated to a GS3 linker, such as a CD8a hinge, a CD3 zeta transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising CD16, 4-1BB, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D, optionally codon-optimized, conjugated to a GS3 linker, a CD8a hinge, a CD3 zeta transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising CD16, 4-1BB, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D conjugated to a CD8a hinge, CD3ζ transmembrane region, and effector domains including 4-1BB and NKp80, and optionally a GS3 linker, or the like. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83.

[0041] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and 4-1BB and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81.

[0042] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises FcRγ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and 4-1BB and FcRγ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87.

[0043] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises CD28. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and CD28 and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103.

[0044] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a GS linker.

[0045] In some embodiments, the polynucleotides disclosed herein are co-expressed with membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15).

[0046] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor capable of binding to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprising an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by a fragment of any one of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, or SEQ ID NO: 68, and an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor capable of binding to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprising an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by (i) a fragment of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, (ii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, (iii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or (iv) the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68, and an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor capable of binding to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprising an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor capable of binding to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprising an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, and an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor capable of binding to a natural ligand of NKG2D and comprising an extracellular receptor domain comprising a fragment of NKG2D encoded by the fragment of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68, and an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain comprises a hinge region. In some embodiments, the hinge region is a CD8a hinge encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, or optionally a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 (e.g., a fragment that is about 75%, about 85%, about 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 5). In some embodiments, the hinge region is an immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) hinge encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104.In some embodiments, the hinge region is an immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) hinge encoded by a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104 (e.g., a fragment that is about 75%, about 85%, about 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 104). In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8a signal peptide comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises at least one signaling domain selected from the group consisting of OX40 (CD134), CD3zeta, 4-1BB, CD28, and DAP12. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor transmembrane domain comprises a CD8 transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises IL-15 linked (optionally by a GS3 linker) to a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and CD3z. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 89.

[0047] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an IgG4 hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97.

[0048] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises OX40. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, OX40, and CD3z. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 109. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an IgG4 hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, OX40, and CD3zeta. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101.

[0049] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and CD3zeta. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93.

[0050] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB, and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95.

[0051] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an IgG4 hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99.

[0052] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a GS linker. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides disclosed herein are designed to be co-expressed with membrane-bound interleukin-15 (mbIL15) (either on the same polynucleotide or on a separate polynucleotide).

[0053] Any of the chimeric receptors may optionally comprise an extracellular receptor domain that comprises a second peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D. In some embodiments, the second peptide is homologous to NKG2D, while in other embodiments, the second peptide is heterologous to NKG2D. Whether or not the chimeric receptor comprises a dimerized extracellular receptor domain, the extracellular receptor domain may recognize at least the following natural ligands of NKG2D: MICA, MICB, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3, ULBP4, ULBP5, or ULBP6.

[0054] As discussed in more detail below, functional variants of the NKG2D ligand-binding domain are used in some embodiments. For example, a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is, in some embodiments, at least 80% homologous to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:68. In some embodiments, a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3, or SEQ ID NO:68.

[0055] In addition, in some embodiments, a vector for expressing a chimeric receptor is provided herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide provided herein is an mRNA and can comprise an operable linkage to at least one regulatory element for expressing a chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide further comprises one or more internal ribosome entry sites (IRES). In some embodiments, the vector is a retrovirus.

[0056] In some embodiments, engineered natural killer cells expressing any of the chimeric receptor constructs disclosed herein are also provided, where the engineered NK cells exhibit enhanced cytotoxic effects against target cells. Enhanced cytotoxic effects include, but are not limited to, higher affinity for target (e.g., cancerous) cells compared to normal (e.g., non-cancerous) cells, greater killing effect specific to the target cells, reduced off-target effects, increased duration of cytotoxic effect, more efficient cytotoxicity, and the like. Such enhanced effects can be identified through the use of various in vitro cytotoxicity assays (e.g., measuring cytokine production, etc.), measuring target cell death, or various clinical outcomes (e.g., reduced tumor burden). In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells are autologous cells isolated from the patient. In further embodiments, the engineered NK cells are generated from allogeneic cells isolated from a donor. In some embodiments, engineered NK cells as disclosed herein are used to enhance the cytotoxicity of NK cells in a mammal in need thereof by administering such NK cells. In some embodiments, these engineered NK cells are used to treat or prevent cancer or infectious disease in a mammal. In some embodiments, polynucleotides encoding the various chimeric receptors disclosed herein, vectors carrying them, and NK cells expressing them can also be used in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity (e.g., for treating or preventing cancer or infectious disease). In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor constructs disclosed herein do not significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of engineered NK cells against normal cells, and as described herein, are advantageously improved over non-engineered NK cells. In some embodiments, polynucleotides encoding chimeric receptors are provided that include an extracellular receptor domain, a transmembrane region, and an effector domain. In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain includes a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), and the peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D.Some embodiments relate to a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor comprising: (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), wherein the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D, the fragment of NKG2D being encoded by a polynucleotide comprising: (i) a fragment of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, (iii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, or (iv) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:68; (b) a transmembrane region; and (c) an effector domain.

[0057] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a chimeric receptor comprising: (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), where the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D, the fragment of NKG2D comprising: (i) an extracellular receptor domain encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a fragment of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, (iii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, (iv) or the sequence of SEQ ID NO:68; and (b) an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain.

[0058] In some embodiments, the transmembrane region comprises a CD3ζ transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the CD3ζ transmembrane region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:69. In some embodiments, the transmembrane region comprises CD8a. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB, the intracellular domain of 2B4, NKp80, the CD16 intracellular domain, natural cytotoxicity inducing receptor 1 (NCR1), natural cytotoxicity inducing receptor 2 (NCR2), natural cytotoxicity inducing receptor 3 (NCR3), and / or the intracellular domain of DAP10. In one embodiment, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB and CD16. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB and the intracellular domain of 2B4 or DAP10. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 2B4 followed by 4-1BB, while in other embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB followed by 2B4. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises DAP10 followed by 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB followed by DAP10. In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises at least one signaling domain selected from the group consisting of OX40 (CD134), CD3ζ, 4-1BB, CD28, and DAP12. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises one or more hemi-ITAM sequences. In some embodiments, the hemi-ITAM comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the hemi-ITAM comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises one or more ITSM sequences. In some embodiments, the ITSM comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 or the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35.

[0059] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, 2B4, and CD3zeta. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and DAP10. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 and comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61.

[0060] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, 2B4, and DAP10. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB followed by DAP10 followed by 2B4. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62, and the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:63. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises 4-1BB followed by 2B4 followed by DAP10. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:64, and the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:65.

[0061] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D conjugated to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67.

[0062] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region and a 4-1BB, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:78, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:79.

[0063] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane domain and CD16 followed by 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:70 and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:71.

[0064] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3 zeta transmembrane region and 4-1BB followed by a GS3 linker and CD 16. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:85 and / or is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:84.

[0065] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising CD16 and 4-1BB. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:72 and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:73.

[0066] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises IL-15 linked by a GS3 linker to a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB and CD3ζ, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:88, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:89.

[0067] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an IgG4 hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB and CD3ζ, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:96, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:97.

[0068] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, OX40 and CD3z, is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:90, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:91.

[0069] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an IgG4 hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, OX40 and CD3ζ, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:100, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:101.

[0070] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain and CD3ζ, is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:92, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:93.

[0071] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB and CD3ζ, is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:94, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:95.

[0072] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an IgG4 hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain and CD3ζ, is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:98, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:99.

[0073] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region and CD16, 4-1BB, a GS3 linker and NKp80.In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:74 and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:75.

[0074] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD3 zeta transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising CD16, 4-1BB, a GS3 linker, and NKp80. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76 and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD3 zeta transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB, a GS3 linker, and NKp80. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82 and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83.

[0075] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:80 and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:81.

[0076] Depending on the embodiment, the effector domain may also include FcRγ. For example, in some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and 4-1BB and FcRγ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:86 and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:87.

[0077] Depending on the embodiment, the effector domain may also include CD28. For example, in some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an effector domain comprising a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and CD28 and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102 and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103.

[0078] In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises a GS linker.

[0079] In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8a signal peptide, wherein the signal peptide comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises two extracellular residues of CD3ζ immediately adjacent to the CD3ζ transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8a signal peptide, wherein the signal peptide comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

[0080] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises one or more GS3 linkers. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor domain comprises a hinge region. In some embodiments, the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, while in some embodiments, the hinge region is encoded by a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, the hinge region is a CD8a hinge. In some embodiments, the hinge region comprises a glycine-serine repeat motif having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:31. In some embodiments, the hinge region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32, and in some embodiments, the hinge region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:33. In further embodiments, the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34. In some embodiments, the hinge region comprises a portion of a beta adrenergic receptor. In some such embodiments, the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:40. In further embodiments, the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. In some embodiments, the hinge region is an immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) hinge encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, the hinge region is an immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) hinge encoded by a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge and a CD8a transmembrane domain.

[0081] In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD16, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:23, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to NCR1. In some such embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises at least a portion of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to NCR3, and in some embodiments, is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:30.

[0082] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domains and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD8a hinge, CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domains and 4-1BB, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26.

[0083] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to NCR1 and 4-1BB, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the NCR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20.

[0084] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to CD8a, 4-1BB and CD3z, is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, and / or comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:19.

[0085] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to NCR3 and 4-1BB, wherein NCR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises one or more of the NCR1 transmembrane / intracellular domains of SEQ ID NO: 20 or the NCR3 transmembrane / intracellular domains of SEQ ID NO: 22.

[0086] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.

[0087] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to the CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain and 4-1BB and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45.

[0088] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB and 2B4, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:46.

[0089] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a beta adrenergic extracellular domain, a beta adrenergic transmembrane domain, 4-1BB and 2B4, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.

[0090] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, 2B4, a GS3 linker, and NKp80, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:48.

[0091] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, a GS3 linker, and NKp80, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49.

[0092] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a beta-adrenergic extracellular domain, a beta-adrenergic transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, an additional GS3 linker, and NKp80, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:50.

[0093] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, an additional GS3 linker, and NKp80, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:51.

[0094] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D conjugated to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain and 4-1BB, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52.

[0095] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB and 2B4, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:53.

[0096] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB, a GS3 linker, and NKp80, and is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:54.

[0097] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct is encoded by a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor, and the extracellular receptor domain comprises a second peptide that binds to one or more of the natural ligands of NKG2D (e.g., MICA, MICB, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3, ULBP4, ULBP5, or ULBP6. Depending on the embodiment, the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is at least 80% homologous to SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO:3.

[0098] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is co-expressed with an additional construct encoding membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15). In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.

[0099] According to some embodiments, the chimeric receptor does not comprise DNAX-activation protein 10 (DAP10) and / or the chimeric receptor does not encode an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation (ITAM) motif.

[0100] In some embodiments, the polynucleotides disclosed herein are mRNA. Additionally, in some embodiments, the polynucleotides disclosed herein are operably linked to at least one regulatory element for expression of the chimeric receptor.

[0101] Also provided herein is a vector comprising the polynucleotide disclosed herein.In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is operably linked to at least one regulatory element for expressing chimeric receptor.In some embodiments, the vector is a retrovirus.

[0102] Also provided herein are genetically engineered natural killer cells comprising any one or more of the polynucleotides disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the natural killer cells are intended for autologous use, while in some embodiments, they are intended for allogeneic use.

[0103] Also provided herein is a method of enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering NK cells to the mammal, wherein the NK cells express a chimeric receptor encoded by a polynucleotide disclosed herein.

[0104] Additionally, there is provided a method for treating or preventing cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of NK cells, said NK cells expressing a chimeric receptor encoded by a polynucleotide disclosed herein. As disclosed above, the NK cells can be allogeneic or autologous.

[0105] Provided is the use of a polynucleotide as disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity in a mammal in need thereof.Further provided is the use of a polynucleotide in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing cancer or infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof.

[0106] Also provided is the use of a vector comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity in a mammal in need thereof.Also provided is the use of a vector comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof.

[0107] Also provided is the use of an isolated, genetically engineered natural killer cell expressing a chimeric receptor as disclosed herein for enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity in a mammal in need thereof.Also provided is the use of an isolated, genetically engineered natural killer cell expressing a chimeric receptor as disclosed herein for treating or preventing cancer or infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof.

[0108] The compositions and related methods outlined above and set forth in further detail below describe particular actions to be taken by a practitioner, but it should be understood that they may also include direction of those actions by another entity. Thus, an action such as "administering a population of NK cells that express a chimeric receptor" includes "directing the administration of a population of NK cells that express a chimeric receptor."

[0109] The following figure descriptions relate to experiments and results that represent non-limiting embodiments of the invention disclosed herein.

[0110] That is, the gist of the present invention relates to the following. Item 1 The invention described in the specification. Effect of the Invention

