Method and apparatus for multicast / broadcast services

Abstract

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method and apparatus for a multicast / broadcast service (MBS). The method, implemented by a user equipment (UE), includes receiving a paging message from a radio access network node, the paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The method further includes sending a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message. The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Non-limiting and exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to the technical field of communications, and more particularly to methods and apparatus for multicast / broadcast services (MBS). [Background technology]

[0002] This section introduces aspects that may facilitate a better understanding of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the statements in this section are to be read in this light and not understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.

[0003] Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) is a point-to-multipoint service in which data is transmitted from a single source entity to multiple receivers. There are two types of MBS sessions: broadcast sessions and multicast sessions.

[0004] 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) TS23.247 V17.0.0, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes architecture extensions for 5G (5th generation) multicast broadcast services. As described in 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0, the term "5GC individual MBS traffic delivery" means that a 5G (5th generation) CN (core network) receives a single copy of MBS data packets and delivers separate copies of those MBS data packets to individual UEs (user equipments) via PDU sessions per UE; therefore, for each such UE, one protocol data unit (PDU) session is required to be associated with the multicast session. The term "5GC shared MBS traffic delivery" means that a 5G CN receives a single copy of MBS data packets and delivers a single copy of those MBS data packets to a RAN (radio access network) node. The term "associated PDU session" refers to a PDU session associated with a multicast session, used for the 5GC (5G Core Network) dedicated MBS traffic delivery method and for signaling related to user participation in the multicast session, such as join and leave requests. The term "multicast MBS session" refers to an MBS session for delivering multicast communication services. A multicast MBS session is characterized by the content to be sent, by a list of UEs that can receive the service, and optionally by a multicast area to which the service should be distributed.

[0005] The term TMGI (Temporary Mobile Group Identity) is defined in 3GPP TS23.003 V17.2.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and is used to be able to identify a broadcast MBS session or a multicast MBS session.

[0006] Figure 1a shows a 5G system architecture for multicast and broadcast services, which is the same as Figure 5.1-1 of 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0. Figure 1b shows a 5G MBS system architecture in reference point representation, which is the same as Figure 5.1-2 of 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0. The 5G MBS system architecture may comprise functional entities such as PCF (Policy Control Function), MB-SMF (Multicast / Broadcast Session Management Function), SMF (Session Management Function), MB-UPF (Multicast / Broadcast User Plane Function), UPF (User Plane Function), AMF (Access and Mobility Management Function), NG-RAN (Next Generation Radio Access Network), UE (User Equipment), AF / AS (Application Function / Application Server), NEF (Network Publishing Function), MBSF (Multicast / Broadcast Service Function), MBSTF (Multicast / Broadcast Service Transport Function), UDM (Unified Data Management), UDR (Unified Data Repository), NRF (Network Repository Function), etc. These functional entities are described in clause 5.3.2 of 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0.

[0007] The MBSF is optional and may be co-located with the NEF or AF / AS, and the MBSTF is an optional network function.

[0008] The existing service-based interfaces of Nnrf, Nudm, and Nsmf will be extended to support 5G MBS. The existing service-based interfaces of Npcf and Nnef will be extended to support 5G MBS.

[0009] xMB-C / MB2-C and xMB-U / MB2-U are targeted at legacy ASes. 5G MBS-enabled AFs use either Nmbsf or Nnef to interact with MBSFs.

[0010] For example, the MB-SMF may perform the following functions to support MBS: - Generic for multicast and broadcast sessions: - Support MBS session management (including QoS (Quality of Service) control). - Configuring the MB-UPF for transport of multicast and broadcast flows based on policy rules for multicast and broadcast services from the PCF or local policy. - Allocating and deallocating TMGI. - Specific to broadcast sessions: - Interacting with the RAN (via AMF) to control data transport using the 5GC shared MBS traffic delivery method. - Specific to multicast sessions: - Interacting with the SMF to modify PDU sessions related to the MBS. - Interacting with the RAN (via AMF and SMF) to establish data transmission resources between the MB-UPF and RAN nodes for the 5GC shared MBS traffic delivery method. - Controlling multicast data transport using the 5GC individual MBS traffic delivery method.

[0011] The SMF may perform the following functions to support MBS: - Discovering the MB-SMF for a multicast session. - Allow multicast session join operations, if required. - Interacting with the MB-SMF to obtain and manage multicast session contexts. - Interacting with the RAN to establish shared data transmission resources.

[0012] NOTE: The SMF and MB-SMF may be co-located or deployed separately.

[0013] The AMF may perform the following functions to support MBS: - Signaling with NG-RAN and MB-SMF for MBS session management. - Selection of NG-RAN for notification of multicast session activation towards UEs in CM (Connection Management)-IDLE state. - NG-RAN selection for broadcasting. - Signaling with the NG-RAN for NG-RAN MBS capabilities, or NG-RAN MBS capability can be configured.

[0014] The MBS system architecture may include the following reference points:

[0015] N3mb: Reference point between (R)AN and MB-UPF.

[0016] N4mb: Reference point between MB-SMF and MB-UPF.

[0017] N6mb: Reference point between MB-UPF and AF / AS.

[0018] N7mb: Reference point between MB-SMF and PCF.

[0019] N11mb: Reference point between AMF and MB-SMF.

[0020] N16mb: Reference point between SMF and MB-SMF.

[0021] N19mb: Reference point between UPF and MB-UPF.

[0022] N29mb: Reference point between MB-SMF and NEF.

[0023] Nmb1: Reference point between MB-SMF and MBSF.

[0024] Nmb2: Reference point between MBSF and MBSTF.

[0025] Nmb5: Reference point between MBSF and NEF.

[0026] Nmb8: Reference point between MBSTF and AF.

[0027] Nmb9: Reference point between MB-UPF and MBSTF.

[0028] Nmb10: Reference point between MBSF and AF.

[0029] Nmb12: Reference point between MBSF and PCF.

[0030] Nmb13: Reference point between MB-SMF and AF.

[0031] The 5G system architecture for MBS reuses existing reference points N1, N2, N4, N10, N11, N30 and N33 with extensions to support MBS.

[0032] Clause 7 of 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0 describes various MBS procedures, such as MBS subscription and session establishment procedures, and MBS session activation procedures.

[0033] Figure 1c shows the MBS session activation procedure, which is the same as Figure 7.2.5.2-1 in S2-2108011, 3GPP TSG-SA2 Meeting #147E (Electrical Conference), Elbonia, October 18-22, 2021. S2-2108011 has been agreed upon and will be reflected in 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0.

[0034] As explained in S2-21080111, in this procedure, steps 2 to 10 and steps 11 to 14 can be performed in parallel.

[0035] 1. The procedure can be triggered by the following events:

[0036] When the MB-UPF receives downlink data for a multicast MBS session, based on an instruction from the MB-SMF (as described in clause 7.2.5.3 of 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0), the MB-UPF sends an N4mb notification (N4 session ID) to the MB-SMF to indicate the arrival of DL MBS data.

[0037] - The AF sends an MBS activation request (TMGI) to the MB-SMF directly or via the NEF.

[0038] 2. The MB-SMF sends Nmbsmf_MBSSession_ContextStatusNotify(subscription correlation information) to the SMF(s).

[0039] Based on the received subscription correlation information, the SMF sets the relevant multicast MBS session state as "active" and finds out the list of UEs that have subscribed to the multicast MBS session identified by the relevant TMGI. If the SMF determines that the user plane of the relevant PDU session(s) of the UE(s) for the TMGI is already activated, steps 3 to 7 shall be skipped for those UE(s).

[0040] 3. The SMF sends a Namf_MT_EnableGroupReachability request (list of UEs and PDU session IDs of the associated PDU sessions, TMGI, UE reachability notification address) to the AMF(s). When a subsequent UE is unreachable, the UE reachability notification address is used by the AMF to identify the involved SMFs, notify them, and activate the associated PDU sessions.

[0041] After receiving the request, for each UE in the list, the AMF determines the CM state of the UE, see steps 4 to 7.

[0042] 4a. If there are UEs involved in the multicast MBS session and in CM-CONNECTED state, the AMF responds to the SMF with the Namf_MT_EnableGroupReachability response (UE list). Otherwise, the response does not include a UE list.

[0043] 4b. For each UE in the UE list included in step 4a, the SMF sends Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer (N2 SM information (MBS session identifier, associated QoS profile, mapping information between unicast QoS flows and multicast QoS flows)) to the AMF for the UE identified in step 3. The associated QoS profile and mapping information between unicast QoS flows and multicast QoS flows are included to support 5GC individualized MBS traffic delivery.

[0044] The procedure continues at step 9.

[0045] 5. [Conditional] If the AMF determines that there are UEs in CM-IDLE state and involved in a multicast MBS session, the AMF resolves a paging area covering all registration areas of those UE(s) that need to be paged. The AMF sends a paging request message to the NG-RAN node(s) belonging to this paging area using TMGI as an identifier to be paged if the involved NG-RAN node(s) support MBS. If the NG-RAN node(s) do not support MBS, the AMF sends a paging message to the NG-RAN node(s) for each UE without using an MBS session ID, as described in step 4b in clause 4.2.3.3 of 3GPP TS23.502 V17.2.1.

[0046] NOTE 1: Paging details are specified by the RAN WG.

[0047] 6. The UE(s) in CM-IDLE state send a service request message to the AMF, see section 4.2.3 of 3GPP TS23.502 V17.2.1.

[0048] 7a. After receiving a service request sent by the UE(s),

[0049] Based on the received PDU session ID in step 3, the AMF identifies the involved SMF and sends an Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request. The procedure continues in step 9. Or

[0050] Based on the received UE reachability notification address in step 3, the AMF identifies the relevant SMFs and notifies them of the currently reachable UE(s) and their location information by using a Namf_MT_UEReachabilityInfoNotify message. In this case, the message may be a separate notification or may be combined with step 8.

[0051] 8. For UE(s) that do not respond to the paging, the AMF informs the SMF of the paging failure in Namf_MT_UEReachabilityInfoNotify.

[0052] For the UE(s) notified as reachable via the Namf_MT_UEReachabilityInfoNotify message, the SMF sends a Namf_Communication_N1N2MessageTransfer(N2 SM Info()) to the AMF.

[0053] 9. The AMF sends an N2 request message (N2 SM information()) to the RAN node.

[0054] 10a. If a shared tunnel has not been previously established, it is established in this step as specified in clause 7.2.1.4 of 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0. The NG-RAN configures RRC messages to the UE, if necessary.

[0055] 10b. Steps 9 to 12 specified in clause 7.2.1.3 of 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0 are performed. If 5GC dedicated MBS traffic delivery is used, the SMF configures the UPF for the dedicated delivery and, if necessary, requests the MB-SMF to configure the MB-UPF to send multicast data to the UPF.

[0056] 11. If the MB-SMF finds that there is an established shared tunnel, steps 11 to 15 are performed. The MB-SMF sends a Namf_MBSCommunication_N2MessageTransfer request (TMGI, N2 SM information (activation, TMGI)) to the AMF for the NG-RAN node that has a shared tunnel with the MB-UPF. This step can be performed in parallel with step 2.

