Parallelized sample processing and library preparation

Abstract

Described herein are methods, kits, and systems for sample enrichment, multi-step library preparation, sample normalization, sample biomolecule detection, and combinations thereof. Enrichment and multi-step library preparation are described in the context of a microfluidic workflow. Sample barcoding methods and kits are described to increase sample throughput while reducing negative sample background. An integrated microfluidic device is provided for an integrated workflow, comprising a sample processing unit cell coupled to an array of reaction sites.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 049,998, filed July 9, 2020, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 979,832, filed February 21, 2020, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 979,209, filed February 20, 2020, the entire contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

[0002] Automated microfluidic systems and / or parallel sample library preparation can reduce labor, reagent use, and variability in sample processing. These benefits are further enhanced by sample indexing (barcoding), which allows for the combination of parallel-processed samples prior to sequencing or detection by qPCR. Furthermore, more fully integrated microfluidic workflows reduce hands-on time and human error. Summary of the Invention

[0003] Thus, as described herein, an integrated microfluidic device may include an array of reaction sites and a plurality of sample processing unit cells containing a plurality of sample processing sites, the unit cells being in fluid communication with a plurality of different reagent inlets, and a sample inlet to the array being downstream of the plurality of sample processing sites of the plurality of unit cells.

[0004] Multiple reagent inlets may share a common channel for each unit cell. The microfluidic device may include a multiplexer configured to control the reagent inlets used to load the processing sites of the unit cells.

[0005] The multiple sample processing sites may include multiple loops and / or chambers, and each unit cell may further include one or more of a sample inlet channel, a waste outlet channel, an additional reagent inlet, and / or an additional column.

[0006] Each unit cell may include multiple valves configured to control the unit cell. The multiple valves may be configured to deliver sample and reagents to different locations within the unit cell. The multiple valves may be configured to locate sample processing locations alone or in communication with each other. The multiple valves may be configured to drive mixing at different locations. The multiple valves may be configured to direct the flow of sample or reagent solutions from the unit cell. For example, the unit cell may include a peristaltic pump (e.g., defined by a series of valves in series).

[0007] Each unit cell further includes at least one column configured to retain beads, the column including a sieve structure providing a plurality of openings through which fluid can flow but which can retain beads larger than the exit opening.

[0008] In certain aspects, an integrated microfluidic device may include an array of reaction sites and a plurality of sample processing unit cells containing a plurality of sample processing sites, the unit cells being in fluid communication with a plurality of different reagent inlets, and a sample inlet to the array being downstream of the plurality of sample processing sites of the plurality of unit cells.

[0009] The method may include loading beads into a column of unit cells and capturing a sample (i.e., a biomolecule of the sample, such as a protein, antibody, RNA, or virus particle) on the beads (e.g., before or after loading the beads into the column). As discussed herein, the beads may include (e.g., may be present on their surface) one or more proteins (e.g., an antibody, such as an antibody against a target serum protein or a viral antigen) and oligonucleotides (e.g., hybridizing to a target RNA, such as a viral RNA). An additional step may include washing the beads such that a wash buffer flows over the beads in the column and into a waste outlet. Optionally, a reporter, such as an oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody that binds to the target biomolecule or an oligonucleotide probe that hybridizes to the target biomolecule, may be flowed over the beads. An additional step may include eluting the beads, e.g., flowing an elution buffer over the beads in the column and, optionally, further circulating the elution buffer through the beads, such as by passing the buffer around a loop using a peristaltic pump.

[0010] Although sample barcoding for multiplexing can increase sample throughput, residual primers (e.g., from samples with little or no target) can create crosstalk, resulting in false positives and / or high background. Methods and kits for reducing such crosstalk are discussed herein.

[0011] In one aspect, an assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples comprises: a) reverse transcribing and pre-amplifying each target nucleotide sequence in separate samples S to produce tagged target nucleotide sequences from each sample; At least one of the samples S contains a target nucleotide sequence; the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and a target nucleotide sequence; preamplification is performed using tagged target-specific primers comprising a sample tag and a target-specific sequence; reverse transcription and pre-amplification, in which the target-specific sequence hybridizes to a portion of the target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing each tagged target nucleotide sequence of sample S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) dividing the mixture into multiple reaction sites; d) adding a different primer pair to each reaction site; e) amplifying tagged target nucleotide sequences from different samples in each reaction site, wherein each different primer pair comprises a primer that hybridizes to a different sample tag; and / or f) detecting the presence of the amplified tagged target nucleic acid by qPCR using a fluorescent target-specific probe that includes at least a portion of the target-specific sequence but does not include the sample tag; Step e of the amplification is in the presence of a target-specific probe.

[0012] More broadly, an assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples comprises: a) separately subjecting each sample S to an encoding reaction using at least one tagged target-specific primer to produce a tagged target nucleotide sequence, wherein at least one of the samples S comprises a target nucleotide sequence, and the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and the target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing each tagged target nucleotide sequence of sample S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) dividing the mixture into multiple reaction sites; d) adding different primer pairs to different reaction sites, each different primer pair comprising a primer that hybridizes to a different sample tag to amplify a tagged target nucleotide sequence from a particular sample; e) amplifying tagged target nucleotide sequences from at least one of the samples S in the presence of a target-specific probe, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least a portion of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer, but does not comprise the sample tag; and / or f) detecting the presence of the tagged target nucleotide. An assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples comprises: a) separately subjecting each sample S to an encoding reaction using at least one tagged target-specific primer to produce a tagged target nucleotide sequence, wherein at least one of the samples S comprises a target nucleotide sequence, and the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and the target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing each tagged target nucleotide sequence of sample S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) amplifying tagged target nucleotide sequences from at least one of the samples S in the presence of a target-specific probe, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least a portion of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer, but does not comprise the sample tag; and / or d) detecting the presence of the tagged target nucleotide.

[0013] Also described herein are kits for carrying out any of the methods described herein.

[0014] Aspects of the subject application also include methods, kits, and devices for parallel processing of samples, such as library preparation and / or normalization.

[0015] In some embodiments, methods of library normalization include one or more of the following: a. obtaining aliquots from a plurality of samples, wherein the polynucleotides of the samples comprise spaced inverted repeats; b. performing suppression PCR on an aliquot of step a; c. Quantifying the amplification products from step b; d. pooling multiple samples to form a normalized library based on the quantification of step c; and / or The pooled samples are not subjected to the suppression PCR in step b.

[0016] The methods of the above embodiments may further include aspects of sample type, number of samples, suppression PCR, polynucleotide characteristics, sample enrichment and / or preparation, primers, sample quantification and / or normalization, microfluidic devices, improvement indicators, and / or sequencing applications as described herein.

[0017] In some embodiments, a kit for quantitating a library of polynucleotides by suppression qPCR may include a primer that includes a sequence identical to at least 8 nucleotides of one of the inverted repeats of another polynucleotide in the kit, such as a library quantitation standard having spaced inverted repeats separated by at least 150 nucleotides.

[0018] In some embodiments, kits for library preparation and quantification may include adapters (or primers) that also provide inverted repeats of at least 8 nucleotides in length (e.g., capable of producing polynucleotides with inverted repeats flanking the insert), and / or primers that contain sequences identical to inverted repeats of at least 8 nucleotides.

[0019] The kit of any of the above embodiments may further include sample types, number of samples, reagents for suppression PCR, polynucleotide characteristics, reagents for sample enrichment and / or preparation, primers, reagents for sample quantification and / or normalization, microfluidic devices, indicators of improvement, and / or aspects of sequencing applications as described herein. The kit may include beads, microfluidic devices, reverse transcription reagents, primers, and / or master mixes for PCR (such as suppression PCR) reagents, dyes (such as passive reference dyes).

[0020] In general, embodiments of the subject application may include one or more of a kit for performing any of the above method embodiments, a method of library normalization based on suppression qPCR, a method of suppression qPCR, a method of sequencing a library normalized by suppression qPCR, and / or a pool of samples normalized based on suppression qPCR of any of the above method embodiments.

[0021] In some aspects, the method of parallel sample processing comprises splint ligation, in which the target nucleic acid is the splint template.

[0022] For example, a method for processing a splint hybridization product may include hybridizing a first probe and a second probe to a target nucleic acid to form a hybridization product, wherein the 3'-OH end of the first probe is adjacent to the 5'-PO4 end of the second probe. At least one of the first probe and the second probe comprises a binding moiety. The method may further include capturing the hybridization product by specifically binding the binding moiety to a solid support.

[0023] In another example, a method for detecting a splint ligation product may include hybridizing a first probe and a second probe to a target nucleic acid to form a hybridization product, wherein the 3'-OH end of the first probe is adjacent to the 5'-PO4 end of the second probe. The method may further include ligating the first probe and the second probe to form a ligation product. The method may further include detecting the presence of the ligation product.

[0024] The hybridization or ligation products may be captured on a solid support (e.g., beads, such as beads in a column of a microfluidic device), as further described herein. The splint ligation probe may contain one or more sample barcode sequences, allowing for sample pooling, batch processing (e.g., capture, ligation, and / or pre-amplification) of samples before splitting the pool and separately detecting the ligation products of different samples (e.g., on an array IFC). The target nucleic acid may be DNA or RNA, such as viral genomic RNA or mammalian gene transcripts.

[0025] In some aspects, a kit for parallel sample processing can include reagents for the splint ligation method described herein. Such a kit can have two splint ligation probes described in any embodiment herein and can optionally further include additional reagents, such as a ligase for forming a ligation product, primers for amplifying the ligation product, and / or reagents for separating the ligation product from the solid support. The splint ligation kit can further include one or more microfluidic devices described herein. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0026] [Figure 1]1 is a schematic diagram of a microfluidic device 100 having at least a sample inlet 104 and a reagent inlet 106 feeding into a fluidic circuit 102. Such a device may perform the sample preparation steps described herein. The device may also include additional inlets and outlets. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is an image of an exemplary elastomeric microfluidic device 200 of the subject application. FIG. 2A shows the device itself, a 48.Atlas IFC (Fluidigm). FIG. 2B shows the device overlaid with markings indicating a sample inlet 204, a sample barcode reagent inlet 206, a common reagent inlet 208, a wash solution inlet 210, and a waste outlet 212. The inlets can be loaded onto the microfluidics via backpressure applied by a pneumatic system (controller). Control ports 214 are also marked and can be pressurized by the pneumatic system to operate elastomeric valves on the device to direct flow and fluid communication. The substrate underlying the microfluidic circuit is thermally coupled to a thermocycler. [Figure 3] 3 is a schematic diagram of the architecture of a unit cell 320, e.g., the fluidic circuit of FIG. 1 or 2. The unit cell processes a single sample provided by a sample inlet 304 and may provide multiple sample processing sites 314 where the sample reacts with different reagents provided by one or more reagent inlets 306. The unit cell may include additional elements such as a column 308 for concentrating the sample within the unit cell, and / or waste outlets, valves, pumps, or other components of the microfluidic devices described herein. [Figure 4]FIG. 4 is a detailed schematic diagram of the exemplary unit cell 402 of FIG. 2. Multiple reagent inlet channels 406 are shown, which may share a channel joining the unit cells. Multiple sample processing sites may have chambers 414 and / or sample processing loops 412 for mixing sample and / or reagents between chambers. A waste outlet channel 416 is shown for removing excess or unwanted fluid from the unit cell. Valves (not shown) may be configured along the unit cell to deliver sample and reagent to different locations (e.g., columns, chambers, loops) within the unit cell, arrange the sample processing loops or chambers to isolate or communicate with each other, drive mixing between reagents and / or samples at different locations, and operate to direct the flow of sample or reagent solutions out of the unit cell (e.g., to waste outlets and / or collection outlets). The unit cell may include additional elements such as the sample inlet channel 404, a column 408 for concentrating the sample within the unit cell, and / or valves, pumps, or other components of the microfluidic devices described herein. [Figure 5] Figure 5 shows the main mechanism of suppressive PCR, in which a short sequence with spaced inverted repeats, such as an ITR, forms a hairpin that suppresses amplification by a primer that hybridizes to the inverted repeats exposed by a longer DNA molecule. [Figure 6]Figure 6 shows various polynucleotides produced in a particular library preparation workflow, such as through PCR-based incorporation of inverted repeats, sequencing adapters, and / or sample barcodes. The desired library product (top) has spaced inverted repeats (circled) flanking an insert that can comprise more than half the length of the polynucleotide. The polynucleotide further includes a sequencing adapter (dotted line). A primer dimer product (center) with closely spaced inverted repeats is shown. Such products can interfere with conventional qPCR. A "bubble DNA" product (bottom) is shown, where the adapters reanneal and the insert are mismatched. Such products can interfere with quantification of long products (e.g., by mobility assays such as capillary electrophoresis). [Figure 7] Figure 7 shows a microfluidic multi-step sample preparation workflow (top) that provides a sample barcoded library. A qPCR quantification and normalization workflow (bottom) is shown to guide pooling of different samples. In the subject application, the qPCR step may be suppression qPCR as described herein. [Figure 8] Figure 8 shows the uniformity of reads between non-normalized and normalized sample pools. Normalized sample pools were pooled based on quantification by suppression qPCR. Conventional normalization (e.g., by bioanalyzer or conventional qPCR) tends to show similarity with non-normalized samples. [Figure 9] Figure 9 shows the number of genes detected in a non-normalized sample pool compared to a normalized sample pool. The normalized sample pool was pooled based on quantification by suppression qPCR. Conventional normalization (e.g., by bioanalyzer or conventional qPCR) tends to show similarity with non-normalized samples. [Figure 10A] 10A and 10B show exemplary splint hybridization and splint ligation products, respectively. [Figure 10B] 10A and 10B show exemplary splint hybridization and splint ligation products, respectively. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 shows an exemplary splint ligation workflow. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an array integrated fluidic circuit (IFC). [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is an image of an exemplary elastomeric microfluidic device and an exemplary loading scheme of the subject application. [Figure 14] FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram similar to that of FIG. 3, showing the direction of flow from the inlet to the outlet and within the unit cell, such as in the loading scheme of FIG. [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing exemplary loading schemes for RNA sequencing preparation (A) and DNA sequencing preparation (B). [Figure 16] FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary loading scheme for on-chip detection of oligonucleotides (such as viral RNA detection) (A) and sample preparation for protein (such as cancer markers, viral antigens, or antibodies to viral antigens) detection (B). [Figure 17] FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram similar to that of FIG. 3 showing an exemplary unit cell having multiple columns. [Figure 18] FIG. 18 shows an exemplary cleanup process. [Figure 19] FIG. 19 shows an exemplary capture, sample preparation, and PCR amplification. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 illustrates the multiplexed sample barcoding workflow of the subject application. [Figure 21] Figure 21 shows a simple Dorfman pooling method. [Figure 22]FIG. 22 shows the efficiency of the multiplexed sample barcoding (mpe) and Dorfman pooling (pe) methods when four samples are mixed (A) or eight samples are mixed (B). [Figure 23] FIG. 23 illustrates the crosstalk that can occur when using the multiplexed sample barcoding approach of FIG. [Figure 24] FIG. 24 provides a reaction scheme in which the remaining primers from a negative sample (i.e., sample B, which does not have the target nucleotide sequence) can react with the pre-amplified target nucleotide sequence from a positive sample (sample A). [Figure 25] Figure 25 provides a reaction scheme in which the target-specific probe competes with the remaining primers. [Figure 26] FIG. 26 shows the qPCR curves under the scheme of FIG. [Figure 27] FIG. 27 shows the qPCR curves under the scheme of FIG. 25 and demonstrates that the increase in CT was 2 for negative samples compared to FIG. 26. [Figure 28] FIG. 28 shows another approach to reducing crosstalk. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] Methods, microfluidic systems, and kits for sample preparation, including library preparation and normalization, are provided herein. Some embodiments may provide specific sequencing applications, including mRNA sequencing applications or DNA sequencing applications, as described herein.

