Use of migarostat in reducing the risk of cerebrovascular events in patients with Fabry disease

Abstract

Methods for treating Fabry disease in a patient and / or reducing the risk of a cerebrovascular (CBV) event in a patient with Fabry disease are provided. Certain methods relate to treating ERT-experienced or ERT-naive Fabry patients. Certain methods comprise administering to the patient about 100 mg to about 150 mg free base equivalent of migalastat to reduce the risk of a CBV event.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Principles and embodiments of the present invention relate generally to the use of pharmacological chaperones for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders, and in particular to the use of migalastat for the treatment of Fabry disease. [Background technology]

[0002] Fabry disease is a progressive X-linked congenital anomaly of glycosphingolipid metabolism caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) as a result of mutations in the α-Gal A gene (GLA). Despite being an X-linked disorder, females can develop clinical symptoms to varying degrees. Fabry is a rare disorder estimated to occur in 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 117,000 males in the general population. In addition, there are late-onset phenotypic variants of Fabry disease that may be underdiagnosed because they do not present with the classical signs and symptoms. This, along with newborn screening for Fabry disease, suggests that the actual incidence of Fabry disease may be higher than current estimates.

[0003] Untreated, vascular disease affects the kidneys, heart, and / or central nervous system, resulting in reduced life expectancy and death, usually in the third or fourth decade of life. Enzyme deficiency leads to intracellular accumulation of the substrate globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) in vascular endothelial and visceral tissues throughout the body. Progressive deterioration of renal function and azotemia due to glycosphingolipid deposition usually occurs in the second to fourth decades of life, but may occur as early as the first decade of life. Renal involvement is seen in both hemizygous (males) and heterozygous (females) patients.

[0004] Cardiac disease develops in most men and many women as a result of Fabry disease. Early cardiac findings include left ventricular enlargement, valvular disorders, and conduction abnormalities. Mitral valve insufficiency is the most frequent valvular lesion, typically presenting in childhood or adolescence. Cerebrovascular symptoms arise primarily from multifocal small vessel disease and may include thrombosis, transient ischemic attacks, basilar artery ischemia and aneurysms, stroke, hemiplegia, hemisensory loss, aphasia, labyrinthine disorders, or cerebral hemorrhage. The average age at onset of cerebrovascular symptoms is 33.8 years. Personality changes and psychotic behavior may appear with increasing age.

[0005] One approved therapy for treating Fabry disease is enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), which typically involves intravenous infusion of a purified form of the corresponding wild-type protein. Two α-Gal A preparations are currently available for the treatment of Fabry disease: agalsidase alfa (Replagal®, Shire Human Genetic Therapies) and agalsidase beta (Fabrazyme®, Sanofi Genzyme Corporation). Although ERT is effective in many situations, the treatment also has limitations. ERT has not been demonstrated to reduce the risk of stroke, the heart muscle responds slowly, and GL-3 excretion from some cell types in the kidney is limited. Some patients also develop an immune response to ERT. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] Thus, there remains a need for therapies for the treatment of Fabry disease, particularly for reducing the risk of cerebrovascular events. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] Various aspects of the invention relate to the treatment of Fabry disease in ERT-naive and ERT-experienced patients with migalastat. Such treatment can include reducing the risk of cerebrovascular (CBV) events. In various embodiments, treatment includes chronic migalastat therapy, e.g., treatment for at least 2, 3, 4 years, or more.

[0008] One aspect of the invention relates to a method for reducing the risk of CBV events in a patient with Fabry disease, the method comprising administering to the patient every other day a formulation comprising an effective amount of migastat or a salt thereof, the effective amount being about 100 mg to about 150 mg free base equivalent (FBE).

[0009] In one or more embodiments, the CBV event comprises one or more of brain stem ischemia, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, embolic stroke, or transient ischemic attack.

[0010] In one or more embodiments, the patient has an increased risk of a CBV event prior to initiating administration of migalastat or a salt thereof.

[0011] In one or more embodiments, migalastat or a salt thereof enhances a-Gal A activity.

[0012] In one or more embodiments, the patient is administered about 123 mg FBE of migalastat or a salt thereof every other day.

[0013] In one or more embodiments, the patient is administered about 123 mg of migalastat free base every other day.

[0014] In one or more embodiments, the patient is administered about 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride every other day.

[0015] In one or more embodiments, the formulation comprises an oral dosage form. In one or more embodiments, the oral dosage form comprises a tablet, capsule, or solution.

[0016] In one or more embodiments, the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least two years.

[0017] In one or more embodiments, the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least three years.

[0018] In one or more embodiments, the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least four years.

[0019] In one or more embodiments, the patient is an ERT naive patient.

[0020] In one or more embodiments, the patient is an ERT-experienced patient.

[0021] In one or more embodiments, the patient has a HEK assay-amenable mutation in α-galactosidase A. In one or more embodiments, the mutation is disclosed in a pharmacological reference table. In one or more embodiments, the pharmacological reference table is provided on the drug product label of a migalastat drug product approved for the treatment of Fabry disease. In one or more embodiments, the pharmacological reference table is provided on the drug product label of GALAFOLD®. In one or more embodiments, the pharmacological reference table is provided on a website. In one or more embodiments, the website is one or more of www.galafoldamenabilitytable.com or www.fabrygenevariantsearch.com.

[0022] Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for treating Fabry disease in a patient at increased risk of a CBV event, the method comprising administering to the patient every other day a formulation comprising an effective amount of migastat or a salt thereof, wherein the effective amount is from about 100 mg to about 150 mg FBE.

[0023] In one or more embodiments, the CBV event comprises one or more of brain stem ischemia, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, embolic stroke, or transient ischemic attack.

[0024] In one or more embodiments, migalastat or a salt thereof enhances a-Gal A activity.

[0025] In one or more embodiments, the patient is administered about 123 mg FBE of migalastat or a salt thereof every other day.

[0026] In one or more embodiments, the patient is administered about 123 mg of migalastat free base every other day.

[0027] In one or more embodiments, the patient is administered about 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride every other day.

[0028] In one or more embodiments, the formulation comprises an oral dosage form. In one or more embodiments, the oral dosage form comprises a tablet, capsule, or solution.

[0029] In one or more embodiments, the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least two years.

[0030] In one or more embodiments, the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least three years.