[0057] NOTE 2: The messages in steps 10a, 11 and 12 are MBS specific and it is possible that the AMF(s) in steps 10a, 11 and 12 are not relevant to any UE involved in the multicast MBS session.

[0058] 12. The AMF sends an NGAP activation request message (N2 SM information()) to the NG-RAN node.

[0059] 13. The NG-RAN node responds to the AMF with an NGAP Activation Response message. The NG-RAN node establishes radio resources for transmitting multicast MBS session data to the UE(s). The NG-RAN shall not release the radio connection of UEs that have joined only the multicast session, since no unicast traffic will be received for those UEs.

[0060] 14. AMF to MB-SMF: Namf_MBSCommunication_N2MessageTransfer response().

[0061] 15. The MB-SMF sends an N4mb Session Modify Request to the MB-UPF to forward the received packets. The MB-UPF responds to the MB-SMF with an N4mb Session Modify Response that acknowledges the MB-SMF request. For further details, see 3GPP TS23.502 V17.2.1, Section 4.4. Summary of the Invention

[0062] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0063] The existing MBS session activation procedure has several problems.

[0064] Upon MBS session activation, the NG-RAN may perform group paging in the following manner according to clause 7.2.5.2 of TS23.247 V17.0.0.

[0065] Step 5 of Figure 1c: As requested by the AMF, the NG-RAN may perform group paging for CM-IDLE UEs using the MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) as an identifier.

[0066] Step 12 of FIG. 1c: The NG-RAN may perform group paging for RRC-INACTIVE UEs using the MBS session ID (eg, TMGI) as an identifier.

[0067] Because group paging is based on an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI), CM-IDLE UEs may respond to group paging messages intended for RRC-INACTIVE UEs. RRC-INACTIVE UEs may also respond to group paging messages intended for CM-IDLE UEs.

[0068] When a CM-IDLE UE responds to the group paging triggered in step 12 of Figure 1c, the CM-IDLE UE may send a service request to the AMF. In this case, unlike step 5 of Figure 1c, the AMF does not have related information received from the SMF (e.g., the AMF does not have the PDU session ID or UE reachability notification address of the related PDU session), which causes a problem that the AMF cannot find an appropriate SMF. Therefore, the UE subscription information of some UEs may not be able to be provided to the NG-RAN, and therefore, those UEs will not be able to receive MBS data.

[0069] To overcome or mitigate at least one of the above-mentioned problems or other problems, embodiments of the present disclosure propose an improved MBS solution.

[0070] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided for user equipment (UE). The method includes receiving a paging message from a radio access network node, the paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The method further includes transmitting a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message. The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0071] In one embodiment, the first information includes an ID of the first PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the first PDU session.

[0072] In one embodiment, the first MBS Session ID includes a Temporary Mobile Group Identity (TMGI).

[0073] In one embodiment, the first information includes a new information element including a status of a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0074] In one embodiment, the first information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0075] In one embodiment, the method further includes receiving a new paging message from the radio access network node, the new paging message including the second MBS session ID, and the service request further includes the second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0076] In one embodiment, the second information includes an ID of the second PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the second PDU session.

[0077] In one embodiment, the second MBS session ID includes the TMGI.

[0078] In one embodiment, the second information includes a new information element including a status of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session.

[0079] In one embodiment, the second information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a second PDU session associated with a second MBS session identified by a second MBS session ID.

[0080] In one embodiment, when the same PDU session is associated with both the first MBS session and the second MBS session, the second information or the first information is included in the service request.

[0081] In one embodiment, sending a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message includes sending a service request to the radio access network node when the UE is in a connection management idle state.

[0082] In one embodiment, the radio access network node comprises a radio access network node in a fifth generation system.

[0083] In a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided for radio access network node implementation. The method includes transmitting a paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The method further includes receiving a service request from a user equipment (UE). The method further includes sending the service request to an access and mobility function (AMF). The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0084] In one embodiment, the first information includes an ID of the first PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the first PDU session.

[0085] In one embodiment, the first MBS Session ID includes a Temporary Mobile Group Identity (TMGI).

[0086] In one embodiment, the first information includes a new information element including a status of a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0087] In one embodiment, the first information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0088] In one embodiment, the method further includes transmitting a new paging message including the second MBS session ID, and the service request further includes the second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0089] In one embodiment, the second information includes an ID of the second PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the second PDU session.

[0090] In one embodiment, the second MBS session ID includes the TMGI.

[0091] In one embodiment, the second information includes a new information element including a status of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session.

[0092] In one embodiment, the second information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a second PDU session associated with a second MBS session identified by a second MBS session ID.

[0093] In one embodiment, when the same PDU session is associated with both the first MBS session and the second MBS session, the second information or the first information is included in the service request.

[0094] In one embodiment, the UE is in a connection management idle state.

[0095] In one embodiment, the radio access network node comprises a radio access network node in a fifth generation system.

[0096] In a third aspect of the present disclosure, a method is provided that is implemented by an Access and Mobility Function (AMF). The method includes receiving a service request from a radio access network node. The method further includes determining a Session Management Function (SMF) based on the service request. The service request includes a first Multicast / Broadcast Service (MBS) session identifier (ID) and first information indicating an ID of a first Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0097] In one embodiment, the first information includes an ID of the first PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the first PDU session.

[0098] In one embodiment, the first MBS Session ID includes a Temporary Mobile Group Identity (TMGI).

[0099] In one embodiment, the first information includes a new information element including a status of a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0100] In one embodiment, the first information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0101] In one embodiment, the service request further includes a second MBS session ID and second information indicating the ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0102] In one embodiment, the second information includes an ID of the second PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the second PDU session.

[0103] In one embodiment, the second MBS session ID includes the TMGI.

[0104] In one embodiment, the second information includes a new information element including a status of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session.

[0105] In one embodiment, the second information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a second PDU session associated with a second MBS session identified by a second MBS session ID.

[0106] In one embodiment, when the same PDU session is associated with both the first MBS session and the second MBS session, the second information or the first information is included in the service request.

[0107] In one embodiment, the radio access network node comprises a radio access network node in a fifth generation system.

[0108] In a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, a user equipment (UE) is provided. The UE comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory contains instructions executable by the processor. The UE is operable to receive a paging message from a radio access network node, the paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The UE is further operable to send a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message. The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0109] In a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, a radio access network node is provided. The radio access network node includes a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory includes instructions executable by the processor. The radio access network node is operable to transmit a paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The radio access network node is further operable to receive a service request from a user equipment (UE). The radio access network node is further operable to send the service request to an access and mobility function (AMF). The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0110] In a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, an Access and Mobility Function (AMF) is provided. The AMF comprises a processor and a memory coupled to the processor. The memory includes instructions executable by the processor. The AMF is operable to receive a service request from a radio access network node. The AMF is further operable to determine a Session Management Function (SMF) based on the service request. The service request includes a first Multicast / Broadcast Service (MBS) session identifier (ID) and first information indicating an ID of a first Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0111] In a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, a UE is provided. The UE comprises: a first receiving module configured to receive a paging message from a radio access network node, the paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The UE further comprises a transmitting module configured to transmit a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message. The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0112] In one embodiment, the UE further comprises a second receiving module configured to receive a new paging message from a radio access network node, the new paging message including a second MBS session ID, the service request further including the second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0113] In an eighth aspect of the present disclosure, a radio access network node is provided. The radio access network node comprises a first transmitting module configured to transmit a paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The radio access network node further comprises a receiving module configured to receive a service request from a user equipment (UE). The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. The radio access network node further comprises a sending module configured to send the service request to an access and mobility function (AMF).

[0114] In one embodiment, the radio access network node further comprises a second transmitting module configured to transmit a new paging message including the second MBS session ID, wherein the service request further includes the second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0115] In a ninth aspect of the present disclosure, an AMF is provided. The AMF comprises: a receiving module configured to receive a service request from a radio access network node. The service request includes a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID) and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. The AMF further comprises a determining module configured to determine a session management function (SMF) based on the service request.

[0116] In a tenth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the methods according to the first, second and third aspects of the present disclosure.

[0117] In an eleventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising instructions that, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the methods according to the first, second and third aspects of the present disclosure.

[0118] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a communication system is provided that includes a host computer. The host computer includes a processing circuit configured to provide user data and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a terminal device. The cellular network includes a network device (such as the AMF or radio access network node described above) and / or a terminal device (such as the UE described above).

[0119] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the system further includes a terminal device configured to communicate with the network device.

[0120] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application and thereby provide user data, and the terminal device includes processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.

[0121] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication system including a host computer and a network device. The host computer includes a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a terminal device, the transmission being from the terminal device to the network device. The network device is as described above and / or the terminal device is as described above.

[0122] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, and the terminal device is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing user data to be received by the host computer.

[0123] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented in a communication system that may include a host computer, a network device, and a terminal device. The method may include providing user data at the host computer. Optionally, the method may include initiating a transmission at the host computer to carry the user data to the terminal device over a cellular network that includes a network device that may perform any step of the method according to the second and third aspects of the present disclosure.

[0124] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication system including a host computer. The host computer may include a processing circuit configured to provide user data and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a terminal device. The cellular network may include a network device having a wireless interface and a processing circuit. The processing circuit of the network device may be configured to perform any step of the method according to the second and third aspects of the present disclosure.

[0125] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented in a communication system that may include a host computer, a network device, and a terminal device. The method may include providing user data at the host computer. Optionally, the method may include initiating a transmission at the host computer that carries the user data to the terminal device over a cellular network that includes the network device. The terminal device may perform any step of the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.

[0126] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication system including a host computer. The host computer may include a processing circuit configured to provide user data and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a terminal device. The terminal device may include a wireless interface and a processing circuit. The processing circuit of the terminal device may be configured to perform any step of a method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.

[0127] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented in a communication system that may include a host computer, a network device, and a terminal device, the method may include receiving, at the host computer, user data transmitted to the network device from the terminal device, which may perform any step of the method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.

[0128] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication system including a host computer. The host computer may comprise a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a terminal device to a network device. The terminal device may comprise a wireless interface and a processing circuit. The processing circuit of the terminal device may be configured to perform any step of a method according to the first aspect of the present disclosure.

[0129] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method implemented in a communication system that may include a host computer, a network device, and a terminal device. The method may include receiving, at the host computer, from the network device, user data originating from a transmission that the network device received from the terminal device. The network device may perform any step of the method according to the second and third aspects of the present disclosure.

[0130] In another aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a communication system that may include a host computer. The host computer may have a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a terminal device to a network device. The network device may have a wireless interface and a processing circuit. The processing circuit of the network device may be configured to perform any step of the method according to the second and third aspects of the present disclosure.