[0028] The methods, systems, and kits may include microfluidic devices and / or controllers for enrichment and multi-step sample preparation.

[0029] definition The terms used herein generally have their ordinary meaning in the art, within the context of the present invention and within the specific context in which each term is used. To provide practitioners with additional guidance when describing the devices and methods of the present invention, and how to make and use them, certain terms are discussed below or elsewhere herein. For convenience, certain terms are highlighted, for example, using italics and / or quotation marks. The use of highlighting does not affect the scope and meaning of a term. That is, the scope and meaning of a term, in the same context, is the same whether or not it is highlighted. It will be recognized that the same thing can be said in multiple ways. Therefore, alternative language and synonyms may be used for any one or more terms discussed herein, and no special significance is placed on whether a term is recited or discussed herein. Synonyms for certain terms are provided. The recitation of one or more synonyms does not exclude the use of other synonyms. The use of examples anywhere in this specification, including examples of any term herein, is illustrative only and in no way limits the scope and meaning of the invention or any exemplified term. Likewise, the present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiment.

[0030] As used herein, "about" or "approximately" is generally intended to mean within 20 percent, preferably within 10 percent, and more preferably within 5 percent of a given value or range. Numerical values ​​given herein are approximate, meaning that they can be inferred when the term "about" or "approximately" is not explicitly stated.

[0031] The term "molecule" means any separate or distinguishable unit of matter comprising one or more atoms, and includes, for example, polypeptides and polynucleotides.

[0032] The term "polymer" means any substance or compound made up of two or more constitutional units ("mers") repeatedly linked together. For example, a "dimer" is a compound in which two constitutional units are joined together.

[0033] As used herein, the term "polynucleotide" (also referred to as oligonucleotide) refers to a polymeric molecule having a backbone supporting bases capable of hydrogen bonding to a typical polynucleotide, the polymer backbone presenting the bases in a manner that allows for sequence-specific hydrogen bonding between the polymeric molecule and a typical polynucleotide (e.g., single-stranded DNA). Such bases are typically inosine, adenosine, guanosine, cytosine, uracil, and thymidine. Polymeric molecules include double- and single-stranded RNA and DNA, as well as backbone modifications thereof, such as methylphosphonate linkages. In the context of samples for library normalization, polynucleotide can refer to a sample of indexed (or barcoded) polynucleotides. Such polynucleotides can also have sequencing adapters flanking an "insert" sequence derived from mRNA or gDNA.

[0034] Thus, a "polynucleotide" or "nucleotide sequence" generally refers to a series of nucleotide bases (also called "nucleotides") in DNA and RNA, and any chain of two or more nucleotides. Nucleotide sequences typically carry genetic information, including information used by cellular machinery to make proteins and enzymes. These terms include double- or single-stranded genomic DNA and cDNA, RNA, any synthetic and engineered polynucleotide, and both sense and antisense polynucleotides (although only the sense strand is represented herein). This includes single- and double-stranded molecules, i.e., DNA-DNA, DNA-RNA, and RNA-RNA hybrids, as well as "protein nucleic acids" (PNAs) formed by conjugating bases to an amino acid backbone. This also includes nucleic acids containing modified bases, such as thiouracil, thioguanine, and fluorouracil.

[0035] The polynucleotides herein may be flanked by natural regulatory sequences or may be associated with heterologous sequences, including promoters, enhancers, response elements, signal sequences, polyadenylation sequences, introns, 5'- and 3'-non-coding regions, and the like. Nucleic acids may also be modified by many means known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such modifications include methylation, "caps," substitution of one or more of the natural nucleotides with analogs, and internucleotide modifications, such as those with uncharged linkages (e.g., methylphosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoramidates, carbamates, and the like) and charged linkages (e.g., phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, and the like). Polynucleotides may contain one or more additional covalently linked moieties, such as, for example, proteins (e.g., nucleases, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine, and the like), intercalating agents (e.g., acridine, psoralen, and the like), chelating agents (e.g., metals, radioactive metals, iron, metal oxides, and the like), and alkylating agents. The polynucleotide may be derivatized by forming a methyl or ethyl phosphotriester bond or an alkyl phosphoramidate bond. Furthermore, the polynucleotide herein may be modified with a label that can directly or indirectly provide a detectable signal. Exemplary labels include radioisotopes, fluorescent molecules, biotin, etc.

[0036] "DNA" (deoxyribonucleic acid) means any chain or sequence of chemical building blocks called nucleotide bases, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T), linked together on a deoxyribose sugar backbone. DNA can have a single chain of nucleotide bases or two complementary chains that can form a double helix structure. "RNA" (ribonucleic acid) means any chain or sequence of chemical building blocks called nucleotide bases, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U), linked together on a ribose sugar backbone. RNA typically has a single chain of nucleotide bases.

[0037] A "polypeptide" or "protein" (one or more peptides) is a chain of chemical building blocks called amino acids that are linked together by chemical bonds called peptide bonds. Proteins or polypeptides, including enzymes, may be "native" or "wild-type," meaning that they occur in nature, or they may be "mutant," "variant," or "modified," meaning that they are made, altered, derived, or in some way different or changed from a naturally occurring protein or another variant.

[0038] In the context of oligonucleotide reactions (e.g., coding reactions, reverse transcription, amplification, etc.), "probe" simply refers to an oligonucleotide sequence that binds (hybridizes) to a target. Described herein are splint ligation probes and competitive probes that do not necessarily produce a signal when bound to a target nucleotide sequence. However, qPCR probes, or probes described as having a fluorophore (or a fluorophore and a quencher), may also be used to detect targets.

[0039] A "sample biomolecule of interest" is a target, often a specific oligonucleotide or protein, that can be specifically bound, processed, and / or detected in the assays described herein.

[0040] The term "flow" refers to any movement of liquids or solids through a device or method of the present invention, including, but not limited to, any fluid flow, and any material moving by, within, or relative to the flow, regardless of whether the material is carried by the flow. For example, the movement of molecules or cells through a device or method of the present invention, e.g., through a channel of a microfluidic chip of the present invention, includes flow. This is true according to the present invention whether the molecules or cells are carried by a fluid flow, including flow, or whether the molecules or cells are moved by some other direct or indirect force or inducer, and whether the nature of any inducer is known or understood. The application of any force, regardless of any particular theory or mechanism of action, can be used to provide flow, including, but not limited to, pressure, capillary action, electroosmosis, electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, optical tweezers, and combinations thereof, so long as the molecules or cells are subject to detection, measurement, or sorting according to the present invention.

[0041] An "inlet region" is an area of ​​a microfabricated chip that receives molecules or cells for detection, measurement, or sorting. Inlet regions can include inlet channels, wells or reservoirs, openings, and other features that facilitate the entry of molecules or cells into the device. If desired, a chip can include more than one inlet region. An inlet region is in fluid communication with and upstream from the main channel.

[0042] An "exit region" is a region of a microfabricated chip where molecules or cells are collected or dispensed after detection, measurement, or sorting. The exit region is downstream of the discrimination region and may include branching or outlet channels. If desired, a chip may include more than one exit region.

[0043] A "loop" or "sample processing loop" is a looped channel that can be operated (e.g., by an expansion pump or peristaltic pump) to mix solutions within the loop. The loop can be dynamic, such that valves are operated to define the loop and place different chambers in communication with one another. The loop can have any shape. One or more channels comprising the loop can have or cooperate with pumps and / or valves to open and close the loop and / or to supply or drain contents to or from the loop. In certain embodiments, the loop can be isolated or closed from other channels in the microfluidic device. Also, in certain embodiments, fluid can be circulated within the loop by, for example, providing a peristaltic pump that includes three or more microvalves.

[0044] In some embodiments, a "circulation loop" is located within the chip, typically within or in communication with a unit cell through which a fluid (e.g., a biological sample stream) circulates. The circulation loop may also include a "hybridization loop" or "target loop," in which flow is directed through a series of targets or probes (e.g., DNA or proteins) within or exposed to the loop and its contents, e.g., in a column. For example, the probes may be patterned on a surface such as a substrate or bead, e.g., a solid substrate, also referred to as a "probe substrate."

[0045] A "detection region" is a location within a chip, typically in or corresponding to the main channel (or a portion thereof) and / or in or corresponding to the detection loop, where molecules or cells to be identified, characterized, hybridized, measured, analyzed, or sorted (etc.) are examined based on a predetermined characteristic. In preferred embodiments, molecules or cells are examined one at a time. In other preferred embodiments, molecules, cells, or samples are examined together, e.g., in groups, arrays, rapid simultaneous or simultaneous serial or parallel configurations, or by affinity chromatography. In one such embodiment, the sample is exposed to probes in the detection region, preferably with a predetermined pattern or coincidence within the detection region, e.g., within the target hybridization or detection loop. Preferably, the molecular or cellular characteristic is detected or measured optically, e.g., by examining the presence or amount of a reporter. For example, the detection region may be in communication with one or more of a microscope, a diode, a photostimulation device (e.g., a laser), a photomultiplier tube, and a processor (e.g., a computer and software), and combinations thereof, which cooperate to detect signals representative of the traits, markers, or reporters and determine and direct a measurement or sorting operation at the discrimination region. In sorting embodiments, the detection region is in fluid communication with the discrimination region and may be at, near, or upstream of the discrimination region.

[0046] A "discrimination region" or "branch point" is a channel junction where the flow of molecules or cells can be redirected to enter one or more other channels, e.g., branch channels, depending on a signal received in connection with examination of a detection region. Typically, a discrimination region is monitored and / or under the control of a detection region, and thus may "correspond" to such a detection region. A discrimination region is in communication with and is influenced by one or more sorting techniques or flow control systems, e.g., electrical, electroosmotic, (micro)valve-based, etc. Flow control systems can employ various sorting techniques to redirect or direct the flow of molecules or cells into a predetermined branch channel.

[0047] A "branch channel" is a channel that communicates with the discrimination region and the main channel. Typically, the branch channel receives molecules or cells depending on the properties of the molecules or cells of interest as detected by the detection region and sorted in the discrimination region. Branch channels may communicate with other channels to allow for additional sorting. Alternatively, branch channels may also have an exit region and / or terminate with a well or reservoir that allows for collection or disposal of molecules or cells.

[0048] A "gene" is a sequence of nucleotides that encodes a functional polypeptide. For purposes of the present invention, a gene includes an mRNA sequence that can be found in a cell. For example, measuring gene expression levels according to the present invention can correspond to measuring mRNA levels. A "genomic sequence" is the entire set of genes of an organism. The term "genome" refers to the coding sequence of an entire genome.

[0049] Polynucleotides can "hybridize" to each other if at least one strand of one polynucleotide can anneal to another polynucleotide under desired or defined stringency conditions. The stringency of hybridization is determined, for example, by a) the temperature at which hybridization and / or washing is performed, and b) the ionic strength and polarity (e.g., formamide) of the hybridization and washing solutions, as well as other parameters. Hybridization requires that two polynucleotides contain substantially complementary sequences, although mismatches may be tolerated depending on the stringency of hybridization. Typically, hybridization of two sequences at high stringency (e.g., in an aqueous solution of 0.5×SSC at 65° C.) requires that the sequences exhibit a certain degree of complementarity throughout their entire sequences. Conditions of intermediate stringency (e.g., an aqueous solution of 2xSSC at 65°C) and low stringency (e.g., an aqueous solution of 2xSSC at 55°C) require correspondingly less overall complementarity between hybridizing sequences. (1xSSC is 0.15M NaCl, 0.015M Na citrate.) Polynucleotide sequences that "hybridize" to the polynucleotides herein can be of any length. In one embodiment, such polynucleotide sequences are at least 10, at least 15, or at least 20 nucleotides in length.

[0050] As used herein, the terms "barcode," "tag," or "index" of a sample can be used interchangeably. In the context of a coding reaction, such as with sample-tagged (i.e., barcoded) primers, the tag (i.e., barcode) is a sequence that identifies the sample, allowing the sample to be pooled with other samples while still identifying the reaction products resulting from each sample. Thus, the sample-tagged primer contains a sequence that identifies the sample from which the target nucleotide sequence is amplified. For example, sequencing can read the sample tag (i.e., index) and identify which sample the target read came from. Aspects of the present application include selective amplification of sample-tagged nucleotide sequences, such as by qPCR, using at least one primer to the sample tag (which hybridizes to the sample tag sequence).

[0051] "Identical sequences" refers to sequences, usually 6 or more nucleotides, that are identical to each other. When a sequence is that of an oligonucleotide, such as an amplified target nucleotide sequence, either strand can be considered in determining whether the sequence is identical (e.g., for a primer or probe).

[0052] sample In certain embodiments, at least 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, or 384 samples are processed by the subject method or kit. The samples may be from any biological source, such as eukaryotic samples (e.g., human, primate, rodent) or bacterial samples. The samples may contain target biomolecules, such as nucleic acids (e.g., polynucleotides), as described herein. The samples may be from cellular samples, such as tissue samples or cell cultures. In certain embodiments, the samples may be from fixed tissues (e.g., solid tissues or cells). In certain embodiments, fixed tissues (e.g., FFPE tissues) may be subject to fragmentation (e.g., RNA) and may be of variable quality, resulting in variable sequencing depth. In certain embodiments, such as when the target biomolecule is a biomarker or viral antigen, the sample may include a blood sample (e.g., serum, plasma, or whole blood), a saliva sample, or a nasal swab. Nucleic acids may be present in samples in which protein is absent or present in minimal amounts. Embodiments include providing or producing a sample library in which sample polynucleotides are at least partially prepared for sequencing, such as by the addition of sequencing adaptors.

[0053] Sequencing Technology Some embodiments may provide specific sequencing applications, including mRNA sequencing applications (such as targeted RNA-seq, 3' RNA-seq, and full-length RNA sequencing), or DNA sequencing applications (such as whole genome sequencing (WGS), targeted resequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP-Seq), and chromatin accessibility sequencing (ATAC-seq)), and epigenetics, such as methylation sequencing (bisulfite sequencing). Any suitable sequencing technology discussed herein or known in the art is within the scope of the subject application.

[0054] Certain sequencing methods and corresponding library preparation workflows, including workflows that enable sample barcoding (e.g., through double indexing), are known in the art. For example, the Illumina Adapter Sequences list published by Illumina provides adapter sequences, index sequences, and primers for popular library preparation kits, including Nextera, AmpliSeq, TruSight, and TruSeq kits. These and other sequencing methods and library preparation kits are within the scope of this application and are described in part by Slatko et al., "Overview of next-generation sequencing technologies." Current protocols in molecular biology 122.1 (2018):e59. Current sequencing methods are sometimes referred to herein as next-generation sequencing (NGS). NGS includes many sequencing by synthesis techniques, including those based on clonal expansion (e.g., bridge amplification in Illumina sequencing) and single-molecule sequencing.