[0111] The present invention may provide a truncated NKG2D chimeric receptor and its use in natural killer cell immunotherapy. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0112] [Figure 1A-1C] 1A-1C show schematic diagrams of chimeric receptors according to some embodiments disclosed herein: FIG 1A shows endogenous NKG2D, FIG 1B shows NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ, and FIG 1C shows NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ. [Figure 2A-2B] 2A-2B show schematic diagrams of chimeric receptors according to some embodiments disclosed herein, where FIG. 2A shows NKG2D-CD16 and FIG. 2B shows NKG2D-CD16-41BB. [Figure 3A-3B] 3 shows plasmid maps illustrating the points of insertion of certain constructs into plasmids according to some embodiments, with a murine stem cell virus (MSCV) plasmid being exemplified. FIG. 3A shows the gene constructs for NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ and NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ, with the IRES-GFP sequence in the vector removed and inserted into EcoRI and NotI restriction sites. FIG. 3B shows the plasmids for NKG2D-CD16 and NKG2D-CD16-41BB, with the EcoRI and XhoI restriction sites located in the multiple cloning site (MCS). The IRES-GFP sequence in the vector allows for tracking of transduction efficiency. [Figure 4A-4C] Figure 4 shows data on the expression of NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ and NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ in NK cells. Figure 4A shows flow cytometry data illustrating the percentage of NKG2D-positive NK cells after transduction. Figure 4B shows a dot plot summarizing the percentage of NKG2D-positive NK cells. Figure 4C shows data on the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in different groups of NK cells after transduction. [Figure 5A-5C] Shown are data regarding the cytotoxicity of various constructs generated from NK cells from donor 1, donor 2, and donor 3 (FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C, respectively) against cultured REH cells. [Figures 6A-6C] Data are presented regarding the cytotoxicity of various constructs generated from NK cells from donor 1, donor 2, and donor 3 (FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C, respectively) against cultured U-2 OS cells. [Figure 7A-7B] Figure 7 shows data on interferon gamma production by NK cells expressing various NKG2D constructs in the presence and absence of stimulation with REH cells. Figure 7A shows the relative amount of IFNgamma in different groups of NK cells in the presence and absence of stimulation with REH cells. Figure 7B shows the levels of IFNgamma (represented as median values) among different groups of NK cells after stimulation. [Figure 8A-8C]Figure 8 shows data on the expression of NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ and NKG2D-CD16 in NK cells. Figure 8A shows flow cytometry data illustrating the percentage of NKG2D-positive NK cells after transduction. Figure 8B shows a dot plot summarizing the percentage of NKG2D-positive NK cells. Figure 8C shows data on the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in different groups of NK cells after transduction. [Figure 9A-9C] Data are presented regarding the cytotoxicity of various constructs generated from NK cells from three donors (FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C, respectively) against cultured REH cells. [Figure 10A-10C] Data are presented regarding the cytotoxicity of various constructs generated from NK cells from three donors (FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 10C, respectively) against cultured U-2 OS cells. [Figure 11] 1 shows data regarding interferon-γ production by NK cells expressing various NKG2D constructs in the presence and absence of stimulation with REH cells. [Figure 12A-12B] Figure 12 shows data on the expression of NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ and NKG2D-CD16-41BB on NK cells. Figure 12A shows flow cytometry data illustrating the percentage of NKG2D-positive NK cells after transduction. Figure 12B shows a histogram of the relative amount of surface expression of various constructs on NK cells. [Figure 13A-13B] Figure 13 shows data on the degree of cytotoxicity of various NKG2d constructs. Figure 13A shows the degree of cytotoxicity against cultured REH cells. Figure 13B shows the degree of cytotoxicity against cultured U2OS cells. [Figure 14] 1 shows schematic diagrams of construct maps of several NKG2D constructs according to several embodiments disclosed herein. [Figure 15] 1A-1C are schematic diagrams illustrating construct maps of additional NKG2D constructs according to some embodiments disclosed herein. [Figures 16A-16C]Figure 16 shows data on the expression of various NKG2D constructs in NK cells. Figure 16A shows data on the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of various NKG2D constructs in NK cells. Figure 16B shows flow cytometry data illustrating the percentage of NKG2D-positive and CD56-positive NK cells after transduction of various NKG2D constructs into NK cells from two donors (505 and 870). Figure 16C shows data on the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in NK cells from two donors 7 days after transduction. [Figure 17] Figure 1 shows data on the cytotoxicity of different NKG2D constructs at a 1:1 E:T ratio 14 days after transduction of NK cells. [Figure 18A-18B] Figure 18 shows data on the expression of various NKG2D constructs after transduction into NK cells. Figure 18A shows data on the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in NK cells 7 days after transduction. Figure 18B shows data on the fold change in MFI of various NKG2D constructs compared to mock-transduced NK cells. [Figure 19A-19B] Figure 19 shows data on the cytotoxicity of various NKG2D constructs. Figure 19A shows data on the cytotoxicity of various NKG2D constructs transduced into NK cells at an E:T ratio of 1:1. Figure 19B shows data on the percent change in cytotoxicity of various NKG2D constructs compared to mock-transduced NK cells. [Figure 20] Data are shown regarding the cytotoxicity of different NKG2D constructs at a 1:1 E:T ratio 14 days after transduction of NK cells. Prior to analysis, NK cells were cultured in medium supplemented with 40 IU IL-2 / mL. [Figure 21] 10 days after transduction of donor 238 NK cells (with 4 days of culture in medium supplemented with 40 IU IL-2 / mL every 2 days), data is shown regarding the cytotoxicity of various NKG2D constructs against REH cells cultured for 2 hours at E:T ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. [Figure 22] 1 shows schematic diagrams of construct maps of additional NKG2D constructs according to embodiments disclosed herein. [Figure 23A-23B] Shown are data regarding the persistence of various NKG2D constructs generated from NK cells from two different donors (donor 61 and donor 103 in Figures 23A and 23B, respectively). NK cells were cultured in medium supplemented with 40 IU IL-2 / mL. [Figure 24] Data regarding the expression of various NKG2D constructs are shown. NK cells were expanded from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of four healthy donors (224, 225, 362, and 363) and transduced with viruses directing the expression of the indicated constructs. Three days after transduction, NK cells were stained with fluorescently labeled anti-NKG2D antibodies and analyzed using flow cytometry. Relative NKG2D expression was assessed by the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of labeled cells. [Fig. 25A-25B] Data on the cytotoxicity of NK cells transduced with various NKG2D constructs are shown. NK cells were expanded from PBMCs of four donors; 8 days after transduction, NK cytotoxicity was measured against cultured REH and HL60 cells (FIGS. 25A and 25B, respectively) at an E:T ratio of 1:1. NK cells were cultured in medium supplemented with 40 IU IL-2 / mL prior to analysis. [Figures 26A-26C] Data are shown for the production of interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by NK cells expressing various NKG2D constructs after overnight stimulation with REH tumor cells. Eight days after transduction with the indicated constructs, 1×105 NK cells were stimulated with 1×105 REH cells in each well of a 96-well round-bottom plate; after overnight incubation, supernatants were collected and cytokine levels were measured relative to relevant standards using a Meso Scale Discovery instrument. Figure 26A shows the accumulated levels of IFNγ, Figure 26B shows the levels of TNFα and Figure 26C shows the levels of GM-CSF in the different groups of NK cells after stimulation. Prior to analysis, NK cells were cultured in medium supplemented with 40 IU of IL-2 / mL. [Figure 27A-27B]Data are shown regarding the persistence of NK cells from two donors expressing various NKG2D constructs (donors 224 and 225 in Figures 27A and 27B, respectively) 7, 14 and 21 days after transduction. Prior to analysis, NK cells were cultured in medium supplemented with 40 IU IL-2 / mL. [Fig. 28A-28B] Data are shown for the cytotoxicity of NK cells transduced with the indicated NKG2D constructs. NK cytotoxicity was measured against U2OS cells stably transduced to express red fluorescent protein; U2OS cells were cultured with NK cells at E:T ratios of 1:4 and 1:2 (FIGS. 28A and 28B, respectively). Live U2OS cells were counted every 60 minutes for 72 hours using an Incucyte S3 Live-Cell Analysis System. Prior to analysis, NK cells were cultured in medium supplemented with 40 IU IL-2 / mL. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0113] overview The emergence and persistence of abnormal cells (including viral infections and malignant cells), which underlie many diseases, is enabled by an inadequate immune response against said abnormal cells. The goal of immunotherapy is to boost the ability of immune cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, to initiate or enhance the response of the patient's immune system to damage, kill or otherwise inhibit damaged or abnormal cells. One immunotherapy approach is the recombinant expression of chimeric receptors in immune cells to target the recognition and destruction of abnormal cells. In general, chimeric receptors include an extracellular receptor domain that recognizes a ligand on a target cell, an anchor transmembrane domain, and an effector domain that transmits an activating signal upon ligand binding. In some embodiments disclosed herein, chimeric receptors are used that have that general structure or have variations in that general structure. Additionally, in some embodiments, the transmembrane domain and the effector domain are separate peptides fused together. In some other embodiments, the transmembrane and effector domains are derived from the same peptide. In some such embodiments, the transmembrane and effector domains comprise a single peptide (e.g., one peptide that spans the membrane as well as being balanced and initiating a signal cascade). As discussed in more detail below, truncations, mutations, additional linker / spacer elements, dimers, etc. are used to create chimeric receptor constructs that exhibit the desired degree of expression in immune cells (e.g., NK cells) and induce cytotoxic activity from NK cells balanced with a degree of target binding activity that avoids adverse effects on non-target cells. Recombinant expression of chimeric receptors as disclosed herein on the surface of immune cells may redirect targeting of immune cells to abnormal cells of interest and enhance immune activation upon engagement.

[0114] NK Cells for Immunotherapy One immunotherapy approach involves administering T cells engineered to express a chimeric receptor to a patient to induce a positive immune response. However, a drawback of this approach is the need for the use of autologous cells to prevent the induction of graft-versus-host disease in the patient. As provided in some embodiments disclosed herein, compositions comprising engineered NK cells enjoy several advantages. For example, either autologous or donor-derived allogeneic cells can be used in the NK cell approach. In addition, according to some embodiments, engineered NK cells as provided herein do not significantly enhance cytotoxicity against normal cells. Furthermore, NK cells have significant cytotoxic effects when activated. In light of this, it is unexpected that engineered NK cells as provided herein may provide an even more effective means of selectively killing diseased target cells by further enhancing their cytotoxic effects. Thus, in some embodiments, a method of treating or preventing cancer or an infectious disease is provided, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of NK cells expressing a chimeric receptor as described herein. In one embodiment, the NK cells administered are autologous cells. In a further embodiment, the NK cells administered are donor-derived (allogeneic) cells.

[0115] In some embodiments, engagement and activation of recombinant NK cells expressing the chimeric receptor (e.g., by binding to a ligand on a target cell) results in direct killing of stressed and / or abnormal cells (e.g., tumor cells, virus-infected cells, etc.) by cytolysis. Thus, in some embodiments, methods of enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity are provided, comprising administering NK cells engineered to express a chimeric receptor as described herein. In one embodiment, the NK cells administered are autologous cells. In a further embodiment, the NK cells are donor-derived (allogeneic) cells. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells provide indirect destruction or inhibition of stressed and / or abnormal cells (e.g., tumor cells, virus-infected cells, etc.).

[0116] Ligand Binding Domain As described above, in some embodiments, NK cells recognize and destroy abnormal cells, including tumor cells and virus-infected cells. The cytotoxic activity of these natural immune cells is regulated by the balance of signaling from inhibitory and activating receptors present on the cell surface. The former bind to self-molecules expressed on the surface of healthy cells, while the latter bind to ligands expressed on abnormal cells. Increased engagement of activating receptors with inhibitory receptors leads to activation of NK cells and lysis of target cells. Natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) is an important NK cell activating receptor that recognizes several ligands expressed on stress and abnormal cells. Surface expression of various NKG2D ligands is generally low on healthy cells, but is upregulated upon malignant transformation or viral infection. Non-limiting examples of ligands recognized by NKG2D include, but are not limited to, MICA, MICB, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3, ULBP4, ULBP5, and ULBP6, as well as other molecules expressed on target cells that control the cytolytic or cytotoxic functions of NK cells.

[0117] The ability of NKG2D to recognize multiple surface markers of cell stress and infection makes it a potentially useful component of chimeric receptor-based immunotherapeutic approaches. However, what complicates the use of NKG2D as a chimeric receptor is its relationship with partner DAP10. NKG2D is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that forms a homodimer and assembles with two homodimers of DNAX-activation protein 10 (DAP10) to generate a hexameric complex on the membrane surface. This NKG2D-DAP10 association is necessary for both surface membrane expression of endogenous NKG2D and transmission of activation signals upon ligand binding. In some embodiments, full-length NKG2D is used. In one embodiment, the full-length NKG2D has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1. According to some embodiments disclosed herein, polynucleotides are provided that encode chimeric receptors, the extracellular receptor domain being a fragment of NKG2D that lacks its natural transmembrane or intracellular domains, but advantageously retains its ability to bind to the natural ligand of NKG2D and transmit an activation signal upon ligand binding. Thus, in some embodiments, the chimeric receptor encoded by the polypeptide disclosed herein does not comprise DAP10. In some embodiments, the NKG2D fragment is encoded by SEQ ID NO:2. In some embodiments, the fragment of NKG2D is at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% homologous to full-length wild-type NKG2D. In some embodiments, the fragment may have one or more additional mutations from SEQ ID NO:2, but retains or in some embodiments enhances ligand binding function. In some embodiments, the NKG2D fragment is provided as a dimer, trimer or other concatameric form, such embodiments resulting in enhanced ligand binding activity. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the NKG2D fragment is optionally fully or partially codon-optimized. In one embodiment, the sequence encoding the codon-optimized NKG2D fragment comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. Additionally, in some embodiments, a signal peptide is used. The species or sequence of the signal peptide can vary with the construct.However, in some embodiments, a signal peptide from CD8 is used. In one embodiment, the signal peptide is from CD8a and has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. In one embodiment, the sequence encoding the codon-optimized NKG2D fragment comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:68. In some embodiments, the fragment may have one or more additional mutations from SEQ ID NO:68 but retains ligand binding function. In some embodiments, the fragment may have one or more additional mutations from SEQ ID NO:68 but has improved ligand binding function.

[0118] Transmembrane, signaling and combinatorial domains As noted above, a typical chimeric antigen receptor structure includes at least one transmembrane domain that links the ligand binding domain to the signaling domain, in some embodiments, however, the transmembrane domain may also serve to provide signaling function.

[0119] In some embodiments, the NKG2D fragment retains at least a portion of its normal transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises at least a portion of CD8, a transmembrane glycoprotein normally expressed in both T cells and NK cells. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises CD8α, while in some embodiments, CD8β is used. In some embodiments, the "hinge" of CD8α has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, CD8α may be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to a CD8α having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. In some embodiments, CD8β has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, CD8β may be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to a CD8β having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6. In some embodiments, a dimer of CD8α and CD8β is used.

[0120] In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises CD16, which also serves as a signaling domain. CD16 exists in two isoforms, a and b (also known as Fcγ receptors IIIa and IIIb, respectively). These receptors usually bind to the Fc portion of IgG antibodies, which in turn activate NK cells. Thus, in some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises CD16a, while in some embodiments, CD16b is used. In some embodiments, CD16a has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, CD16a can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to CD16a having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, CD16b has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, CD16b can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to CD16b having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, a dimer of CD16a and CD16b is used. In some embodiments, the modification to the CD16 transmembrane domain includes additional nucleic acid residues to increase the length of the domain. Alternatively, CD16 can be truncated. Modifications to the length of CD16 can advantageously facilitate enhanced ligand-receptor interactions.

[0121] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises the natural killer receptor 2B4 domain (referred to herein as "2B4" and also known as CD244), which also serves as a signaling domain. 2B4 is expressed on NK cells and controls non-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted killing through the interaction of this receptor with its ligand on target cells. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises 2B4, while in some embodiments, the 2B4 domain is an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, 2B4 has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, 2B4 may be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to 2B4 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:9. In some embodiments, 2B4 is used as the only transmembrane / signaling domain in the construct, although in some embodiments, 2B4 may be used in combination with one or more other domains. For example, in some embodiments, a combination of CD16, 4-1BB and / or 2B4 is used.

[0122] In some embodiments, signaling is achieved through DAP10, as described above. In some embodiments, a fragment of NKG2D associates with DAP10 to provide a pro-cytotoxic signal to NK cells. In some embodiments, a dimer of DAP10 is used. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises DAP10. In some embodiments, DAP10 has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, DAP10 can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to DAP10 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. Similarly, in some embodiments, DAP12 can also be used to transmit such a signal. In some embodiments, DAP12 has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, DAP12 can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to DAP12 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, a heterodimer of DAP10 and DAP12 is used.