[0031] In one or more embodiments, the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least four years.

[0032] In one or more embodiments, the patient is an ERT naive patient.

[0033] In one or more embodiments, the patient is an ERT-experienced patient.

[0034] In one or more embodiments, the patient has a HEK assay-amenable mutation in α-galactosidase A. In one or more embodiments, the mutation is disclosed in a pharmacological reference table. In one or more embodiments, the pharmacological reference table is provided on the drug product label of a migalastat drug product approved for the treatment of Fabry disease. In one or more embodiments, the pharmacological reference table is provided on the drug product label of GALAFOLD®. In one or more embodiments, the pharmacological reference table is provided on a website. In one or more embodiments, the website is one or more of www.galafoldamenabilitytable.com or www.fabrygenevariantsearch.com.

[0035] Further features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and accompanying drawings. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0036] [Fig. 1A-1E] The complete DNA sequence of the human wild-type GLA gene (SEQ ID NO:1) is shown. [Diagram 2] The wild-type α-Gal A protein (SEQ ID NO:2) is shown. [Diagram 3] The nucleic acid sequence encoding the wild-type α-Gal A protein (SEQ ID NO:3) is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0037] Before describing certain example embodiments of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the details of construction or method steps set forth in the following description, as the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways.

[0038] Various aspects of the invention relate to dosing regimens for administering a pharmacological chaperone, such as migalastat, for the treatment of Fabry disease. In one or more embodiments, the dosing regimen of migalastat effects a reduction in the risk of CBV events.

[0039] definition The terms used herein generally have their ordinary meaning in the art, within the context of this invention and in the specific context in which each term is used. Certain terms are discussed below or elsewhere in the specification to provide further guidance to the practitioner in describing the compositions and methods of the invention and how to make and use them.

[0040] The term "Fabry disease" refers to an X-linked inborn error of glycosphingolipid catabolism caused by defective lysosomal α-Gal A activity. This defect results in the accumulation of the substrate globotriaosylceramide ("GL-3", also known as GbA) in vascular endothelial lysosomes of the heart, kidney, skin, and other tissues. 3 or ceramide trihexoside) and related glycosphingolipids. Another substrate of this enzyme is plasma globotriaosylsphingosine ("plasma lyso-Gb 3 ").

[0041] The term "atypical Fabry disease" refers to patients who have a primarily cardiac manifestation of α-Gal A deficiency, namely progressive GL-3 accumulation in cardiomyocytes leading to significant hypertrophy of the heart, particularly the left ventricle.

[0042] A "carrier" is a female in which one X chromosome contains a defective α-Gal A gene and one X chromosome contains a normal gene, and there is X chromosome inactivation of the normal allele in one or more cell types. Carriers are often diagnosed with Fabry disease.

[0043] "Patient" refers to a subject who has been diagnosed with or is suspected of having a particular disease. The patient may be a human or an animal.

[0044] "Fabry patient" refers to an individual with mutant α-Gal A, as further defined below, who has been diagnosed with or is suspected of having Fabry disease. Trait markers for Fabry disease may appear with equal prevalence in hemizygous male and female carriers, although females are typically affected with less severe disease.

[0045] Human α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) refers to the enzyme encoded by the human GLA gene. The complete DNA sequence of α-Gal A, including introns and exons, is available under GenBank Accession No. X14448.1 and is shown in Figures 1A-E (SEQ ID NO:1). The human α-Gal A enzyme consists of 429 amino acids and is available under GenBank Accession Nos. X14448.1 and U78027.1 and is shown in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO:2). The nucleic acid sequence including only the coding region (i.e., exons) of SEQ ID NO:1 is shown in Figure 3 (SEQ ID NO:3).

[0046] The term "mutant protein" includes proteins that have a mutation in the gene encoding the protein that prevents the protein from achieving a stable conformation under conditions normally present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Failure to achieve a stable conformation results in significant amounts of the enzyme not being transported to lysosomes but rather being degraded. Such mutations are sometimes referred to as "conformational mutants." Such mutations include, but are not limited to, missense mutations, and small in-frame deletions and insertions.

[0047] As used herein in one embodiment, the term "mutant α-Gal A" includes α-Gal A that has a mutation in the gene encoding α-Gal A that prevents the enzyme from achieving a stable conformation under conditions normally present in the ER. The inability to achieve a stable conformation results in a significant amount of the enzyme not being transported to lysosomes but rather being degraded.

[0048] As used herein, the term "pharmacological chaperone" ("PC") refers to any molecule, including small molecules, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, etc., that specifically binds to a protein and has one or more of the following effects: (i) promotes the formation of a stable molecular conformation of the protein; (ii) induces trafficking of the protein from the ER to another cellular site, preferably the native cellular site, i.e., prevents ER-associated degradation of the protein; (iii) prevents aggregation of misfolded proteins; and / or (iv) restores or enhances at least some wild-type function and / or activity to a protein. For example, a compound that specifically binds to α-Gal A means that it binds to and exerts a chaperone effect on that enzyme and not on a general group of related or unrelated enzymes. More specifically, the term does not refer to endogenous chaperones, such as BiP, or non-specific agents, i.e., chemical chaperones, that have demonstrated non-specific chaperone activity on a variety of proteins, such as glycerol, DMSO, or heavy water. In one or more embodiments of the present invention, the PC may be a reversible competitive inhibitor. In one embodiment, the PC is migalastat or a salt thereof. In another embodiment, the PC is migalastat free base (e.g., 123 mg of migalastat free base). In yet another embodiment, the PC is a salt of migalastat (e.g., 150 mg of migalastat HCl).

[0049] A "competitive inhibitor" of an enzyme may refer to a compound that is structurally similar to the chemical and molecular structure of the enzyme substrate and binds to the enzyme at approximately the same location as the substrate. Thus, the inhibitor competes for the same active site as the substrate molecule, thus increasing the Km. Competitive inhibition is usually reversible, i.e., a competitive inhibitor can bind reversibly, provided that sufficient substrate molecules are available to displace the inhibitor. Thus, the amount of enzyme inhibition depends on the inhibitor concentration, the substrate concentration, and the relative affinities of the inhibitor and substrate for the active site.