[0055] Sequencing library preparation and application As used herein, library preparation generally refers to the preparation of samples for sequencing. The resulting polynucleotides may have sequencing adapters, and the samples may be barcoded (indexed).

[0056] These and other library preparation methods and kits may be suitable for the purposes of the present invention and are described in part by Head et al. in "Library construction for next-generation sequencing: Overviews and challenges" Biotechniques. 2014;56(2):61-passim, and further described herein.

[0057] It should be noted that sample preparation steps prior to library preparation are within the scope of this application and include, but are not limited to, one or more of sample lysis, nucleic acid purification, and enrichment for specific nucleic acid populations (e.g., genomic DNA (gDNA), RNA, mRNA, target mRNA, etc.). Sequencing can be of RNA or gDNA targets, such as whole genome sequencing, whole transcriptome sequencing, target-specific sequencing such as TCR / BCR sequencing, or chromatin accessibility sequencing.

[0058] Library preparation steps may include fragmentation, reverse transcription (e.g., with tailing and template switching), and addition of sequencing adapters and / or sample barcodes (e.g., via PCR).

[0059] Additional steps include collection from the microfluidic device, pooling based on sample quantification (sample normalization), depletion steps (such as ribosomal RNA depletion via enzymatic degradation, cleavage, hybridization, etc.), clean-up steps to remove undesired artifacts such as short products (e.g., primer dimers), amplification of the pooled samples (e.g., with p5 / P7 primers), and quantification of the pooled samples before sequencing.

[0060] Fragmentation and library preparation In general, the core steps for preparing RNA or DNA for NGS analysis are (i) fragmenting and / or sizing the target sequence to the desired length, (ii) converting the target to double-stranded DNA, (iii) adding oligonucleotide adapters to the ends of the target fragments, and (iv) quantifying the final library product for sequencing.

[0061] Fragmentation can be performed by heating, shearing, or enzymes (eg, with DNase, RNase, restriction enzymes, transposase, etc.).

[0062] The size of the target DNA fragments in the final library is an important parameter for NGS library construction. Three approaches are available for fragmenting nucleic acid strands: physical, enzymatic, and chemical. DNA fragmentation is typically performed by physical methods (i.e., sonic shearing and sonication) or enzymatic methods (i.e., nonspecific endonuclease cocktails and transposase tagging reactions). In our laboratory, sonic shearing using a Covaris instrument (Covaris, Inc., Woburn, MA) is typically used to obtain DNA fragments in the 100-5000 bp range, while we use a Covaris g-TUBE for the 6-20 Kbp range required for mate pair libraries. Enzymatic methods include digestion with DNase I or fragmentase, a two-enzyme mixture (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA).

[0063] However, fragmentase produced more artificial indels than physical methods. An alternative enzymatic method for fragmenting DNA is Illumina's Nextera fragmentation technology (Illumina, San Diego, CA), in which a transposase enzyme simultaneously fragments and inserts adapter sequences into dsDNA. This method offers several advantages, including reduced sample handling and preparation time.

[0064] Because the length of the adapter sequence is fixed, the desired library size is determined by the desired insert size (referring to the portion of the library between the adapter sequences). The optimal insert size is then determined by the limitations of the NGS instrument and the specific sequencing application. For example, when using Illumina technology, the optimal insert size is affected by the cluster generation process, in which the library is denatured, diluted, distributed on the two-dimensional surface of the flow cell, and then amplified. Shorter products are amplified more efficiently than longer products, but longer library inserts generate larger and more scattered clusters than shorter inserts. The optimal library size is also determined by the sequencing application. In exome sequencing, more than 80% of human exomes are less than 200 bases in length.

[0065] For microRNA (miRNA) / small RNA library preparation, the desired product is only 20–30 bases larger than the 120 bp adapter dimer. Therefore, it is critically important to perform gel size selection to enrich the library as much as possible for the desired product.

[0066] Library preparation from DNA samples for sequencing whole genomes, targeted regions within the genome (e.g., exome sequencing), ChIP-seq experiments, or PCR amplicons (see below) follows the same general workflow. Ultimately, for any application, the goal is to make the library as complex as possible (see below).

[0067] Numerous kits for generating sequencing libraries from DNA are commercially available from a variety of vendors. Competition has steadily reduced prices and improved quality. Kits are available for generating libraries with microgram to picogram quantities of starting material. However, one should keep in mind the general principle that more starting material results in less amplification and therefore improved library complexity.

[0068] With the exception of Illumina's Nextera prep, library preparation can include one or more of the following steps: (i) fragmentation, (ii) end repair, (iii) phosphorylation of 5' prime ends, (iv) A-tailing of 3' ends to facilitate ligation to sequencing adapters, (v) adapter ligation, and (vi) several PCR cycles to enrich for products with adapters ligated to both ends. The main difference in the Ion Torrent workflow is the use of blunt-end ligation to different adapter sequences.

[0069] Takara's sample preparation kit performs first-strand synthesis, tailing, and template switching. The tailed first strand is synthesized from a first primer (e.g., a poly(T) primer, a target-specific primer, or a degenerate primer). An oligonucleotide with a 3' sequence complementary to the tail sequence provides a template primer binding site that is incorporated into the first strand by extension. Another primer binding site may be provided by the first primer or may be added by PCR using another primer (e.g., a poly(T) primer, a target-specific primer, or a degenerate primer). The incorporated primer binding site can be used for subsequent PCR and for incorporating adapter sequences (e.g., index, lead, or amplification sequences).

[0070] The oligonucleotides hybridize to the tail sequence. Amplification is performed using a primer directed against the tail sequence and an application-specific primer, such as a random (N6) primer, a target-specific primer, or a poly(A) primer. Sites for amplification by the primers (including adapter sequences) are introduced by the primers.

[0071] Once the starting DNA is fragmented, the fragment ends can be blunted and 5' phosphorylated using a mixture of three enzymes: T4 polynucleotide kinase, T4 DNA polymerase, and Klenow large fragment. The 3' ends are then A-tailed using either Taq polymerase or Klenow fragment (exo-). While Taq is more efficient at A-tailing, Klenow (exo-) can be used for applications where heating is undesirable, such as preparing mate-pair libraries. During the adapter ligation reaction, the optimal adapter-to-fragment ratio is approximately 10:1, calculated based on copy number or molar concentration. Too many adapters can easily form adapter dimers that are difficult to separate and may dominate subsequent PCR amplification. Bead- or column-based cleanup can be performed after the end-repair and A-tailing reactions, but after ligation, bead-based cleanup has been found to be more effective at removing excess adapter dimers.

[0072] To facilitate multiplexing, different barcoded adapters can be used for each sample. Alternatively, barcodes can be introduced during the PCR amplification step by amplifying different samples with different barcoded PCR primers. High-quality reagents, including barcoded adapters and PCR primers, are readily available in kits from many vendors. However, all components of DNA library construction, from adapters to enzymes, are now well documented and can be easily assembled into "homemade" library preparation kits.

[0073] An alternative method is the Nextera DNA Sample Prep Kit (Illumina), which uses a transposase enzyme to prepare genomic DNA libraries, fragment DNA, and tag it in a single-tube reaction called "tagging." The engineered enzyme has dual activities: it fragments DNA and adds specific adapters to both ends of the fragments. These adapter sequences are used to amplify the insert DNA by PCR. This PCR reaction also adds an index (barcode) sequence. The preparation procedure improves upon previous protocols by combining DNA fragmentation, end repair, and adapter ligation into a single step. Compared to mechanical fragmentation methods, this protocol is highly sensitive to the amount of DNA input. The ratio of transposase complex to sample DNA is crucial to obtain transposition events separated by an appropriate distance. Because fragment size also depends on reaction efficiency, all reaction parameters, such as temperature and reaction time, are critical and must be tightly controlled.

[0074] RNA sequencing library preparation Before deciding on the best library protocol, it is important to consider the primary goal of the RNA sequencing experiment. If the goal is to discover complex, global transcriptional events, the library should capture the entire transcriptome, including coding, noncoding, antisense, and intergenic RNAs, as consistently as possible. However, in many cases, the objective is to study only coding mRNA transcripts that are translated into proteins. Yet another goal may be to profile small RNAs, most commonly miRNAs, but also small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and transfer RNAs (tRNAs). This review attempts to explain the principles of RNA sequencing libraries but cannot describe all of the various protocols available. Interested readers should explore the many options for themselves.

[0075] One of the major limitations in miRNA library construction occurs when the amount of input RNA is low (e.g., <200 ng total RNA). Short adapter dimers compete with the desired product, adapter, and miRNA insert in the RT-PCR reaction. Too many adapter dimers run up the gel during the size selection step, contaminating the product band.

[0076] For mRNA sequencing libraries, methods based on cDNA synthesis (reverse transcription) using random primers, oligo-dT primers, or by attaching adapters to mRNA fragments followed by some form of amplification have been developed. mRNA can be primed with random oligomers or anchored oligo-dT to generate first-strand cDNA. When using random priming, rRNA must first be removed or reduced. rRNA can be removed using oligonucleotide probe-based reagents such as Ribo-Zero (Epicenter, Madison, WI) and RiboMinus (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). Alternatively, polyadenylated RNA can be positively selected using oligo-dT beads. Such poly-A tails can be added by end repair (e.g., A-tailing enzymes) to enable capture of short or fragmented RNAs. Alternatively, or in addition, the beads can contain oligonucleotides that specifically hybridize to one or more target nucleic acids, such as TCR and / or BCR sequences. Alternatively, or in addition, the beads may comprise oligonucleotides that specifically hybridize to one or more target nucleic acids, such as TCR and / or BCR sequences. Alternatively, or in addition, target-specific probes may hybridize to one or more target nucleic acids, such as TCR and / or BCR sequences, and the probes may comprise binding moieties that allow for specific binding by the beads.

[0077] It is often desirable to generate libraries that preserve the strand orientation of the original RNA target. For example, in some cases, transcription produces antisense RNA constructs that may play a role in regulating gene expression. Indeed, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) analysis relies on directional RNA sequencing. Methods for preparing directional RNA-seq libraries are readily available. The concept is to perform a cDNA reaction and selectively remove one of the two strands by incorporating dUTP into the second-strand cDNA synthesis reaction. The uracil-containing strand can then be enzymatically removed (NEBNext Ultra Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina) or prevented from further amplification by PCR polymerases that cannot recognize uracil in the template strand (Illumina TruSeq Stranded Total RNA Kit). Additionally, actinomycin D is frequently added to first-strand cDNA synthesis reactions to reduce spurious antisense synthesis during the first-strand synthesis reaction.

[0078] An alternative hybrid approach utilizes random or anchored oligo-dT primers bearing an adapter sequence on the 5' end of the primer to prime first-strand cDNA synthesis. A 3' adapter sequence is then added to the cDNA molecule in a procedure called template switching (illustrated in Figure 4B). This approach has a distinct advantage in that the first-strand cDNA molecule can be directly PCR-amplified without second-strand synthesis using a unique sequence tag placed on the 3' end by the template switching reaction. The 5' unique sequence tag is also introduced by standard priming of first-strand synthesis.

[0079] Targeted DNA Sequencing Targeted sequencing allows researchers to study selected sets of genes or specific genomic elements, such as CpG islands and promoter / enhancer regions. A common application of targeted sequencing is exome sequencing, for which high-quality kits are commercially available: SurSelect (Agilent Technologies), SeqCap (Roche NimbleGen, Madison, Wisconsin), and TruSeq Exome Enrichment Kit (Illumina). All three capture methods rely on probe hybridization to enrich sequencing libraries generated from whole-genome samples. Life Technologies has commercialized an alternative approach based on its highly multiplexed PCR-based AmpliSeq technology. All of these products offer customization options, allowing researchers to design capture or PCR probes for target regions covering thousands to millions of bases within the genome.

[0080] Hybridization capture approaches generally perform well, but can suffer from off-target capture and struggle to effectively capture sequences with high levels of repetition or low complexity (i.e., human histocompatibility locus regions). PCR-based AmpliSeq methods are more efficient with smaller amounts of DNA. It should also be noted that probes are based on a reference sequence, and variations that deviate substantially from the reference, as well as significant insertion / deletion mutations, will not necessarily be identified.

[0081] Sequencing of short amplicons also allows for the acquisition of entire sequences using either single-read or paired-end read designs, where adapters can be added directly to the ends of amplicons and sequenced to retain haplotype information, essential for the reconstruction of antibody or T-cell receptor gene sequences, as well as species identification in microbiome projects.

[0082] However, it is often necessary to design longer amplicons for targeted sequencing applications. In this case, PCR products must be fragmented for sequencing. Amplicons can be fragmented in situ using sonic shearing, sonication, or enzymatic digestion. Alternatively, they can be first joined into longer fragments using ligation and subsequent fragmentation. One problem associated with amplicon sequencing is the presence of chimeric amplicons generated during PCR by PCR-mediated recombination. This problem is exacerbated in low-complexity libraries and by overamplification. The presence of PCR primer sequences or other highly conserved sequences presents technical limitations on some sequencing platforms that utilize fluorescent detection (i.e., Illumina). This can occur in amplicon-based sequencing, such as microbiome studies using 16S rRNA for species identification. In this situation, the PCR primer sequence at the start of the read will generate the exact same base with each cycle of sequencing, creating challenges for signal detection hardware and software. This limitation is not an issue with Ion Torrent systems (which are not fluorescence-based) and can be addressed with Illumina systems by sequencing multiple different amplicons in the same lane whenever possible. An alternative strategy we employ is to use several PCR primers during PCR of a specific amplicon. Each primer has a different number of bases (typically 1–3 random bases) appended to its 5' end to offset / shift the sequencing order when adapters are ligated to the amplicon.

[0083] Additional sequencing approaches Originally developed as a low-throughput PCR-based assay, the introduction of NGS technology has enabled ChIP-seq to be efficiently applied on a genome-wide scale. The general principle of this assay involves immunoprecipitation of specific proteins linked to associated DNA. This procedure typically requires DNA-protein cross-linking with formaldehyde, followed by chromatin fragmentation using micrococcal nuclease (MNase) and / or sonication. Specific antibodies are used to target the protein or histone modification of interest, at which point the DNA is purified and subjected to high-throughput sequencing. Sequencing results should be compared with appropriate controls. Data from a successful ChIP-seq should be enriched for sequences cross-linked to the target protein / modified histone.

[0084] RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) recognize specific sequences, single-stranded backbones, secondary structures, and ribonucleic acid motifs, including double-stranded RNA (72, 73). These interactions involve all types of RNA and occur at all stages, from transcription to degradation. Numerous steps in the post-transcriptional processing of messenger RNA overlap, resulting in multiple RBP complexes bound to the transcript at any given time of its existence. RIP-seq can be performed using protein-specific antibodies or by expressing tagged versions of the RBP of interest. Furthermore, RIP-seq allows for characterization of the function of an RBP in a specific cell type and / or cellular state based on the population of bound RNA.