[0123] In some embodiments, signaling is provided through 4-1BB (also known as CD137 and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9)). 4-1BB is a costimulatory immune checkpoint molecule that typically functions as a stimulatory molecule for activated T cells (e.g., crosslinking of 4-1BB enhances T cell proliferation and cytolytic activity). However, in some embodiments, the function of 4-1BB is advantageously employed in conjunction with NK cells. In some embodiments, 4-1BB has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, 4-1BB can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to 4-1BB having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, 4-1BB is the only signaling domain, however, as discussed above, in some embodiments, 4-1BB functions surprisingly well in conjunction with one or more of the other transmembrane / signaling domains disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments, CD16 provides a synergistic stimulatory effect in combination with 4-1BB, resulting in particularly effective (e.g., cytotoxic) NK cells. In some embodiments, DAP10 provides a synergistic stimulatory effect in combination with 4-1BB, resulting in particularly effective (e.g., cytotoxic) NK cells. In some embodiments, DAP10 provides a synergistic stimulatory effect in combination with 4-1BB and / or 2B4, resulting in particularly effective (e.g., cytotoxic) NK cells. Other improved characteristics may result in some embodiments, e.g., improved expression, improved persistence, etc.

[0124] In some embodiments, the signaling domain comprises at least a portion of a CD3 T cell receptor complex. The T cell receptor complex comprises multiple subunits, including zeta, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon subunits. In some embodiments, the engineered NK cells according to some embodiments disclosed herein comprise at least one of these subunits (or fragments thereof). In some embodiments, the signaling domain comprises a CD3zeta subunit. In some embodiments, CD3zeta has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, CD3zeta can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to CD3zeta having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. In some embodiments, CD3zeta is mutated (e.g., amino acid mutation, insertion, or deletion) such that the domain no longer matches a canonical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif or ITAM motif. Thus, in some embodiments, the NK cells comprise an engineered receptor that does not contain an ITAM motif. In some embodiments, the resulting engineered NK cells exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity, particularly against target cells, with limited or reduced adverse side effects. In some embodiments, this is due to synergistic interactions of the various portions of the chimeric receptor used in a given embodiment. In some embodiments, CD3ζ provides a synergistic stimulatory effect in conjunction with 4-1BB, resulting in particularly effective (e.g., cytotoxic) NK cells. In some embodiments, CD3ζ provides a synergistic stimulatory effect in conjunction with 2B4, resulting in particularly effective (e.g., cytotoxic) NK cells. In some embodiments, CD3ζ provides a synergistic stimulatory effect in conjunction with 2B4 and 4-1BB, resulting in particularly effective (e.g., cytotoxic) NK cells. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor affects the dimerization of CD3ζ via its transmembrane domain. Thus, in some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises the CD3ζ transmembrane domain (or a fragment thereof). In some embodiments, the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more extracellular CD3ζ residues (the "juxtamembrane portion") are immediately adjacent to the CD3ζ transmembrane domain.In some embodiments, the CD3ζ transmembrane domain has the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69. In some embodiments, the CD3ζ transmembrane domain can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to a CD3ζ transmembrane domain having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:69. In some embodiments, the modification to the CD3ζ transmembrane domain comprises additional nucleic acid residues to increase the length of the domain. In some embodiments, the CD3ζ transmembrane domain and the CD3ζ juxtamembrane portion recruit full-length CD3ζ molecules to the synapse. In some embodiments, recruitment of native CD3ζ to the engineered receptor (relative to a receptor without the CD3ζ transmembrane domain) is enhanced by about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50% or more, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the CD3ζ transmembrane domain is conjugated to an effector domain comprising one or more of CD16, NCR1, NCR2, NCR3, 4-1BB, NKp80, FcRγ, CD3ζ, and 2B4.

[0125] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a CD28 domain. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises CD28, while in some embodiments, the CD28 domain is an intracellular signaling domain, and in some embodiments, the CD28 domain is a transmembrane / intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the CD28 transmembrane domain has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, the CD28 transmembrane domain may be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to CD28 having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105. In some embodiments, the CD28 intracellular signaling domain has a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, the CD28 intracellular signaling domain may be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to CD28 having a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106. In some embodiments, CD28 is used as the only transmembrane / signaling domain in the construct, although in some embodiments, CD28 may be used in combination with one or more other domains, for example, in some embodiments, a combination of CD28, OX40, 4-1BB, and / or CD3zeta is used.

[0126] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises an OX40 domain. In some embodiments, the OX40 domain is an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the OX40 intracellular signaling domain has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, the OX40 intracellular signaling domain can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to OX40 having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107. In some embodiments, OX40 is used as the only transmembrane / signaling domain in the construct, although in some embodiments, OX40 can be used in combination with one or more other domains. For example, in some embodiments, a combination of CD28, OX40, 4-1BB, and / or CD3zeta is used.

[0127] In still further embodiments, the signaling portion of the chimeric receptor comprises a portion of an ITAM, such as a hemi-tam. In some embodiments, these portions do not constitute a canonical ITAM sequence, but rather comprise a portion that can further transmit signals required for NK cell cytotoxicity. In some embodiments, the hemi-tam has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 (wherein X can be any residue). In some embodiments, the hemi-tam can be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to a hemi-tam having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a hemi-tam of SEQ ID NO: 14. In some embodiments, multiple hemi-tams can be used, for example, in a head-to-tail, tail-to-head, head-to-head, or tail-to-tail configuration. In some embodiments, the presence of at least one hemi-tam provides enhanced signaling and cytotoxicity to NK cells that comprise a chimeric receptor that employs at least one hemi-tam. As discussed in more detail below, some chimeric receptors include one non-limiting example of a hemi-tam. NKp80.

[0128] In some embodiments, additional signaling regions are used, including, for example, signaling regions derived from receptors of the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family. These receptors include, but are not limited to, 2B4 (discussed above). Receptors of the SLAM family share a common tyrosine-based motif in their cytoplasmic tails. The motif is S / TxYxxL / I, referred to as the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) (SEQ ID NO: 15). These receptors transmit activation signals through SLAM-associated protein (SAP, encoded by gene SH2D1A), which recruits the tyrosine kinase Fyn. Thus, according to some embodiments, the signaling region comprises a polypeptide sequence (or a nucleic acid encoding it) that includes an ITSM motif. In some embodiments, the ITSM motif need not be fully encoded, but the signaling region can transmit activation signals through SAP (or another similar pathway). In some embodiments, the ITSM motif has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15 (wherein X can be any amino acid residue). In some embodiments, the ITSM motif may be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to an ITSM motif having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the ITSM motif comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.

[0129] In addition to these variations in the NKG2D receptor, transmembrane domains and signaling domains (and combinations of transmembrane / signaling domains), in some embodiments, additional co-activating molecules may be provided. For example, in some embodiments, NK cells are engineered to express membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15). In such embodiments, the presence of mbIL15 on the NK cells serves to further enhance the cytotoxic effects of the NK cells by synergistically enhancing the proliferation and longevity of the NK cells. In some embodiments, mbIL15 has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, mbIL15 may be truncated or modified to be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95% homologous to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, mbIL15 has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In conjunction with the chimeric receptors disclosed herein, such embodiments provide NK cell compositions that are particularly effective in targeting and destroying specific target cells.

[0130] Chimeric receptor constructs In view of the disclosure set forth herein, there are a variety of chimeric receptors that can be generated and expressed in NK cells to target and destroy specific target cells (e.g., diseased or cancer cells). Non-limiting examples of such chimeric receptors are discussed in more detail below.

[0131] As discussed above, part of the T cell receptor complex (specifically CD3ζ) functions as a potent activator of immune signaling cascades. Similarly, the receptor 4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, activates NK cells upon ligand binding. In some embodiments, these two signaling components act synergistically to activate NK cells upon ligand binding to the chimeric receptor. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / CD8a / 4-1BB / CD3ζ chimeric receptor, which comprises an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8 transmembrane region, and an effector domain that comprises the signaling domains of 4-1BB and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 108. In yet another embodiment, the NKG2D-CD8a-4-1BB-CD3ζ chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, this construct is particularly effective when NK cells simultaneously express mbIL15, which provides additional synergistic effects with respect to NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. In some embodiments, the sequence of this chimeric receptor can differ from SEQ ID NO: 18 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 108), but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 18, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, this chimeric receptor can differ from SEQ ID NO: 18 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 108), but retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function.

[0132] Receptor 2B4 has several immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs (ITSMs) that may transduce activation signals. Similarly, signaling through receptor 4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, also activates NK cells upon ligand binding. Thus, taking advantage of the ability of these signaling molecules to cooperate to unexpectedly effectively generate cytotoxic NK cells, in some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode NKG2D / CD8a / 2B4 / 4-1BB chimeric receptors, which comprise an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8a transmembrane region, and an effector domain that includes the signaling domains of 4-1BB and 2B4. Additionally, in some embodiments, this construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0133] In some embodiments, a combination of 2B4 and CD3ζ is used with NK cells to enhance cytotoxicity against target cells. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / CD8a / 2B4 / CD3ζ chimeric receptor, which comprises an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8a transmembrane domain, and an effector domain that comprises the signaling domains of CD3ζ and 2B4. Additionally, in some embodiments, this construct can be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. As discussed above, 4-1BB, like CD3ζ and 2B4, can function as a potent activator of immune signaling cascades. In some embodiments, these three signaling components act synergistically to activate NK cells upon binding of the ligand to the chimeric receptor. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / CD8a / 4-1BB / 2B4 / CD3ζ chimeric receptor comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8 transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising the signaling domains of 4-1BB, 2B4, and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In yet another embodiment, the NKG2D-CD8a-4-1BB-CD3ζ chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some embodiments, this construct is particularly effective when the NK cells simultaneously express mbIL15, which provides additional synergistic effects with respect to NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 58, but depending on the embodiment, remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 58. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 58, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function.

[0134] In some alternative embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / CD8a / DAP10 / 4-1BB chimeric receptor, comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8a transmembrane domain, and an effector domain that comprises the signaling domains of 4-1BB and DAP10. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60. In yet another embodiment, the NKG2D-CD8a-4-1BB-DAP10 chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. In some embodiments, the construct is particularly effective when NK cells simultaneously express mbIL15, which provides additional synergistic effects with respect to NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 60, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 60, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 60, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Furthermore, as discussed above, 2B4, like DAP10 and 4-1BB, is a potent activator of immune signaling cascades. In some embodiments, these three signaling components act synergistically to activate NK cells upon binding of a ligand to the chimeric receptor. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes an NKG2D / CD8a / 4-1BB / DAP10 / 2B4 chimeric receptor comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8 transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising the signaling domains of 4-1BB, 2B4, and DAP10, where 4-1BB is followed by DAP10, and DAP10 is followed by 2B4. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62.In yet another embodiment, the NKG2D-CD8a-4-1BB-CD3ζ chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63. In some embodiments, this construct is particularly effective when NK cells simultaneously express mbIL15, which provides additional synergistic effects with respect to NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. In some embodiments, the sequence of this chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 62, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 62, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, this chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 62, but this chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, the activation and / or cytotoxicity function of NK cells. In some other embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / CD8a / 4-1BB / 2B4 / DAP10 chimeric receptor, comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8 transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising the signaling domains of 4-1BB, 2B4, and DAP10, where 4-1BB is followed by 2B4, and 2B4 is followed by DAP10. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64. In yet another embodiment, the NKG2D-CD8a-4-1BB-CD3ζ chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65. In some embodiments, this construct is particularly effective when NK cells simultaneously express mbIL15, which provides additional synergistic effects with respect to NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 64, but depending on the embodiment, remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 64. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 64, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function.

[0135] In some additional embodiments, the transmembrane and effector domains (and associated functions) of the chimeric receptor are derived from the same peptide. CD16 is a potent activating receptor expressed on the surface of NK cells. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / CD16 chimeric receptor, which comprises an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, and a CD16 peptide that comprises both a transmembrane region and an intracellular effector domain. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 23, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 23, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 23, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0136] In some additional embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / CD16 / 4-1BB chimeric receptor, in which the signaling domain of 4-1BB functions as a second transducer of an activating signal in the effector domain. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0137] CD3ζ dimerizes through its transmembrane domain. Thus, in some embodiments, chimeric receptors are provided in which the CD3ζ transmembrane domain recruits full-length CD3ζ molecules to the synapse. In some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode chimeric receptors that include an NKG2D fragment that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8a hinge, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more extracellular CD3ζ residues ("juxtamembrane portion") immediately adjacent to the CD3ζ transmembrane domain, and an effector domain that includes one or more of CD16, NCR1, NCR2, NCR3, 4-1BB, NKp80, FcRγ, CD3ζ, and 2B4.

[0138] In some embodiments, chimeric receptors are provided in which a CD3ζ transmembrane domain is conjugated to an effector domain comprising one or both of 4-1BB and CD16. Thus, in some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode NKG2D / CD3ζTM / 4-1BB chimeric receptors, which comprise a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D conjugated to a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 78, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 78, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 78, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0139] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / CD3ζTM / CD16 / 4-1BB chimeric receptor, comprising a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising CD16 followed by 4-1BB. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 70, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 70, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 70, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. Further, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / CD3ζTM / 4-1BB / CD16 chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB followed by CD16. In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, the GS3 linker is located between 4-1BB and CD16. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:84. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:85. In some embodiments, the sequence of this chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:84, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:84, depending on the embodiment.In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:84, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a NKG2Dx2 / CD3ζTM / CD16 / 4-1BB chimeric receptor is provided, the chimeric receptor comprising a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising CD16 and 4-1BB. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:72. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:73. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 72, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 72, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 72, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0140] In some embodiments, a chimeric receptor is provided in which a CD3ζ transmembrane domain is conjugated to an effector domain comprising NKp80. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / CD3ζTM / CD16 / 4-1BB / NKp80 chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising a fragment of NKG2D conjugated to a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising CD16, 4-1BB, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, the GS3 linker is located between 4-1BB and NKp80. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 74, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 74, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 74, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a 2xNKG2D / CD3ζTM / CD16 / 4-1BB / NKp80 chimeric receptor is provided, the chimeric receptor comprising a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising CD16, 4-1BB, and NKp80. In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, the GS3 linker is located between 4-1BB and NKp80. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77.In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 76, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 76, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 76, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. In addition, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. Furthermore, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a NKG2D / CD3ζTM / 4-1BB / NKp80 chimeric receptor is provided, the chimeric receptor comprising a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB and NKp80. In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, the GS3 linker is located between 4-1BB and NKp80. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 82, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 82, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 82, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0141] In some embodiments, a chimeric receptor is provided in which a CD3ζ transmembrane domain is coupled to an effector domain comprising CD3ζ. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / CD3ζTM / 4-1BB / CD3ζ chimeric receptor, which comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 80, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 80, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 80, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0142] In some embodiments, chimeric receptors are provided in which a CD3ζ transmembrane domain is coupled to an effector domain comprising FcRγ. Thus, in some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode NKG2D / CD3ζTM / 4-1BB / FcRγ chimeric receptors, which comprise a fragment of NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB and FcRγ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 86, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 86, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 86, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0143] In some embodiments, a chimeric receptor is provided in which a CD3ζ transmembrane domain is conjugated to an effector domain comprising CD28. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / CD3ζTM / CD28 / CD3ζ chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8a hinge, a CD3ζ transmembrane region, and an intracellular effector domain comprising CD28 and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 102, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 102, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 102, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0144] In some embodiments, a chimeric receptor is provided in which the extracellular domain comprises a fragment of NKG2D bound to IL15. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding an IL15 / NKG2D / CD8a / 4-1BB / CD3ζ chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D coupled to IL-15, a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular effector domain comprising 4-1BB and CD3z. In some embodiments, the extracellular domain further comprises a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, the GS3 linker is located between the IL15 and the NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:88. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:89. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 88, but depending on the embodiment, remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 88. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 88, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function.