[0050] As used herein, the term "specifically binds" refers to the interaction of a pharmacological chaperone with a protein, such as α-Gal A, specifically with amino acid residues in the protein that are directly involved in contact with the pharmacological chaperone. A pharmacological chaperone specifically binds to a target protein, such as α-Gal A, to exert a chaperone effect on that protein and not on a general group of related or unrelated proteins. The amino acid residues in a protein that interact with a given pharmacological chaperone may or may not be within the "active site" of the protein. Specific binding can be assessed by routine binding assays or by structural studies, such as co-crystallization, NMR, etc. The active site of α-Gal A is the substrate binding site.

[0051] "Deficient α-Gal A activity" refers to α-Gal A activity in cells from a patient that is below the normal range when compared (using the same methods) to the activity in normal individuals who do not have or are not suspected of having Fabry disease or any other disease (particularly hematological disorders).

[0052] As used herein, the term "enhancing a-Gal A activity" or "increasing a-Gal A activity" refers to increasing the amount of a-Gal A in a stable conformation in a cell contacted with an a-Gal A specific pharmacological chaperone compared to the amount in a cell (preferably of the same cell type, or the same cell, e.g., at an earlier stage) that is not contacted with the a-Gal A specific pharmacological chaperone. The term also refers to increasing the trafficking of a-Gal A to lysosomes in a cell contacted with an a-Gal A specific pharmacological chaperone compared to the trafficking of a-Gal A not contacted with the pharmacological chaperone specific for that protein. These terms refer to both wild type and mutant a-Gal A. In one embodiment, the increase in the amount of a-Gal A in a cell is measured by measuring the hydrolysis of an artificial substrate in lysates from cells treated with PC. Increased hydrolysis is indicative of increased a-Gal A activity.

[0053] The term "α-Gal A activity" refers to the normal physiological function of wild-type α-Gal A in a cell. For example, α-Gal A activity includes the hydrolysis of GL-3.

[0054] A "responder" is an individual diagnosed with or suspected of having a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD), e.g., Fabry disease, whose cells respond to contact with PC by displaying a sufficient increase in α-Gal A activity and / or alleviation of symptoms or enhancement of a surrogate marker, respectively. Non-limiting examples of enhanced Fabry surrogate markers include lyso-GB3 and those disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010 / 0113517, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

[0055] Non-limiting examples of improvements in surrogate markers of Fabry disease disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010 / 0113517 include increased α-Gal A levels or activity in cells (e.g., fibroblasts) and tissues; decreased GL-3 accumulation; decreased plasma concentrations of homocysteine ​​and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); decreased GL-3 accumulation in cardiomyocytes and valvular fibrocytes; decreased plasma lyso-Gal A levels or activity in cells (e.g., fibroblasts) and tissues ... 3 The following symptoms may be observed: reduction in cardiac hypertrophy (especially the left ventricle), valvular insufficiency, and arrhythmia; reduction in proteinuria; reduction in urinary levels of lipids such as CTH, lactosylceramide, and ceramide, and increase in urinary levels of glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin; absence of lamellar inclusions (zebra bodies) in glomerular epithelial cells; enhancement of renal function; alleviation of hypohidrosis; absence of angiokeratoma; and improvement in hearing abnormalities such as high frequency sensorineural hearing loss, progressive hearing loss, sudden hearing loss, or tinnitus. Improvement in neurological symptoms may include prevention of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) or stroke; and reduction in neuropathic pain manifested as acroparesthesia (burning or tingling pain in the extremities). Another clinical marker that may determine Fabry disease is the prevalence of adverse cardiovascular symptoms.

[0056] A dose that achieves one or more of the above mentioned responses is a "therapeutically effective dose."

[0057] The phrase "pharmaceutical acceptable" refers to molecular entities and compositions that are physiologically tolerable and typically do not produce adverse reactions when administered to humans. In some embodiments, as used herein, the term "pharmaceutical acceptable" means approved by a federal or state regulatory agency for use in animals, more particularly humans, or listed in the United States Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeias. With respect to pharmaceutical carriers, the term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the compound is administered. Such pharmaceutical carriers may be sterile liquids, such as water and oils. As carriers, water or aqueous solutions, saline solutions, and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions are preferably employed, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in "Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences" by E. W. Martin, 18th Edition, or other editions.

[0058] As used herein, the term "isolated" means that the material being referred to is removed from the environment in which it is normally found. Thus, an isolated biological material may be free of cellular components, i.e., components of the cell in which it is found or produced. In the case of a nucleic acid molecule, an isolated nucleic acid includes a PCR product, an mRNA band on a gel, a cDNA, or a restriction fragment. In another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid is preferably excised from the chromosome in which it may be found, and more preferably is no longer connected to non-regulatory regions, non-coding regions, or other genes located upstream or downstream of the gene contained in the isolated nucleic acid molecule when found in the chromosome. In yet another embodiment, an isolated nucleic acid lacks one or more introns. An isolated nucleic acid includes sequences that are inserted into a plasmid, cosmid, artificial chromosome, and the like. Thus, in a specific embodiment, a recombinant nucleic acid is an isolated nucleic acid. An isolated protein may be associated with other proteins or nucleic acids, or both, with which it is associated in the cell, or with the cell membrane if it is a membrane-bound protein. An isolated organelle, cell, or tissue is removed from the anatomical site in which it is found in an organism. An isolated material may, but need not, be purified.

[0059] The term "enzyme replacement therapy" or "ERT" refers to the introduction of a purified, non-native enzyme into an individual having a deficiency of such enzyme. The administered protein can be obtained from natural sources or by recombinant expression (as described in more detail below). The term also refers to the introduction of a purified enzyme into an individual who otherwise requires or would benefit from administration of the purified enzyme (e.g., an individual suffering from an enzyme deficiency). The introduced enzyme can be a purified recombinant enzyme produced in vitro, or a protein purified from an isolated tissue or fluid, such as from the placenta or animal milk or from a plant.

[0060] The term "ERT naive patient" refers to a Fabry patient who has not received any ERT or has not received ERT for at least 6 months prior to initiating migalastat therapy.

[0061] The term "ERT-experienced patient" refers to a Fabry patient who was receiving ERT immediately prior to initiating migalastat therapy. In some embodiments, an ERT-experienced patient has been receiving ERT for at least 12 months immediately prior to initiating migalastat therapy.