[0085] Five-position methylation of cytosine (5mC) is the most common form of DNA methylation, with 60%–80% of the 28 million CpG dinucleotides in the human genome being methylated. Genome-wide hypomethylation is associated with increased rates of mutations and chromosomal instability, while promoter hypermethylation inhibits gene transcription. DNA methylation is also essential for gene imprinting, transposable element repression, and X-chromosome inactivation. Aberrant DNA methylation is associated with many diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders. Methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme sequencing (MRE-seq) relies on restriction enzymes that are sensitive to CpG methylation. Affinity enrichment of methylated DNA requires either antibodies specific for methylated DNA (MeDIP) or other proteins capable of binding methylated DNA (MBD-seq). Treatment of DNA with sodium sulfite results in the chemical conversion of unmethylated cytosines to uracil, while methylated cytosines are protected.

[0086] ATAC-seq identifies accessible DNA regions by probing open chromatin using a hyperactive mutant Tn5 transposase, which inserts sequencing adapters into open regions of the genome. ATAC-seq utilizes a mutated hyperactive transposase, unlike naturally occurring transposases, which have low levels of activity. In a process called "tagging," the Tn5 transposase cleaves double-stranded DNA and tags it with sequencing adapters. The tagged DNA fragments are then purified, PCR-amplified, and sequenced using next-generation sequencing. Sequencing reads can then be used to estimate regions of increased accessibility and map regions of transcription factor binding sites and nucleosome positioning. The number of reads for a given region correlates with how open the chromatin is at single-nucleotide resolution.

[0087] Adding adapters and sample indexes As described herein, sequences may be added to sample polynucleotides via transposition, ligation, tailing, and template switching, and / or PCR using primers (e.g., degenerate, target-specific, or hybridizing to sequences added to the fragment by transposition, ligation, or tailing and template switching). The added sequences may flank an insert, such as a cDNA or gDNA insert. The added sequences may provide primer binding sites for further amplification, sequencing adapters, single molecule identifiers, and / or sample indexes (barcodes) that enable sample pooling. The sequencing adapters may include an index and optional index primer, an amplification element (e.g., for bridge amplification during sequencing), and a lead primer for sequencing.

[0088] Additional processes Additional steps include harvesting from the microfluidic device, depletion steps (such as ribosomal RNA depletion steps via enzymatic degradation, cleavage, hybridization, etc.), sample normalization, and pooling before sequencing. Sample normalization, and in particular, sample normalization based on suppression qPCR, is further described herein.

[0089] bias A primary goal when preparing sequencing libraries is to create as little bias as possible. Bias can be defined as a systematic distortion of data due to experimental design. Because it is impossible to eliminate all sources of experimental bias, the best strategy is to (i) know where bias arises and take all practical steps to minimize it, and (ii) pay attention to experimental design to minimize the impact of sources of bias that cannot be eliminated on the final analysis.

[0090] The complexity of an NGS library can reflect the amount of bias created by a given experimental design. With regard to library complexity, a highly complex library is ideal, reflecting the original complexity of the source material with high fidelity. A technical challenge is that any amount of amplification can reduce this fidelity. Library complexity can be measured by the number or percentage of duplicate reads present in the sequencing data. Duplicate reads are typically defined as reads that are identical or have the same exact start position when aligned to a reference sequence. One caveat is that with increasing sequencing depth, the frequency of duplicate reads that occur by chance (and represent truly independent sampling from the original sample source) increases. Therefore, it is critically important to understand under what conditions the duplicate read rate represents an accurate measure of library complexity.

[0091] The use of overlapping reads as a measure of library complexity works well when performing genomic DNA sequencing because the nucleic acid sequences in the starting pool are in approximately equimolar ratios. However, RNA-seq is significantly more complex because the starting pool of sequences inherently represents a complex mixture of varying numbers of mRNA transcripts that reflect the biology of differential expression. In the case of ChIP-seq, complexity is created by differences in both the affinity (i.e., high and low) of target proteins for specific DNA sequences. These biologically significant differences mean that the number of sequences that end up in the final pool will not be equimolar.

[0092] However, the key points remain the same: the goal of library preparation is to maximize complexity and minimize PCR- or other amplification-based clonal bias. This presents a significant challenge for low-input libraries, such as those used in many ChIP-seq experiments or RNA / DNA samples derived from a limited number of cells. It is now technically possible to sequence genomic DNA and RNA from single cells. Importantly, the level of extensive amplification required creates bias in the form of preferential amplification of distinct sequences, and this bias remains a significant challenge in analyzing the resulting data. One approach to addressing this challenge is digital sequencing, which uses multiple combinations of indexed adapters to enable differentiation between biologically and PCR-derived duplicate reads in RNA-seq applications (41,42). A version of this method is currently commercially available as a kit from Bioo Scientific (Austin, TX).

[0093] Mitigating batch effects is also crucial when preparing libraries for NGS sequencing. It is also important to recognize the impact of systematic biases resulting from the molecular manipulations required to generate NGS data. For example, biases introduced by sequence-dependent differences in adapter ligation efficiency in miRNA-seq library preparations can arise from variations in routine sample processing, such as reaction conditions, reagent batches, pipetting accuracy, and even technician differences. Furthermore, batch effects can be observed between sequencing runs and between different lanes on an Illumina flow cell. Mitigating batch effects can be somewhat simple or quite complex. When in doubt, consulting a statistician during the experimental design process can save significant expense and time.

[0094] There are many ways to minimize bias during library preparation. Within a single experiment, we aim to start with samples of similar quality and quantity. We also use master mixes of reagents whenever possible. One particularly prominent source of bias comes from amplification reactions such as PCR. It is well documented that GC content has a substantial impact on PCR amplification efficiency. PCR enzymes such as Kapa HiFi (Kapa Biosystems, Wilmington, MA) or AccuPrime Taq DNA Polymerase High Fidelity (Life Technologies) have been shown to minimize amplification bias resulting from extreme GC content.

[0095] In addition to enzymatic steps, pooling barcoded samples prior to gel or bead purification can reduce bias during the purification process. For miRNA-seq libraries, we first run individual libraries on an Agilent Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) to quantify miRNA peaks. We use this information to create barcoded library pools of up to 24 samples, which are gel-purified in a single lane of an agarose gel to avoid sample-to-sample size variation.

[0096] Sample normalization Sample normalization, as referred to herein, is a physical process in which polynucleotides in pooled samples are quantified to determine the amount of each sample to be added to the pool in order to achieve uniform sequencing across samples. This process is also referred to as library quantification and pooling. Quantification is typically performed by conventional qPCR or a mobility (e.g., electrophoretic) assay, such as a Bioanalyzer (a chip-based capillary electrophoresis system), to quantify the amount of desired product (polynucleotide) across samples. Based on this quantification, samples are then pooled to, for example, improve the uniformity of read depth across samples. For example, a sample with a lower concentration of library-prepared polynucleotides (or desired library-prepared polynucleotides) may be added to the pool in a larger volume. Library-prepared polynucleotides may be sample barcoded (e.g., containing dual indexes) and may or may not contain additional adapter sequences. Read depth can be defined as the number of reads in a given sequencing run and can be further defined as the number of successful reads (e.g., reads mapped to a known sequence or genome). A related concept, uniformity of sequencing depth, may also be used. The desired product may be, for example, a library prepared polynucleotide having inserts of a given length.

[0097] Traditional quantification methods rely on mobility-based assays, such as electrophoresis, which amplify artifacts such as primer dimers or where artifacts such as bubble DNA (formed from adapter rehybridization with mismatched inserts) run at a speed similar to the desired longer product. Thus, one aspect of the subject application is the use of suppression PCR (e.g., suppression qPCR) to quantify desired products that are longer than artifacts such as primer dimers, bubble DNA, and products with short inserts.

[0098] Since read depth is directly proportional to sequencing cost, less variability translates into better results and lower sequencing costs.

[0099] Suppression PCR For example, suppression PCR has been used to enrich for long products, such that short products form hairpins at the primer binding site, to enrich for long products for use as vectors or for sequencing. Suppression PCR to control product length was described by Shagin et al. in "Regulation of average length of complex PCR product." Nucleic Acids Research 27.18 (1999):e23-i. To the inventors' knowledge, suppression qPCR and its use in library normalization have not been disclosed. Suppression PCR is illustrated in Figure 5.

[0100] In suppressive PCR as used herein, a single primer (or primers) complementary to the inverted repeats preferentially extends longer products in which the inverted repeats are spaced farther apart, because these longer products tend to remain linear. For example, shorter products in which the inverted repeats are spaced less than 100, 80, 50, or 30 nucleotides apart tend to form hairpins in which the inverted terminal repeats form a neck and prevent primer hybridization.

[0101] As discussed above, quantification methods can amplify artifacts from library preparation (e.g., as shown in Figure 6), such as primer dimers that interfere with qPCR, or bubble DNA that interferes with mobility-based assays such as capillary electrophoresis. Thus, one aspect of the subject application is the use of suppression PCR (e.g., suppression qPCR) to quantify desired products that are longer than artifacts such as primer dimers, bubble DNA, and products with short inserts.

[0102] In certain embodiments, suppressive PCR is performed using primers that contain sequences identical to (and therefore complementary in nucleotide length to) the spaced inverted repeats of at least 6 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides. Sample preparation may also use primers identical to the inverted repeats of the polynucleotide (and complementary to a partner inverted repeat, e.g., to hybridize to at least one inverted repeat during PCR).

[0103] Quantification by suppression PCR can direct sample pooling to normalize read uniformity. In certain embodiments, aliquots from the samples are subjected to suppression PCR, rather than the polynucleotides of the sample pool itself.

[0104] Suppression PCR can enrich for longer amplicons. For example, suppression PCR can enrich for long polynucleotides (e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, more than 150 nucleotides, more than 200 nucleotides, more than 300 nucleotides, more than 400 nucleotides between inverted repeats) by at least 5-fold (e.g., at least 10-fold, at least 25-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 80-fold, at least 100-fold) over short polynucleotides (e.g., less than 100 nucleotides, less than 80 nucleotides, less than 50 nucleotides, less than 30 nucleotides, or less than 20 nucleotides between inverted repeats).

[0105] Suppression PCR can preferentially amplify longer polynucleotides. For example, suppression PCR can amplify long polynucleotides (e.g., more than 100 nucleotides, more than 150 nucleotides, more than 200 nucleotides, more than 300 nucleotides, or more than 400 nucleotides between inverted repeats) with a PCR cycle efficiency that is at least 0.20 (e.g., 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, or 0.6) higher than short polynucleotides (e.g., less than 100 nucleotides, less than 80 nucleotides, less than 50 nucleotides, less than 30 nucleotides, or less than 20 nucleotides between inverted repeats). For example, the PCR efficiency of long polynucleotides can be greater than 1.6, greater than 1.75, greater than 1.8, greater than 1.85, or greater than 1.9. The PCR efficiency of short polynucleotides can be less than 1.6, less than 1.5, less than 1.4, or less than 1.3.

[0106] Quantification may be by qPCR (i.e., suppression qPCR, etc.) as described herein. Alternative methods for quantifying suppression PCR are also described herein. The length of the library quantification preparation can be between 150 and 800 nucleotides, such as between 200 and 600 nucleotides. The method may further include melting curve analysis of the suppression PCR product. Quantification may be based on a dilution series of the library quantification preparation.

[0107] Some library preparation workflows introduce palindromic sequences (spaced inverted repeats) that form hairpins in the short products. Longer sequences can be quantified by suppression qPCR, in which a single primer complementary to the inverted repeat is used. Shorter products form hairpins because the inverted repeats are closer together, which leads to competition with the primers and reduces amplification efficiency. If the amplification efficiency of long (e.g., >200 nt) products is 1.8-fold per cycle and that of short (e.g., <50 nt inserts) products is approximately 1.5, then over 24 cycles, the long products will amplify (1.8^24) / (1.5^24) = 80-fold more than the short products.

[0108] The library preparation workflow can lead to issues with uniformity of read depth per sample in each pool of a sequencing run. For example, in its original commercial protocol, the Advanta™ RNA-Seq NGS Library Prep Kit (Fluidigm) did not include a method to quantify and normalize each sample library before pooling. Because read depth is directly proportional to sequencing cost, less variation translates to better results and lower sequencing costs. We intend to utilize a quantification-normalization method before pooling that also does not require bead purification.

[0109] In the kit embodiments described herein, random primers are used to introduce Illumina adapter sequences, for example, via PCR, which creates undesirable primer dimers (e.g., p5 and p7 primers) that interfere with quantification by conventional qPCR. Primer dimers form more extensively at lower inputs. If sample inputs are variable in quantity and / or quality, non-normalized (or poorly normalized) pools will result in uneven read depth. The bubble DNA produced by adapter-driven rehybridization complicates quantification by mobility (e.g., on a gel or bioanalyzer instrument), as the bubble DNA runs at a similar speed to the desired longer duplex product.

[0110] Other library preparation methods can also create undesirable short products that complicate quantitation and do form hairpin structures. For example, short fragments formed from transposases that introduce inverted terminal repeats can create similar problems that can be addressed by the present invention.

[0111] Because suppression PCR preferentially amplifies long products over short hairpins, suppression-qPCR allows for the quantification of these long products. Sample normalization by pooling samples based on suppression-qPCR allows for uniform sequencing of long reads across samples. Therefore, samples enriched in long products do not need to be over-sequenced to achieve adequate sequencing depth for other samples in the pool, even if artifacts prevent or inhibit the use of traditional quantification methods for sample normalization.

[0112] In some embodiments, suppression qPCR may be combined with melt curve analysis to ensure that short products are not amplified to higher abundance than long products (e.g., when short products initially far outnumber long products beyond the point that suppression qPCR can improve, such as by more than 80-fold in the example above).

[0113] However, other quantitative workflows may not be suitable. Primer dimers formed at low inputs interfere with conventional qPCR. When the primer sequence contains an inverted repeat, these primer dimers form hairpins with a neck defined by the inverted repeat.

[0114] Bubble DNA formed by annealing of adapters on different inserts interferes with mobility-based methods (e.g., electrophoresis).

[0115] Additional library preparation workflows can be useful for quantification by suppression qPCR, which preferentially amplifies longer products that do not form hairpins. For example, inverted repeats introduced in transposase-based workflows can hairpin into smaller fragments.

[0116] The suppression qPCR sample normalization aspect can be used in any library preparation workflow that pools samples (not coupled with the Advanta workflow or IFC), resulting in undesirable short hairpin by-products with known inverted repeats that form necks. For example, primer (e.g., adapter) dimers can form when some samples have low input. Short products can form when the sample nucleic acid is fragmented (e.g., RNA in FFPE samples). In either or both cases, if the primers share a shared sequence (e.g., 8 nucleotides or more, 10 nucleotides or more, or 12 nucleotides or more in length), these short products will form hairpin structures, and qPCR with primers that hybridize to palindromic sequences will preferentially amplify long, "easy-to-read" products over short hairpins that do not display single-stranded palindromic sequences. In another example, transposase-based workflows such as ATAC-seq or WGS can incorporate inverted terminal repeats that form hairpin structures when the flanking sample DNA fragments are short.