[0145] In some embodiments, chimeric receptors are provided in which the extracellular domain comprises a fragment of NKG2D coupled to an IgG short hinge. Thus, in some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode NKG2D / IgG4 / CD8a / 4-1BB / CD3ζ chimeric receptors, which comprise an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, an IgG4 short hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular effector domain comprising 4-1BB and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 96, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 96, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 96, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0146] In some embodiments, a chimeric receptor is provided in which the effector domain comprises OX40. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / CD8a / OX40 / CD3z chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular effector domain comprising OX40 and CD3z. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 90, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 90, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 90, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, the activation and / or cytotoxicity function of NK cells. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / IgG4 / CD8a / OX40 / CD3ζ chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, an IgG4 hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular effector domain comprising OX40 and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 100, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 100, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 100, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function.In addition, in some embodiments, this construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0147] In some embodiments, chimeric receptors are provided that include a CD28 peptide that includes both the transmembrane region and the intracellular effector domain. Thus, in some embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode NKG2D / CD28 / CD3ζ chimeric receptors, which include an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8a hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 92, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 92, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 92, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. In further embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / CD28 / CD3ζ / 4-1BB chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, a CD8a hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 94, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 94, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 94, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function.Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15. In further embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / IgG4 / CD28 / CD3ζ chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, an IgG4 hinge, a CD28 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and CD3ζ. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 98. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 99. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 98, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 98, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 98, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. In addition, in some embodiments, this construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0148] NCR1 (NKp46), NCR2 (NKp44) and NCR3 (NKp30) are receptors on NK cells that transmit activation signals upon ligand binding. Thus, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided encoding a NKG2D / NCR1 chimeric receptor, which comprises an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D and an NCR1 peptide that includes both a transmembrane region and an intracellular effector domain. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:30, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:27, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 27, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0149] In some additional embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode NKG2D / NCR1 / 4-1BB chimeric receptors, where the signaling domain of 4-1BB functions as a second transducer of activation signals in the effector domain, synergistically enhancing NK cell activation and cytotoxicity. In some additional embodiments, polynucleotides are provided that encode NKG2D / NCR2 chimeric receptors, where the chimeric receptors comprise an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, and an NCR2 peptide that comprises both a transmembrane region and an intracellular effector domain. As with NCR1, in some embodiments, these constructs are particularly suitable for use in generating NK cells expressing this chimeric receptor due to their relatively small size and sequence simplicity. However, these constructs, in some embodiments, retain the ability to generate highly effective NK cells despite the apparent simplicity of the constructs. In addition, in some embodiments, these constructs may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0150] In some additional embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / NCR3 chimeric receptor, which comprises an NKG2D fragment extracellular receptor domain that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, and an NCR3 peptide that includes both a transmembrane region and an intracellular effector domain. Similar to NCR1 and / or NCR2, in some embodiments, these constructs are particularly suitable for use in generating NK cells expressing the chimeric receptor due to their relatively small size and sequence simplicity. However, these constructs, in some embodiments, retain the ability to generate highly effective NK cells despite the apparent simplicity of the construct. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29. In yet another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:30. In some embodiments, the sequence of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:29, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:29, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 29, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Additionally, in some embodiments, the construct may optionally be co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0151] In some additional embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / NCR2 / 4-1BB chimeric receptor, in which the signaling domain of 4-1BB functions as a second transducer of an activating signal in the effector domain, resulting in synergy between the signaling domains and unexpectedly effective cytotoxic NK cells. Additionally, in some embodiments, this construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0152] In some additional embodiments, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a NKG2D / NCR3 / 4-1BB chimeric receptor, in which the signaling domain of 4-1BB functions as a second transducer of an activating signal in the effector domain, resulting in synergy between the signaling domains and unexpectedly effective cytotoxic NK cells. Additionally, in some embodiments, this construct may be optionally co-expressed with mbIL15.

[0153] In some embodiments, the surface expression and potency of the chimeric receptors disclosed herein are enhanced by variation of a spacer region (hinge) located in the extracellular domain, in some embodiments, between the NKG2D fragment and the transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, this hinge region may be included between other portions of the chimeric receptor (e.g., between the intracellular domain and the transmembrane domain or between multiple intracellular domains). In some embodiments, domains serving specific purposes disclosed elsewhere herein may serve additional functions. For example, in some embodiments, CD8a is repurposed to function as a hinge region (encoded in some embodiments by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5). In yet other embodiments, this hinge region comprises an N-terminal truncation of CD8a and / or a C-terminal truncation of CD8a. Depending on the embodiment, these truncations may be at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% homologous to the hinge encoded by SEQ ID NO:5. In some additional embodiments, the hinge comprises a span of glycine and serine residues (referred to herein as a "GS linker"), where GSn represents the sequence (Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser)n (SEQ ID NO:42). In one embodiment, the hinge comprises both CD8a and GS3 and is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32, e.g., n=3. In additional embodiments, the value of n can be equal to or higher than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the hinge can be configured as GSn / CD8a. Alternatively, the GS linker can comprise the entire hinge region. In one such embodiment, the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:33. In another such embodiment, the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34. In some embodiments, IgG4 is reused as the hinge region (encoded in some embodiments by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104). In yet other embodiments, the hinge region comprises an N-terminal truncation of IgG4 and / or a C-terminal truncation of IgG4.Depending on the embodiment, these truncations can be at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90% homologous to the hinge encoded by SEQ ID NO:104.

[0154] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct utilizes a 2B4 intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the domain is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35. In some embodiments, the 2B4 domain is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36. In some embodiments, the sequence of the 2B4 intracellular domain used in the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 36, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 36, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the signaling domain of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 36, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function. Similarly, in some embodiments, the NKp80 intracellular domain is used in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the NKp80 domain is the only intracellular signaling domain, but in some embodiments, the domain is used in conjunction with one or more additional domains. In some embodiments, the NKp80 is encoded by the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37. In some embodiments, the NKp80 domain is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38. In some embodiments, the sequence of the NKp80 intracellular domain used in the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 38, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 38, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the signaling domain of the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 38, but the chimeric receptor retains, or in some embodiments enhances, NK cell activation and / or cytotoxicity function.

[0155] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor uses a portion of a beta adrenergic receptor as a transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the portion comprises a portion of a beta adrenergic extracellular domain. In some embodiments, the portion is a portion of a beta adrenergic receptor transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, a combination of the extracellular domain and transmembrane domain of a beta adrenergic receptor is used. Depending on the embodiment, the portion is from a beta-1 and / beta-2 adrenergic receptor. In some embodiments, a portion of the N-terminal extracellular region of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor is used. In some embodiments, the portion has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. In some embodiments, the extracellular beta-2 adrenergic domain is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40. In some embodiments, the sequence of the extracellular beta-2 adrenergic domain used in the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 39, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 39 depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane helix of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor is used, optionally with an extracellular beta-2 adrenergic domain. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane helix of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane helix of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the sequence of the first transmembrane helix of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor used in the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 41, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 41, depending on the embodiment.

[0156] In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor comprises CD8, truncated NKG2D, CD8a, a transmembrane domain, a CD16 intracellular domain, and 4-1BB as a costimulatory molecule. In some embodiments, such a construct is encoded by SEQ ID NO:25. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:25, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:25, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the hinge region surrounding CD8 is increased by the addition of a GS linker (disclosed herein), such as, as a non-limiting example, GS3. In such an embodiment, the construct is encoded by a nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:43. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:43, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:43, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the hinge region surrounding CD8 is increased by the addition of a longer GS linker such as GS12 or other linker. In some embodiments, the hinge region is decreased by truncating CD8. For example, in some embodiments, the N-terminal region of CD8a is truncated by at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%. In some embodiments, the CD8 hinge region is replaced with a GS linker. For example, in some embodiments, the hinge region comprises a GS3 linker, whereby the construct comprises NKG2D-GS3-CD16-4-1BB. In one embodiment, such a construct is encoded by a nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: 44. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 44, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 44, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, neither CD8 nor GSn is used. In one embodiment, such a construct is encoded by the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:45.In some embodiments, this chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:45, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:45, depending on the embodiment.

[0157] As discussed above, in some embodiments, codon-optimized sequences are utilized. For example, in some embodiments, codon optimization (full or partial) is performed on the NKG2D domain of the chimeric receptor. However, in some embodiments, codon optimization is not performed. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8a hinge, and a 4-1BB signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8 hinge and transmembrane domain, and a 4-1BB signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8a hinge and transmembrane domain, a 4-1BB signaling domain, and a 2B4 signaling domain. In some embodiments, such a construct has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. In some embodiments, this chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:46, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:46, depending on the embodiment.

[0158] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a beta adrenergic derived transmembrane domain, and a 4-1BB signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a beta adrenergic derived transmembrane domain comprised of the extracellular region of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor and the first transmembrane helix of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, and a 4-1BB signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a beta adrenergic derived transmembrane domain comprised of the extracellular region of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor and the first transmembrane helix of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor, a 4-1BB signaling domain, and a 2B4 signaling domain. In some embodiments, such a construct has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47. In some embodiments, this chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:47, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:47, depending on the embodiment.

[0159] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8a hinge, and a 2B4 signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8a hinge and transmembrane domain, and both a 2B4 signaling domain and a 4-1BB signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8 hinge and transmembrane domain, a 4-1BB signaling domain and a 2B4 signaling domain, and an NKp80 domain. In some embodiments, the 2B4 domain and the NKp80 domain are linked by a GS linker, such as a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, such a construct has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 48, but remain at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 48, depending on the embodiment.

[0160] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8a hinge, and an NKp80 signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8a hinge and transmembrane domain, and an NKp80 signaling domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct comprises a non-optimized NKG2D extracellular domain, a CD8a hinge and transmembrane domain, a 4-1BB signaling domain, and an NKp80 domain. In some embodiments, the 4-1BB domain and the NKp80 domain are linked by a GS linker, such as a GS3 linker. In some embodiments, such a construct has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO: 49, but remain at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 49, depending on the embodiment.

[0161] In some embodiments, the CD8 transmembrane domain is conjugated to the 2B4 intracellular domain. In some embodiments, the CD8 transmembrane domain is replaced with the 2B4 domain, which is both transmembrane and intracellular. In some embodiments, the CD8 transmembrane domain is replaced with 2B4 and 4-1BB is expressed in a proximal configuration.

[0162] In some embodiments, the CD16 intracellular signaling domain is conjugated to a CD3 zeta or gamma subunit exogenously expressed in trans to the chimeric receptor described herein. As discussed above, such constructs can unexpectedly result in enhanced signaling and therefore an unexpected increase in the cytotoxic effect of NK cells.

[0163] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is configured to dimerize, as discussed in further detail herein. In some embodiments, the truncated NKG2D receptor according to some embodiments disclosed herein is optionally dimerized. Dimerization may include homodimerization or heterodimerization depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, dimerization shifts the avidity of the chimeric receptor (and thus the NK cell expressing the receptor) toward better ligand recognition with an equal balance in the reduction (or absence) of adverse toxic effects. In further embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor utilizes an internal dimer or utilizes repeats of one or more component subunits. For example, in some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises an NKG2D extracellular domain coupled to a second NKG2D extracellular domain and a transmembrane / signaling region (or a separate transmembrane region with a separate signaling region). In some embodiments, one or more of the NKG2D extracellular domains are codon optimized. In some embodiments, two NKG2D extracellular domains are separated by a linker (e.g., a GSn linker). In one embodiment, a GS3 linker is used. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises an extracellular region of a beta-adrenergic receptor. In some embodiments, the transmembrane domain comprises an extracellular region of a beta-2 adrenergic receptor and further comprises a first transmembrane domain of a beta-2 adrenergic receptor. In some embodiments, the signaling region comprises 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the signaling region comprises NKp80. In some embodiments, the signaling region comprises a CD16 transmembrane-intracellular domain. In some embodiments, the signaling region comprises 4-1BB together with NKp80 or a CD16 transmembrane-intracellular domain. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:50.In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:50, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:50, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor has a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:51. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:51, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:51, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor has a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:52, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:52, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a hinge region. In some embodiments, CD8a is repurposed to function as a hinge region (encoded in some embodiments by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5). In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a CD8a transmembrane domain. In some embodiments, the signaling region comprises 4-1BB along with 2B4 and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D conjugated to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB and CD3ζ. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor has a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:66. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:66, but remain at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:50, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:67.In some embodiments, this chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:66, but remain at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:50, depending on the embodiment.

[0164] In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor is configured to be bispecific, as discussed in further detail herein. In some embodiments, the truncated NKG2D receptor according to some embodiments disclosed herein is bispecific, for example, due to a second peptide that binds to a non-NKG2D ligand. In some embodiments, the bispecificity shifts the targeting of the chimeric receptor (and thus the NK cell expressing the receptor) to better target cell recognition with an equal balance in the reduction (or absence) of adverse toxic effects. In further embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8 signal peptide. For example, in some embodiments, the chimeric receptor comprises an NKG2D extracellular domain conjugated to a second extracellular domain that binds to another (non-NKG2D) ligand, and a transmembrane / signaling region (or a separate transmembrane region with a separate signaling region). In some embodiments, the two extracellular domains are separated by a linker (e.g., a GSn linker). In one embodiment, a GS3 linker is used.

[0165] According to some embodiments disclosed herein, additional chimeric receptors are provided that utilize a codon-optimized NKG2D domain (optionally, this construct can also be replicated with a non-optimized or partially optimized domain). For example, in some embodiments, a codon-optimized extracellular domain is conjugated to a hinge and at least two transmembrane / signaling domains. In some embodiments, multiple signaling domains enhance the cytotoxic potency of NK cells because multiple non-redundant signal cascades are initiated. In some embodiments, these multiple pathways may converge on a single signaling molecule (e.g., IFNγ), but the overall cytotoxic effect is unexpectedly increased due to the overall size of the signaling molecule that drives the cytotoxic endpoint. As a non-limiting example, in some embodiments, NKG2D is conjugated to a CD8a hinge followed by a CD16 transmembrane-intracellular signaling domain and a 4-1BB signaling domain. In some embodiments, the construct further comprises a 2B4 signaling domain. In some embodiments, such a chimeric receptor has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:53. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:53, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:53, depending on the embodiment. In additional embodiments, the NKG2D-CD8a-CD16IC / TM construct further comprises an NKp80 signaling domain. In some embodiments, such construct further comprises a GS3 linker between the 4-1BB domain and the NKp80 domain. In some embodiments, such a chimeric receptor has the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:54. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor may differ from SEQ ID NO:54, but remains at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% homologous to SEQ ID NO:54, depending on the embodiment.