[0062] As used herein, the term "free base equivalent" or "FBE" refers to the amount of migalastat present in migalastat or its salt. In other words, the term "FBE" refers to either the amount of migalastat free base or the equivalent amount of migalastat free base provided by a salt of migalastat. For example, based on the weight of the hydrochloride, 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride only provides the same amount of migalastat as 123 mg of migalastat in free base form. Other salts are expected to have different conversion factors depending on the molecular weight of the salt.

[0063] The term "migalastat" includes migalastat free base or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt thereof (eg, migalastat HCl), unless specifically specified to the contrary.

[0064] The terms "mutation" and "mutation" (e.g., as in "applicable mutation or mutation") refer to a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene or chromosome. The two terms referred to herein are typically used collectively, e.g., as in "mutation or mutation", and refer to the change in the nucleotide sequence specified in the previous sentence. If for any reason only one of the two terms is listed, the missing term is intended to be included and should be understood as such. Furthermore, the terms "applicable mutation" and "applicable mutation" refer to a mutation or mutation that is applicable to PC therapy, e.g., a mutation that is applicable to migalastat therapy. A particular type of applicable mutation or mutation is a "HEK assay applicable mutation or mutation", which is a mutation or mutation that is determined to be applicable to migalastat therapy according to the criteria of the in vitro HEK assay described herein and in U.S. Pat. No. 8,592,362, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0065] The terms "about" and "approximately" are generally intended to mean an acceptable degree of error of the measured quantity, given the nature or precision of the measurement. Typical exemplary degrees of error are within 20 percent (%), preferably within 10%, and more preferably within 5% of a given value or range of values. Alternatively, particularly in biological systems, the terms "about" and "approximately" can mean values ​​within an order of magnitude, preferably within 10-fold or 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a given value. Numerical quantities provided herein are approximate unless otherwise stated, i.e., the terms "about" or "approximately" can be implied even when not explicitly stated.

[0066] Fabry disease Fabry disease is a rare, progressive, severe, X-linked LSD. Mutations in the GLA gene cause a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-Gal A, which is required for glycosphingolipid metabolism. A decrease in α-Gal A activity that begins in early childhood leads to an increase in GL-3 and plasma lyso-Gal A. 3 Fabry disease causes the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, including Fabry protein, which leads to the symptomatic and fatal sequelae of Fabry disease, including pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, renal failure, cardiomyopathy, cerebrovascular events, and premature death. Early initiation of therapy and lifelong treatment offers the opportunity to slow disease progression and extend life expectancy.

[0067] Fabry disease encompasses a range of disease severity and age of onset, but is traditionally divided into two major phenotypes, "classic" and "late-onset." The classic phenotype is primarily considered to be in males with undetectable to low α-Gal A activity and early onset of renal, cardiac and / or cerebrovascular symptoms. The late-onset phenotype is primarily considered to be in males with higher residual α-Gal A activity and later onset of these disease symptoms. Heterozygous female carriers typically express the late-onset phenotype, but may also exhibit the classic phenotype depending on the pattern of X-chromosome inactivation.

[0068] Over 1,000 GLA mutations that cause Fabry disease have been identified. Approximately 60% are missense mutations that result in a single amino acid substitution in the α-Gal A enzyme. Missense GLA mutations often result in the production of abnormally folded and unstable forms of α-Gal A, the majority of which are associated with the classical phenotype. Normal cellular quality control mechanisms in the ER prevent these abnormal proteins from trafficking to lysosomes, targeting them for early degradation and removal. Many missense mutant forms are targets of migalastat, an α-Gal A-specific pharmacological chaperone.

[0069] The clinical symptoms of Fabry disease range in severity and are roughly correlated with the patient's residual α-Gal A levels. The majority of patients currently treated are referred to as classic Fabry patients, most of whom are male. These patients experience disease in various organs, including the kidneys, heart, and brain, with disease symptoms first appearing in adolescence and progressing in severity until death, typically in the third or fourth decade of life. Several recent studies suggest that there are many undiagnosed men and women with various Fabry disease symptoms that usually first appear in adulthood, such as cardiac or renal dysfunction and strokes. This type of Fabry patient, referred to as late-onset Fabry disease, tends to have higher residual α-Gal A levels than classic Fabry patients. Late-onset Fabry patients typically experience disease symptoms for the first time in adulthood and often have disease symptoms localized to a single organ, such as left ventricular hypertrophy or progressive renal failure. In addition, late-onset Fabry disease can also be seen in the form of strokes of unknown etiology.

[0070] Fabry patients have progressive renal dysfunction, and untreated patients develop end-stage renal failure by their fourth decade of life. Deficiency of α-Gal A activity leads to the accumulation of GL-3 and related glycosphingolipids in many cell types, including those of the kidney. GL-3 accumulates in the epithelial and tubular cells of the podocytes, distal tubules, and loops of Henle. Renal dysfunction can manifest as proteinuria and a reduced glomerular filtration rate.

[0071] Proper diagnosis of Fabry disease is challenging because of its rarity, involvement of many organs, wide age range of onset, and heterogeneity. Low awareness among medical professionals leads to frequent misdiagnosis. The diagnosis of Fabry disease is most often confirmed after the patient presents with symptoms, based on reduced α-Gal A activity in plasma or peripheral white blood cells (WBCs) in conjunction with mutation analysis. In females, diagnosis is even more challenging because enzymatic identification of carrier females is unreliable due to random X-chromosome inactivation in some cells of carriers. For example, some obligate carriers (daughters of classically affected men) have α-Gal A enzyme activity ranging from normal to very low activity. Carriers may have normal α-Gal A enzyme activity in white blood cells, so only identification of the α-Gal A mutation by genetic testing provides accurate carrier identification and / or diagnosis.

[0072] In one or more embodiments, mutant forms of a-Gal A that are considered migalastat applicable are defined as those that exhibit a ≥ 1.20-fold relative increase (+10 μM migalastat) and a ≥ 3.0% absolute increase (+10 μM migalastat) over wild-type (WT) when the mutant form of a-Gal A is expressed in HEK-293 cells according to a Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) validated in vitro assay (GLP HEK or migalastat applicability assay) (referred to as the "HEK assay"). Such mutations are also referred to herein as "HEK assay applicable" mutations.