[0117] PCR conditions (e.g., temperature and / or time of steps during a PCR cycle, number of cycles, buffer, etc.) may be adjusted to enhance suppression (e.g., preferentially amplifying long polynucleotides over short ones). In certain embodiments, the annealing and / or extension steps may be performed in later cycles (e.g., beginning in later cycles such as cycles 1, 2, 5, 10, etc.) at higher temperatures (e.g., at least 3, 5, or 10 degrees Celsius higher). This may be most beneficial when the primers used for suppression PCR contain a 5' sequence that does not hybridize to the polynucleotide but hybridizes to amplicons in earlier cycles (increasing the melting temperature of primer hybridization after the first cycle). Because the neck of the hairpin structure may contain this 5' sequence, short amplicons will still form hairpins at these higher temperatures.

[0118] Sample polynucleotides The sample polynucleotides for sample normalization may be any library-prepared nucleotides that are barcoded (e.g., indexed) to the samples so that they can be demultiplexed after pooling. The sample polynucleotides may have sequencing adapters, or such sequencing adapters may be added after pooling. For sample normalization by suppression qPCR, the sample polynucleotides may have spaced inverted repeats (i.e., inverted repeats separated by another sequence, such as an insert).

[0119] The polynucleotides may be a library prepared for sequencing (e.g., referred to as a sample library) and may include adapters (e.g., one or more sequences to aid in sequencing, such as an index, a read primer binding site, an indexing primer binding site, or an amplification primer binding site such as a P5 / P7 sequence). The polynucleotides (e.g., the adapter region of the polynucleotide) may include spaced inverted repeats as described herein. The adapters and / or spaced inverted repeats may flank an insert, such as a cDNA or gDNA sequence. The insert may be of variable length, such as when fragmentation is for sample preparation. The polynucleotides may include a sample barcode, e.g., on the adapter sequence. The sample barcode may be a dual index.

[0120] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises spaced inverted repeats, such as two spaced inverted repeats. The spaced inverted repeats are at least 6, at least 8, at least 10, at least 12, or at least 15 nucleotides in length. The spaced inverted repeats are within 50 nucleotides of each end (3' end and 5' end). For example, the spaced inverted repeats can be terminal inverted repeats.

[0121] The spacing between inverted repeats may be variable. For example, longer polynucleotides in a sample may have more than 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 nucleotides between inverted repeats. Shorter polynucleotides may have fewer than 100, 80, 50, 30, or 20 nucleotides between inverted repeats. Embodiments of the subject application may include suppressive PCR, which preferentially amplifies longer polynucleotides. Some polynucleotides may contain inserts, such as cDNA or gDNA sequences flanking the inverted repeats. The inserts may be randomly generated or target-specific (e.g., gene-specific) sequences. The insert sequence may be an endogenous sequence or its reverse complement.

[0122] The polynucleotides may contain spaced inverted repeats (e.g., of sequencing adapters), or the sample may be prepared to contain them. For example, the polynucleotides may contain Illumina p5 and p7 sequencing adapters. In some embodiments, the samples have an average polynucleotide length that is less than half the average polynucleotide length across the samples.

[0123] Production of sample polynucleotides Sample polynucleotides can be provided by any of the methods described herein for sample preparation (e.g., library preparation). For example, PCR can incorporate spaced inverted repeats (e.g., in addition to sample indexes and / or sequencing adapters). In another example, transposase can fragment target DNA and introduce spaced inverted repeats, often described in the art as "inverted terminal repeats." An example of sample production (library preparation) using a microfluidic workflow and sample normalization is shown in Figure 7.

[0124] The polynucleotides may be a library prepared for sequencing (e.g., referred to as a sample library) and may include adapters (e.g., one or more sequences to aid in sequencing, such as an index, a read primer binding site, an indexing primer binding site, or an amplification primer binding site such as a P5 / P7 sequence). The polynucleotides (e.g., the adapter region of the polynucleotide) may include spaced inverted repeats as described herein. The adapters and / or spaced inverted repeats may flank an insert, such as a cDNA or gDNA sequence. The insert may be of variable length, such as when fragmentation is for sample preparation. The polynucleotides may include a sample barcode, e.g., on the adapter sequence. The sample barcode may be a dual index.

[0125] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide comprises spaced inverted repeats, such as two spaced inverted repeats. The spaced inverted repeats are at least 6, at least 8, at least 10, at least 12, or at least 15 nucleotides in length. The spaced inverted repeats can be within 80 nucleotides, 50 nucleotides, 30 nucleotides, or 20 nucleotides of either end (3' and 5' ends). For example, the spaced inverted repeats can be terminal inverted repeats.

[0126] The spacing between inverted repeats may be variable. For example, longer polynucleotides in a sample may have more than 100, 150, 200, 300, or 400 nucleotides between inverted repeats. Shorter polynucleotides may have fewer than 100, 80, 50, 30, or 20 nucleotides between inverted repeats. Embodiments of the subject application may include suppressive PCR, which preferentially amplifies longer polynucleotides. Some polynucleotides may contain inserts, such as cDNA or gDNA sequences flanking the inverted repeats. The inserts may be randomly generated or target-specific (e.g., gene-specific) sequences. The insert sequence may be an endogenous sequence or its reverse complement.

[0127] The polynucleotides may contain spaced inverted repeats (e.g., of sequencing adapters), or the sample may be prepared to contain them. For example, the polynucleotides may contain Illumina p5 and p7 sequencing adapters. In some embodiments, the samples have an average polynucleotide length that is less than half the average polynucleotide length across the samples.

[0128] The sample may be prepared by the steps described in other sections.

[0129] Primers for suppression PCR The suppressive PCR primer may be identical to the inverted repeat (and therefore complementary to its partner), or may contain a subsequence that is sufficiently identical or similar to specifically hybridize to the inverted repeat (or a portion thereof) under the stringency conditions of the PCR reaction.

[0130] In certain embodiments, a primer for suppressive PCR may have a 3' sequence identical to an inverted repeat or a portion thereof (i.e., complementary to the other inverted repeat). This sequence may be identical to at least 6, at least 8, at least 10, at least 12, or at least 15 nucleotides of the inverted repeat. A single primer may selectively amplify longer products (e.g., with more spacing between the spaced inverted repeats) and is sufficient to drive the PCR reaction in the absence of another primer (e.g., in the presence of a master mix and an appropriate polymerase and under thermocycling conditions). If a primer contains a sequence identical to the spaced inverted repeats at its 3' end, it may hybridize only when the polynucleotide does not form a hairpin with a neck defined by the inverted repeat.

[0131] The primer may contain a 5' sequence that is not complementary to the polynucleotide but increases the suppression of short amplicons over long amplicons produced in previous PCR cycles. For example, the 5' sequence may be at least 4 nucleotides, at least 6 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides. The 5' sequence may increase the length of the inverted repeat in the amplicon so that the hairpin formed has a longer neck (increasing the suppression of short amplicons). Thus, the PCR annealing and / or extension temperature may be low (e.g., below 60°C, below 56°C, or below 52°C) at least in the initial cycles. The annealing and / or extension temperature in subsequent cycles may be higher than in the initial cycles described herein. Generally, the annealing and / or extension temperature of the PCR may be above 50°C and / or below 75°C.

[0132] Suppression PCR and kits therefor may use only one primer or may use two different primers, both of which have identical 3' sequences to inverted repeats spaced at least 6 nucleotides, at least 8 nucleotides, at least 10 nucleotides, at least 12 nucleotides, or at least 15 nucleotides apart.

[0133] In some embodiments, a primer (e.g., a single primer) can amplify sample polynucleotides having inverted repeats spaced 200 or more nucleotides apart with a cycle efficiency of 0.25 or greater in the presence of a master mix and a polymerase over sample polynucleotides having inverted repeats spaced 50 or less nucleotides apart. The primer can amplify a library quantitation preparation with an efficiency of 1.8 or greater per cycle in the presence of a master mix and a polymerase, but will amplify sample polynucleotides having inverted repeats spaced 50 or less nucleotides apart with an efficiency of 1.5 or less per cycle.

[0134] The inverted repeat to which the primer hybridizes (e.g., is identical) may be introduced by a sequencing adapter, such as those used in the library preparation kits described herein, and thus suppressive PCR primers that hybridize to the inverted repeat of the Illumina adapters provided by the library preparation kits described herein are within the scope of this application.

[0135] quantitative The sample library may be quantified to determine the amount of each sample to add to the sample pool prior to sequencing. As described herein, suppression PCR may be used to amplify aliquots of polynucleotides from a sample. The polynucleotides may be library preparation reaction products containing spaced inverted repeats (e.g., flanking sample barcodes and / or sequencing adapters) flanking an insert sequence, such as cDNA or gDNA. Suppression PCR may preferentially amplify polynucleotides with longer inserts because shorter polynucleotides may preferentially form hairpin structures in which the inverted repeats form double-stranded necks that prevent primer hybridization and / or extension.

[0136] The suppression PCR product may be quantified to determine the amount of sample (e.g., a sample library) to add to a pool of samples. Quantification can be performed during suppression PCR, such as quantitative suppression PCR or "qPCR." In qPCR, the amount of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) present is measured over multiple cycles using a dye indicator (e.g., a dsDNA-intercalating dye), and the linear phase of the amplification curve is used to calculate the starting amount of amplified target. Other forms of quantification include end-point detection (e.g., measuring the amount of amplified target after a set number of runs, such as by dye or by detecting amplicons run on a gel) or digital PCR.

[0137] Pooling may be performed based on the quantification of the samples. For example, the quantification may be used to determine the amount (e.g., volume) of samples to pool and / or the specific sample to pool. In some embodiments, multiple sample pools may be created.

[0138] Improvement indicators The final library pools formed based on the suppression qPCR quantification of the subject methods and / or kits may provide one or more indicators of success as described herein. Some indicators of improvement are shown in Figures 8 and 9.

[0139] In certain embodiments, one or more of the following additional or alternative metrics may be used: The library pool may be at least 50 fmol, 100 fmol, 200 fmol, 300 fmol, 500 fmol, or 1000 fmol (and may have, for example, at least 24 or 48 samples). The final library pool may provide sequencing read depth uniformity of greater than 80% or greater than 90% of the samples, with at least half or at least two-thirds the average read depth across samples.

[0140] Library normalization can measure the uniformity of reading depth between pooled samples.For example, library normalization as described herein can reduce the variation of reading depth by at least 2 times (for example, at least 3 times, or at least 5 times) when measured by standard deviation, and compared with non-normalization or compared with normal qPCR (not suppression qPCR) based normalization.

[0141] In some embodiments, less than 5% of samples have a read depth that is less than 50% of the average read depth across samples.For example, in some embodiments, no library normalization sample has a read depth that is less than 50% (for example, less than 40%, less than 25%, or less than 10%) of the average read depth across samples.Furthermore, if the library is not normalized or is normalized by conventional qPCR, more than 5% of samples may have a read depth that is less than 50% (for example, less than 40%, less than 25%, or less than 10%) of the average read depth across samples.

[0142] In some embodiments, in all normalized samples, more than 2500 genes may be detected, e.g., more than 5000 genes may be detected, more than 7500 genes may be detected, or more than 10,000 genes may be detected. Furthermore, in at least some samples, fewer than 5000 genes may be detected, fewer than 2500 genes may be detected, or fewer than 1000 genes may be detected if the libraries were not normalized (e.g., for the same total number of reads).

[0143] Library normalization can result in at least a two-fold reduction (e.g., at least a three-fold reduction, or at least a five-fold reduction) in sequencing costs compared to no normalization or compared to normalization based on qPCR quantification (e.g., after a bead cleanup step but not by suppression qPCR). In some embodiments, the sequencing cost is the cost required to achieve adequate coverage of all samples in the pool.

[0144] kit The kits of the subject application may include reagents and / or devices for carrying out any of the methods described herein, including library preparation and / or normalization methods. Kits described herein in the context of library preparation for sequencing, and / or quantification or normalization of libraries for sequencing may be adapted for the components described herein and / or method steps described herein.

[0145] In some embodiments, a sample normalization kit (e.g., a library quantification kit) can include a DNA standard having spaced inverted repeats and a single primer that hybridizes to one of the inverted repeats. The single primer may selectively amplify longer products (e.g., those with more spacing between the spaced inverted repeats) and is sufficient to drive a PCR reaction in the absence of another primer (e.g., in the presence of a master mix and an appropriate polymerase and under thermocycling conditions).

[0146] In certain embodiments, the library preparation kit may include reagents for adding inverted repeats, a sample index, and optionally a sequencing adapter to the sample polynucleotide. The kit may further include a single primer that hybridizes to one of the inverted repeats. The single primer may selectively amplify longer products (e.g., with more spacing between spaced inverted repeats) and is sufficient to drive a PCR reaction in the absence of another primer (e.g., in the presence of a master mix and an appropriate polymerase, and under thermocycling conditions).

[0147] The kit may include components for determining sample pooling based on quantitation, such as a workbook (e.g., a spreadsheet) that captures input and output instructions for qPCR measurements, e.g., which samples to pool and / or how much (e.g., volume) of particular samples to pool.

[0148] Alternative Use of Suppression PCR In some embodiments, suppression PCR can be used for applications other than library quantification.

[0149] In some embodiments, primers may contain sequences (e.g., internally or at their 5' ends) that are identical to each other (e.g., 6, 8, or 12 nucleotides, or greater than 15 nucleotides in length) or may contain 3' sequences that differ from each other and hybridize to target nucleotides. Identical sequences can introduce spaced inverted repeats during amplification to prevent short products (e.g., primer dimers) from forming hairpins and being efficiently amplified in subsequent cycles, such as during qPCR or dPCR. The annealing and / or extension temperature may be increased (e.g., by at least 3, 5, or 10 degrees Celsius, starting in later cycles such as cycles 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, etc.) so that the 3' sequences no longer hybridize to either the original target or the short amplicon (e.g., primer dimers) that formed the hairpin.

[0150] In some embodiments, the 3' sequence is degenerate (e.g., a randomer of more than 3 nucleotides, more than 4 nucleotides, more than 6 nucleotides, or more than 8 nucleotides). Multiple cycles of amplification using randomer primers may result in successively smaller amplicons in subsequent amplification cycles as new randomer primers hybridize to new sites, which is undesirable for many applications (including sequencing). However, the formation of a hairpin structure in the short amplicon produced by the primer introducing the inverted repeat can promote the amplification of longer amplicons in subsequent cycles. Furthermore, one or more additional primers (e.g., having the same sequence at the 3' end as the first two primers and the adapter sequence) can amplify long amplicons that do not form hairpins. The additional primers may exceed the aforementioned primers.

[0151] Microfluidic Devices As used herein, a microfluidic device refers to a device that processes fluid volumes (e.g., sample volumes) on the microliter scale (e.g., 1 μl to several hundred μl) or less, e.g., 0.1 nl to 100 μl, 1 nl to 10 μl, 5 nl to 1 μl, or 10 nl to 100 nl. Alternatively, a microfluidic device refers to a fluidic device having channels, chambers, or other fluidic architectures with dimensions on the micrometer scale (e.g., 1 μm to several hundred μm) or less, e.g., 100 nm to 1 mm, or 1 μm to 100 μm. The architecture of the microfluidic devices of the subject application may allow for controlled loading, isolation, mixing, and / or collection of samples, reagents, and solutions. Microfluidic devices may parallelize sample preparation to the extent that sample normalization (quantification and pooling) prior to sequencing is highly beneficial. Exemplary microfluidic devices are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, and exemplary microfluidic architectures are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.