[0166] In yet additional embodiments, certain components of the chimeric receptor may be replaced with one or more additional subunits that result in enhanced potency (e.g., NK cell activation or cytotoxicity). For example, in one embodiment, the CD16 intracellular signaling domain may be replaced with a quadruple repeat of DAP10 (e.g., 4×DAP10). In additional embodiments, the CD16 intracellular signaling domain may be replaced with a Zap70 subunit. Certain such embodiments result in unexpected enhancement of NK cell cytotoxicity.

[0167] In some additional embodiments, the effector domain comprises one or more consensus hemi-ITAM sequences to enhance activating signaling upon ligand binding. In additional embodiments, inclusion of a GS linker between the signaling domains of 4-1BB, CD16, NCR1, NCR2 and / or NCR3 enhances signaling. Furthermore, in some embodiments, one or both of CD3ζ and FcRγ are further expressed with the chimeric receptors described herein (either on the same or separate constructs), which unexpectedly enhances signaling and thus the cytotoxic effect of the NK cells. Depending on the embodiment, engineered expression of one or more of CD3ζ and FcRγ complements the endogenous expression of these molecules by the NK cells, thereby further enhancing the signaling and ultimate cytotoxic potency of the NK cells.

[0168] Optionally, depending on the embodiment, any of the polynucleotides disclosed herein may also encode one or more truncated and / or variants of the constituent subunits of the chimeric receptor, which may still retain the ability to target NK cells to target cells, and in some embodiments, may unexpectedly enhance cytotoxicity upon binding. In addition, any of the polynucleotides disclosed herein may also optionally include codon-optimized nucleotide sequences encoding the various constituent subunits of the chimeric receptor. As used herein, the terms "fragment" and "truncated" shall be given their ordinary meaning, and shall also include N-terminal and C-terminal deletion variants of the protein.

[0169] A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor described herein may be inserted into a vector to achieve recombinant protein expression in NK cells. In one embodiment, the polynucleotide is operably linked to at least one regulatory element for expression of the chimeric receptor. In specific embodiments, a transcriptional regulatory element heterologous to the peptide disclosed herein (e.g., an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) or an enhancer element) is utilized to direct transcription of the chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises one or more cytoplasmic protease cleavage sites. In some embodiments, the cleavage site is recognized and cleaved by a cytoplasmic protease. In some embodiments, the cleavage site is selected from the group comprising a T2A cleavage site, a P2A cleavage site, an E2A cleavage site, and an F2A cleavage site. Depending on the embodiment, the various components of the chimeric receptor may be delivered to the NK cell in a single vector or alternatively in multiple vectors. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor construct is delivered in a single vector, while another factor that enhances the potency of the chimeric receptor (e.g., mbIL15) is delivered in a separate vector. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor and the factor that enhances the potency of the chimeric receptor (e.g., mbIL15) are delivered in a single vector. Regardless of the number of vectors used, any polynucleotide may optionally include a tag sequence to allow recognition of the presence of NK cells expressing the construct. For example, in some embodiments, a FLAG tag (DYKDDDDK, SEQ ID NO: 55) is used. Also available are other tag sequences, such as polyhistidine tags (His-tags) (HHHHHH, SEQ ID NO: 56), HA-tags or myc-tags (EQKLISEEDL; SEQ ID NO: 57). Alternatively, green fluorescent protein or other fluorescent moieties are used. A combination of tag types may also be used to individually recognize the subcomponents of the chimeric receptor.

[0170] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encoding the chimeric receptor is an mRNA that can be introduced into NK cells by electroporation. In another embodiment, the vector is a virus (preferably a retrovirus) that can be introduced into NK cells by transduction. In some embodiments, the vector is a murine stem cell virus (MSCV). In additional embodiments, other vectors can be used, such as lentiviruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and the like. In some embodiments, non-HIV derived retroviruses are used. The vector selected will depend on various factors, including but not limited to the strength of the transcriptional regulatory elements and the cells used to express the protein. The vector can be a plasmid, phagemid, cosmid, viral vector, phage, artificial chromosome, and the like. In additional embodiments, the vector can be an episomal heterologous or homologous integrating vector, and the vector can be introduced into the appropriate cells by any suitable means for transforming the vector (transformation, transfection, conjugation, protoplast fusion, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, direct microinjection, etc.).In some embodiments, other approaches to induce expression of the chimeric receptor in NK cells are used, including, for example, the SV40 early promoter region, the promoter contained in the 3' long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus, the herpes thymidine kinase promoter, the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene, the adenovirus (ADV) promoter, the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) promoter, the parovirus B19p6 promoter, the β-lactamase promoter, the tac promoter, the nopaline synthetase promoter region or the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter, the promoter of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, the Gal 4 promoter, the ADC (alcohol dehydrogenase) promoter, the PGK (phosphoglycerol kinase) promoter, the synthetic MND promoter comprising an engineered U3 region of the MoMuLV LTR together with the myeloproliferative sarcoma virus enhancer, and the alkaline phosphatase promoter.

[0171] Natural killer cells may be engineered to express the chimeric receptors disclosed herein. The chimeric receptor expression constructs may be introduced into NK cells using any of the techniques known to those skilled in the art. In one embodiment, the chimeric receptor is transiently expressed in the NK cells. In another embodiment, the chimeric receptor is stably expressed in the NK cells. In an additional embodiment, the NK cells are autologous cells. In yet another embodiment, the NK cells are donor-derived (allogeneic) cells.

[0172] Further provided herein is a method of treating a subject having cancer or an infectious disease, comprising administering to the subject a composition comprising NK cells engineered to express a chimeric receptor disclosed herein, the chimeric receptor designed to target a marker or ligand that is differentially expressed (e.g., expressed to a different extent compared to normal cells or tissues) on damaged or diseased cells or tissues. As used herein, the terms "express", "expressed" and "expression" shall be given their ordinary meaning and shall refer to allowing or causing the manifestation of information of a gene or polynucleotide sequence, such as the production of a protein by activating cellular functions involved in the transcription and translation of the corresponding gene or DNA sequence. The expression product itself (e.g., the resulting protein) may also be referred to as being "expressed" by the cell. Expression products may be characterized as intracellular, extracellular or transmembrane. The term "intracellular" shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall refer to the inside of a cell. The term "extracellular" shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall refer to the outside of a cell. The term "transmembrane" shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall refer to at least a portion of the polypeptide being embedded in the cell membrane. The term "cytoplasmic" shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall refer to being within the cell membrane, outside the nucleus. As used herein, the terms "treat", "treating" and "treatment" in reference to the administration of a therapy to a subject shall be given their ordinary meaning and shall refer to the beneficial effect that the subject derives from the therapy.In some embodiments, treatment of a subject with the genetically engineered cells described herein achieves, for example, one, two, three, four or more of the following effects: (i) reduction or amelioration of the severity of a disease or symptoms associated therewith; (ii) reduction in the duration of symptoms associated with a disease; (iii) protection against progression of a disease or symptoms associated therewith; (iv) regression of a disease or symptoms associated therewith; (v) protection against the onset or onset of symptoms associated with a disease; (vi) protection against recurrence of symptoms associated with a disease; (vii) reduction in hospitalization of a subject; (viii) reduction in length of hospitalization; (ix) increase in survival rate of a subject with a disease; (x) reduction in the number of symptoms associated with a disease; (xi) enhancement, improvement, supplement, complement or augmentation of the prophylactic or therapeutic effect of another treatment. Administration can be by various routes (e.g., but not limited to, intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrahepatic, intraperitoneal and / or local delivery to the affected tissue). The dose of NK cells can be readily determined for a given subject based on the subject's weight, the type and condition of the disease, and the aggressiveness of the treatment desired, but depending on the embodiment, is about 10 per kg. 5 Approximately 10 cells per kg 12 A range of cells (e.g., 10 5 ~10 7 pieces, 10 7 ~10 10 pieces, 10 10 ~10 12 In one embodiment, a dose escalation regimen is used. In some embodiments, a range of NK cells (e.g., about 1×10 6 Cells / kg ~ approx. 1 x 10 8Depending on the embodiment, various types of cancer or infectious diseases may be treated. Various embodiments provided herein include the treatment or prevention of the following non-limiting examples of cancers: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), adrenocortical carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, gastrointestinal cancer, appendix cancer, central nervous system cancer, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain tumors (e.g., but not limited to, astrocytoma, spinal cord tumor, brain stem glioma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoblastoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, medulloepithelioma), breast cancer, bronchial tumor, Burkitt's lymphoma, cervical cancer, colon cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), chronic myeloproliferative disorder, ductal breast cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy cell leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, leukemia, oral cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer (including, but not limited to, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer), pancreatic cancer, intestinal cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, eye cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, pituitary cancer, uterine cancer and vaginal cancer.

[0173] Additionally, various embodiments provided herein include the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases, including, but not limited to, infections of bacterial origin, which may include, for example, infections by bacteria from one or more of the following genera: Bordetella, Borrelia, Brucella, Campylobacter, Chlamydia, and Chlamydophila, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Francisella, Hemolytic anemia, and the like. Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Legionella, Leptospira, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Rickettsia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Treponema, Vibrio and Yersinia, and variants or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, methods of treating a variety of viruses are provided for treating viral infections (e.g., caused by one or more viruses), including adenovirus, coxsackievirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, cytomegalovirus, Deborah virus, human herpes virus type 8, HIV, influenza virus, measles virus, mumps virus, human papillomavirus, parainfluenza virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rubella virus, and varicella zoster virus.

[0174] In some embodiments, also provided herein are nucleic acid and amino acid sequences that are at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% (and ranges therein) homologous to the respective nucleic acid or amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1-68 and also exhibit one or more functions compared to the respective SEQ ID NOs: 1-68, including, but not limited to: (i) enhanced proliferation, (ii) enhanced activation, (iii) enhanced cytotoxic activity against cells presenting a ligand bound by NK cells having a receptor encoded by the nucleic acid and amino acid sequences, (iv) enhanced homing to tumors or sites of infection, (v) reduced off-target cytotoxic effects, (vi) enhanced secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines and chemokines (such as, but not limited to, IFNg, TNFa, IL-22, CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5), (vii) enhanced ability to stimulate further innate and adaptive immune responses, and (viii) combinations thereof.

[0175] In addition, in some embodiments, amino acid sequences corresponding to any of the nucleic acids disclosed herein are provided, accounting for the degeneracy of the nucleic acid code. Furthermore, sequences (nucleic or amino acids) that differ from those explicitly disclosed herein, but have similar or equivalent functions, are also contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure. This includes mutations, truncations, substitutions, or other types of modifications.

[0176] Provided herein, according to some embodiments, is a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor comprising an extracellular receptor domain, the extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D being a fragment of NKG2D, an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain. In some embodiments, the fragment of NKG2D is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or 3, or 68, or a functional equivalent thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes an effector domain comprising CD16. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes an effector domain comprising NCR1. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes an effector domain comprising NCR2. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes an effector domain comprising NCR3. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes an additional effector domain portion comprising 4-1BB. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor composed of NKG2D and CD16. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor composed of NKG2D and NCR1. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor composed of NKG2D and NCR2. In additional embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a chimeric receptor composed of CD16 and NKG2D optionally conjugated to 4-1BB. In some embodiments, CD16 is replaced by NCR1, and in some implementations, by NCR2 or even NCR3, depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the effector domain further comprises a GS linker, for example, between 4-1BB and one of CD16, NCR1, NCR2, or NCR3.

[0177] In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a hinge region. In some embodiments, the hinge region comprises CD8a. However, in additional embodiments, the hinge region comprises one or more linkers, which in some embodiments include GS9, CD8a / GS3, truncated CD8a, GS3, and the like.

[0178] In some embodiments, the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8a signal peptide. In some embodiments, the effector domain comprises one or more hemi-ITAM sequences. In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor does not comprise DNAX-activation protein 10 (DAP10). In some embodiments, the chimeric receptor does not comprise an ITAM motif, but rather utilizes an alternative signaling region (e.g., an ITSM, a hemi-tam, or other costimulatory region).

[0179] In one embodiment, a polynucleotide is provided that encodes a chimeric receptor comprising an extracellular receptor domain that comprises a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D being a fragment of a transmembrane region of NKG2D, the transmembrane region comprising CD8a and an effector domain comprising 4-1BB and CD3ζ, the polynucleotide being co-expressed with an additional construct encoding membrane bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15).

[0180] In some embodiments, polynucleotides are also provided that encode a chimeric receptor comprising an extracellular receptor domain, the extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D being a fragment of a transmembrane region of NKG2D, the transmembrane region comprising CD8a and an effector domain, the effector domain comprising 4-1BB and the intracellular domain of 2B4 or DAP10. The polynucleotides encoding the chimeric receptors described herein comprise a second peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D. In some embodiments, the natural ligand of NKG2D includes, but is not limited to, MICA, MICB, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3, ULBP4, ULBP5, or ULBP6. In some embodiments, the portion of the chimeric receptor that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is at least 80% homologous to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 3, or 68.

[0181] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide provided is an mRNA. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide is operably linked to at least one regulatory element for the expression of the chimeric receptor. As used herein, the terms "nucleic acid", "nucleotide" and "polynucleotide" shall be given their ordinary meaning and shall include deoxyribonucleotides, deoxyribonucleic acids, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids and their polymeric forms, including single-stranded or double-stranded forms. Nucleic acids include naturally occurring nucleic acids (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid ("DNA") and ribonucleic acid ("RNA")) as well as nucleic acid analogs. Nucleic acid analogs include those that contain non-naturally occurring bases, which are nucleotides that are linked to other nucleotides other than naturally occurring phosphodiester bonds, or that contain bases attached via bonds other than phosphodiester bonds. Thus, nucleic acid analogs include, for example, but are not limited to, phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphorotriesters, phosphoramidates, boranophosphates, methyl phosphonates, chiral methyl phosphonates, 2-O-methyl ribonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), locked nucleic acids (LNAs), and the like. As used herein, the term "operably linked," for example, in relation to a regulatory nucleic acid sequence "operably linked" to a heterologous nucleic acid sequence, shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall mean that the regulatory nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the heterologous nucleic acid sequence. In relation to an IRES, "operably linked" refers to a functional link between a nucleic acid sequence containing an internal ribosome entry site and the start of the heterologous coding sequence in the middle of the mRNA sequence into which the heterologous coding sequence is translated. As used herein, the term "vector" shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall refer to a vehicle by which DNA or RNA sequences (e.g., foreign genes) may be introduced into a genetically engineered cell to transform the genetically engineered cell and promote expression (e.g., transcription and / or translation) of the introduced sequences. Vectors include viruses, plasmids, phages, and the like.The term "chimeric receptor" as used herein shall be given its ordinary meaning and shall refer to a cell surface receptor comprising at least two polypeptide domains that are not naturally found together on a single protein. The term "chimeric receptor complex" as used herein refers to a first polypeptide that may comprise at least two polypeptide domains in a combination that is not naturally found together on a single protein, where the first polypeptide is associated with a second polypeptide (e.g., an adaptor polypeptide), a signaling molecule, or a stimulatory molecule. Additional terms relating to the generation and use of chimeric receptors disclosed herein will be readily understood by those skilled in the art and may also be found in WO 2014 / 117121 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,994,298, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0182] Additionally provided according to some embodiments is a vector comprising a polynucleotide encoding any of the polynucleotides provided herein, optionally operably linked to at least one regulatory element for expression of the chimeric receptor. In some embodiments, the vector is a retrovirus.