[0073] Prior screening methods have been provided to determine enzyme enhancement before treatment begins. For example, an assay using HEK-293 cells has been utilized in clinical trials to predict whether a given mutation will be responsive to pharmacological chaperone (e.g., migalastat) treatment. In this assay, a cDNA construct is created. The corresponding α-Gal A mutant form is transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells. The cells are then incubated with ± migalastat (17 nM to 1 mM) for 4-5 days. The α-Gal A levels are then measured in cell lysates using a synthetic fluorogenic substrate (4-MU-α-Gal) or by Western blot. This has been done for known disease-causing missense or small in-frame insertion / deletion mutations. Mutations previously identified as responsive to PC (e.g., migalastat) using these methods are listed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,592,362.

[0074] Pharmacological Chaperones Binding of small molecule inhibitors of LSD-related enzymes can increase the stability of both mutant and corresponding wild-type enzymes (see U.S. Patent Nos. 6,274,597; 6,583,158; 6,589,964; 6,599,919; 6,916,829, and 7,141,582, all of which are incorporated herein by reference). In particular, administration of small molecule derivatives of glucose and galactose, which are specific and selective competitive inhibitors of some target lysosomal enzymes, effectively increases the stability of the enzymes in cells in vitro, thereby increasing the trafficking of the enzymes to lysosomes. Thus, increasing the amount of enzymes in lysosomes is expected to increase the hydrolysis of enzyme substrates. The original theory behind this strategy was as follows: Because mutant enzyme proteins are unstable in the ER (Ishii et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 1996;220:812-815), they are delayed in the normal trafficking pathway (ER → Golgi → endosomes → lysosomes) and are prematurely degraded. Therefore, compounds that bind to and increase the stability of mutant enzymes may act as "chaperones" for the enzymes, increasing the amount that can leave the ER and be transported to lysosomes. In addition, because folding and trafficking of some wild-type proteins is incomplete, and in some cases up to 70% of some wild-type proteins are degraded before reaching their final cellular site, chaperones can be used to stabilize wild-type enzymes, increasing the amount of enzyme that can leave the ER and be transported to lysosomes.

[0075] In one or more embodiments, the pharmacological chaperone comprises migalastat or a salt thereof. The compound migalastat, also known as 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (1-DGJ) or (2R,3S,4R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-3,4,5-triol, is a compound having the following chemical formula: TIFF0007680356000001.tif49170

[0076] As discussed herein, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of migalastat may also be used in the present invention.When using a salt of migalastat, the dosage of the salt will be adjusted so that the dose of migalastat taken by the patient is equivalent to the amount that would have been taken if migalastat free base was used.One example of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of migalastat is migalastat HCl. TIFF0007680356000002.tif47170

[0077] Migalastat is a low molecular weight iminosugar and an analogue of the terminal galactose of GL-3. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies have demonstrated that migalastat acts as a pharmacological chaperone, binding selectively and reversibly with high affinity to the active site of wild-type α-Gal A and specific mutant forms of α-Gal A (the genotypes are referred to as HEK assay-compatible mutations). Binding of migalastat stabilizes these mutant forms of α-Gal A in the endoplasmic reticulum and promotes their proper trafficking to lysosomes, where dissociation of migalastat allows α-Gal A to reduce GL-3 and other substrate levels. Approximately 30-50% of patients with Fabry disease have HEK assay-compatible mutations; the majority of these are associated with the classical phenotype of the disease.

[0078] HEK assay applicable mutations include at least those mutations listed in a pharmacological reference table (e.g., those listed in the U.S. or international drug product label for a migalastat drug product such as GALAFOLD®). As used herein, a "pharmacological reference table" refers to any publicly accessible written or electronic record contained either in the drug product label within the packaging of a migalastat drug product (e.g., GALAFOLD®) or on a website accessible by a health care provider, which communicates whether a particular mutation or variant will respond to migalastat (e.g., GALAFOLD®) PC therapy, and which is not necessarily limited to written records presented in tabular form. Thus, in one embodiment of the present invention, a "pharmacological reference table" refers to any depository of information that includes one or more applicable mutations or variants. Exemplary pharmacological reference tables for HEK assay applicable mutations can be found in the Summary of Formulation Characteristics and / or Prescribing Information for GALAFOLD® in the various countries where GALAFOLD® is approved for use, or on websites such as www.galafoldamenabilitytable.com and www.fabrygenevariantsearch.com, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0079] An exemplary pharmacological reference table for HEK assay amenable mutations is provided below in Table 1. In one or more embodiments, when double mutations are present on the same chromosome (males and females), the patient is considered eligible for the HEK assay if the double mutation is present in one entry of Table 1 (e.g., D55V / Q57L). In some embodiments, when double mutations are present on different chromosomes (females only), the patient is considered eligible for the HEK assay if either one of the individual mutations is present in Table 1.

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[0089] Dosage, Formulation and Administration Thus, in one or more embodiments, a Fabry patient is administered migalastat or a salt thereof once every other day (also referred to as "QOD"). In various embodiments, the doses described herein relate to migalastat hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of migalastat or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt. In some embodiments, these doses relate to the free base of migalastat. In alternative embodiments, these doses relate to a salt of migalastat. In further embodiments, the salt of migalastat is migalastat hydrochloride. The administration of migalastat or a salt of migalastat is referred to herein as "migalastat therapy."

[0090] An effective amount of migalastat or a salt thereof can range from about 100 mg FBE to about 150 mg FBE. Exemplary doses include about 100 mg FBE, about 105 mg FBE, about 110 mg FBE, about 115 mg FBE, about 120 mg FBE, about 123 mg FBE, about 125 mg FBE, about 130 mg FBE, about 135 mg FBE, about 140 mg FBE, about 145 mg FBE, or about 150 mg FBE.

[0091] It is also noted here that 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride is equivalent to 123 mg of the free base form of migalastat. Thus, in one or more embodiments, the dose is 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride administered once every other day, or an equivalent dose of migalastat or its salts other than hydrochloride. As indicated above, this dose is referred to as 123 mg FBE of migalastat. In a further embodiment, the dose is 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride administered once every other day. In another embodiment, the dose is 123 mg of migalastat free base administered once every other day.

[0092] In various embodiments, the effective amount is about 122 mg, about 128 mg, about 134 mg, about 140 mg, about 146 mg, about 150 mg, about 152 mg, about 159 mg, about 165 mg, about 171 mg, about 177 mg, or about 183 mg of migalastat hydrochloride.