[0152] Polynucleotides can be produced in multi-step reactions in microfluidic devices, for example, for sequencing library preparation. The microfluidic device can be, but is not limited to, an elastomeric microfluidic device or a positive displacement liquid handler. Nucleic acids can be concentrated on the microfluidic device using beads; for example, RNA can be concentrated by polyA capture. Nucleic acids can be fragmented, reverse transcribed, and / or barcoded into samples by PCR in the microfluidic device. Sample polynucleotides produced in the microfluidic device can include spaced inverted repeats.

[0153] concentrated The concentration mechanism involves immobilizing biomolecules, such as sample nucleic acids, on a solid support within the microfluidic device. The solid support can be a fluid-permeable matrix, a wall of a channel or chamber, or a bead, as further described herein.

[0154] The bead retention mechanism may be based, at least in part, on particle contact with any suitable physical barrier disposed within the microfluidic network. Such particle-barrier contact generally restricts longitudinal particle movement along the direction of fluid flow, resulting in flow-assisted retention. Flow-assisted particle-barrier contact may also restrict lateral / orthogonal (sideways) movement. Suitable physical barriers may be formed by protrusions extending inward from any portion of a channel or other passageway (i.e., walls, roof, and / or floor). For example, protrusions may be fixed and / or movable, including columns, posts, blocks, ridges, walls, and / or partially / fully closed valves, among others. Some physical barriers, such as valves, may be movable or adjustable. Alternatively, or in addition, physical barriers may be defined by depressions formed in channels or other passageways or by fluid-permeable membranes. Other physical barriers may be formed based on the cross-sectional dimensions of the passageway. For example, a size-selective channel may retain particles that are too large to enter the channel. The sieve structure may provide a plurality of openings through which fluid may flow but which may retain beads larger than the holes.

[0155] Chemical retention mechanisms may retain particles based on chemical interactions. The chemical interactions may be covalent and / or non-covalent interactions, including ionic, electrostatic, hydrophobic, van der Waals, and / or metal coordination interactions, among others. The chemical interactions may selectively and / or non-selectively retain particles. Selective and non-selective retention may be based on specific and / or non-specific chemical interactions between the particles and the passageway surface.

[0156] Such a retention mechanism may be part of a column that holds beads for enrichment of biomolecules within a unit cell.

[0157] beads Beads may be fabricated from inorganic materials or chemically, enzymatically, and / or biologically synthesized materials. Furthermore, beads may have any suitable porosity and may be formed as solids or gels. Suitable bead compositions may include plastics (e.g., polystyrene), dextran, glass, ceramics, sol-gels, elastomers, silicon, metals, and / or biopolymers (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.). Beads may have any suitable particle diameter or diameter range. Thus, beads may be a substantially homogeneous population with a narrow diameter range, or beads may be a heterogeneous population with a wide diameter range or two or more discrete diameters.

[0158] Beads may be associated with any suitable material. Materials may include compounds, polymers, complexes, mixtures, phages, viruses, and / or cells, among others. For example, beads may be associated with members of specific binding pairs, such as receptors, ligands, nucleic acids, members of a compound library, affinity reagents (such as antibodies, avidin / biotin, or derivatives thereof). For example, beads may be functionalized with streptavidin and coupled to biotinylated molecules. In another example, beads are functionalized (i.e., present on their surface) with chemical groups (e.g., that bind to nucleic acids), such as carboxyl functional groups. In another example, beads are functionalized with oligonucleotides that bind to nucleic acids in a sample, such as through hybridization to polyA sequences or target-specific sequences. In certain embodiments, beads may be functionalized with affinity reagents, such as antibodies (e.g., or fragments thereof), aptamers, tetramers (e.g., MHC or MHC-peptide), receptors (e.g., T cell receptors), avidin (e.g., streptavidin), or biotin. For example, beads may be functionalized with antibodies against one or more protein targets, such as peptide / protein biomarkers or viral antigens, as further described herein. In certain embodiments, beads may be functionalized with a pathogen or its antigen, such as a viral particle or viral antigen described herein. In certain embodiments, beads may be functionalized with oligonucleotides, such as ssDNA, that specifically hybridize to a target nucleotide sequence (e.g., a specific RNA, cDNA, or gDNA sequence). In certain embodiments, beads functionalized to bind different target sample biomolecules may be used in mixtures for multiplex assays.

[0159] The beads may be magnetic to facilitate concentration and / or washing in tubes, or may be non-magnetic (such as when held through a physical barrier on a microfluidic device).

[0160] Microfluidic devices for sample preparation and detection Aspects of the methods described herein may be performed on a microfluidic device (or fluidic device), and as such are within the scope of the subject application. An exemplary microfluidic device is shown in FIG.

[0161] Sample processing may be performed at least in part on the microfluidic device. For example, multiple samples may be processed in parallel on the microfluidic device (e.g., in separate unit cells), collected, and then pooled for sequencing. The device may process at least two, at least four, at least 12, at least 24, at least 48, at least 96, or at least 384 different samples. Processing on the microfluidic device may include library preparation, such as forming polynucleotide reaction products with sequencing adapters and / or sample indexes. Depending on the application, sample processing on the microfluidic device may include one or more of biomolecule (e.g., nucleic acid) concentration, washing, elution, fragmentation, reverse transcription (if the biomolecule is RNA), and PCR (e.g., to incorporate sample barcodes such as sequencing adapters and / or dual indexes). Additional steps, such as cleanup, amplification, quantification for sample normalization, and / or pooling, may be performed remotely from the microfluidic device or in downstream fluidic devices.

[0162] Microfluidic devices may include a network of flow channels to perform multi-step reactions in multi-well plates and / or may include microliter or nanoliter scale pipetting devices (such as positive displacement pipetting arms).

[0163] In certain embodiments, enrichment may be performed on a microfluidic device. For example, a microfluidic device (e.g., a unit cell of a microfluidic device) may include a column for immobilizing target biomolecules on a solid support. In certain embodiments, the column may contain beads or be configured to hold beads, and may be described as a specialized chamber. For example, the beads in the column may be packed upstream of a sieve so that the beads can be held under the flow of fluid (e.g., sample, wash solution, reagent, etc.). The beads may be functionalized with chemical groups or biomolecules to bind target biomolecules, as further described herein. The beads may be loaded into a column of the microfluidic device, after which the sample (and optionally a wash solution) may flow across the beads. Alternatively, the beads may be mixed with the sample, optionally washed, and then injected into the microfluidic device. This alternative may improve enrichment and / or reduce sample loading time, with less automation cost on the microfluidic device. In both cases, the microfluidic device allows for bead-based enrichment to increase the amount of biomolecules processed in a unit cell (while keeping reagent usage low and allowing parallel processing of samples in a single microfluidic device).

[0164] A microfluidic device may provide one or more sample processing sites (e.g., downstream of a column of unit cells). For example, a device may provide at least two, at least three, at least four, or at least five processing sites in a unit cell. The sample processing sites may be fluidly isolated from each other and / or from the column during operation, such as through valves positioned along the unit cell, until a mixing step between one or more processing sites and / or columns is initiated. Mixing may be by interface-less mixing or by active mixing, such as by an expansion pump or a peristaltic pump.

[0165] The microfluidic device may allow different reagents to be loaded into different processing sites (e.g., prior to a mixing step). The microfluidic device may have one or more waste channels for removing excess solution, such as solution-suspending beads packed in a column. The waste channel, reagent channel, and / or sample channel may share a portion of their length with each other.

[0166] The sample channel may be configured to inject a sample (e.g., beads) into a first junction of a unit cell (e.g., proximal to a column). The sample may flow through the column and out a waste outlet, loading the beads and / or passing sample biomolecules over the beads in the column. Different samples may be delivered to different unit cells.

[0167] Multiple reagent channels can be configured to introduce reagents to different sample processing sites (e.g., chambers of different sample processing sites). Such reagents can perform any of the sample processing steps described throughout this application. At least some (e.g., or all) reagent channels can share a portion of their channel length along a shared channel, and the microfluidic device can be operated to flow a given reagent through the shared channel at different times. For example, the microfluidic device can include a multiplexer that can be operated to control which reagent inlet is used to load the processing site of a unit cell. The shared channel can deliver reagents through a second junction of the unit cell. Reagents flowing through the shared channel can be directed to different sample processing sites (e.g., via a network of valves). Alternatively, at least some reagent channels can each deliver reagents directly to a specific sample processing site (e.g., not through a shared channel). In certain embodiments, loading of reagents into multiple unit cells can occur simultaneously and / or identically. Reagents may be loaded into the sample processing site by blind filling (e.g., when one end of a chamber or channel in the sample processing site is blocked by a closed valve or wall, or by the flow of reagents through the sample processing site and out a waste outlet).

[0168] The microfluidic device may deliver solutions to the unit cells, including wash and / or elution solutions that run through the column after loading the sample, and harvest solutions used to remove the prepared sample from the device.

[0169] Microfluidic devices may have additional channels and junctions for the introduction and removal of such solutions. For example, a waste outlet channel may collect excess sample, reagents, and / or solutions. A collection outlet may collect prepared samples. In some embodiments, collection solutions may flow from the collection inlet through the unit cells into the sample inlet (which serves as the collection outlet for each sample). Generally, the sample, reagent, solution, and waste channels may share inlet channel segments and / or junctions to the unit cells, simplifying the architecture and not interfering with or contaminating the sample processing reactions.

[0170] In one example, a sample may be dissolved, and nucleic acids (e.g., RNA) may be immobilized on beads before loading the beads into a column of a microfluidic device for sample preparation. The microfluidic device may be operated to perform reverse transcription and library preparation (including sample indexing). The library-prepared samples may be collected from the microfluidic device and then pooled. In some embodiments, pooling of the library-prepared samples may be based on sample normalization, such as suppression qPCR as described herein.

[0171] As described herein, a microfluidic device can include multiple valves. The valves and channels of the microfluidic device can be arranged to load a sample into a column, direct different reagents (from different reagent inlets) into separate sample processing sites (e.g., chambers), separate reaction sites, and mix fluids between reaction sites (e.g., by circulating fluids between sample processing loops).

[0172] The microfluidic device may be operated by a system such as a controller described herein. The system may also include a thermocycler for driving reactions such as reverse transcription and / or PCR. In some embodiments, the microfluidic device may be an elastomeric microfluidic device having an elastomeric valve described herein.

[0173] The microfluidic devices of the subject application can perform any number of assays, including, but not limited to, PCR (such as end-point PCR, digital PCR (dPCR), or quantitative PCR (qPCR)), immuno-PCR (such as immuno-qPCR), proximity assays, ELISA, reverse transcription, pre-amplification (e.g., targeted, multiplexed targeted, or non-specific pre-amplification such as whole genome amplification or whole transcriptome amplification), sample coding / indexing, etc. In certain embodiments, the detection method is qPCR (i.e., real-time PCR), in which the reaction is investigated over several thermal cycles so that the abundance of the target can be determined. qPCR provides a cycle threshold (CT) that is related to the abundance of the target. qPCR methods on array microfluidic devices are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20160153026, which is incorporated herein by reference. Cycle thresholds for qPCR are described in detail in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20080129736, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0174] In proximity ligation, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20050003361, binding moieties are provided on proximity probes that hybridize and ligate to a splint template. However, these binding moieties are for coupling each probe with an affinity reagent (e.g., an antibody), and the splint template is a synthetic target (e.g., a synthetic single-stranded DNA sequence) that allows ligation of the probes when their affinity reagents are brought into proximity. Proximity assays, such as proximity extension, are also described in the context of microfluidic devices in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20160024557, which is incorporated herein by reference. Proximity assays for detecting protein targets can be performed in conjunction with the detection of RNA or DNA targets in the same sample, as further described herein.

[0175] Elastomer-based microfluidic devices Suitable microfluidic devices include elastomeric microfluidic devices with elastomeric valves. Such elastomeric valves may be pressurized to deflect elastomeric membranes into flow channels of the microfluidic device, thereby controlling fluid communication. Backpressure at the inlet can drive fluid (e.g., sample, reagent, solution, etc.) through channels that are not blocked by closed valves.

[0176] Early disclosures of elastomeric microfluidic devices can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,601,270, of loop channels and peristaltic pumps can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,351,376, of dead-end (blind) filling can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,766,055, of surface functionalization and immobilization can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,691,333, of multiplexer architectures can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,691,333, and of multi-stage processing architectures can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 9,429,500, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0177] In the context of elastomeric microfluidic devices:

[0178] "Flow channel" generally refers to a flow path through which a solution can flow.

[0179] Unless otherwise indicated, the term "valve" refers to a configuration in which a flow channel and a control channel intersect and are separated by an elastomeric membrane that can be deflected into or retracted from the flow channel in response to an actuation force.

[0180] "Separate reaction site" generally refers to a reaction site that is not in fluid communication with other reaction sites present on a device. When used with respect to a blind channel, the separated reaction site is a region at the end of the blind channel that can be blocked by a valve associated with the blind channel.

[0181] The terms "elastomer" and "elastomeric" have their usual meanings as used in the art. Thus, for example, Allcock et al. (Contemporative Polymer Chemistry, 2nd ed.) generally describe elastomers as polymers that exist at temperatures between their glass transition temperature and liquefaction temperature. Elastomeric materials exhibit elastomeric properties because the polymer chains can readily undergo twisting motion to uncoil the backbone in response to force, and the backbone recoils to assume its previous shape in the absence of force. Generally, elastomers deform when a force is applied but return to their original shape when the force is removed. The elasticity of an elastomeric material can be characterized by Young's modulus. Elastomeric materials utilized in the microfluidic devices disclosed herein typically have a Young's modulus of elasticity between about 10 Pa and 100 GPa, in yet other cases between about 20 Pa and 1 GPa, in yet other cases between about 50 Pa and 10 MPa, and in certain cases between about 100 Pa and 1 MPa. Elastomeric materials having Young's moduli outside these ranges can also be utilized depending on the needs of a particular application.

[0182] System for operating a microfluidic device A system coupled to the microfluidic device may include a controller for fluid flow within the microfluidic device, such as a pneumatic controller. Alternatively, or in addition, the system may include a thermocycler for driving reactions such as lysis, nucleic acid purification, reverse transcription, and PCR in a reaction site (e.g., a sample processing site) of the microfluidic device. Disclosures of microfluidic carriers, controllers, and thermocycler interfaces can be found in U.S. Patent No. 7,704,735, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0183] Exemplary Library Preparation and Normalization Workflow Exemplary RNA sequencing library preparation workflows are described below, aspects of which may be performed by the subject methods, devices and / or kits.

[0184] This exemplary method includes the following steps. i) Prepare and load RNA and reagents, then oligo d(T) beads, on the fluidic circuit. ii) Library preparation is performed on a Fluidigm 48.Atlas IFC (integrated fluidics circuit). iii) Normalize the harvested barcoded libraries (quantify by qPCR and pool). iv) The pooled libraries are cleaned up (using Agencourt AMPure XP beads) and amplified by PCR using sequencing adapters (primers amplifying the P5 and P7 portions of the adapter sequence), and the pooled samples are quantified by qPCR before sequencing.