[0131] Many advantages can be achieved by applying the proposed solution according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments herein, when group paging is implemented in a radio access network node, such as an NG-RAN, a CM-IDLE UE responds to the group paging by sending a service request to an AMF. The service request may include at least one MBS session ID and information indicating a PDU session ID associated with the at least one MBS session ID. Thus, the AMF can handle the service request appropriately. For example, the AMF can determine an SMF based on the associated PDU session ID. Thus, UE subscription information for these UEs may be provided to a radio access network node, such as an NG-RAN. Thus, these UEs will be able to receive MBS data. The embodiments herein are not limited to the above-described features and advantages. Those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.

[0132] The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of various embodiments of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which, by way of example, like reference numerals or letters are used to designate like or equivalent elements. The drawings are presented to facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments of the present disclosure and are not necessarily drawn to scale. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0133] [Figure 1a] FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G system architecture for multicast and broadcast services. [Figure 1b] A diagram showing the 5G MBS system architecture in reference point representation. [Figure 1c] A diagram showing an MBS session activation procedure. [Figure 2] 1 is a flowchart of a method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] 10 is a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4] 10 is a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 5] 10 is a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] 10 is a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] 10 is a flowchart of a UE performing a service request procedure to respond to a group paging according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8a] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus suitable for practicing some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 8b] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a UE according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8c] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a radio access network node according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 8d] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an AMF according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a wireless network according to some embodiments. [Figure 10] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a virtualization environment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 12]FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a communication network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network, according to some embodiments. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a host computer communicating with user equipment via a base station over a partially wireless connection, according to some embodiments. [Figure 14] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 15] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 16] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. [Figure 17] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0134] Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that these embodiments are not intended to imply any limitation on the scope of the present disclosure, but are merely discussed to enable those skilled in the art to better understand and therefore implement the present disclosure. References throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language do not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present disclosure should be or are in a single embodiment of the present disclosure. Rather, language referring to features and advantages should be understood to mean that a particular feature, advantage, or characteristic described with respect to one embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the described features, advantages, and characteristics of the present disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the present disclosure may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other cases, additional features and advantages may be recognized in some embodiments, which may not be present in all embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0135] As used herein, the term "network" refers to a network conforming to any suitable communications standard, such as new radio (NR), long term evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced, wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), high-speed packet access (HSPA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple addressing (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA), and other wireless networks. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA). UTRA includes WCDMA and other variants of CDMA. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network may implement wireless technologies such as Enhanced UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDMA, ad hoc networks, wireless sensor networks, etc. In the following description, the terms "network" and "system" may be used interchangeably. Furthermore, communication between two devices in a network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocol, including, but not limited to, communication protocols defined by standards bodies such as 3GPP. For example, the communication protocol may include first generation (1G), 2G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future.

[0136] The term "network device" or "network node" or "network function (NF)" refers to any suitable function that can be implemented in a network element (physical or virtual) of a communication network. For example, a network function can be implemented either as a network element on dedicated hardware, as a software instance running on dedicated hardware, or as a virtualized function instantiated on a suitable platform, e.g., a cloud infrastructure. For example, a 5G system (5GS) may comprise multiple NFs, such as an AMF (Access and Mobility Management Function), an SMF (Session Management Function), an AUSF (Authentication Service Function), an UDM (Unified Data Management), a PCF (Policy Control Function), an AF (Application Function), an NEF (Network Publishing Function), an UPF (User Plane Function), and an NRF (Network Repository Function), a RAN (Radio Access Network), an SCP (Service Communication Proxy), an NWDAF (Network Data Analysis Function), an NSSF (Network Slice Selection Function), and an NSSAAF (Network Slice Specific Authentication and Authorization Function).

[0137] The term "terminal device" refers to any end device capable of accessing and receiving services from a communication network. By way of example and not limitation, a terminal device may refer to a mobile terminal, user equipment (UE), or other suitable device. A UE may be, for example, a subscriber station (SS), a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS), or an access terminal (AT). Terminal devices may include, but are not limited to, portable computers, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, mobile phones, cellular phones, smartphones, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop telephones, tablets, wearable devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable computers, desktop computers, wearable terminal devices, in-vehicle wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop embedded equipment (LEEs), laptop mounted equipment (LMEs), USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer premises equipment (CPEs), etc. In the following description, the terms "terminal device," "terminal," "user equipment," and "UE" may be used interchangeably. As an example, a terminal device may represent a UE configured for communication according to one or more communication standards promulgated by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project), such as the 3GPP's LTE or NR standards. As used herein, "user equipment" or "UE" does not necessarily have a "user" in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the associated device. In some embodiments, a terminal device may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, a terminal device may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to a request from the communication network. Instead, a UE may represent a device intended for sale to or operation by a human user, but which may not be initially associated with a particular human user.

[0138] As yet another example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a terminal device may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements and transmits results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another terminal device and / or network equipment. The terminal device, in this case, may be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may be referred to as a machine-type communication (MTC) device in a 3GPP context. As one particular example, the terminal device may be a UE that implements the 3GPP Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard. Specific examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or household or personal appliances, e.g., personal wearables such as refrigerators, televisions, and clocks. In other scenarios, the terminal device may represent a vehicle or other equipment capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions related to its operation.

[0139] References herein to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "exemplary embodiment," etc. indicate that the described embodiment may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described with respect to an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic with respect to other embodiments, whether or not explicitly described.

[0140] Although terms such as "first" and "second" may be used herein to describe various elements, it will be understood that these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are merely used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element may be referred to as a second element, and similarly, a second element may be referred to as a first element, without departing from the scope of the exemplary embodiments. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed terms.

[0141] As used herein, the phrase "at least one of A and B" or "at least one of A or B" should be understood to mean "A only, B only, or both A and B." The phrase "A and / or B" should be understood to mean "A only, B only, or both A and B."

[0142] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" are intended to include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises," "comprising," "has," "having," "includes," and / or "including," as used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components, etc., but do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and / or combinations thereof.

[0143] It should be noted that these terms used herein are used only for ease of description and distinction between nodes, devices or networks, etc. As technology develops, other terms with similar / same meanings may also be used.

[0144] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0145] Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any suitable type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described with reference to a communication system conforming to the exemplary system architecture shown in FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b. For simplicity, the system architecture of FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b illustrates only some example elements. In practice, the communication system may further include any additional elements suitable for supporting communication between terminal devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or terminal device. The communication system may provide communications and various types of services to one or more terminal devices to facilitate the terminal device's access to the communication system and / or use of services provided by or through the communication system.

[0146] 2 shows a flowchart of a method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure that may be performed by an apparatus implemented in / as a user equipment (UE) or communicatively coupled to a UE. Thus, the apparatus may provide means for accomplishing various portions of method 200, as well as means for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components.

[0147] At block 202, the UE may receive a paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID) from a radio access network node.

[0148] The radio access network node may be any suitable access network node that supports MBS. In one embodiment, the radio access network node may comprise a radio access network node in a fifth generation system. In another embodiment, the radio access network node may comprise an enhanced universal terrestrial radio access network node connected to a 5G core network (5GC). In another embodiment, the radio access network node may comprise a radio access network node that can connect to the 5G system architecture for multicast and broadcast services shown in Figures 1a and 1b.

[0149] A paging message may be sent to a UE for various reasons. For example, a paging message may be sent to a UE during an MBS session activation procedure. For example, in step 5 of Figure 1c, based on a request from the AMF, the NG-RAN may perform group paging for CM-IDLE UEs using an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) as an identifier. In step 12 of Figure 1c, the NG-RAN may perform group paging for RRC-INACTIVE UEs using an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) as an identifier.

[0150] In one embodiment, the UE has subscribed to an MBS session identified by an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI). For example, the MBS subscription and session establishment procedure described in TS23.247 V17.0.0, clause 7.2.1 may have been performed. In one embodiment, a core network node, such as an SMF, may know which UEs have subscribed to the MBS session identified by the MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI).

[0151] In one embodiment, the UE may be a UE in an IDLE state. In one embodiment, the UE may be a UE in a CONNECTED state. In one embodiment, the UE may be a UE in a CONNECTED state. In one embodiment, the UE may be a UE in a CONNECTED with RRC (Radio Resource Control) Inactive state. A terminal device in the IDLE state does not have an established NAS (Non-Access Stratum) signaling connection with the AMF. A terminal device in the CONNECTED state has a NAS signaling connection with the AMF. A terminal device in the CONNECTED with RRC Inactive state does not have an RRC (Radio Resource Control) connection between the terminal device and the RAN. The NAS signaling connection uses the RRC connection between the terminal device and the RAN. In one embodiment, the IDLE state may be the same as the CM-IDLE state described in clause 5.3.3.2.2 of 3GPP TS23.501 V17.1.1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, the CONNECTED state may be the same as the CM-CONNECTED state described in 3GPP TS23.501 V17.1.1, clause 5.3.3.2.3. The CONNECTED state with RRC inactivity may be the same as the CM-CONNECTED state with RRC inactivity described in 3GPP TS23.501 V17.1.1, clause 5.3.3.2.5.

[0152] At block 204, the UE may send a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message. In one embodiment, the service request includes a first MBS session ID and first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. In another embodiment, the service request includes first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0153] For example, the UE may send a service request to a radio access network node in response to a paging message during a service request procedure. The service request procedure may be used by a UE in a CM-IDLE state or in a core network (such as 5GC) to request the establishment of a secure connection to an AMF. The service request procedure may also be used both when the UE is in CM-IDLE and when it is in CM-CONNECTED to activate a user plane connection for an established PDU session.

[0154] The service request may be any suitable service request message. In one embodiment, the service request may be similar to the corresponding service request described in section 4.2.3.2 of 3GPP TS23.502 V17.1.0, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, except that the service request further includes a first MBS Session ID and first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS Session ID.

[0155] In one embodiment, the first information includes an ID of the first PDU session. In this embodiment, the first information may be explicit information.

[0156] In one embodiment, the first information may be used to derive an ID of the first PDU session. In this embodiment, the first information may be any suitable implicit information that may be used to derive an ID of the first PDU session.

[0157] In one embodiment, the first MBS Session ID includes a Temporary Mobile Group Identity (TMGI).

[0158] In one embodiment, the first information includes a new information element including the status of a first PDU session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. For example, a new IE (information element) for "Status of PDU session(s) associated with the MBS session causing group paging" may be introduced to indicate the PDU session(s) used by the UE(s) involved in the MBS session. The service request may include the new IE and the first MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI).

[0159] In one embodiment, the first information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0160] For example, the first information may be an uplink data status information element described in section 9.11.3.57 of 3GPP TS24.501 V17.3.1, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The uplink data status information element may be used to derive a PDU session ID.

[0161] As described in section 9.11.3.57 of 3GPP TS24.501 V17.3.1, the purpose of the Uplink Data Status information element is to indicate to the network which stored PDU sessions have pending uplink data.

[0162] The uplink data status information element is coded as shown in Table 1, which is the same as Figure 9.11.3.44.1 of 3GPP TS24.501 V17.3.1. IEI indicates the information element identifier. PSI indicates the PDU session identification information. TIFF0007747892000001.tif52170

[0163] PSI(x) shall be coded as follows:

[0164] PSI(0):

[0165] Bit 1 of octet 3 is spare and shall be coded as 0.