[0093] Thus, in various embodiments, migalastat therapy includes administration of 150 mg migalastat hydrochloride every other day, such as 123 mg FBE once every other day.

[0094] The administration of migalastat or its salt can be for a certain period of time. In one or more embodiments, migalastat or its salt is administered for a duration of at least 28 days, such as at least 30, 60 or 90 days, or at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30 or 36 months, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 years. In various embodiments, the migalastat therapy is a long-term migalastat therapy for at least about 2, 3, 4 or 5 years.

[0095] The administration of migalastat or a salt thereof according to the present invention may be in a formulation suitable for any route of administration, but is preferably administered in an oral dosage form such as a tablet, capsule, or solution. As an example, a patient is orally administered capsules each containing 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride or an equivalent dose of migalastat or a salt thereof other than the hydrochloride salt.

[0096] In some embodiments, the PC (e.g., migalastat or a salt thereof) is administered orally. In one or more embodiments, the PC (e.g., migalastat or a salt thereof) is administered by injection. The PC may be accompanied by a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier, which may depend on the method of administration.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, the PC (e.g., migastat or a salt thereof) is administered as a monotherapy and may be in a form suitable for any route of administration, e.g., orally in tablet or capsule or liquid form, in sterile aqueous solution for injection, etc. In other embodiments, the PC is provided as a lyophilized powder that is added to the replacement enzyme formulation during or immediately after reconstitution to prevent enzyme aggregation in vitro prior to administration.

[0098] When the PC (e.g., migalastat or a salt thereof) is formulated for oral administration, tablets or capsules may be prepared by conventional means with pharma- ceutically acceptable excipients, such as binders (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potato starch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate). Tablets may be coated by methods well known in the art. Liquid preparations for oral administration may take the form, for example, of solutions, syrups, or suspensions, or may be prepared as a dry preparation for constitution with water or another suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharma- ceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives, or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethyl alcohol, or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid). The formulations may also contain buffer salts, flavoring, coloring, and sweetening agents as appropriate. Formulations for oral administration may be suitably formulated to give controlled release of the active chaperone compound.

[0099] Pharmaceutical formulations of PC (e.g., migastat or its salts) suitable for parenteral / injectable use generally include sterile aqueous solutions (if water soluble), or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the form must be sterile and fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier may be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants. Prevention of microbial action can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, benzyl alcohol, sorbic acid, and the like. In many cases, it may be advisable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents which delay absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

[0100] Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by blending the required amount of purified enzyme (if present) and PC (e.g., migalastat or its salt) in an appropriate solvent with various other ingredients as listed above as necessary, followed by filtration or terminal sterilization. In general, dispersions are prepared by blending the various sterilized active ingredients in a sterile vehicle containing the basic dispersion medium and other required ingredients from those listed above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying, which produce a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredients from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

[0101] The formulation may contain excipients. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that may be included in the formulation are buffers, such as citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, and bicarbonate buffer, amino acids, urea, alcohols, ascorbic acid, phospholipids; proteins such as serum albumin, collagen, and gelatin; salts such as EDTA or EGTA, and sodium chloride; liposomes; polyvinylpyrollidone; sugars such as dextran, mannitol, sorbitol, and glycerol; propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol (e.g., PEG-4000, PEG-6000); glycerol; glycine or other amino acids; and lipids. Buffer systems for use with the formulation include citrate; acetate; bicarbonate; and phosphate buffer. Phosphate buffer is a preferred embodiment.

[0102] The route of administration of the chaperone compound may be oral or parenteral, including intravenous, subcutaneous, intra-arterial, intraperitoneal, intraocular, intramuscular, buccal, rectal, intravaginal, intraorbital, intracerebral, intradermal, intracranial, intraspinal, intraventricular, intrathecal, intracisternal, intravesicular, intrapulmonary, intranasal, transmucosal, transdermal, or by inhalation.

[0103] Administration of the chaperone compound in the above-mentioned parenteral formulations may be by periodic injection of a bolus of the formulation, or by intravenous or intraperitoneal administration from an external (e.g., an IV bag) or internal (e.g., a bioerodible implant) reservoir.

[0104] The embodiments relating to pharmaceutical formulations and administration may be combined with any of the other embodiments of the invention, such as methods of treating Fabry patients, methods of treating ERT-naive Fabry patients, methods of treating ERT-experienced Fabry patients, methods of reducing the risk of a CBV event, methods of treating Fabry patients with an increased risk of a CBV event, methods of treating Fabry patients with a history of CBV events, methods of treating Fabry patients without a history of CBV events, methods of enhancing a-Gal A in patients diagnosed with or suspected of having Fabry disease, embodiments relating to the use of a pharmacological chaperone to a-Gal A for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease, or embodiments relating to a pharmacological chaperone to a-Gal A for use in treating a patient diagnosed with Fabry disease, as well as embodiments relating to applicable mutations, PCs and suitable dosages thereof.

[0105] In one or more embodiments, the PC (e.g., migalastat or its salt) is administered in combination with ERT. ERT increases the amount of protein by exogenously introducing wild-type or biologically functional enzymes by injection. This therapy has been developed for many genetic disorders, including LSDs such as Fabry disease, as described above. After injection, the exogenous enzyme is assumed to be taken up by tissues via non-specific or receptor-specific mechanisms. In general, the uptake efficiency is not high and the circulation time of exogenous proteins is short. In addition, exogenous proteins are unstable and subject to rapid intracellular degradation, as well as the possibility of adverse immune reactions with subsequent treatment. In one or more embodiments, the chaperone is administered simultaneously with the replacement enzyme (e.g., replacement α-Gal A). In some embodiments, the chaperone is formulated with the replacement enzyme (e.g., replacement α-Gal A).

[0106] In one or more embodiments, the patient is switched from ERT to migalastat therapy.In some embodiments, the patient undergoing ERT is identified, the patient's ERT is discontinued, and the patient begins to undergo migalastat therapy.The migalastat therapy can be according to any of the methods described herein.