[0185] The library preparation of step ii) may comprise the following steps: -Capture of poly(a) RNA onto solid-phase beads - Elution and fragmentation of poly(A) RNA -Reverse transcription and template switching -Sample barcode PCR -Collecting sample libraries

[0186] Quantification of the barcoded library in step iii) can be performed according to the following workflow: - Prepare the KAPA Library Quantification Kit (master mix and DNA standards) modified with qPCR primer premix, and library dilution buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0 with 0.05% Tween 20). -Dilute the sample library 50x and dispense 2ul of each sample - Perform qPCR on an aliquot of the sample using a modified library quantification kit -Import qPCR results into a normalization workbook - Pool sample libraries according to the output of the normalization workbook

[0187] Splint ligation for target RNA detection Small reaction volumes can benefit from advances in sample enrichment workflows. Furthermore, variations in sample input and quality can lead to variable sequencing depth across pooled samples, resulting in the need to over-sequence sample pools to achieve adequate depth for scarce samples, significantly increasing costs. A common solution is to quantify the desired library product and normalize the amount of sample library added to the pool based on this quantification. Such quantification methods include traditional qPCR and mobility-based methods that detect library products based on length. However, artifacts from the library preparation workflow can interfere with existing quantification methods. Improvements in quantification methods could result in many-fold reductions in sequencing costs.

[0188] Parallel processing aspects herein include methods and kits for splint ligation-based detection of target nucleic acids, such as target RNA. The splint ligation aspects described herein may eliminate the need for reverse transcription and optional pre-amplification prior to detection (e.g., detection by PCR-based detection, such as qPCR, or detection by sequencing).

[0189] Splint ligation has been reported by Maroney et al. in "A rapid, quantitative assay for direct detection of microRNAs and other small RNAs using splinted ligation," RNA 13.6 (2007):930-936. Maroney reported RNA detection where the target RNA was not the splint template and subsequent detection of the ligation product by gel electrophoresis. Detection of splint ligation by PCR has been reported by Blewett et al. in "A quantitative assay for measuring mRNA decapping by splinted ligation reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qSL-RT-PCR)," RNA 17.3 (2011):535-543. However, in the method reported by Blewett, the target RNA was not the splint template, and the splint ligation product required reverse transcription before PCR-based detection. In proximity ligation, as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20050003361, binding moieties are provided on proximity probes that hybridize and ligate to a splint template. However, these binding moieties are for coupling each probe with an affinity reagent (e.g., an antibody), and the splint template is a synthetic target (e.g., a synthetic single-stranded DNA sequence) that allows ligation of the probes when their affinity reagents are brought into proximity. Proximity assays, such as proximity extension, are also described in the context of microfluidic devices in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20160024557, which is incorporated herein by reference. Proximity assays for detecting protein targets can be performed in conjunction with the detection of RNA or DNA targets in the same sample, as further described herein.

[0190] None of the above publications provide a method for splinting an endogenous nucleic acid target (e.g., an endogenous target RNA such as a genomic viral RNA or a mammalian gene transcript) into a splint template of two synthetic splint ligation probes (e.g., DNA or RNA-based), thereby eliminating the need for reverse transcription. Furthermore, none of the above publications disclose capture (e.g., for enrichment) of splint ligation probes on a solid support (e.g., beads) that specifically binds a binding moiety present on one or both of the probes. Furthermore, none of the above publications describe one or more splint ligation probes bearing a sample barcode for selective amplification with a sample barcode primer (e.g., hybridizing to the sample barcode sequence or reverse complement), which allows for pooling of samples prior to detection by PCR. One or more of these individual aspects may, optionally, provide unique benefits in combination with the microfluidic devices and workflows described herein. These and additional aspects are further discussed herein in any appropriate combination in kits or methods.

[0191] The subject splint ligation methods and kits may offer one or more distinct advantages, as described below. By using an RNA target as a splint template, a reverse transcriptase step may be avoided. Such a step may be inhibited in lysate, blood, saliva, or other fluid samples. Ligase may be uninhibited or less inhibited in such samples. Furthermore, the risk of amplicon contamination may be reduced because of the elimination of the need for off-IFC reverse transcription and pre-amplification (e.g., reverse transcription may not be necessary, and pre-amplification may be performed on the IFC, if desired, after optional enrichment, as described below). Capture (e.g., enrichment) of probes containing binding moieties described herein may enable separation of hybridization products from inhibitory components of lysate, blood, saliva, or other bodily fluid samples prior to ligation. The hybridization schemes described herein may have a minimal footprint. For example, both probes may jointly hybridize to sequences of the target RNA that are less than 60 nucleotides, less than 50 nucleotides, less than 40 nucleotides, or less than 30 nucleotides in length. Therefore, short or degraded RNAs can be detected by this approach, making conventional PCR or polyA-based enrichment and / or reverse transcription of larger segments unsuitable. Such RNAs may be degraded by fixation (e.g., FFPE tissue) or in bodily fluid samples (e.g., degradation of viral RNA in saliva). In microfluidic (e.g., IFC)-based workflows, capture on the microfluidic device described herein can result in enrichment of target RNA, hybridization products, and / or ligation products in the IFC reaction site. Such reaction sites can have volumes of less than 1 ul, less than 500 nl, less than 200 nl, less than 100 nl, less than 50 nl, or less than 20 nl. Because the formation of a ligation product requires the binding of two adjacent probes, this method offers high specificity.Sample barcoded probes allow for sample pooling prior to steps such as ligation and / or amplification, enabling uniform sample handling and increasing parallel sample processing. Individual samples can be interrogated by sequencing ligation products in the pooled sample or by separating the pooled sample into separate reaction volumes and performing sample-specific PCR (e.g., qPCR) using one or more sample barcoded primers described herein. For example, pooled samples can be divided into different reaction volumes (e.g., reaction sites on an array IFC), and target RNA from individual samples can be detected by amplifying ligation products from different samples in different reaction sites using different sample barcoded primers. Such sample barcoded primers can be input through the assay inlet of the array IFC as described herein, and pooled samples can be input through the sample inlet, optionally captured and / or preprocessed on a microfluidic device upstream of the array. Detection on an array IFC can enable parallel sample processing, automated and uniform sample processing, and reduced reagent costs with small reaction volumes.

[0192] Splint ligation using a target nucleic acid splint template In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid can be endogenous DNA or RNA. The endogenous target RNA can be viral RNA (e.g., genomic viral RNA), or a gene transcript or non-coding RNA from a mammalian species, such as a human, non-human primate, or rodent subject. The sample can be a cell lysate (e.g., from cell culture or tissue), a cell-free nucleic acid (e.g., from body fluid), or purified nucleic acid, such as those described further below.

[0193] For example, the target RNA may be genomic viral RNA, such as a respiratory virus (e.g., syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus). In such cases, a sample may be collected from a subject (e.g., a human) to determine viral infection. The sample may be saliva, a nasal swab, blood, or an extract thereof. In some embodiments, viral RNA may be partially degraded (e.g., in a saliva sample) and difficult to detect by conventional reverse transcription and PCR amplification.

[0194] In another example, the target RNA can be endogenous mammalian (e.g., rodent, non-human primate, or human) RNA. Mammalian RNA can be a gene transcript or non-coding RNA such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA), as well as small RNA such as microRNA, siRNA, piRNA, snoRNA, snRNA, exRNA, scaRNA, or ncRNA. In certain embodiments, the RNA can be fragmented, such as by FFPE fixation and / or long-term storage. Therefore, viral infection and / or strain, and optionally also viral load, can be detected using the splint ligation methods and / or kits described herein.

[0195] While RNA detection may typically require RNA extraction, reverse transcription, and / or preliminary amplification (e.g., of viral cDNA), the subject splint ligation embodiments described herein may omit one or more of these steps, thereby reducing assay costs and / or increasing parallelization of sample analysis. As such, genotyping or gene expression may be detected using the splint ligation methods and / or kits described herein.

[0196] In the subject splint ligation method and kit, the target RNA serves as a splint. The target RNA of interest is usually known (for example, based on a sequenced and conveniently available viral or mammalian genome or transcriptome), so splint ligation probes (referred to simply as "probes" in the context of splint ligation herein) can be designed to specifically hybridize adjacent to each other with the target RNA, with the 3'-OH end of the first probe next to the 5'-PO4 end of the second probe. This hybridization forms a splint hybridization product (referred to simply as "hybridization product" in the context of splint ligation herein), and the first and second probes can be described as having a nick between their 3'-OH end and 5'-PO4 end, respectively.

[0197] Splint ligation probes can be DNA-based or RNA-based. DNA-based probes can enable PCR amplification. Each probe can hybridize to adjacent sequences on the target nucleic acid, e.g., sequences 10-30 nucleotides in length, 15-25 nucleotides in length, less than 40 nucleotides, less than 30 nucleotides, less than 25 nucleotides, less than 20 nucleotides, or less than 15 nucleotides in length. The probes can also have a binding moiety (e.g., attached to the unligated end). Such probes can also have a cleavage site that allows for separation from the solid support (e.g., prior to pre-amplification and / or detection by sequencing or PCR). Alternatively, or in addition, the probes can have a sample barcode for selective amplification of ligation products formed in a particular sample, as further described herein.

[0198] The probes in the hybridization product may be ligated with an appropriate ligase to form a splint ligation product (simply referred to as a "ligation product" in the context of splint ligation herein). Such ligation may be performed with any appropriate ligase. For example, when the probe is a DNA probe, ligases such as T4 ligase or PBCV-1 ligase ligate nicked DNA in a DNA-RNA hybrid, as shown by Lohman et al. in "Efficient DNA ligation in DNA-RNA hybrid helices by Chlorella virus DNA ligase," Nucleic Acids Research 42.3 (2014): 1831-1844.

[0199] The target nucleic acid may be DNA or RNA. Furthermore, the splint ligation probe may contain DNA and / or RNA. Thus, the hybridization product may be a DNA-DNA, RNA-RNA, or DNA-RNA hybrid. A ligase suitable for the hybridization product may be selected by those skilled in the art.

[0200] 10A and 10B show exemplary splint hybridization and ligation products, respectively. FIG. 10A shows an exemplary splint hybridization product of the subject application in which a target nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA, such as endogenous mammalian or viral RNA) serves as a splint template. The two probes specifically hybridize to adjacent sequences of the target nucleic acid, such that the 3'-OH end of the first probe is adjacent to the 5'-PO4 end of the second probe. One or both of the probes may further have a barcode sequence, such as a sample barcode. One or both of the probes may have a binding moiety (e.g., to enable capture on a solid support, such as a bead, for enrichment and / or purification). Such capture may be of the hybridization product, followed by ligation of the captured hybridization product. Alternatively, such capture may be of the ligation product formed upon ligation in solution. 10B shows an exemplary splint ligation product formed from ligation of two probes at adjacent regions (i.e., nicks). The target nucleic acid may also be hybridized to the ligation product or may be degraded (or may be capable of degradation, such as degradation of the target RNA by heat, RNase, or any suitable means). The probes may be DNA or RNA. For example, a DNA probe may allow for subsequent PCR of the ligation product.

[0201] Figure 11 shows an exemplary splint ligation workflow. In all of these methods, a hybridization product is formed by hybridization of two probes to a target nucleic acid (e.g., target RNA) that serves as a splint template. Ligation of the probes in the hybridization product forms a ligation product. Detection of the target nucleic acid can be by sequencing the ligation product sequence, as shown in Figure 11, or by PCR (e.g., qPCR) of the ligation product. In certain embodiments, such as shown in the left-most workflow, the hybridization products are ligated and then detected by PCR without capture or pooling. In certain embodiments, such as shown in the center-left workflow, the hybridization products are ligated and then captured on a solid support (e.g., enriched and / or purified) before being detected by PCR. Note that the capture step can be performed before the ligation step, such as when ligation is performed while the hybridization product is still bound to the solid support. In certain embodiments, such as those shown in the center, center-right, and far-right workflows, at least one probe may have a sample barcode that allows for pooling of hybridization or ligation products. The pools may be separated (e.g., after steps such as ligation, capture, and / or pre-amplification), and ligation products from different samples may be detected in different reaction volumes using sample barcode primers. For example, hybridization products may be captured, then pooled, then ligated, and then detected by PCR, as shown in the center workflow. In another example, hybridization products may be ligated, then pooled, then captured, and then subjected to PCR, as shown in the center-right workflow. In another example, hybridization products may be pooled, then captured, then ligated, and then subjected to PCR, as shown in the right workflow.In certain embodiments, capture, ligation, pre-amplification, pool splitting, and / or PCR detection may be performed on a microfluidic device, such as a device comprising a column and / or array IFC. For example, capture of hybridization or ligation products may be on beads that flow into a sieving structure on the microfluidic device to form a column, or capture may be by flowing the hybridization or ligation products onto beads already loaded into a column of the microfluidic device. As described herein, detection may be on an array IFC, such as when ligation products are formed for different targets and / or in different samples.

[0202] In some embodiments, ligation and pre-amplification can be performed in the same reaction step or reaction volume, such as on a microfluidic device or in a tube.