[0166] PSI(1)~PSI(15):

[0167] 0 indicates that no uplink data is pending for the corresponding PDU session identification, or that the PDU session is in the PDU SESSION INACTIVE state or the PDU SESSION ACTIVE state and user plane resources have already been established.

[0168] 1 indicates that uplink data is pending for the corresponding PDU session identification information and that user plane resources for the corresponding PDU session have not been established.

[0169] All bits in octets 5 through 34 are spare and shall be coded as 0 when the respective octet is included in an Information Element.

[0170] The "Uplink Data Status" can be used by the UE to indicate to the AMF which PDU session has UL (uplink) data to send. Based on the received PDU session ID (identifier), the AMF contacts the corresponding SMF, which further interacts with the NG-RAN to set up PDU session resources.

[0171] In this embodiment, it may reuse the "Uplink Data Status" IE to indicate the associated PDU session(s), even though there may be no uplink data pending. The UE will also include in the service request the TMGI(s) for the MBS session(s) causing group paging.

[0172] In one embodiment, the UE may send a service request to a radio access network node when the UE is in a connection management idle state (eg, a CM-IDLE state).

[0173] 2 shows a first user case of group paging. In the first user case, a radio access network node such as an NG-RAN performs group paging according to an MBS session (TMGI). A UE sends a service request with an associated PDU session ID and an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) to respond to the group paging. Based on the associated PDU session ID, the AMF sends an Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext to the SMF with the associated PDU session ID and MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI).

[0174] 3 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be implemented in / as a user equipment (UE) or performed by an apparatus communicatively coupled to the UE. Thus, the apparatus may provide means for accomplishing various parts of the method 300, as well as means for accomplishing other processes together with other components. For some parts described in the above embodiments, their description will be omitted here for brevity.

[0175] The UE may receive a paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID) from a radio access network node in block 302. Block 302 is the same as block 202 of FIG.

[0176] At block 304, the UE may receive a new paging message from the radio access network node that includes the second MBS session ID.

[0177] At block 306, the UE may send a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message.

[0178] The service request includes a first MBS session ID and first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. The service request further includes a second MBS session ID and second information indicating an identifier (ID) of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0179] The second information is similar to the first information described above.

[0180] In one embodiment, the second information includes an ID of the second PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the second PDU session.

[0181] In one embodiment, the second MBS session ID includes the TMGI.

[0182] In one embodiment, the second information includes a new information element including a status of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session.

[0183] In one embodiment, the second information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a second PDU session associated with a second MBS session identified by a second MBS session ID.

[0184] In one embodiment, when the same PDU session is associated with both the first MBS session and the second MBS session, the second information or the first information is included in the service request.

[0185] Figure 3 illustrates a second user case of group paging. In the second user case, a radio access network node, such as an NG-RAN, implements multiple group paging for several MBS sessions. In this case, the UE can combine responses of all multiple group paging requests into one service request. That is, there will be one or more associated PDU session IDs and multiple MBS session IDs (TMGIs) included in the service request. Based on the associated PDU session IDs, the AMF will identify one or more SMFs and send Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext to those SMFs separately. Each Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request will include the associated PDU session IDs and all MBS session IDs (TMGIs) handled by the SMF, so the SMF needs to resolve the appropriate TMGI to be handled based on the UE subscription information in the SMF.

[0186] It is also possible for the UE to combine response multiple group paging requests with the same associated PDU session ID into one service request. In this case, there will be exactly one associated PDU session ID and multiple MBS session IDs (TMGIs) included in each service request. Based on this associated PDU session ID, the AMF can send an Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext to the SMF with the associated PDU session ID and MBS session ID (TMGI).

[0187] The UE may also skip the combining operation and send the service requests one by one. In this case, there will be only one associated PDU Session ID and one TMGI included in each service request. The AMF will also handle the service requests as in the normal case.

[0188] 4 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in / as a radio access network node or communicatively coupled to a radio access network node. Thus, the apparatus may provide means for accomplishing various parts of method 400, as well as means for accomplishing other processes together with other components. For some parts described in the above embodiments, their description will be omitted here for brevity.

[0189] At block 402, the radio access network node may transmit a paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The paging message may be a broadcast message.

[0190] A paging message may be sent to a UE for various reasons. For example, a paging message may be sent during an MBS session activation procedure. For example, in step 5 of Figure 1c, based on a request from the AMF, the NG-RAN may perform group paging for CM-IDLE UEs using an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) as an identifier. In step 12 of Figure 1c, the NG-RAN may perform group paging for RRC-INACTIVE UEs using an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) as an identifier.

[0191] In block 404, the radio access network node may receive a service request from a user equipment (UE). The service request includes a first MBS session ID and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. For example, in block 204 of FIG. 2, the UE may send a service request to the radio access network node in response to a paging message, and the radio access network node may then receive the service request from the user equipment (UE).

[0192] The radio access network node may send a service request to an Access and Mobility Function (AMF) in block 406. For example, the service request may be included in an N2 message as described in clause 4.2.3.2 of 3GPP TS23.502 V17.2.1.

[0193] In one embodiment, the first information includes an ID of the first PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the first PDU session.

[0194] In one embodiment, the first MBS Session ID includes a Temporary Mobile Group Identity (TMGI).

[0195] In one embodiment, the first information includes a new information element including a status of a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0196] In one embodiment, the first information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0197] In one embodiment, the UE is in a connection management idle state.

[0198] In one embodiment, the radio access network node comprises a radio access network node in a fifth generation system.

[0199] 5 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in / as a radio access network node or communicatively coupled to a radio access network node. Thus, the apparatus may provide means for accomplishing various parts of method 500, as well as means for accomplishing other processes together with other components. For some parts described in the above embodiments, their description will be omitted here for brevity.

[0200] FIG. 5 relates to the second user case described above.

[0201] In block 502, a radio access network node may transmit a paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The paging message may be a broadcast message. Block 502 is the same as block 402 of FIG. 4.

[0202] The radio access network node may transmit a new paging message including the second MBS session ID at block 504. The service request further includes the second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0203] At block 506, the radio access network node may receive a service request from a user equipment (UE). The service request includes a first MBS session ID and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. The service request further includes a second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0204] The radio access network node may send a service request to an Access and Mobility Function (AMF) in block 508. For example, the service request may be included in an N2 message as described in clause 4.2.3.2 of 3GPP TS23.502 V17.2.1.

[0205] In one embodiment, the second information includes an ID of the second PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the second PDU session.

[0206] In one embodiment, the second MBS session ID includes the TMGI.

[0207] In one embodiment, the second information includes a new information element including a status of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session.

[0208] In one embodiment, the second information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a second PDU session associated with a second MBS session identified by a second MBS session ID.

[0209] In one embodiment, when the same PDU session is associated with both the first MBS session and the second MBS session, the second information or the first information is included in the service request.

[0210] 6 shows a flowchart of a method according to another embodiment of the present disclosure, which may be performed by an apparatus implemented in / as an Access and Mobility Function (AMF) or communicatively coupled to the AMF. Thus, the apparatus may provide means for accomplishing various parts of method 600, as well as means for accomplishing other processes in conjunction with other components. For some parts described in the above embodiments, their description will be omitted here for brevity.

[0211] At block 602, the AMF may receive a service request from a radio access network node. The service request includes a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID) and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. For example, the radio access network node may send the service request to the AMF at block 406 of FIG. 4, and the AMF may then receive the service request from the radio access network node.

[0212] In block 604, the AMF may determine a session management function (SMF) based on the service request. For example, the AMF may determine the SMF based on an ID of a first PDU session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. Method 600 may then continue at step 7 described in FIG. 1c. For example, after receiving a service request sent by the UE(s), based on the received first information (e.g., the associated PDU session ID), the AMF identifies an involved SMF and informs the involved SMF that the UE(s) are currently reachable, together with a TMGI and the associated PDU session ID provided to the SMF.

[0213] In group paging, a radio access network node such as an NG-RAN uses an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) as an identifier of an MBS session in a paging message. When a UE responds to the paging message, the UE includes an associated PDU session ID and an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) in a service request. The MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) may be used to indicate the MBS session for which the UE wishes to receive session data. The AMF will forward the MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) as well as the associated PDU session ID to the SMF, so that the SMF can instruct a radio access network node such as an NG-RAN to deliver MBS session data to the UE based on the TMGI and the associated PDU session ID. Furthermore, the AMF may maintain an unreachable UE list for each MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI). If the UE responds to the paging message (or is reachable), the AMF needs to remove the UE from the list. After a timeout (e.g., after a paging escalation), the UEs in the list will be considered unreachable and the AMF will notify the SMF about those unreachable UEs.

[0214] In one embodiment, the first information includes an ID of the first PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the first PDU session.

[0215] In one embodiment, the first MBS Session ID includes a Temporary Mobile Group Identity (TMGI).

[0216] In one embodiment, the first information includes a new information element including a status of a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0217] In one embodiment, the first information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a first PDU session associated with a first MBS session identified by a first MBS session ID.

[0218] In one embodiment, the service request further includes a second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID. For example, the AMF may determine an SMF based on the ID of the second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID. Method 600 may then continue at step 7 described in FIG. 1c. For example, after receiving a service request sent by the UE(s), based on the received second information, the AMF identifies an involved SMF and informs the involved SMF of the UE(s) that are currently reachable. Furthermore, the AMF may know that the ID of the second PDU session is associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0219] In one embodiment, the second information includes an ID of the second PDU session or is used to derive an ID of the second PDU session.

[0220] In one embodiment, the second MBS session ID includes the TMGI.

[0221] In one embodiment, the second information includes a new information element including a status of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session.

[0222] In one embodiment, the second information includes an uplink data status information element for indicating a second PDU session associated with a second MBS session identified by a second MBS session ID.

[0223] In one embodiment, when the same PDU session is associated with both the first MBS session and the second MBS session, the second information or the first information is included in the service request.

[0224] In one embodiment, the radio access network node comprises a radio access network node in a fifth generation system.

[0225] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of a UE performing a service request procedure to respond to a group paging according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0226] For a CM-IDLE UE responding to a group paging, the CM-IDLE UE sends a service request with service type "Mobile Terminated Service" as shown in FIG.

[0227] For PDU session information,

[0228] Alternative 1 (Alt-1): In step 701a, the UE sends a service request to the AMF. The service request may include a new IE for "Status of PDU session(s) related to MBS session(s) causing group paging" to indicate the PDU session(s) used by the UE related to the MBS session(s). The service request may also include TMGI(s) for the MBS session(s) causing group paging.

[0229] Alt-2: In step 701b, the UE sends a service request to the AMF. The service request may have no pending uplink data, but may include an "Uplink Data Status" IE (described in clause 9.11.3.57 of 3GPP TS24.501 V17.3.1) to indicate the associated PDU session(s). The service request may also include the TMGI(s) for the MBS session(s) causing group paging.