[0183] Further provided herein are engineered natural killer cells comprising the polynucleotides, vectors, or chimeric receptors disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the NK cells are suitable for use in the prophylactic treatment of disease (e.g., cancer and / or infectious disease). EXAMPLES

[0184] method The following experimental methods and materials are used in the non-limiting experimental examples disclosed below.

[0185] Cell lines and culture conditions Human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line REH, human osteosarcoma cell line U-2 OS, and human embryonic kidney fibroblast 293T (HEK293T) cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Virginia). REH cells were maintained and grown in Roswell Park Memorial Institute series 1640 (RPMI-1640; Gibco, Carlsbad, California) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Hyclone, Logan, Utah) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Both HEK293T and U-2 OS cells were maintained and grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Hyclone) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. All mammalian cells were incubated at 37°C under 5% CO2.

[0186] DNA Plasmids A DNA plasmid containing the chimeric receptor NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ was generated as previously described (see Chang et al. Cancer research, Vol. 73(6):2013). Splicing by overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction (SOE-PCR) was used to fuse the individual domains forming the NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ construct. The construct was then inserted into a murine stem cell virus (MSCV) retroviral vector (Figure 3A). The NKG2D-CD16 and NKG2D-CD16-41BB constructs were codon-optimized and inserted into the MSCV vector by GenScript (Nanjing, China) (Figure 3B). The sequences of the constructs were verified by DNA sequencing.

[0187] Expansion of human NK cells Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained by Ficoll density centrifugation of blood samples from healthy adult donors. To expand NK cells, PBMCs were cultured with K562 cells genetically engineered with membrane-bound IL-15 and 4-1BB ligand (K562-mb15-41BBL). Cells were cultured in stem cell growth medium (SCGM; Cell Genix, Freiburg, Germany) supplemented with 40 IU IL-2 / ml every 2 days.

[0188] After 7 days of culture, NK cells were depleted of T cells using anti-CD3 Dynabeads (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California), and then cultured in SCGM supplemented with 40–200 IU of IL-2 / ml every 2 days.

[0189] Retrovirus production and transduction of NK cells Retrovirus production was carried out by transiently transfecting HEK293T cells with retroviral packaging plasmids. HEK293T cells were first transfected with 2.5 × 10 64-h genomic DNA in 12 ml of PBS 18 h prior to transfection. 6 The cells were seeded in DMEM at a concentration of 1000x1000 cells. The cells were then transfected with 3.5 μg of MSCV vector containing each NKG2D chimeric receptor (non-limiting constructs are shown diagrammatically in Figures 1B-1C and 2A-2B), 3.5 μg of pEQ-PAM3, and 3.0 μg of pRDF. As a control, an empty MSCV vector containing GFP was used. X-tremeGENE 9 DNA transfection reagent (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) was used for transfection. 24 hours after transfection, DMEM was replaced with conditioned RPMI-1640.

[0190] Eighteen hours after the medium change, NK cells were transduced with the NKG2D chimeric receptor transgene. First, NK cells were diluted in 2 ml of conditioned RPMI-1640 at 0.25 × 10 6The cells were suspended at a concentration of 100 / ml cells. The cells were then seeded into tubes coated with Retronectin (Takara Bio Inc., Otsu, Japan). RPMI-1640 containing retrovirus (viral supernatant) was collected from the HEK293T cell cultures and fresh conditioned medium was added back to the cultures. 200 IU of IL-2 / ml was added to the viral supernatant and 3 ml of viral supernatant was dispensed into each Retronectin-coated tube (containing the seeded NK cells). According to a specific embodiment of generating NK cells, the seeded NK cells were transduced six times with fresh viral medium, once every 12 hours. The transduced NK cells were then harvested 48 hours after the final transduction and cultured in SCGM supplemented with 200 IU of IL-2 / ml every 2 days. The transduced NK cells were used during the experiment 14-28 days after expansion.

[0191] Detection of chimeric receptor expression by flow cytometry Transduced NK cells were washed once with phosphate-buffered saline containing albumin and 2 μl of rabbit serum was added. Cells were then stained with peridinin chlorophyll (PerCP)-conjugated anti-human NKG2D antibody (clone 149810; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA) for 10 min in the dark. As controls, transduced NK cells were stained with the respective PerCP-conjugated IgG isotype antibodies. All NK cells were washed again and fixed with 300 μl of 0.5% formaldehyde before analysis using an Accuri C6 flow cytometer (BD, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests.

[0192] Cytotoxicity assay REH cells were stained with calcein AM red-orange (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts). REH cells were seeded in 96-well round-bottom plates (CoStar, Corning, New York). Transduced NK cells were then added at different effector:target (E:T) ratios. The cell cultures were incubated for 4 hours at 37°C and 5% CO2. The stained viable target cells were counted using an Accuri C6 flow cytometer. U-2 OS cells were seeded in 96-well flat-bottom white plates (Costar) and incubated for 4 hours. Transduced NK cells were then added according to different E:T ratios. The cell cultures were then incubated for another 4 hours. Bright-Glo substrate (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin) was added to the cells before analysis. The intensity of luminescence from viable target cells was measured using a FLx800 Fluorescence Reader (Bio Tek, Winooski, Vermont). The difference in luminescence intensity from the control was converted into a percentage of cytotoxicity.

[0193] Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) production assay To determine the amount of IFNγ produced by NK cells, effector and target cells were first cultured in 96-well round-bottom plates (1:1 E:T) or in the absence of REH. Cells were incubated for 1 h before the addition of GolgiPlug (Brefeldin A; BD Biosciences). After an additional 5 h of culture, cells were labeled with phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated anti-human CD56 antibody (clone MY31, BD Biosciences). Cells were permeabilized using a proprietary permeabilization reagent and incubated in the dark for 40 min. The cells were then washed with a proprietary wash buffer. Intracellular IFNγ was detected with allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated IFNγ antibody (clone 25723.11; BD Biosciences) for 45 min. The cells were then fixed and analyzed using an Accuri C6 flow cytometer.

[0194] Example 1 – CD3ζ containing NKG2D construct As disclosed herein, various constructs are prepared that contain NKG2D and / or NKG2D variants coupled with various transmembrane and / or signaling domains. This experiment was performed to evaluate the expression and cytotoxic activity of constructs that contain the CD3ζ signaling domain. Following the methods and materials described above, two CD3ζ constructs were prepared and tested. Depending on the construct, the methods used can be easily adjusted to account for the variations required for construct generation, expression and testing. The two constructs were NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ and NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ. For reference, FIG. 1A shows a schematic of endogenous NKG2D. In NK cells, ionic interactions between the transmembrane domains of NKG2D allow its association with the adaptor protein DAP10 (Wu et al., 1999). Upon ligand binding, the NKG2D signal is transmitted through the signaling motif YxNM found on DAP10. CD3ζ signals through its immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM; Lanier, 2008). The two experimental constructs are shown diagrammatically in Figures 1B and 1C, respectively. Figure 1B shows NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ, in which signaling occurs through both the YxNM and ITAM motifs. Figure 1C shows the NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ construct, which uses the CD8a hinge region as the transmembrane domain and 4-1BB and CD3ζ as the signaling domains.

[0195] First, the ability of NK cells to effectively express these constructs was evaluated. NK cells expanded from PBMCs of healthy adult donors were transduced with one of the two chimeric receptors. Mock-transduced NK cells (transduced with an empty MSCV vector containing only GFP) served as a control. The presence and relative abundance of chimeric receptors was determined through staining of NK cells with Per-CP-conjugated anti-NKG2D antibody. Figure 4A shows representative flow cytometry data for the percentage of NKG2D-positive NK cells after transduction with mock (left panel), NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ (middle panel) or NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ (right panel) constructs. While mock-transduced NK cells show no expression of NKG2D using the antibody (no staining above an isotype-matched non-reactive antibody, contrary to the naturally high expression of NKG2D on activated NK cells), just under 60% of cells transduced with the NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ construct showed expression of NKG2D above the isotype-matched non-reactive antibody control and above 80% of NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ-transduced NK cells. Pooled data for the percentage of NKG2D-positive NK cells from all donors is shown in FIG. 4B. Both engineered NKG2D constructs result in a substantial increase in NKG2D expression compared to mock, but no significant difference is observed between the percent expression of the two constructs. FIG. 4C shows expression data based on mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), which represents the extent to which cells within a population expressing an NKG2D construct express this construct (e.g., multiple copies of the construct per cell would result in a higher MFI). By this measure, expression of NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ is significantly higher than that of the NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ construct.

[0196] Taken together, these data indicate that engineered constructs, according to some embodiments disclosed herein, can be fully expressed on NK cells. In some embodiments, enhanced expression of the constructs can be achieved by repeated transduction of a particular construct into NK cells. In some embodiments, components of the constructs can be delivered to the cells in a single vector or alternatively using multiple vectors. Depending on the embodiment, the construct itself can provide enhanced expression, for example, linear or head-to-tail constructs can provide enhanced expression due to the reduced degree of intracellular assembly required by multiple subunit constructs.

[0197] In addition to sufficient expression of the NKG2D construct on NK cells, effective signaling of NK cells is required to act on target cells. To evaluate the potency of the two populations of transduced NK cells, cytotoxicity assays were performed with REH (suspension cells) and U-2 OS (adherent cells) against cell lines that are sensitive to NK cell activity. Data summarizing the percentage cytotoxicity at two E:T ratios of different groups of NK cells against REH cells through independent donors are shown in Figures 5A-5C (error bars represent standard deviation; all experiments are performed in triplicate; n=3 (P<0.001)). As shown in Figures 5A-5C, NK cells expressing either of the NKG2D chimeric receptors (NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ (a) indicated with arrowheads and NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ (b) indicated with arrowheads) had significantly higher cytotoxicity against REH compared to mock NK cells (indicated with arrowheads in (c)) in all three donors. The mean percentage of cytotoxicity of NK cells expressing NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ was 91.8% ± 5.8% (1:1 E:T ratio) and 83.9% ± 5.6% (1:2 E:T ratio). NK cells transduced with NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ showed similar potency (87.4% ± 6.1% at 1:1 E:T ratio and 76.2% ± 4.8% at 1:2 E:T ratio). NK cells expressing the chimeric receptor also showed enhanced cytotoxicity against U-2 OS compared to mock-transduced NK cells (see Figures 6A-6C, where Figure 6A depicts NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ (a) with indicated arrows, Figure 6B depicts NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ (b) with indicated arrows, and Figure 6C depicts mock NK cells (c) with indicated arrows).

[0198] These data provide evidence that not only can cells be engineered to express chimeric receptor constructs, but that those cells expressing the chimeric receptors are fully capable of being activated and of exerting an enhanced cytotoxic effect on target cells. Importantly, these data also show that in the presence of a larger number of target cells (doubled in this experiment), only a slight decrease in the potency of the cells is observed. This suggests that the desired cytotoxic effect of engineered NK cells can still be achieved when the NK cells are present in smaller numbers relative to the target cells, as may be the case in clinical use. Furthermore, these data show that, according to some embodiments, a decrease in the density or degree of chimeric receptor expression on a given NK cell does not necessarily result in a concerted decrease in cytotoxic effect, and may be associated with an unexpected efficacy of the NK cells in light of their decreased construct expression. Additionally, these data illustrate the unexpectedly enhanced cytotoxicity achieved according to some embodiments. While unengineered NK cells exhibit cytotoxicity and express significant amounts of NKG2D upon activation, it is unexpected that the engineered cells disclosed herein can significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect beyond what might be considered an upper limit already reached (e.g., natural NK cell cytotoxicity).

[0199] In addition to the cytotoxicity data, the mechanism by which NK cells exert these effects was examined by assessing the production of interferon gamma (IFNγ) by NK cells expressing various NKG2D constructs. IFNγ is the major cytokine produced and released by NK cells (typically during innate immune responses) that recruits macrophages and has immunostimulatory effects. Figure 7A shows the relative amount of IFNγ production (measured by MFI) in mock (left panel), NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ-expressing NK cells (middle panel), and NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ-expressing NK cells (right panel) with or without stimulation with REH cells. NK cells were stained with an APC-conjugated anti-IFNγ antibody against intracellular IFNγ. Data were analyzed by paired t-test. These data show that each of the three groups of NK cells was found to have similar levels of IFNγ production without stimulation, with an increase observed after stimulation with REH cells. As presented in some embodiments, engineered NK cells expressing NKG2D constructs can result in strong cytokine production. The presence of target cells (here, REH cells) to which the engineered NK cells respond initiates a biochemical cascade that leads to IFNγ production and ultimately to cytotoxic effects. As shown in FIG. 7A, NK cells expressing NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ show strong production of IFNγ in the presence of stimulatory REH cells. Interestingly, NK cells expressing NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ did not show a similar degree of response. This is further illustrated in FIG. 7B, where the levels of IFNγ (median values ​​shown; data analyzed by unpaired t-test) between different groups of NK cells after stimulation with REH cells are evaluated. All IFNγ experiments were performed in triplicate for three independent donors (n=9). Figure 7B shows that IFNγ production by NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ-expressing NK cells was not significantly different from mock-transduced NK cells, whereas NKG2D-41BB-CD3ζ-expressing NK cells show a significant increase in IFNγ production compared to mock-transduced NK cells.These data are interesting because they indicate that signaling by the chimeric receptor in response to ligand binding is an essential step in resulting in a cytotoxic effect against a target cell of interest, as discussed herein. However, there is no unique pathway for the various constructs to signal, as NK cells transduced with two different chimeric receptors both exhibit relatively similar cytotoxicity, but without mirroring levels of IFNγ production. Thus, according to some embodiments, constructs are provided that achieve a cytotoxic effect through enhanced production of IFNγ or other immune stimulating cytokines compared to normal NK cells. However, in some embodiments, enhanced production of IFNγ is not necessarily achieved or detected to achieve an enhanced cytotoxic effect, but rather another immune stimulating pathway may be utilized by a given chimeric construct.

[0200] Example 2 - NKG2D construct containing CD16 and CD16-4-1BB Additional constructs were made to evaluate expression, cytotoxicity and cytokine production. As provided herein, some embodiments relate to constructs that include truncated NKG2D (in some embodiments, codon-optimized) using CD16 transmembrane and / or signaling domains. The constructs made for evaluation in this experiment are shown generally in Figures 2A-2B, which show the structures of A) NKG2D-CD16 and B) NKG2D-CD16-41BB chimeric receptors. Both chimeric receptors rely on the transmembrane region of CD16 to associate with either CD3ζ or FcRγ. The plasmids used to make these constructs are shown in Figure 3B. As discussed above, in some embodiments, the constructs used rely on endogenous expression of CD3ζ or FcRγ, but in some embodiments, the plasmids encoding the chimeric receptors (or separate plasmids) are designed to enhance expression of CD3ζ and / or FcRγ by NK cells, thereby enhancing the potency of these cells.