[0107] CBV events The dosing regimen described herein can reduce the risk of CBV events in Fabry patients. CBV events, including but not limited to stroke and transient ischemic attacks, are common serious clinical events among Fabry patients, occurring in approximately 18% of untreated patients over a mean follow-up of 4.5 years according to a meta-analysis by El Dib, et al (El Dib R. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173358). The incidence of CBV events in patients receiving ERT has been reported to be in the range of 2%-27%. However, the impact of ERT on the risk of CBV events remains unknown due to a lack of placebo-controlled trials, and recombinant lysosomal enzymes have not been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier.

[0108] As described in more detail in the Examples below, migalastat therapy has been found in Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials to reduce the incidence of CBV events in both ERT-experienced and ERT-naive patients. Therefore, migalastat therapy can be used to reduce the risk of CBV events and / or to treat Fabry patients at high risk for CBV events, including patients with or without a history of CBV events. EXAMPLES

[0109] Example 1: Dosing regimens for the treatment of ERT-experienced and ERT-naïve Fabry patients with migalastat hydrochloride This example describes phase 2 and 3 trials of migalastat therapy in ERT-experienced and ERT-naive Fabry patients.

[0110] Test Design This analysis included data from four Phase 2 and four Phase 3 clinical trials with a data cutoff of February 10, 2017, as shown in Figure X1 below.

[0111] FAB-CL-202 (NCT00283959), FAB-CL-203 (NCT00283933), and FAB-CL-204 (NCT00304512) were phase 2, open-label, non-comparative studies evaluating the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of migalastat (dose range: 50–250 mg) in patients with Fabry disease.

[0112] FAB-CL-205 (NCT0052607) was a Phase 2 long-term open-label extension (OLE) study in patients who completed Phase 2 clinical trials including FAB-CL-202, FAB-CL-203, and FAB-CL-204. The study included migalastat 150 mg every other day (QOD), followed by a dose escalation period, followed by a period of 150 mg QOD.

[0113] FACETS (AT1001-011, NCT00925301) was a phase 3 placebo-controlled study designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and PD of migalastat 150 mg QOD versus placebo for 6 months, followed by an 18-month open-label extension (OLE) of migalastat in ERT-naive patients with Fabry disease and migalastat-eligible GLA mutations.

[0114] ATTRACT (AT1001-012, NCT01218659) was a phase 3, open-label, active-controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety of 18 months of migalastat 150 mg QOD versus ERT followed by 12 months of migalastat OLE in ERT-treated patients with migalastat-eligible GLA mutations.

[0115] AT1001-041 (NCT01458119) was a long-term OLE study evaluating the long-term safety and efficacy of migalastat in patients who completed FAB-CL-205, AT1001-011, or AT1001-012.

[0116] AT1001-042 (NCT02194985) is an extension long-term OLE study evaluating the long-term safety and efficacy of migalastat in patients who participated in AT1001-012 or AT1001-041.

[0117] analysis The analysis will evaluate CBV events reported as treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) during treatment with migalastat 150 mg QOD in patients with applicable mutations in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials.

[0118] CBV events were identified by searching medical history and TEAE lists using stroke-related terms including brain stem ischemia, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, embolic stroke, and TIA.

[0119] Only eligible patients who received at least one dose of migalastat 150 mg QOD were included in this analysis.

[0120] Applicability was based on a Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) validated in vitro migastat applicability assay.

[0121] Clinical trials included in the analysis TIFF0007680356000012.tif206170

[0122] result Migalastat 150mg QOD total exposure The total mean (SD) duration of exposure to migalastat 150 mg QOD was 4.0 (2.0) years (N=114).

[0123] Duration of exposure to migalastat 150 mg QOD ranged from 0.1 to 8.3 years, with a median of 4.4 years.

[0124] Demographics and Baseline Characteristics The mean (SD) age of all eligible patients taking at least one dose of migalastat 150 mg QOD was 46.2 (13.1) years (range: 16-72 years) (Table 2). The majority were white, and 57.0% were female. The mean (SD) time since diagnosis of Fabry disease was 9.8 (10.1) years (range: 1-44 years).

[0125] TIFF0007680356000013.tif173170

[0126] History of CBV events Sixteen of 114 patients (14%) experienced a CBV event prior to migalastat treatment (Table 3). One patient from study AT1001-012 reported two CBV events in his medical history.

[0127] In 5 / 16 patients, CBV events were considered as current pathology reported in the medical history at study entry. One patient from AT1001-011 had ongoing cerebral ischemia and the other had ongoing brainstem infarction. Two patients from AT1001-012 had ongoing TIA and one had ongoing cerebrovascular accident, specifically left middle cerebral artery stroke.

[0128] The mean (SD) age at first CBV event was 43.6 (14.4) years.

[0129] TIFF0007680356000014.tif168170

[0130] Occurrence of CBV events during treatment with migalastat 150mg QOD Eleven CBV events were reported in eight patients (7%) during treatment with migalastat 150 mg QOD (Table 4). Seven CBV events were categorized as serious adverse events (SAEs), but most (82%) events were mild to moderate in severity (Table 5). Two CBV events led to treatment discontinuation (Table 5). None of the 11 CBV events were considered related to treatment.

[0131] Six of eight patients experienced a CBV before receiving migalastat treatment, so only 2 / 114 (2%) patients had a first CBV event while on migalastat (Table 5). The mean (SD) age of patients with a first event on migalastat treatment was 50.6 (14.6) years (Table 5). The mean (SD) duration of migalastat 150 mg QOD treatment at the time of the first event was 1.1 (1.1) years.

[0132] Of the 16 patients with premigalastat CBV events, 10 (63%) experienced no new CBV events during migalastat treatment.

[0133] TIFF0007680356000015.tif158170

[0134] TIFF0007680356000016.tif191170

[0135] As can be seen from the above table, the overall incidence of CBV events was low during migalastat treatment. During a mean of 4 years on migalastat, 8 / 114 (7%) patients experienced a CBV event, mainly in patients with a history of CBV events.