[0230] In step 702, after receiving a service request, the AMF determines the SMF based on the associated PDU session ID.

[0231] In step 703, the AMF sends an Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext request to the SMF.

[0232] In step 704, the SMF interacts with the NG-RAN as specified in clause 7.2.1.3 of 3GPP TS23.247 V17.0.0. For example, the SMF may provide the NG-RAN with UE subscription information.

[0233] For example, the AMF will forward an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI) as well as an associated PDU session ID to the SMF, so that the SMF can instruct a radio access network node, such as an NG-RAN, to deliver MBS session data to the UE based on the TMGI and the associated PDU session ID. Furthermore, the AMF may maintain an unreachable UE list for each MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI). If a UE responds to a paging message (or is reachable), the AMF needs to remove the UE from the list. After a timeout (e.g., after a paging escalation), the UEs in the list will be considered unreachable, and the AMF will notify the SMF about those unreachable UEs.

[0234] According to various embodiments, when a CM-IDLE UE responds to a group paging request that includes an MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI), the group paging request always includes the associated PDU session ID along with the MBS session ID (e.g., TMGI), so that the AMF can determine the appropriate SMF to invoke Nsmf_PDUSession_UpdateSMContext, and the SMF can provide the UE subscription information to the NG-RAN.

[0235] Many advantages can be achieved by applying the proposed solution according to the embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments herein, when group paging is implemented in a radio access network node, such as an NG-RAN, a CM-IDLE UE responds to the group paging by sending a service request to an AMF. The service request may include at least one MBS session ID and information indicating a PDU session ID associated with the at least one MBS session ID. Thus, the AMF can handle the service request appropriately. For example, the AMF can determine an SMF based on the associated PDU session ID. Thus, UE subscription information for these UEs may be provided to a radio access network node, such as an NG-RAN. Thus, these UEs will be able to receive MBS data. The embodiments herein are not limited to the above-described features and advantages. Those skilled in the art will recognize additional features and advantages upon reading the following detailed description.

[0236] 8a is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus suitable for practicing some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the UE, radio access network node, or AMF described above may be implemented as or through the apparatus 800.

[0237] The apparatus 800 comprises at least one processor 821, such as a digital processor (DP), and at least one memory (MEM) 822 coupled to the processor 821. The apparatus 800 may further comprise a transmitter TX and a receiver RX 823 coupled to the processor 821. The MEM 822 stores a program (PROG) 824. The PROG 824 may include instructions that, when executed on the associated processor 821, enable the apparatus 800 to operate according to embodiments of the present disclosure. The combination of the at least one processor 821 and the at least one MEM 822 may form a processing means 825 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0238] Various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by a computer program executable by one or more of the processor 821, software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof.

[0239] MEM822 may be of any type suitable for the local technology environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as, by way of non-limiting example, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed and removable memory, etc.

[0240] The processor 821 may be of any type suitable for the local technology environment, and may include, by way of non-limiting example, one or more of a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), and a processor based on a multi-core processor architecture.

[0241] In one embodiment in which the device is implemented as or in a UE, the memory 822 includes instructions executable by the processor 821 to cause the UE to operate according to any of the UE-related methods described above.

[0242] In one embodiment in which the apparatus is implemented as or in a radio access network node, the memory 822 includes instructions executable by the processor 821 to cause the radio access network node to operate according to any of the methods relating to the radio access network node described above.

[0243] In one embodiment in which the device is implemented as or in an AMF, the memory 822 includes instructions executable by the processor 821 such that the AMF operates according to any of the methods relating to the UE described above.

[0244] 8b is a block diagram illustrating a UE according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the UE 850 includes a first receiving module 851 configured to receive a paging message from a radio access network node, the paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The UE 850 further includes a transmitting module 852 configured to transmit a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message. The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an identifier (ID) of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID.

[0245] In one embodiment, the UE 850 further comprises a second receiving module 853 configured to receive a new paging message from the radio access network node, the new paging message including the second MBS session ID. The service request further includes the second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0246] 8c is a block diagram illustrating a radio access network node according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the radio access network node 860 comprises a first transmitting module 861 configured to transmit a paging message including a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID). The radio access network node 860 further comprises a receiving module 862 configured to receive a service request from a user equipment (UE). The service request includes the first MBS session ID and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. The radio access network node 860 further comprises a sending module 863 configured to send the service request to an access and mobility function (AMF).

[0247] In one embodiment, the radio access network node 860 further comprises a second transmitting module 864 configured to transmit a new paging message including the second MBS session ID. The service request further includes the second MBS session ID and second information indicating an ID of a second PDU session associated with the second MBS session identified by the second MBS session ID.

[0248] 8d is a block diagram illustrating an AMF according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the AMF 870 comprises a receiving module 871 configured to receive a service request from a radio access network node. The service request includes a first multicast / broadcast service (MBS) session identifier (ID) and first information indicating an ID of a first protocol data unit (PDU) session associated with the first MBS session identified by the first MBS session ID. The AMF 870 further comprises a determining module 872 configured to determine a session management function (SMF) based on the service request.

[0249] The term unit or module may have its usual meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices, and / or electronic devices, and may include, for example, electrical and / or electronic circuits, devices, modules, processors, memories, logical solid and / or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions, etc., for performing respective tasks, procedures, calculations, output, and / or display functions, such as those described herein.

[0250] When there is a functional unit, the UE, the radio access network node, or the AMF may not need a fixed processor or memory, and any computing resource and storage resource may be configured in the UE, the radio access network node, or the AMF in the communication system. The introduction of virtualization technology and network computing technology may improve the utilization efficiency of network resources and the flexibility of the network.

[0251] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program product comprising instructions tangibly stored on a computer-readable storage medium that, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the methods described above.

[0252] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a computer-readable storage medium is provided that stores instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform any of the methods described above.

[0253] Furthermore, an exemplary overall communication system including terminal devices and network nodes will be introduced as follows.

[0254] An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a communication system including a host computer including processing circuitry configured to provide user data and a communication interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network including base stations, such as the radio access network nodes described above, and / or terminal devices, such as the UEs described above, for transmission to terminal devices.

[0255] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the system further includes a terminal device, which is configured to communicate with the base station.

[0256] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application and thereby provide user data, and the terminal device includes processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application.

[0257] An embodiment of the present disclosure also provides a communication system including a host computer including a communication interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a terminal device, the transmission being from the terminal device to the base station, the terminal device being the UE described above, and the base station being the radio access network node described above.

[0258] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, and the terminal device is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing user data to be received by the host computer.

[0259] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a wireless network, according to some embodiments.

[0260] Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any suitable type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described with reference to a wireless network, such as the exemplary wireless network shown in FIG. 9. For simplicity, the wireless network of FIG. 9 illustrates only network 1006, network nodes 1060 and 1060b (corresponding to network-side nodes), and WDs 1010, 1010b, and 1010c (corresponding to terminal devices). In practice, the wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable for supporting communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the components shown, network node 1060 and wireless device (WD) 1010 are illustrated with additional detail. A wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate their access to the wireless network and / or use of services offered by or via the wireless network.

[0261] A wireless network may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and / or radio network, or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, a wireless network may be configured to operate according to a particular standard or other type of predefined rules or procedures. Accordingly, particular embodiments of a wireless network may implement communication standards such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards, wireless local area network (WLAN) standards such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, and / or any other suitable wireless communication standard, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, and / or ZigBee standards.

[0262] The network 1006 may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTN), packet data networks, optical networks, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks for enabling communication between devices.

[0263] The network node 1060 and the WD 1010 comprise various components, which are described in more detail below. These components cooperate to provide network node and / or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connectivity in a wireless network. In different embodiments, a wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals, whether via wired or wireless connections.

[0264] As used herein, a network node refers to a device capable of, set up, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with wireless devices and / or other network nodes or devices in a wireless network to enable and / or provide wireless access to wireless devices and / or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., wireless access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs), and NR Node Bs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated another way, their transmit power level), and may then be referred to as femto, pico, micro, or macro base stations. A base station may also be a relay node or a relay donor node, controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station, such as a centralized digital unit and / or a remote radio unit (RRU), sometimes referred to as a remote radio head (RRH). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna-integrated radio. Portions of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Still further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as an MSR BS, a network controller such as a radio network controller (RNC) or base station controller (BSC), a base transceiver station (BTS), a transmission point, a transmitting node, a multi-cell / multicast coordination entity (MCE), a core network node (e.g., MSC, MME), an O&M node, an OSS node, a SON node, a positioning node (e.g., E-SMLC), and / or an MDT. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node, as described in more detail below.However, more generally, a network node may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) that is capable of, set up, configured, and / or operable to enable and / or provide wireless devices with access to a wireless network or to provide some service to wireless devices that have accessed the wireless network.

[0265] In FIG. 9 , network node 1060 includes processing circuitry 1070, device-readable medium 1080, interface 1090, auxiliary equipment 1084, power supply 1086, power circuitry 1087, and antenna 1062. While network node 1060 shown in the example wireless network of FIG. 9 may represent a device including the shown combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It should be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and / or software required to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node 1060 are illustrated as a single box located within a larger box or nested within multiple boxes, in reality, the network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up the single depicted component (e.g., device-readable medium 1080 may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules).

[0266] Similarly, the network node 1060 may be assembled from multiple physically separate components (e.g., a Node B component and an RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), each of which may have their own respective components. In some scenarios in which the network node 1060 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., a BTS component and a BSC component), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple Node Bs. In such scenarios, each unique Node B and RNC pair may, in some instances, be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 1060 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device-readable media 1080 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna 1062 may be shared by the RATs). The network node 1060 may also include multiple sets of the various shown components for different wireless technologies, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, integrated into the network node 1060. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or sets of chips and other components within the network node 1060.

[0267] The processing circuit 1070 is configured to perform any decision, computation, or similar operations (e.g., some acquisition operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by the processing circuit 1070 may include processing information acquired by the processing circuit 1070, for example, by transforming the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or transformed information with information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or transformed information and as a result of said processing making a decision.

[0268] The processing circuit 1070 may comprise one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable to provide network node 1060 functionality, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 1060 components, such as device readable medium 1080. For example, the processing circuit 1070 may execute instructions stored on the device readable medium 1080 or in memory within the processing circuit 1070. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits described herein. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 1070 may include a system on a chip (SOC).

[0269] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1070 may include one or more of a radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1072 and a baseband processing circuitry 1074. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1072 and the baseband processing circuitry 1074 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as a radio unit and a digital unit. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 1072 and the baseband processing circuitry 1074 may be on the same chip or set of chips, board, or unit.

[0270] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB, or other such network device may be performed by the processing circuitry 1070 executing instructions stored on the device-readable medium 1080, or on memory within the processing circuitry 1070. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry 1070 without executing instructions stored on a separate or separate device-readable medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of those embodiments, the processing circuitry 1070 may be configured to perform the described functionality, regardless of whether or not it executes instructions stored on a device-readable storage medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are enjoyed by the network node 1060 as a whole, and / or by end users and the wireless network generally, and not by the processing circuitry 1070 alone or by other components of the network node 1060.