[0201] The expression levels of the constructs were evaluated as described above. Figure 8A shows representative flow cytometry data for mock (left panel), NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ-expressing NK cells (middle panel) and NKG2D-CD16-expressing NK cells (experiments were performed with cells from three independent donors represented by different symbols. Data were analyzed by paired t-test). Figure 8B shows summary data regarding the percentage of cells expressing NKG2D (and thus constructs). As expected, mock-transfected NK cells show low levels of NKG2D expression using the antibody. In contrast, both engineered constructs showed significantly enhanced expression, with NKG2D-CD16-transduced NK cells displaying 35.8% ± 6.9% higher expression compared to mock-transduced NK cells. In addition, NKG2D-CD16-transduced NK cells also showed enhanced expression of this construct, as assessed by MFI (Figure 8C). These data are important because they demonstrate that this construct can be efficiently delivered to and expressed in NK cells.

[0202] Expression of this construct was established and their ability to show cytotoxic effects was evaluated. As discussed above, NK cells from three donors were tested for cytotoxic effects against REH and U-2 OS cells at three E:T ratios each (all experiments were performed in triplicate, n=3). Interestingly, enhanced expression of the NKG2D-CD16 construct compared to mock NK cells did not result in enhanced cytotoxicity (see Figures 9A-9C, error bars represent standard deviation). As in the previous example, NK cells expressing NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ (indicated by the indicated arrow in (a)) did indeed show enhanced cytotoxicity. With regard to cytotoxicity against U-2 OS cells, NKG2D-CD16 (indicated by the indicated arrow in (b)) did indeed show enhanced cytotoxicity compared to mock NK cells (indicated by the indicated arrow in (c)) (see Figures 10A-10C). These data indicate that the degree of cytotoxicity against a particular given target cell type may vary with the use of NK constructs. In some embodiments, a particular construct may not be effective, but in some embodiments, a combination of populations of NK cells may be used and show synergistic effects. In other words, a population of NK cells with a portion expressing NKG2D-CD16 and a portion expressing NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ (or any other combination of constructs disclosed herein) may show unexpectedly enhanced cytotoxicity compared to either subpopulation alone.

[0203] To confirm the mechanism of action of the transfected NK cells, we next measured interferon gamma production. NK cells expressing the various constructs were stimulated or not with REH cells and IFNgamma production was measured. These data are shown in FIG. 11 (data analyzed by paired t-test). All groups of NK cells had similar levels of IFNgamma in the absence of stimulation and had an increase after incubation with REH cells. NK cells expressing NKG2D-CD16 showed an increase in IFNgamma production of 634±211 MFI, which was greater than the increase shown by mock-transduced NK cells (423±70 MFI). However, the increase was lower than that seen with NK cells expressing NKG2D-DAP10-CD3ζ, which had an increase of 2041±411 MFI. Consistent with the data according to some embodiments, IFNgamma production correlates with the cytotoxic effect shown by NK cells expressing certain constructs.

[0204] According to some embodiments disclosed herein, multiple signaling regions may be used. Additional experiments were performed to evaluate the expression of NKG2D-CD16-41BB in expanded NK cells (experiments were performed with cells from one donor). Expression data are shown in Figures 12A-12B. Figure 12A shows raw flow cytometry data demonstrating that the addition of the 4-1BB signaling region does not significantly impair expression of the construct by NK cells compared to the NKG2D-CD16 construct. This is also reflected in the summary histograms in Figure 12B showing the relative amount of NKG2D receptors on the surface of each of the NK cell populations tested. NKG2D-CD16-41BB shows a slightly reduced MFI compared to NKG2D-CD16, but both constructs show enhanced expression relative to mock.

[0205] Cytotoxic effects were evaluated as described above using both REH and U-2 OS cells as targets. Figures 13A-13B show the data obtained (error bars represent standard deviation; all experiments were performed in triplicate, n=3). Figure 13A shows the cytotoxic effect of the constructs on REH cells. Similar to the above experiments, cells expressing NKG2D-CD16 (indicated by the indicated arrow in (b)) did not exhibit a significantly enhanced cytotoxic effect compared to mock NK cells (indicated by the indicated arrow in (a)). In contrast, NK cells expressing NKG2D-CD16-41BB (indicated by the indicated arrow in (c)) exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity against REH cells. With respect to efficacy against U-2 OS cells, both cells expressing NKG2D-CD16 and NKG2D-CD16-41BB exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity, with cells expressing NKG2D-CD16-41BB exhibiting a more potent cytotoxic effect. This indicates that, according to some embodiments, the use of a combination of signaling domains can result in unexpected enhancements in efficacy of transduced NK cells. Thus, as noted above, some embodiments employ two or more transmembrane / signaling domains that function synergistically together to provide enhanced cytotoxicity against target cells.

[0206] Example 3 – Additional NKG2D constructs Additional constructs with different extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular effector domains were generated and their expression and cytotoxicity were evaluated. The 12 constructs generated for evaluation in this experiment are shown in schematic form in FIG. 14. Some of these chimeric receptor variants rely on the CD16 transmembrane region and associate with either CD3ζ or FcRγ. As discussed above, in some embodiments, the constructs used rely on endogenous expression of CD3ζ or FcRγ, but in some embodiments, the plasmid (or separate plasmid) encoding the chimeric receptor is designed to enhance expression of CD3ζ and / or FcRγ by NK cells, thereby enhancing the potency of the cells. The expression levels of the constructs were evaluated as described above. Mock-transfected NK cells show low levels of NKG2D expression as assessed by MFI (FIG. 16A). In contrast, NK cells transduced with the above NKG2D variant constructs showed different levels of NKG2D expression, with engineered variant constructs 4 and 9 showing significantly enhanced expression in NK cells. FIG. 16B shows representative flow cytometry data after transduction of NKG2D mutant constructs 1, 4, 8, 9 into NK cells of two donors. Compared to mock-transduced NK cells, mutant 8 and 9 transduced NK cells showed particularly strong expression of the chimeric receptor. Expression of the mutant constructs persisted in NK cells of two donors for 7 days after transduction, with mutants 8 and 9 showing particularly elevated levels as assessed by MFI (FIG. 16C). These data are important to demonstrate that the constructs can be effectively delivered to and expressed in NK cells. Having established expression of the constructs, their ability to deliver a cytotoxic effect to the transduced NK cells was also evaluated. The cytotoxicity of NKG2D mutant constructs 4, 8, and 9 was evaluated 14 days after transduction of NK cells at an E:T ratio of 1:1 (FIG. 17).

[0207] Further mutant constructs that were generated are shown in schematic form in FIG. 15, which shows the structure of chimeric receptors containing various extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular effector domains. Some of these chimeric receptor mutants rely on an effector domain containing CD3ζ and / or another signaling domain to transmit a signal upon ligand binding, while other chimeric receptor mutants contain a CD3ζ transmembrane domain that recruits full-length CD3ζ molecules to the synapse through dimerization. The expression levels of the constructs were evaluated as described above. NK cells transduced with the engineered constructs showed enhanced expression of the chimeric receptor compared to mock-transduced cells, as assessed by MFI (FIGS. 18A-B). Cytotoxic effects were evaluated as described above, using a 1:1 effector:target ratio. As shown in FIGS. 19A-B, NK cells transduced with the engineered constructs (particularly mutant 18) have enhanced cytotoxicity compared to mock controls.

[0208] Since mutant 18 showed strong expression in NK cells with enhanced cytotoxic effects, a series of NKG2D mutant constructs containing the CD3ζ transmembrane domain were generated. These mutants are designated "NK39" and are shown diagrammatically in FIG. 15. Fourteen days after transfection into donor NK cells (with 4 days of culture under low IL-2 conditions), the cytotoxicity of the transduced NK cells was evaluated. FIG. 21 shows the cytotoxic effect of this construct on REH cells cultured at E:T ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. All of the NK cells expressing the engineered NK39 constructs showed significantly enhanced cytotoxic effects compared to control NK cells at an E:T ratio of 1:1. When evaluated at an E:T ratio of 1:2, each of the chimeric constructs 16-7, 39-1, 39-2, 39-3, and 39-5 enhanced the cytotoxic effect of their respective transduced NK cells compared to mock controls. Because exogenous expression of activating receptors can lead to NK cell anergy and cell death, the engineered constructs were transduced into two donor NK cells and survival was assessed after 21 days. As shown in Figures 23A-B, NK39-5 and NK39-10 transduced cells show better survival than NK16 in the two donors tested.

[0209] Example 4 – Evaluation of NK45 NKG2D constructs Additional constructs with different extracellular domains, hinges, transmembrane domains and intracellular effector domains as described in the embodiments disclosed herein are shown in schematic form in FIG. 22. In this example, expression, cytotoxicity, persistence and cytokine production mediated by these seven constructs were evaluated against three of the NK39 constructs described in Example 3 (NK39-5, NK39-6, NK39-10) and a version of NK16 (NK26-8) that bicistronically expresses membrane-bound interleukin-15. According to some embodiments disclosed herein, multiple signaling regions may be used. Some of these chimeric receptor variants rely on effector domains containing CD3ζ and / or another signaling domain (e.g., OX40, CD28 and / or 4-1BB costimulatory domains) to transmit signals upon ligand binding, while other chimeric receptor variants contain a CD3ζ transmembrane domain that recruits full-length CD3ζ molecules to the synapse through dimerization. As disclosed herein, these constructs are further engineered to co-express membrane-bound IL15.

[0210] As described above, we first assessed the ability of NK cells to effectively express these constructs. NK cells expanded from PBMCs of four donors were transduced with the mutant constructs (or an empty MSCV control vector containing only GFP) and NKG2D expression was assessed by MFI 3 days later. As shown in Figure 24, mock-transfected NK cells show relatively low levels of NKG2D expression. In contrast, the engineered mutant constructs showed significantly enhanced expression, with NK45-4 (NKG2D-OX40-CD3ζ) surprisingly showing strong expression in all donors. OX40 is expressed on activated NK cells, but its role is not well established. A chimeric receptor mutant with an effector domain containing a CD28 costimulatory domain (NK45-2; NKG2D-CD28-CD3ζ) also showed strong expression 3 days after transduction.

[0211] Expression of the mutant constructs was established and their ability to exert cytotoxic effects was assessed as described above using REH and HL60 cells as targets. Fourteen days after transduction, the potency of NK cells from four donors was tested against REH cells (Figure 25A) and HL60 cells (Figure 25B) at an E:T ratio of 1:1. As shown in Figures 25A-B, the engineered construct exerted enhanced cytotoxicity compared to mock NK cells against both REH and HL60 cells in all four donors. In addition to its pronounced expression profile, cells expressing NK45-4 (NKG2D-OX40-CD3ζ) also unexpectedly exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity compared to mock controls and the other constructs tested. NK cells expressing NK45-1 and NK45-2 also exhibited pronounced cytotoxicity in these assays. These data show that, according to some embodiments, the use of combinations of signaling domains (particularly the OX40 costimulatory domain) can result in unexpected enhancements in the efficacy of transduced NK cells. Figures 28A-B show the cytotoxic activity of NK cells transduced with several mutant constructs at various E:T ratios (1:2 and 1:4) assessed over a longer period against U2OS cells. Surprisingly, NK cells transduced with the 45-4 construct appear to maintain cytotoxic activity throughout the entire period. Advantageously, these experiments show that, according to some embodiments disclosed herein, NKG2D mutant constructs result in unexpectedly enhanced cytotoxicity over a longer period, which may range from 2-3 days, 3-5 days, 5-7 days, 7-8 days, 8-10 days, 10-14 days, 14-21 days, or 21-50 days (and any range between the recited days, including the endpoints), depending on the embodiment. In some embodiments, the cytotoxic effect is achieved for even longer durations.

[0212] In addition to the cytotoxicity data, the mechanism by which NK cells exerted these effects was examined by assessing their production of IFNγ, TNFα, and GM-CSF following stimulation with REH cells. As shown in Figures 26A-C, expression of each of the mutant constructs resulted in enhanced cytokine secretion compared to the production of IFNγ, TNFα, and GM-CSF exhibited by GFP-expressing control NK cells. The chimeric receptor NK45-1 consistently mediated high cytokine production, which is unexpected since this construct is expressed at substantially lower levels than NK26-8 (which differs from it exclusively in the hinge region). Thus, these data indicate the unexpected importance of the hinge region disclosed herein for mediating potent cytokine production in response to stimulation. In addition, NK cells expressing NKG2D-OX40-CD3ζ also showed enhanced production of IFNγ, TNFα, and GM-CSF.

[0213] Since exogenous expression of activating receptors can lead to NK cell anergy and cell death, the engineered constructs were transduced into two donor NK cells and total cell numbers were assessed 7, 14 and 21 days after transduction. Surprisingly, the unexpectedly strong expression of NK45-4 did not come at the expense of reduced NK cell persistence in culture, as total cell numbers remained at levels comparable to GFP-expressing control cells (Figures 27A and 27B). Similarly, other NK cells expressing high levels of the mutant construct continued to proliferate in two donors for at least three weeks after transduction. Taken together, these data indicate that, according to some embodiments disclosed herein, the engineered constructs are sufficiently expressed at high levels in NK cells to mediate cytotoxic effects, and thus this enhanced expression does not come at the expense of reduced NK cell proliferation and / or survival.

[0214] It is contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments disclosed above may be provided and even belong within one or more of the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, etc. associated with the embodiments may be used in all other embodiments presented herein. Thus, it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments may be combined with or substituted for one another to form different aspects of the disclosed invention. Thus, it is intended that the scope of the invention disclosed herein should not be limited by the specific disclosed embodiments above. Furthermore, the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, examples of which are shown in the drawings and described in detail herein. However, it should be understood that the invention should not be limited to the specific forms or methods disclosed, but rather, the invention should cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the various embodiments described and the appended claims. Any method disclosed herein need not be performed in the order recited. While the methods disclosed herein include specific actions taken by a practitioner, they may also include any third-party instructions for those actions, either explicitly or implicitly. For example, an action such as "administering an expanded population of NK cells" includes "instructing administration of the expanded population of NK cells." Additionally, when features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of the Markush group, one of skill in the art will understand that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual members of the Markush group or subgroups of members thereof.

[0215] Ranges disclosed herein encompass all overlaps, subranges, and combinations thereof. Phrases such as "up to," "at least," "greater than," "less than," "between" and the like include the recited numbers. Numbers preceded by terms such as "about" or "approximately" include the recited numbers. For example, "about 90%" includes "90%." In some embodiments, at least 95% homology includes 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% and 100% homology to the reference sequence. Furthermore, when a sequence is disclosed as "comprising" a nucleotide or amino acid sequence, such reference is also intended to include that the sequence "comprises," "consists of," or "consists essentially of" the recited sequence, unless otherwise indicated.