[0136] The embodiments described herein are intended to illustrate the compositions and methods, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and changes that are consistent with the description as a whole and that are easily recognized by those skilled in the art are intended to be included. The scope of the appended claims should not be limited by the specific embodiments shown in the examples, but should be given the broadest interpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

[0137] Patents, patent applications, publications, formulation descriptions, GenBank accession numbers, and protocols are cited throughout this application, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes. Further embodiments of the present invention [Embodiment 1] 1. A method for reducing the risk of cerebrovascular (CBV) events in a patient with Fabry disease, comprising administering to the patient every other day for at least two years a formulation comprising an effective amount of migalastat or a salt thereof, wherein the effective amount is about 100 mg to about 150 mg free base equivalent (FBE). [Embodiment 2] 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the CBV event comprises one or more of brain stem ischemia, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, embolic stroke, or transient ischemic attack. [Embodiment 3] The method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the patient has an increased risk of a CBV event prior to initiation of administration of migalastat or a salt thereof. [Embodiment 4] 4. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the migalastat or a salt thereof enhances α-galactosidase A activity. [Embodiment 5] The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the patient is administered about 123 mg FBE of migalastat or a salt thereof every other day. [Embodiment 6] The method according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the patient is administered about 123 mg of migalastat free base every other day. [Embodiment 7] The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the patient is administered about 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride every other day. [Embodiment 8] The method of any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the formulation comprises an oral dosage form. [Embodiment 9] 9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein the oral dosage form comprises a tablet, capsule, or solution. [Embodiment 10] The method according to any one of embodiments 1-9, wherein the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least 3 years. [Embodiment 11] The method according to any one of embodiments 1-10, wherein the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least four years. [Embodiment 12] The method according to any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein the patient did not have a first CBV event prior to initiation of administration of the migalastat or salt thereof. [Embodiment 13] The method according to any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein the patient had a first CBV event before initiating administration of the migalastat or salt thereof. [Embodiment 14] The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the patient is an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) naive patient. [Embodiment 15] The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the patient is an ERT-experienced patient. [Embodiment 16] The method according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the patient has a HEK assay-amenable mutation in α-galactosidase A. [Embodiment 17] The method of embodiment 16, wherein the mutation is disclosed in a pharmacological reference table. [Embodiment 18] The method of embodiment 17, wherein said pharmacological reference table is provided in the drug product labeling of a migalastat drug product approved for the treatment of Fabry disease. [Embodiment 19] The method of embodiment 18, wherein said pharmacological reference table is provided in the GALAFOLD® formulation label. [Embodiment 20] The method of embodiment 18, wherein the pharmacological reference table is provided on a website. [Embodiment 21] 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the website is one or more of www.galafoldamenabilitytable.com or www.fabrygenevariantsearch.com. [Embodiment 22] 1. A method for treating Fabry disease in a patient having an increased risk of a cerebrovascular (CBV) event, comprising administering to the patient a formulation comprising an effective amount of migalastat or a salt thereof every other day for at least two years, wherein the effective amount is about 100 mg to about 150 mg free base equivalent (FBE). [Embodiment 23] 23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the CBV event comprises one or more of brain stem ischemia, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, embolic stroke, or transient ischemic attack. [Embodiment 24] 23. The method of embodiment 21 or 22, wherein said migalastat or a salt thereof enhances α-galactosidase A activity. [Embodiment 25] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-24, wherein the patient is administered about 123 mg FBE of the migalastat or salt thereof every other day. [Embodiment 26] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-25, wherein the patient is administered about 123 mg of migalastat free base every other day. [Embodiment 27] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-25, wherein the patient is administered about 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride every other day. [Embodiment 28] The method of any one of embodiments 22-27, wherein the formulation comprises an oral dosage form. [Embodiment 29] 29. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the oral dosage form comprises a tablet, capsule, or solution. [Embodiment 30] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-29, wherein the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least 3 years. [Embodiment 31] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-30, wherein the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least 4 years. [Embodiment 32] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-31, wherein the patient did not have a first CBV event before starting administration of the migalastat or a salt thereof. [Embodiment 33] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-31, wherein the patient had a first CBV event before initiating administration of the migalastat or salt thereof. [Embodiment 34] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-33, wherein the patient is an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) naive patient. [Embodiment 35] The method according to any one of embodiments 22-33, wherein the patient is an ERT-experienced patient. [Embodiment 36] The method of any one of embodiments 22 to 35, wherein the patient has a HEK assay-amenable mutation in α-galactosidase A. [Embodiment 37] The method of embodiment 36, wherein the mutation is disclosed in a pharmacological reference table. [Embodiment 38] The method of embodiment 37, wherein said pharmacological reference table is provided in the drug product labeling of a migalastat drug product approved for the treatment of Fabry disease. [Embodiment 39] The method of embodiment 38, wherein said pharmacological reference table is provided in the GALAFOLD® formulation label. [Embodiment 40] The method of embodiment 38, wherein the pharmacological reference table is provided on a website. [Embodiment 41] The method of embodiment 40, wherein the website is one or more of www.galafoldamenabilitytable.com or www.fabrygenevariantsearch.com.

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical for reducing the risk of cerebrovascular (CBV) events in patients with Fabry disease, comprising migalastat or a salt thereof, wherein a formulation comprising an effective amount of migalastat or a salt thereof is administered to the patient every other day for at least two years, and the effective amount is about 100 mg to about 150 mg free base equivalent (FBE).

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the CBV event includes one or more of brain stem ischemia, cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular disease, embolic stroke, or transient ischemic attack.

3. The pharmaceutical composition described in claim 1 or 2, wherein the migalastat or a salt thereof enhances α-galactosidase A activity.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the patient is administered approximately 123 mg FBE of migalastat or a salt thereof every other day.

5. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the patient is administered approximately 150 mg of migalastat hydrochloride every other day.

6. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the formulation comprises an oral dosage form.

7. The pharmaceutical of claim 6, wherein the oral dosage form comprises a tablet, capsule, or solution.

8. A pharmaceutical composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the migalastat or a salt thereof is administered for at least three or four years.

9. The pharmaceutical agent described in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the patient had not had a first CBV event prior to initiation of administration of the migalastat or a salt thereof.

10. The pharmaceutical composition described in any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the patient had a first CBV event prior to initiation of administration of the migalastat or a salt thereof.

11. The pharmaceutical composition described in any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the patient is an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) naive patient.

12. The pharmaceutical composition described in any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the patient is an ERT-experienced patient.

13. The pharmaceutical composition described in any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the patient has a HEK assay-applicable mutation in α-galactosidase A.

14. The pharmaceutical described in claim 13, wherein the mutation is disclosed in a pharmacological reference table.

15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the pharmacological reference table is provided in the product label of a migalastat product approved for the treatment of Fabry disease.

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