[0271] The device-readable medium 1080 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory, including, but not limited to, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., flash drive, compact disc (CD) or digital video disc (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that can be used by the processing circuit 1070. The device-readable medium 1080 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including applications including one or more of computer programs, software, logic, rules, codes, tables, etc., and / or other instructions that can be executed by the processing circuit 1070 and utilized by the network node 1060. The device-readable medium 1080 may be used to store calculations performed by the processing circuit 1070 and / or data received via the interface 1090. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 1070 and the device-readable medium 1080 may be considered to be integrated.

[0272] The interface 1090 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between the network node 1060, the network 1006, and / or the WD 1010. As shown, the interface 1090 comprises port(s) / terminal(s) 1094 for sending and receiving data to and from the network 1006, e.g., over a wired connection. The interface 1090 also includes a radio front-end circuit 1092 that is coupled to the antenna 1062 or, in some embodiments, may be part of the antenna 1062. The radio front-end circuit 1092 comprises a filter 1098 and an amplifier 1096. The radio front-end circuit 1092 may be connected to the antenna 1062 and the processing circuit 1070. The radio front-end circuit may be configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 1062 and the processing circuit 1070. The radio front-end circuit 1092 may receive digital data to be sent to another network node or WD via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1092 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1098 and / or amplifiers 1096. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 1062. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1062 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1092. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1070. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0273] In some alternative embodiments, the network node 1060 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit 1092; instead, the processing circuit 1070 may comprise a radio front-end circuit and be connected to the antenna 1062 without a separate radio front-end circuit 1092. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or a portion of the RF transceiver circuit 1072 may be considered part of the interface 1090. In still other embodiments, the interface 1090 may include one or more ports or terminals 1094, the radio front-end circuit 1092, and the RF transceiver circuit 1072 as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the interface 1090 may communicate with baseband processing circuitry 1074 that is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0274] The antenna 1062 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 1062 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1090 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, the antenna 1062 may comprise one or more omnidirectional, sector, or panel antennas operable to transmit / receive wireless signals, for example, between 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omnidirectional antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals from devices within a specific area, and a panel antenna may be a line-of-sight antenna used to transmit / receive wireless signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of two or more antennas may be referred to as MIMO. In some embodiments, the antenna 1062 may be separate from the network node 1060 and connectable to the network node 1060 through an interface or port.

[0275] The antenna 1062, the interface 1090, and / or the processing circuit 1070 may be configured to perform any receiving operation and / or some obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1062, the interface 1090, and / or the processing circuit 1070 may be configured to perform any transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment.

[0276] The power circuit 1087 may comprise or be coupled to power management circuitry and is configured to supply power to the components of the network node 1060 for performing the functions described herein. The power circuit 1087 may receive power from the power source 1086. The power source 1086 and / or the power circuit 1087 may be configured to provide power to the various components of the network node 1060 in a form suitable for the respective component (e.g., at the voltage and current levels required for each respective component). The power source 1086 may either be included in the power circuit 1087 and / or the network node 1060 or may be external to the power circuit 1087 and / or the network node 1060. For example, the network node 1060 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface, such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to the power circuit 1087. As a further example, power supply 1086 may include a power source in the form of a battery or battery pack connected to or integrated into power circuit 1087. The battery may provide backup power if the external power source fails. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used.

[0277] 9 that may be responsible for providing some aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 1060 may include user interface devices to enable input of information into the network node 1060 and output of information from the network node 1060. This may enable a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1060.

[0278] As used herein, a wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable of, configured to, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably with user equipment (UE) herein. Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and / or receiving radio signals using electromagnetic, radio, infrared, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information over the air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to a request from the network. Examples of WDs include, but are not limited to, smartphones, mobile phones, cell phones, voice-over-IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless cameras, gaming consoles or devices, music storage devices, playback appliances, wearable terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, tablets, laptop computers, laptop embedded equipment (LEEs), laptop mounted equipment (LMEs), smart devices, wireless customer premises equipment (CPEs), in-vehicle wireless terminal devices, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communications, e.g., by implementing 3GPP standards for sidelink communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), and in this case may be referred to as a D2D communications device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements and transmits results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another WD and / or network node. The WD in this case may be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may be referred to as an MTC device in the 3GPP context.As one specific example, a WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard. Specific examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or household or personal appliances (e.g., refrigerators, televisions, etc.), and personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions related to its operation. The WD described above may represent an endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, the WD described above may be mobile, in which case the device may be referred to as a mobile device or mobile terminal.

[0279] As shown, wireless device 1010 includes antenna 1011, interface 1014, processing circuitry 1020, device-readable medium 1030, user interface equipment 1032, auxiliary equipment 1034, power source 1036, and power circuitry 1037. WD 1010 may include multiple sets of one or more of the shown components for different wireless technologies supported by WD 1010, such as GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, to name just a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated on the same or different chip or set of chips as other components within WD 1010.

[0280] The antenna 1011 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and is connected to the interface 1014. In some alternative embodiments, the antenna 1011 may be separate from the WD 1010 and connectable to the WD 1010 through an interface or port. The antenna 1011, the interface 1014, and / or the processing circuit 1020 may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data, and / or signals may be received from a network node and / or another WD. In some embodiments, the wireless front-end circuit and / or the antenna 1011 may be considered an interface.

[0281] As shown, the interface 1014 comprises a radio front-end circuit 1012 and an antenna 1011. The radio front-end circuit 1012 comprises one or more filters 1018 and an amplifier 1016. The radio front-end circuit 1014 is connected to the antenna 1011 and the processing circuit 1020 and is configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 1011 and the processing circuit 1020. The radio front-end circuit 1012 may be coupled to or part of the antenna 1011. In some embodiments, the WD 1010 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit 1012; rather, the processing circuit 1020 may comprise the radio front-end circuit and be connected to the antenna 1011. Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit 1022 may be considered part of the interface 1014. The radio front-end circuit 1012 may receive digital data to be sent to another network node or WD via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1012 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1018 and / or amplifiers 1016. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 1011. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1011 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1012. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1020. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0282] The processing circuit 1020 may comprise one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable to provide WD1010 functionality, either alone or in conjunction with other WD1010 components, such as the device-readable medium 1030. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits described herein. For example, the processing circuit 1020 may execute instructions stored on the device-readable medium 1030 or in memory within the processing circuit 1020 to provide the functionality disclosed herein.

[0283] As shown, the processing circuit 1020 includes one or more of an RF transceiver circuit 1022, a baseband processing circuit 1024, and an application processing circuit 1026. In other embodiments, the processing circuit may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 1020 of the WD 1010 may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuit 1022, the baseband processing circuit 1024, and the application processing circuit 1026 may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the baseband processing circuit 1024 and the application processing circuit 1026 may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and the RF transceiver circuit 1022 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet further alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit 1022 and the baseband processing circuit 1024 may be on the same chip or set of chips, and the application processing circuit 1026 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 1022, the baseband processing circuitry 1024, and the application processing circuitry 1026 may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 1022 may be part of the interface 1014. The RF transceiver circuitry 1022 may condition RF signals for the processing circuitry 1020.

[0284] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by the WD may be provided by the processing circuitry 1020 executing instructions stored on a device-readable medium 1030, which in some embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry 1020 without executing instructions stored on a separate or separate device-readable storage medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of these particular embodiments, the processing circuitry 1020 may be configured to perform the described functionality, regardless of whether it executes instructions stored on a device-readable storage medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are enjoyed by the WD 1010 as a whole and / or by end users and wireless networks generally, and not by the processing circuitry 1020 alone or by other components of the WD 1010.

[0285] The processing circuit 1020 may be configured to perform any of the decision, calculation, or similar operations (e.g., some acquisition operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations as performed by the processing circuit 1020 may include processing information acquired by the processing circuit 1020, for example, by transforming the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or transformed information with information stored by the WD 1010, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or transformed information and as a result of the processing making a decision.

[0286] The device-readable medium 1030 may be operable to store applications, including one or more of computer programs, software, logic, rules, codes, tables, etc., and / or other instructions that may be executed by the processing circuit 1020. The device-readable medium 1030 may include computer memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., compact discs (CDs) or digital video discs (DVDs)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuit 1020. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 1020 and the device-readable medium 1030 may be considered to be integrated.

[0287] The user interface device 1032 may provide components that allow a human user to interact with the WD1010. Such interaction may be in many forms, such as visual, auditory, tactile, etc. The user interface device 1032 may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to the WD1010. The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface device 1032 installed in the WD1010. For example, if the WD1010 is a smartphone, the interaction may be via a touchscreen; if the WD1010 is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alarm (e.g., if smoke is detected). The user interface device 1032 may include input interfaces, devices, and circuits, as well as output interfaces, devices, and circuits. The user interface device 1032 is configured to allow input of information to the WD1010 and is connected to the processing circuit 1020 to allow the processing circuit 1020 to process the input information. The user interface device 1032 may include, for example, a microphone, proximity or other sensors, keys / buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. The user interface device 1032 is also configured to enable the output of information from the WD 1010 and to enable the processing circuit 1020 to output information from the WD 1010. The user interface device 1032 may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibration circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits of the user interface device 1032, the WD 1010 may communicate with an end user and / or a wireless network, enabling the end user and / or the wireless network to benefit from the functionality described herein.

[0288] The auxiliary device 1034 is operable to provide more specific functionality that may not generally be performed by a WD. It may include specialized sensors for taking measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communication, etc. The inclusion of components of the auxiliary device 1034 and the types of components of the auxiliary device 1034 may vary depending on the embodiment and / or scenario.

[0289] The power source 1036 may be in the form of a battery or battery pack in some embodiments. Other types of power sources may also be used, such as an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), a photovoltaic device, or a battery. The WD 1010 may further comprise a power circuit 1037 for delivering power from the power source 1036 to various portions of the WD 1010 that require power from the power source 1036 to perform any functions described or illustrated herein. The power circuit 1037 may, in some embodiments, comprise a power management circuit. The power circuit 1037 may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source, in which case the WD 1010 may be connectable to an external power source (such as an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface, such as a power cable. The power circuit 1037 may also, in some embodiments, be operable to deliver power from the external power source to the power source 1036. This may be, for example, for charging the power source 1036. Power circuitry 1037 may perform any formatting, conversion, or other modification on the power from power source 1036 to make the power suitable for each component of WD 1010 being powered.

[0290] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a user equipment according to some embodiments.

[0291] FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. User equipment or UE, as used herein, does not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates an associated device. Instead, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) that is intended for sale to or operation by a human user, but that may not be associated with or initially associated with a particular human user. Alternatively, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart power meter) that is not intended for sale to or operation by an end user, but that may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user. The UE 1100 may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including an NB-IoT UE, a machine-type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. The UE 1100 shown in Figure 10 is an example of a WD configured for communication according to one or more communications standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as the 3GPP's GSM, UMTS, LTE, and / or 5G standards. As mentioned above, the terms WD and UE may be used interchangeably. Thus, while Figure 10 is a UE, the components described herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice versa.