[0216] The aspects of the present invention include the following. Item 1 (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), the peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; The fragment of NKG2D comprises an extracellular receptor domain encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:2, and (b) an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain, the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζ; The CD3ζ effector domain is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 13. A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor comprising: Section 2 Item 2. The polynucleotide of Item 1, wherein the transmembrane region of the effector domain comprises a CD8a transmembrane domain. Section 3 Item 1, wherein the transmembrane region of the effector domain further comprises a CD8a hinge region. Section 4 The polynucleotide of paragraph 3, wherein the CD8a hinge region is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:5. Section 5 Item 1, wherein the intracellular signaling domain further comprises 4-1BB. Section 6 Item 6. The polynucleotide of Item 5, wherein the 4-1BB is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:12. Section 7 Item 2. The polynucleotide of Item 1, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D conjugated to CD8a, 4-1BB, and CD3z. Section 8 The polynucleotide of claim 7, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18. Section 9 The polynucleotide of claim 7, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:108. Section 10 The polynucleotide of claim 7, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:19. Section 11 A method for treating cancer, comprising administering to a subject having cancer a composition comprising natural killer (NK) cells expressing the chimeric receptor encoded by the polynucleotide according to any one of items 1 to 10. Section 12 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the NK cells are autologous cells isolated from a patient with cancer or an infectious disease. Section 13 The method of claim 11, wherein the NK cells are allogeneic cells isolated from a donor. Section 14 Item 11. Use of the polynucleotide according to any one of Items 1 to 10 in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells in a mammal in need thereof. Section 15 11. Use of the polynucleotide according to any one of items 1 to 10 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof. Section 16 A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor expressed by a cell, (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), the peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; The fragment of NKG2D comprises an extracellular receptor domain encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:2, and (b) an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain, the intracellular signaling domain comprises CD3ζ; The CD3ζ effector domain is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO: 13. and said cell further comprises membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15). Section 17 17. The polynucleotide of claim 16, wherein the transmembrane region of the effector domain comprises a CD8a transmembrane domain. Section 18 17. The polynucleotide of claim 16, wherein the transmembrane region of the effector domain further comprises a CD8a hinge region. Item 19 The polynucleotide of paragraph 18, wherein the CD8a hinge region is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:5. Section 20 The polynucleotide of claim 16, wherein the mbIL15 is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:16. Section 21 The polynucleotide of claim 20, wherein the mbIL15 is bicistronic expressed on the same polynucleotide as the chimeric receptor. Section 22 21. The polynucleotide of claim 20, wherein mbIL15 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. Section 23 21. The polynucleotide of claim 20, wherein the effector domain further comprises an OX-40 domain. Section 24 24. The polynucleotide of claim 23, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, the OX-40 domain, and the CD3ζ. Section 25 25. The polynucleotide of claim 24, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90 coupled to the mbIL15 encoded by SEQ ID NO: 16. Section 26 26. The polynucleotide of claim 25, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:91 conjugated to the mbIL15 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17. Section 27 24. The polynucleotide of claim 23, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to an IgG4 hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, the OX-40 domain, and the CD3ζ. Section 28 28. The polynucleotide of claim 27, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100 coupled to the mbIL15 encoded by SEQ ID NO: 16. Section 29 29. The polynucleotide of claim 28, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101 conjugated to the mbIL15 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. Section 30 A method for treating cancer, comprising administering to a subject having cancer a composition comprising natural killer (NK) cells expressing the chimeric receptor encoded by the polynucleotide according to any one of items 15 to 29. Item 31 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the NK cells are autologous cells isolated from a patient with cancer. Section 32 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the NK cells are allogeneic cells isolated from a donor. Item 33 30. Use of the polynucleotide according to any one of items 15 to 29 in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells in a mammal in need thereof. Section 34 30. Use of the polynucleotide according to any one of items 15 to 29 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof. Section 35 A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor, (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), the peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; The fragment of NKG2D comprises an extracellular receptor domain encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a fragment of (i) SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) SEQ ID NO:2, or (iii) SEQ ID NO:3; and (b) an effector domain that includes a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain; A polynucleotide comprising: Section 36 36. The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the effector domain comprises CD16. Section 37 36. The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the effector domain comprises a natural cytotoxicity-inducing receptor 1 (NCR1). Section 38 36. The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the effector domain comprises natural cytotoxicity-inducing receptor 2 (NCR2) or natural cytotoxicity-inducing receptor 3 (NCR3). Section 39 Item 39. The polynucleotide according to any one of Items 35 to 38, wherein the effector domain further comprises 4-1BB. Section 40 37. The polynucleotide of claim 36, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to CD16. Section 41 The polynucleotide of claim 40, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:23. Section 42 The polynucleotide of claim 40, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:24. Section 43 The polynucleotide of claim 40, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to NCR1. Section 44 44. The polynucleotide of claim 43, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27. Section 45 44. The polynucleotide of claim 43, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:28. Section 46 39. The polynucleotide of claim 38, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises at least a portion of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21. Section 47 37. The polynucleotide of claim 36, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to NCR3. Section 48 48. The polynucleotide of claim 47, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29. Section 49 48. The polynucleotide of claim 47, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:30. Item 50 40. The polynucleotide of paragraph 39, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to the CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain and 4-1BB. Section 51 40. The polynucleotide of paragraph 39, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. Section 52 52. The polynucleotide of claim 51, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25. Section 53 52. The polynucleotide of claim 51, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:26. Section 54 40. The polynucleotide of claim 39, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D conjugated to NCR1 and 4-1BB. Section 55 55. The polynucleotide of claim 54, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the NCR1 amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:20. Section 56 40. The polynucleotide of paragraph 39, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D conjugated to CD8a, 4-1BB, and CD3z. Section 57 57. The polynucleotide of claim 56, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:18. Section 58 57. The polynucleotide of claim 56, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:19. Section 59 40. The polynucleotide of claim 39, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to NCR3 and 4-1BB, and the NCR3 comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22. Section 60 40. The polynucleotide of claim 39, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises one or more of the NCR1 transmembrane / intracellular domains of SEQ ID NO:20 or the NCR3 transmembrane / intracellular domains of SEQ ID NO:22. Section 61 40. The polynucleotide of claim 39, wherein the effector domain comprises a GS linker between 4-1BB and one of CD16, NCR1, NCR3, 2B4, or NKp80. Section 62 Item 62. The polynucleotide according to any one of Items 35 to 61, wherein the chimeric receptor domain comprises a hinge region. Section 63 63. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 62, wherein the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. Section 64 63. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 62, wherein the hinge region is encoded by a fragment of the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5. Section 65 63. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 62, wherein the hinge region comprises a glycine-serine repeat motif having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:31. Section 66 63. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 62, wherein the hinge region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32. Section 67 63. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 62, wherein the hinge region comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:33. Section 68 63. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 62, wherein the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:34. Section 69 63. The polynucleotide of claim 62, wherein the hinge region comprises a portion of a beta adrenergic receptor. Section 70 70. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 69, wherein the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:40. Section 71 70. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 69, wherein the hinge region is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:42. Section 72 Item 72. The polynucleotide according to any one of Items 35 to 71, wherein the extracellular receptor domain further comprises a CD8a signal peptide, and the signal peptide comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4. Section 73 Item 73. The polynucleotide according to any one of Items 35 to 72, wherein the effector domain comprises one or more hemi-ITAM sequences. Section 74 73. The polynucleotide of claim 72, wherein the hemi-ITAM comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:14. Section 75 The polynucleotide of claim 72, wherein the hemi-ITAM comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:37. Section 76 76. The polynucleotide according to any one of items 35 to 75, wherein the effector domain comprises one or more ITSM sequences. Section 77 77. The polynucleotide of claim 76, wherein the ITSM comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:15. Section 78 77. The polynucleotide of claim 76, wherein the ITSM comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:35. Section 79 77. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 76, wherein the effector domain comprises a 2B4 domain. Section 80 36. The polynucleotide of paragraph 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D conjugated to a GS3 linker, a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. Section 81 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 80, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:43. Section 82 36. The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D conjugated to a GS3 linker, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. Section 83 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 82, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:44. Section 84 36. The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to the CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain and 4-1BB. Section 85 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 84, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45. Section 86 36. The polynucleotide of paragraph 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, and 2B4. Section 87 87. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 86, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:46. Section 88 36. The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to a beta adrenergic extracellular domain, a beta adrenergic transmembrane domain, 4-1BB and 2B4. Section 89 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 88, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:47. Section 90 36. The polynucleotide of paragraph 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, 2B4, a GS3 linker, and NKp80. Section 91 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 90, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:48. Section 92 36. The polynucleotide of paragraph 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, a GS3 linker, and a fragment of the NKG2D conjugated to NKp80. Section 93 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 92, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49. Section 94 The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a beta adrenergic extracellular domain, a beta adrenergic transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, an additional GS3 linker, and NKp80. Section 95 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 94, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:50. Section 96 36. The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a CD8a hinge, a CD8a transmembrane domain, 4-1BB, an additional GS3 linker, and NKp80. Section 97 97. The polynucleotide of Paragraph 96, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:51. Section 98 The polynucleotide of claim 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a codon-optimized fragment of NKG2D coupled to a GS3 linker, an additional NKG2D fragment, a cd8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, and 4-1BB. Section 99 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 98, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52. Item 100 36. The polynucleotide of paragraph 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB, and 2B4. Section 101 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 100, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:53. Section 102 36. The polynucleotide of paragraph 35, wherein the chimeric receptor comprises a fragment of the NKG2D coupled to a CD8a hinge, a CD16 transmembrane / intracellular domain, 4-1BB, a GS3 linker, and NKp80. Section 103 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 102, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:54. Section 104 Item 104. The polynucleotide of any one of Items 35 to 103, wherein the chimeric receptor does not include DNAX-activating protein 10 (DAP10). Section 105 The polynucleotide according to any one of Items 35 to 55 or 60 to 104, wherein the chimeric receptor does not contain an ITAM motif. Section 106 (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), wherein the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; (b) a transmembrane domain containing CD8a, and (c) Effector domain containing 4-1BB and CD3ζ A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor comprising: Section 107 (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), wherein the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; (b) a transmembrane domain containing CD8a, and (c) an effector domain comprising 4-1BB and the intracellular domain of 2B4 or DAP10; A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor comprising: Section 108 108. The polynucleotide of paragraph 106 or 107, co-expressed with an additional construct encoding membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15). Section 109 (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), wherein the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D, the fragment of NKG2D being encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a fragment of (i) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, (iii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, or (iv) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:68; (b) a transmembrane domain that includes the CD3ζ transmembrane domain, and (c) Effector domain A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor comprising: Section 110 The polynucleotide of Paragraph 109, which is co-expressed with membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15). Section 111 (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), the peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; The fragment of NKG2D comprises an extracellular receptor domain encoded by a polynucleotide comprising (i) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, (iii) the sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, (iv) or a fragment of the sequence of SEQ ID NO:68, and (b) an effector domain that includes a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain; A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor comprising: Section 112 Item 112. The polynucleotide of any one of items 35 to 111, operably linked to at least one regulatory element for expression of the chimeric receptor. Section 113 Item 113. A vector comprising the polynucleotide according to any one of items 35 to 112, wherein the polynucleotide is operably linked to at least one regulatory element for expression of the chimeric receptor. Section 114 114. The vector of paragraph 113, which is a retrovirus. Section 115 A genetically engineered natural killer cell comprising the polynucleotide according to any one of items 35 to 112. Section 116 116. The isolated genetically engineered natural killer cell of paragraph 115, which is an autologous cell isolated from the patient. Section 117 116. The isolated genetically engineered natural killer cell of paragraph 115, which is an allogeneic cell isolated from a donor. Section 118 A method for enhancing the cytotoxicity of a NK cell in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering NK cells to the mammal, wherein the NK cells express a chimeric receptor encoded by the polynucleotide according to any one of items 35 to 112. Section 119 The method of paragraph 118, wherein the NK cells are autologous cells isolated from the patient. Section 120 The method of paragraph 118, wherein the NK cells are allogeneic cells isolated from a donor. Section 121 A method for treating or preventing cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of NK cells to the mammal, wherein the NK cells express a chimeric receptor encoded by the polynucleotide according to any one of items 35 to 112. Section 122 122. The method of claim 121, wherein the NK cells are autologous cells isolated from a patient with cancer or an infectious disease. Section 123 122. The method of claim 121, wherein the NK cells are allogeneic cells isolated from a donor. Section 124 113. Use of the polynucleotide according to any one of items 35 to 112 in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells in a mammal in need thereof. Section 125 113. Use of a polynucleotide according to any one of paragraphs 35 to 112 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof. Section 126 116. Use of the vector of paragraph 114 or 115 in the manufacture of a medicament for enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity in a mammal in need thereof. Section 127 116. Use of a vector according to paragraph 114 or 115 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof. Section 128 118. Use of the isolated genetically engineered natural killer cell of any one of paragraphs 115 to 117 for enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity in a mammal in need thereof. Section 129 118. Use of the isolated genetically engineered natural killer cell of paragraph 116 or 117 for the treatment or prevention of cancer or an infectious disease in a mammal in need thereof. Section 130 (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), the peptide that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; The fragment of NKG2D comprises an extracellular receptor domain encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a fragment of (i) SEQ ID NO:1, (ii) SEQ ID NO:2, (iii) SEQ ID NO:3, or (iv) SEQ ID NO:68; and (b) an effector domain that includes a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain; A polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor comprising: Section 131 a) an immune cell comprising a chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising: (i) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), wherein the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; and (ii) an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain, the intracellular signaling domain comprising CD3ζ; immune cells, including b) Membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15) A transgenic cell comprising: Section 132 1. A method for treating cancer, comprising: a) an immune cell comprising a chimeric receptor, the chimeric receptor comprising: (i) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to a natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), wherein the peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is a fragment of NKG2D; and (ii) an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain, the intracellular signaling domain comprising CD3ζ; immune cells, including b) Membrane-bound interleukin 15 (mbIL15) The method comprises administering to a subject having cancer a composition comprising natural killer (NK) cells expressing the gene.

Claims

1. (a) an extracellular receptor domain comprising a peptide that binds to the natural ligand of natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D); wherein said peptide that binds to the natural ligand of NKG2D is SEQ ID NO:2 and (b) an effector domain comprising a transmembrane region and an intracellular signaling domain; wherein the transmembrane region comprises a CD8α transmembrane domain, The intracellular signaling domain comprises an OX40 domain and a CD3ζ domain. A chimeric receptor comprising:

2. The chimeric receptor of claim 1, wherein the OX40 domain comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:

107.

3. The chimeric receptor of claim 1 or 2, wherein the CD3ζ domain comprises the amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO:

13.

4. The chimeric receptor of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the transmembrane region comprises a CD8α hinge domain.

5. The chimeric receptor of claim 4 , wherein the transmembrane region comprises an amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO:

5.

6. A chimeric receptor according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:

109.

7. The chimeric receptor of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the chimeric receptor is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:

90.

8. A natural killer (NK) cell comprising the chimeric receptor of any one of claims 1 to 7.

9. A composition comprising a plurality of the NK cells of claim 8.

10. 10. Use of the composition of claim 9 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a subject with cancer.

11. The use according to claim 10, wherein the cancer is leukemia.

12. 12. The use according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the cancer is acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

13. 10. Use of the composition of claim 9 in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a subject with an infectious disease.

14. The use according to any one of claims 10 to 13, wherein the NK cells are allogeneic to the subject.

15. An in vitro method for producing natural killer (NK) cells expressing a chimeric receptor that binds to a natural ligand of NKG2D, comprising the step of introducing a polynucleotide encoding a chimeric receptor described in any one of claims 1 to 7 into NK cells.

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