[0292] In FIG. 10 , UE 1100 includes processing circuitry 1101 operably coupled to input / output interface 1105, radio frequency (RF) interface 1109, network connectivity interface 1111, memory 1115 including random access memory (RAM) 1117, read-only memory (ROM) 1119, storage medium 1121, etc., communication subsystem 1131, power source 1133, and / or any other components, or any combination thereof. Storage medium 1121 includes operating system 1123, application programs 1125, and data 1127. In other embodiments, storage medium 1121 may include other similar types of information. Some UEs may utilize all of the components shown in FIG. 10 or only a subset of those components. The level of integration between components may vary from UE to UE. Additionally, some UEs may include multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0293] 10, processing circuit 1101 may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuit 1101 may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operable to execute machine instructions stored in memory as a machine-readable computer program, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.), programmable logic with appropriate firmware, one or more pre-programmed, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) with appropriate software, or any combination of the above. For example, processing circuit 1101 may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer.

[0294] In the illustrated embodiment, the input / output interface 1105 may be configured to provide an input device, an output device, or a communication interface for an input / output device. The UE 1100 may be configured to use an output device via the input / output interface 1105. The output device may use the same type of interface port as the input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from the UE 1100. The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smart card, another output device, or any combination thereof. The UE 1100 may be configured to use an input device via the input / output interface 1105 to allow a user to capture information on the UE 1100. The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a webcam, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smart card, etc. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor for detecting input from a user. The sensor may be, for example, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, a light sensor, a proximity sensor, another similar sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and a light sensor.

[0295] In FIG. 10 , the RF interface 1109 may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components, such as a transmitter, receiver, and antenna. The network connection interface 1111 may be configured to provide a communication interface to a network 1143a. The network 1143a may encompass a wired and / or wireless network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a communications network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network 1143a may comprise a Wi-Fi network. The network connection interface 1111 may be configured to include a receiver and transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communications network according to one or more communications protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP / IP, SONET, ATM, etc. The network connection interface 1111 may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate for a communications network link (e.g., optical, electrical, etc.). The transmitter and receiver functionality may share circuit components, software, or firmware, or alternatively, may be implemented separately.

[0296] RAM 1117 may be configured to interface to processing circuit 1101 via bus 1102 to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during execution of software programs, such as an operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM 1119 may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuit 1101. For example, ROM 1119 may be configured to store unchanging low-level system code or data for basic system functions, such as basic input / output (I / O), booting, or receiving keystrokes from a keyboard, stored in non-volatile memory. Storage medium 1121 may be configured to include memory, such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disk, optical disk, floppy disk, hard disk, removable cartridge, or flash drive. In one example, the storage medium 1121 may be configured to include an operating system 1123, an application program 1125, such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine, or another application, and data files 1127. The storage medium 1121 may store any of a variety of different operating systems or combinations of operating systems for use by the UE 1100.

[0297] The storage medium 1121 may be configured to include several physical drive units, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), a floppy disk drive, a flash memory, a USB flash drive, an external hard disk drive, a thumb drive, a pen drive, a key drive, a high-density digital versatile disk (HD-DVD) optical disk drive, an internal hard disk drive, a Blu-ray optical disk drive, a holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disk drive, an external mini dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), an external micro-DIMM SDRAM, a smart card memory such as a subscriber identity module or removable user identity module (SIM / RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. The storage medium 1121 may enable the UE 1100 to access, offload data, or upload data to, computer-executable instructions, application programs, etc. stored on a temporary or non-transitory memory medium. An article of manufacture, such as an article of manufacture utilizing a communication system, may be tangibly embodied in the storage medium 1121, which may comprise a device-readable medium.

[0298] 10, the processing circuit 1101 may be configured to communicate with a network 1143b using a communications subsystem 1131. The networks 1143a and 1143b may be the same network or networks or different networks or networks. The communications subsystem 1131 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with the network 1143b. For example, the communications subsystem 1131 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication, such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN), according to one or more communications protocols such as IEEE 802.11, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, etc. Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1133 and / or a receiver 1135 for implementing transmitter or receiver functions, respectively, appropriate for the RAN link (e.g., frequency allocation, etc.). Furthermore, the transmitter 1133 and receiver 1135 of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or may alternatively be implemented separately.

[0299] In the illustrated embodiment, the communication capabilities of the communication subsystem 1131 may include data communications, voice communications, multimedia communications, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communications, location-based communications such as using a global positioning system (GPS) to determine location, another similar communication capability, or any combination thereof. For example, the communication subsystem 1131 may include cellular communications, Wi-Fi communications, Bluetooth communications, and GPS communications. The network 1143b may encompass wired and / or wireless networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a communications network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network 1143b may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and / or a near-field network. The power source 1113 may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to the components of the UE 1100.

[0300] The features, benefits, and / or functionality described herein may be implemented in one of the components of the UE 1100 or distributed across multiple components of the UE 1100. Furthermore, the features, benefits, and / or functionality described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software, or firmware. In one example, the communication subsystem 1131 may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Furthermore, the processing circuit 1101 may be configured to communicate with any of such components over the bus 1102. In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that, when executed by the processing circuit 1101, perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be distributed between the processing circuit 1101 and the communication subsystem 1131. In another example, non-computationally intensive functionality of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware, and computationally intensive functionality may be implemented in hardware.

[0301] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a virtualized environment, according to some embodiments.

[0302] 11 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1200 in which functionality implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In this context, virtualizing means creating a virtual version of an apparatus or device, which may include virtualizing a hardware platform, storage devices, and networking resources. Virtualization, as used herein, may apply to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device, or any other type of communication device) or component of that device, and relates to implementations in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines, or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks).

[0303] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments 1200 hosted by one or more of the hardware nodes 1230. Furthermore, in embodiments where the virtual nodes are not wireless access nodes or do not require wireless connectivity (e.g., core network nodes), the network nodes may be fully virtualized.

[0304] The functionality may be implemented by one or more applications 1220 (which may alternatively be referred to as software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operable to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. The applications 1220 are run in a virtualized environment 1200, which provides hardware 1230 comprising a processing circuit 1260 and a memory 1290-1. The memory 1290-1 includes instructions 1295 executable by the processing circuit 1260, such that the applications 1220 are operable to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and / or functions disclosed herein.

[0305] The virtualization environment 1200 includes general-purpose or dedicated network hardware devices 1230 that include one or more sets of processors or processing circuits 1260, which may be commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry, including digital or analog hardware components or dedicated processors. Each hardware device may include memory 1290-1, which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions 1295 or software executed by the processing circuits 1260. Each hardware device may include one or more network interface controllers (NICs) 1270, also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interfaces 1280. Each hardware device may also include a non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage medium 1290-2 that stores software 1295 and / or instructions executable by the processing circuits 1260. Software 1295 may include any type of software, including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers 1250 (also called hypervisors), software for running virtual machines 1240, and software that enables it to perform the functions, features, and / or benefits described in connection with some embodiments described herein.

[0306] The virtual machines 1240 may comprise virtual processes, virtual memory, virtual networking or interfaces, and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 1250 or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the virtual appliance 1220 instance may be implemented on one or more of the virtual machines 1240, and the implementation may be done in different ways.

[0307] During operation, processing circuitry 1260 executes software 1295 to instantiate a hypervisor or virtualization layer 1250, which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer 1250 may present to virtual machine 1240 a virtual operating platform that looks like networking hardware.

[0308] 11, hardware 1230 may be a standalone network node with general or specific components. Hardware 1230 may include antenna 12225 and may implement some functionality through virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1230 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g., as in a data center or customer premises equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via a management and orchestration (MANO) 12100 that, among other things, oversees the lifecycle management of application 1220.

[0309] Hardware virtualization is referred to in some contexts as network functions virtualization (NFV), which can be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry-standard high-volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage that may be located in data centers and customer premises equipment.

[0310] In the context of NFV, virtual machine 1240 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if those programs were running on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each virtual machine 1240 and the portion of hardware 1230 on which it runs, whether hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and / or hardware shared by that virtual machine with other ones of virtual machines 1240, form a separate virtual network element (VNE).

[0311] Further in the context of NFV, a virtual network function (VNF) is responsible for handling a specific network function running in one or more virtual machines 1240 on top of the hardware networking infrastructure 1230 and corresponds to application 1220 in FIG. 11.

[0312] In some embodiments, one or more radio units 12200, each including one or more transmitters 12220 and one or more receivers 12210, may be coupled to one or more antennas 12225. The radio units 12200 may communicate directly with hardware nodes 1230 via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with virtualization components to provide a virtual node with wireless capabilities, such as a wireless access node or base station.

[0313] In some embodiments, some signaling may be accomplished using a control system 12230, which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware node 1230 and the radio unit 12200.

[0314] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram illustrating a communication network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network, according to some embodiments.

[0315] 12 , according to one embodiment, a communication system includes a communication network 1310, such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, comprising an access network 1311, such as a wireless access network, and a core network 1314. The access network 1311 includes multiple base stations 1312a, 1312b, 1312c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs, or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area 1313a, 1313b, 1313c. Each base station 1312a, 1312b, 1312c can be connected to the core network 1314 over a wired or wireless connection 1315. A first UE 1391 located in the coverage area 1313c wirelessly connects to or is configured to be paged by the corresponding base station 1312c. A second UE 1392 in the coverage area 1313a can be wirelessly connected to the corresponding base station 1312a. Although multiple UEs 1391, 1392 are shown in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to situations where only one UE is in the coverage area or where only one UE is connected to the corresponding base station 1312a or 1312b or 1312c.

[0316] The communications network 1310 is itself connected to a host computer 1330, which may be embodied in hardware and / or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, or as a processing resource in a server farm. The host computer 1330 may be owned or controlled by a service provider, or may be operated by or on behalf of the service provider. Connections 1321 and 1322 between the communications network 1310 and the host computer 1330 may extend directly from the core network 1314 to the host computer 1330 or may proceed through an optional intermediate network 1320. The intermediate network 1320 may be one of a public network, a private network, or a hosted network, or a combination of two or more of them; the intermediate network 1320 may be a backbone network or the Internet, if any; in particular, the intermediate network 1320 may comprise two or more subnetworks (not shown).

[0317] 12 collectively enables connectivity between connected UEs 1391, 1392 and a host computer 1330. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection 1350. The host computer 1330 and connected UEs 1391, 1392 are configured to communicate data and / or signaling via the OTT connection 1350 using the access network 1311, the core network 1314, any intermediate networks 1320, and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection 1350 may be transparent in the sense that participating communication devices through which the OTT connection 1350 passes are unaware of the routing of the uplink and downlink communications. For example, the base station 1312a or 1312b or 1312c may not be aware or need not be aware of the past routing of an incoming downlink communication involving data originating from the host computer 1330 that is to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to the connected UE 1391. Similarly, the base station 1312a or 1312b or 1312c does not need to be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE 1391 and destined for the host computer 1330.

[0318] FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a host computer communicating with user equipment via a base station over a partially wireless connection, according to some embodiments.

[0319] An exemplary implementation of the UE, base station, and host computer described in the previous paragraph, according to one embodiment, will now be described with reference to FIG. 13. In the communication system 1400, the host computer 1410 comprises hardware 1415, including a communication interface 1416 configured to set up and maintain wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices of the communication system 1400. The host computer 1410 further comprises processing circuitry 1418, which may have storage and / or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuitry 1418 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown), adapted to execute instructions. The host computer 1410 further comprises software 1411, which is stored on or accessible by the host computer 1410 and executable by the processing circuitry 1418. The software 1411 includes a host application 1412. The host application 1412 may be operable to provide services to a remote user, such as a UE 1430 connecting via an OTT connection 1450 that terminates at the UE 1430 and the host computer 1410. In providing services to the remote user, the host application 1412 may provide user data that is transmitted using the OTT connection 1450.

[0320] The communications system 1400 further includes a base station 1420 provided in the communications system, the base station 1420 comprising hardware 1425 that enables the base station 1420 to communicate with the host computer 1410 and the UE 1430. The hardware 1425 may include a communications interface 1426 for setting up and maintaining wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communications devices of the communications system 1400, as well as a wireless interface 1427 for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection 1470 with a UE 1430 located in a coverage area (not shown in FIG. 13 ) served by the base station 1420. The communications interface 1426 may be configured to facilitate a connection 1460 to the host computer 1410. The connection 1460 may be direct, or alternatively, the connection 1460 may pass through a core network of the communications system (not shown in FIG. 13 ) and / or one or more intermediate networks external to the communications system. In the illustrated embodiment, the hardware 1425 of the base station 1420 further includes processing circuitry 1428, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station 1420 further has software 1421 that is stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[0321] The communication system 1400 further includes the previously mentioned UE 1430. The hardware 1435 of the UE 1430 may include a wireless interface 1437 configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection 1470 with a base station serving a coverage area in which the UE 1430 is currently located. The hardware 1435 of the UE 1430 further includes a processing circuit 1438, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The UE 1430 further includes software 1431 stored on or accessible by the UE 1430 and executable by the processing circuit 1438. The software 1431 includes a client application 1432. The client application 1432 may be operable, with support from the host computer 1410, to provide services to a human or non-human user via the UE 1430. On the host computer 1410, a running host application 1412 may communicate with a running client application 1432 via an OTT connection 1450 that terminates at the UE 1430 and the host computer 1410. In providing services to a user, the client application 1432 may receive request data from the host application 1412 and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 1450 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application 1432 may interact with the user to generate the user data that the client application 1432 provides.

[0322] It should be noted that the host computer 1410, base station 1420, and UE 1430 shown in Figure 13 may be similar to or equivalent to the host computer 1330, one of the base stations 1312a, 1312b, and 1312c, and one of the UEs 1391 and 1392, respectively, of Figure 12. That is, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in Figure 13, and separately, the surrounding network topology may be that of Figure 12.

[0323] 13, the OTT connection 1450 is depicted abstractly to show communication between the host computer 1410 and the UE 1430 via the base station 1420, without explicit reference to intermediary devices and the exact routing of messages through these devices. The network infrastructure may determine the routing, and the network infrastructure may be configured to hide the routing from the UE 1430, the service provider operating the host computer 1410, or both. While the OTT connection 1450 is active, the network infrastructure may also make decisions to dynamically change the routing (e.g., based on load balancing considerations or reconfiguration of the network).

[0324] The wireless connection 1470 between the UE 1430 and the base station 1420 follows the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of the OTT service provided to the UE 1430 using the OTT connection 1450, of which the wireless connection 1470 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may enable the AMF to appropriately handle the service request. For example, the AMF may determine the SMF based on the associated PDU session ID. Thus, UE subscription information of these UEs may be provided to a radio access network node, such as an NG-RAN. Thus, these UEs will be able to receive MBS data.

[0325] Measurement procedures may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rates, latency, and other factors that one or more embodiments improve upon. There may further be optional network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection 1450 between the host computer 1410 and the UE 1430 in response to fluctuations in the measurement results. The measurement procedures and / or the network functionality for reconfiguring the OTT connection 1450 may be implemented in the software 1411 and hardware 1415 of the host computer 1410 or in the software 1431 and hardware 1435 of the UE 1430, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or associated with communication devices through which the OTT connection 1450 passes, and the sensors may participate in the measurement procedures by providing values ​​of the monitored quantities exemplified above or other physical quantities from which the software 1411, 1431 may calculate or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguration of the OTT connection 1450 may include message formats, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc., and the reconfiguration need not affect the base station 1420, and the reconfiguration may be unknown or imperceptible to the base station 1420. Such procedures and functions may be known and practiced in the art. In some embodiments, the measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates the host computer 1410's measurements of throughput, propagation time, latency, etc. The measurements may be implemented in software 1411 and 1431 causing messages, particularly empty or "dummy" messages, to be sent using the OTT connection 1450 while the software 1411 and 1431 monitors propagation times, errors, etc.

[0326] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments.

[0327] FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13. For simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to FIG. 14 is included in this section. In step 1510, the host computer provides user data. In sub-step 1511 of step 1510 (which may be optional), the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 1520, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step 1530 (which may be optional), the base station transmits the user data carried in the host computer-initiated transmission to the UE, according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 1540 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0328] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments.

[0329] FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13. For simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to FIG. 15 is included in this section. In step 1610 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional sub-step (not shown), the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 1620, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may proceed via the base station in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 1630 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[0330] FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments.

[0331] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communications system according to one embodiment. The communications system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIGS. 12 and 13. For simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to FIG. 16 is included in this section. In step 1710 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step 1720, the UE provides user data. In sub-step 1721 (which may be optional) of step 1720, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In sub-step 1711 (which may be optional) of step 1710, the UE executes a client application that provides the user data in response to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the particular manner in which the user data is provided, the UE initiates transmission of the user data to the host computer in sub-step 1730 (which may be optional). In method step 1740, the host computer receives user data transmitted from the UE according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0332] FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station, and user equipment, according to some embodiments.

[0333] Figure 17 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to Figures 12 and 13. For simplicity of this disclosure, only a drawing reference to Figure 17 is included in this section. In step 1810 (which may be optional), the base station receives user data from the UE in accordance with the teachings of embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 1820 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step 1830 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0334] Furthermore, the present disclosure may also provide a carrier containing a computer program as described above, the carrier being one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, or a computer-readable storage medium, which may be, for example, a RAM (random access memory), a ROM (read-only memory), a flash memory, a magnetic tape, an optical compact disc, or an electronic memory device such as a CD-ROM, a DVD, a Blu-ray disc, etc.

[0335] The techniques described herein may be implemented by various means, such that an apparatus implementing one or more functions of a corresponding apparatus described in an embodiment may comprise not only conventional means but also means for implementing one or more functions of the corresponding apparatus described in that embodiment, and such an apparatus may comprise separate means for each separate function, or means that can be configured to perform two or more functions. For example, these techniques may be implemented in hardware (one or more devices), firmware (one or more devices), software (one or more modules), or a combination thereof. In the case of firmware or software, implementation may be through modules (e.g., procedures, functions, etc.) that perform the functions described herein.

[0336]

[0033] Exemplary embodiments of the present specification have been described above with reference to block diagrams and flowchart diagrams of methods and apparatuses. It will be understood that each block of the block diagrams and flowchart diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and flowchart diagrams, respectively, can be implemented by various means, including computer program instructions. These computer program instructions can be loaded into a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, executing on the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in one or more blocks of the flowchart.

[0337] Furthermore, while operations are illustrated in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring such operations to be performed in the particular order or sequential order shown, or that all of the illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In some situations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Similarly, while some specific implementation details are included in the above description, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the subject matter described herein, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Some features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination.

[0338] While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any implementation or what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments of particular implementations. Some features that are described herein in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, while features may be described above as working in some combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination may in some cases be deleted from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variations of the subcombination.

[0339] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, as technology advances, the inventive concept can be implemented in various ways. The above-described embodiments are provided to illustrate, not limit, the present disclosure, and it should be understood that modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, as those skilled in the art will readily understand. Such modifications and variations are deemed to be within the scope of the present disclosure and the appended claims. The protective scope of the present disclosure is defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A method (200) implemented by a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving (202) a paging message from a radio access network node, the paging message including one or more first Multicast / Broadcast Service (MBS) session identifiers (IDs) identifying one or more first Multicast / Broadcast Service (MBS) sessions to be activated; sending a service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message (204); Including, the service request includes first information for identifying one or more first protocol data unit (PDU) sessions associated with the one or more first MBS sessions identified by the one or more first MBS session IDs; The method (200), wherein the first information includes an uplink data status information element for identifying the one or more first PDU sessions associated with the one or more first MBS sessions identified by the one or more first MBS session IDs, and one or more bits corresponding to the one or more first PDU sessions are set to a value that is 1.

2. The method described in claim 1, wherein the UE does not have uplink data pending uplink data for the one or more first PDU sessions.

3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first information includes an ID of the first PDU session or is used to derive the ID of the first PDU session.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first MBS session ID comprises a Temporary Mobile Group Identity (TMGI).

5. sending the service request to the radio access network node in response to the paging message, sending the service request to the radio access network node when the UE is in a connection management idle state. The method of claim 1 , comprising:

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the radio access network node comprises a radio access network node in a fifth generation system.

7. A method (600) performed by an Access and Mobility Function (AMF), comprising: receiving (602) a service request from a user equipment (UE) via a radio access network node in response to a paging message; determining a session management function (SMF) based on the service request (604); Including, the service request includes first information for identifying one or more first protocol data unit (PDU) sessions associated with one or more first Multicast / Broadcast Service (MBS) sessions to be activated, the one or more first MBS sessions being identified by one or more first Multicast / Broadcast Service (MBS) session identifiers (IDs) included in the paging message; The method (600), wherein the first information includes an uplink data status information element for identifying the one or more first PDU sessions associated with the one or more first MBS sessions identified by the one or more first MBS session IDs, and one or more bits corresponding to the one or more first PDU sessions are set to a value that is 1.

8. The method described in claim 7, wherein the UE does not have uplink data pending uplink data for the one or more first PDU sessions.

9. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first information includes an ID of the first PDU session or is used to derive the ID of the first PDU session.

10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the first MBS session ID comprises a Temporary Mobile Group Identity (TMGI).

11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the radio access network node comprises a radio access network node in a fifth generation system.

12. A user equipment (UE) (800), A processor (821); a memory (822) coupled to the processor (821); 7. A user equipment (UE) (800) comprising: a memory (822) including instructions executable by the processor (821), whereby the UE (800) is operable to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 6.

13. An Access and Mobility Function (AMF) (800), A processor (821); a memory (822) coupled to the processor (821); 12. An Access and Mobility Function (AMF) (800) comprising:

14. A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 11.

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