[0203] Splint ligation method and kit The subject application includes the following aspects: 1. A method of library normalization comprising: a. obtaining aliquots from a plurality of samples, the samples comprising polynucleotides comprising spaced inverted repeats; b. performing suppression PCR on an aliquot of step a; c. Quantifying the amplification products from step b; d. Pooling multiple samples to form a normalized library based on the quantification of step c; and The pooled samples are not subjected to the suppression PCR in step b. 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the plurality of samples comprises at least 8 samples. 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the sample is library prepared for sequencing. 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the sample is derived from fixed tissue. 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the suppression PCR involves primers that include a sequence identical to at least 8 nucleotides of the spaced inverted repeats. 6. The method of embodiment 1 or 5, wherein the sequence identical to the spaced inverted repeats is at the 3' end of the primer. 7. The method of embodiment 6, wherein the primer comprises a 5' sequence that is not complementary to the polynucleotide but that increases suppression of short amplicons over long amplicons produced in previous PCR cycles. 8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the 5' sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length. 9. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the suppression PCR involves only one primer. 10. The method of embodiment 1, wherein samples are pooled to normalize read uniformity. 11. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the pooled samples were not subjected to suppression PCR. 12. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the suppression PCR enriches amplicons with more than 200 nucleotides between the inverted repeats by at least 25-fold more than amplicons with fewer than 50 nucleotides between the inverted repeats. 13. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the suppression PCR involves only one primer. 14. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the suppression PCR involves two different primers that contain 3' sequences identical to at least 8 nucleotides of the spaced inverted repeats. 15. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the quantification is by qPCR. 16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein quantitation is based on a dilution series of a library quantitation standard. 17. The method of embodiment 16, wherein the length of the library quantification preparation is between 150 and 800 nucleotides. 18. The method of embodiment 1 or 15, further comprising melting curve analysis of the amplification products from step b. 19. The method of embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the polynucleotide comprises cDNA. 20. The method of embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the polynucleotide comprises gDNA. 21. The method of embodiment 1 or 3, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sample barcode. 22. The method of embodiment 21, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a double index. 23. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises spaced inverted repeats flanking an insert of variable length. 24. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the insert is a cDNA. 24. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises exactly two inverted repeats spaced apart by at least 8 nucleotides in length. 25. The method of embodiment 1 or 24, wherein the spaced inverted repeats are within 50 nucleotides of each end. 26. The method of embodiment 25, wherein the spaced inverted repeats are terminal. 27. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the spacing of the inverted repeats is variable. 28. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a sequencing adaptor comprising spaced inverted repeats. 29. The method of embodiment 1 or 28, wherein the polynucleotides of the sample comprise Illumina p5 and p7 sequencing adaptors. 30. The method of embodiment 28, wherein the spaced inverted repeats are at least 8 nucleotides in length. 31. The method of embodiment 1, wherein at least one sample has an average polynucleotide length that is less than half the average polynucleotide length across the samples. 32. The method of embodiment 1, further comprising producing the polynucleotide before step a. 33. The method of embodiment 32, wherein producing the polynucleotides comprises 3' enrichment. 34. The method of embodiment 32, wherein producing the polynucleotides comprises bead-based enrichment of the polynucleotides. 35. The method of embodiment 32, wherein producing the polynucleotide comprises reverse transcription. 36. The method of embodiment 32 or 35, wherein producing the polynucleotide comprises tailing and template switching. 37. The method of embodiment 32 or 33, wherein producing polynucleotides comprises fragmentation. 38. The method of embodiment 32, wherein producing the polynucleotides comprises random priming. 39. The method of embodiment 32, wherein producing the polynucleotide comprises ligation to add spaced inverted repeats to the polynucleotide. 40. The method of embodiment 32, wherein producing the polynucleotide comprises PCR introduction of the sample barcode. 41. The method of embodiment 32 or 40, wherein producing the polynucleotide comprises PCR introduction of spaced inverted repeats. 42. The method of embodiment 32, wherein the polynucleotide is produced from RNA. 43. The method of embodiment 32, wherein the polynucleotide is produced from gDNA. 44. The method of embodiment 32, wherein the polynucleotides are produced in a multi-step reaction in a microfluidic device. 45. The method of embodiment 44, wherein the microfluidic device is an elastomeric microfluidic device. 46. ​​The method of embodiment 44 or 45, wherein the nucleic acids are concentrated on a microfluidic device using beads. 47. The method of embodiment 46, wherein the RNA is enriched by polyA capture. 48. The method of embodiment 47, wherein poly(A) RNA is fragmented and reverse transcribed, and the resulting cDNA is sample barcoded by PCR in a microfluidic device. 49. The method of embodiment 44, wherein the polynucleotides are produced in a multi-step reaction carried out by a positive displacement liquid handler. 50. The method of embodiment 1, further comprising sequencing the polynucleotides of the pooled plurality of samples. 51. The method of embodiment 50, wherein the sequencing is whole genome sequencing, whole transcriptome sequencing, target-specific sequencing, or chromatin accessibility sequencing. 52. The method of embodiment 50, wherein library normalization improves read depth uniformity across pooled samples. 53. The method of embodiment 50, wherein library normalization results in at least a two-fold reduction in read depth variation compared to normalization based on qPCR quantification but not suppression qPCR. 54. The method of embodiment 50, wherein library normalization results in at least a two-fold reduction in sequencing costs compared to normalization based on qPCR quantification but not suppression qPCR. 55. The method of embodiment 50, wherein the sequencing cost is the cost required to achieve adequate read depth for all samples in the pool. 56. The method of embodiment 50, wherein the appropriate read depth is at least 5,000 reads. The method of embodiment 50, wherein less than 57.5% of the samples are at a read depth that is less than 50% of the average read depth across the samples. 58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein no sample has a read depth less than 50% of the average read depth across samples. 59. The method of embodiment 50, wherein if the library were not normalized, more than 5% of the samples would be at a read depth that is less than 50% of the average read depth across the samples. 60. The method of embodiment 59, wherein at least some samples would be at a read depth that is less than 25% of the average read depth across samples if the library were not normalized. 61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein all samples in the normalized library have more than 5,000 genes detected. 62. The method of embodiment 61, wherein, if the library is not normalized, at least some samples have fewer than 2500 genes detected. 63. A kit for library quantification of polynucleotides by suppression qPCR, comprising: a library quantitation standard containing spaced inverted repeats separated by at least 150 nucleotides; and a primer comprising a sequence identical to at least 8 nucleotides of one of the inverted repeats. 64. The kit of embodiment 63, wherein the primers are capable of amplifying the library quantitation preparation in the presence of the master mix and polymerase with an efficiency per cycle of 1.75 or greater, but amplify the sample polynucleotides comprising inverted repeats spaced by 50 nucleotides or less with an efficiency per cycle of 1.5 or less. 65. The kit of embodiment 64, wherein the primers are capable of amplifying polynucleotides containing inverted repeats spaced 200 nucleotides or more apart with a cycle efficiency of 0.25 or greater in the presence of the master mix and polymerase than polynucleotides containing inverted repeats spaced 50 nucleotides or less apart. 66. The kit of embodiment 63, wherein the library quantification standard comprises a sequencing adaptor comprising an inverted repeat. 67. The kit of embodiment 63, further comprising an adapter that introduces spaced inverted repeats. 68. A kit for library preparation and quantification, comprising: an adaptor providing an inverted repeat of at least 8 nucleotides in length; and a primer comprising a sequence identical to at least 8 nucleotides of the inverted repeat. 69. The kit of embodiment 68, wherein the primers are capable of amplifying sample polynucleotides containing inverted repeats spaced 200 nucleotides or more apart with a cycle efficiency of 0.25 or greater in the presence of the master mix and polymerase than sample polynucleotides containing inverted repeats spaced 50 nucleotides or less apart. 70. The kit of embodiment 68, wherein the primers are capable of amplifying the library quantitation preparation in the presence of the master mix and polymerase with an efficiency per cycle of 1.8 or greater, but amplify the sample polynucleotides comprising inverted repeats spaced by 50 nucleotides or less with an efficiency per cycle of 1.5 or less. 71. The kit of embodiment 63 or 68, wherein the sequence identical to the spaced inverted repeats is at the 3' end of the primer. 72. The kit of embodiment 63, or 68, or 71, wherein the primer comprises a 5' sequence that is not complementary to the polynucleotide but that increases suppression of short amplicons over long amplicons produced in previous PCR cycles. 73. The kit of embodiment 72, wherein the 5' sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length. 74. The kit of embodiment 63 or 68, wherein the primers are sufficient for suppression PCR of polynucleotides comprising spaced inverted repeats. 75. The kit of embodiment 63 or 68, further comprising a different primer comprising a sequence identical to at least 8 nucleotides of the spaced inverted repeat but comprising a different 5' sequence from the primer. 76. The kit of embodiment 68, wherein the adapter comprises a sample barcode. 77. The adapter includes a double index; 77. The kit of embodiment 68 or 76, wherein the library prepared polynucleotides produced with the adaptors comprise spaced inverted repeats. 78. The kit of embodiment 68, further comprising beads for concentrating nucleic acids on the microfluidic device. 79. The kit of embodiment 78, wherein the oligonucleotide comprising a 3' poly-T sequence is bound to a bead. 80. The kit of embodiment 68, 69, or 70, further comprising a microfluidic device for bead-based enrichment of target nucleotide sequences. 81. The kit of embodiment 80, wherein the microfluidic device has a series of reaction sites for multi-step sequencing library preparation. 82. The kit of embodiment 68 or 80, further comprising reagents for reverse transcription. 83. The kit of embodiment 63 or 68, further comprising a passive reference dye. 84. The kit of embodiment 63 or 68, further comprising a PCR master mix for performing qPCR. 85. A kit for carrying out any one of method embodiments 1 to 62. 86. A method comprising suppression qPCR-based library normalization. 87. Methods involving suppression qPCR. 88. A method comprising sequencing a library normalized by suppression qPCR. 89. A pool of samples normalized based on suppression qPCR of any one of aspects 1 to 62. 90. A method for treating a splint hybridization product, comprising: a) hybridizing a first probe and a second probe to a target nucleic acid to form a hybridization product, wherein the 3'-OH end of the first probe is adjacent to the 5'-PO4 end of the second probe, and at least one of the first probe and the second probe comprises a binding moiety; b) capturing the hybridization product by specifically binding the binding moiety to a solid support. 91. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the target nucleic acid is a target RNA. 92. The method of embodiment 2, wherein the target RNA is genomic viral RNA. 93. The method of embodiment 3, wherein the target RNA is a mammalian gene transcript. 94. The method of any one of embodiments 90-93, wherein the solid support comprises beads. 95. The method of any one of embodiments 90 to 94, wherein the solid support is on a column of a microfluidic device. 96. The method of any one of embodiments 90-95, further comprising ligating the hybridization products after capturing the hybridization products. 97. Method embodiment 96, further comprising separating the ligation product from the solid support. 98. The method of any one of embodiments 90-95, wherein at least one of the first probe and the second probe comprises a sample barcode. 99. The method of embodiment 96 or 97, wherein at least one of the first probe and the second probe comprises a sample barcode. 100. The method of embodiment 99, wherein hybridization products from different samples are combined before or after the capture step b) to form a pool of samples. 101. The method of embodiment 100, further comprising detecting the target nucleic acids of the different samples by separating the pool of samples into separate reaction volumes, and further comprising PCR amplification of the ligation products of the different samples in the different reaction volumes using sample barcode primers. 102. The method of embodiment 101, wherein the PCR amplification is on an array IFC. 103. The method of any one of embodiments 90-99, further comprising detecting the target nucleic acid by PCR amplification of the ligation product. 104. The method of embodiment 102 or 103, wherein the PCR amplification is quantitative PCR. 105. The method of embodiment 102 or 103, wherein the PCR amplification is end-point PCR. 106. A method for detecting a splint ligation product, comprising: a) hybridizing a first probe and a second probe to a target nucleic acid to form a hybridization product, wherein the 3'-OH end of the first probe is adjacent to the 5'-PO4 end of the second probe; b) ligating the first probe and the second probe to form a ligation product; c) detecting the presence of the ligation product. 107. The method of embodiment 106, further comprising capturing the hybridization or ligation product on a solid support. 108. The method of embodiment 107, wherein prior to ligation step b), the hybridization product is captured on a solid support. 109. The method of embodiment 107, wherein the ligation product is captured on a solid support. 110. The method of any of embodiments 107-109, wherein the solid support comprises beads. 111. The method of embodiment 110, wherein the beads are on a microfluidic device or the beads are loaded onto a microfluidic device after said capturing. 112. The method of embodiment 111, further comprising PCR amplification of the ligation products in the microfluidic device. 113. The method of any of embodiments 107-112, wherein the first probe comprises a binding moiety on its 5' end and / or the second probe comprises a binding moiety on its 3' end. 114. The method of embodiment 113, wherein the binding moiety is biotin or a derivative thereof and the solid support comprises avidin or streptavidin. 115. The method of embodiment 114, further comprising separating the ligation product from the solid support. 116. The method of embodiment 115, wherein the separation of the ligation product from the solid support is on a microfluidic device, and the solid support is beads in a column on the microfluidic device. 117. The method of any one of embodiments 106-116, wherein step c) of detecting is by PCR amplification. 118. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the PCR amplification is end-point PCR. 119. The method of embodiment 117, wherein the PCR amplification is quantitative PCR. 120. The method of any one of embodiments 117 to 120, wherein the PCR amplification is on an array IFC. 121. The method of any one of embodiments 1-116, wherein at least one of the first probe and the second probe comprises a sample barcode. 122. The method of embodiment 121, further comprising pooling hybridization or ligation products from different samples. 123. The method of embodiment 122, further comprising pre-amplifying the pooled ligation products by PCR. 124. The method of embodiment 122 or 123, further comprising separating the pool into multiple reaction sites and detecting ligation products of different samples in different reaction sites, wherein step c) of detecting comprises using sample barcode primers for PCR amplification. 125. The method of embodiment 124, wherein the detecting step c) comprises qPCR using a first primer that hybridizes to the sample barcode and a second primer that hybridizes to a target-specific sequence or barcode of the ligation product, and wherein multiple ligation products from different target RNAs and different samples are detected in separate reaction sites. 126. The method of embodiment 124 or 125, wherein the PCR amplification is end-point PCR. 127. The method of embodiment 124 or 125, wherein the PCR amplification is quantitative PCR. 128. The method of embodiment 122, wherein the detecting step c) is by sequencing the ligation products in the pooled sample. 129. The method of any one of embodiments 106-128, wherein the target nucleic acid is a target RNA. 130. The method of embodiment 129, wherein the target RNA is viral RNA. 131. The method of embodiment 129, wherein the target RNA is a mammalian gene transcript. 132. The method of any one of embodiments 106 to 131, wherein a plurality of different target nucleic acids are each hybridized with a unique pair of two probes in step a), and then in step b) each pair of probes is hybridized to form a different ligation product. 133. The method of embodiment 132, further comprising detecting ligation products from the different target nucleic acids by qPCR in different reaction sites. 134. The method of embodiment 133, wherein the different reaction sites are on an array integrated fluidic circuit. 135. The method of embodiment 134, further comprising separately detecting the ligation products from the different samples using different sample barcode primers in different reaction sites. 136. The method of any one of embodiments 106-135, further comprising capturing the hybridization or ligation product on a solid support in a microfluidic device. 137. The method of embodiment 136, further comprising amplifying ligation products of different sample and / or target RNAs in separate reaction sites in the array of the microfluidic device. 138. The method of any one of embodiments 106-137, wherein at least one of the first and second probes is a DNA probe. 139. The method of any one of embodiments 106-138, wherein the target nucleic acid is RNA, and the method does not involve reverse transcription of the target RNA. 140. A splint ligation detection kit, comprising: a first probe and a second probe, each of which hybridizes to a target nucleic acid to form a hybridization product; the 3'-OH end of the first probe is adjacent to the 5'-PO4 end of the second probe; A kit wherein a first probe comprises a binding moiety on its 5' end and a second probe comprises a binding moiety on its 3' end. 141. The kit of embodiment 140, wherein the target nucleic acid is a target RNA. 142. The kit of embodiment 141, wherein the target RNA is viral RNA. 143. The kit of embodiment 143, wherein the target RNA is a mammalian gene transcript. 144. The kit of any one of embodiments 140-143, wherein the binding moiety is biotin or a derivative thereof. 145. The kit of any one of embodiments 140 to 144, further comprising a solid support to which the binding moiety specifically binds. 146. The kit of any one of aspects 140 to 145, further comprising a ligase. 147. The kit of any one of embodiments 140-146, further comprising a reagent for separating the captured hybridization or ligation product from the solid support. 148. The kit of any one of embodiments 140 to 147, further comprising a plurality of primers that specifically amplify the ligation product under PCR conditions. 149. The kit of embodiment 148, wherein at least some of the primers are sample barcode primers. 150. The kit of embodiment 149, comprising a plurality of separated probes, each comprising a different sample barcode. 151. The kit of any one of embodiments 140-150, comprising a plurality of probe pairs, each hybridizing to a different target RNA, optionally wherein the different probe pairs are a mixture. 152. The kit of embodiment 151, further comprising target-specific primers that specifically amplify ligation products formed from different target RNAs, optionally wherein the target-specific primers are a mixture. 153. The kit of any one of embodiments 140-152, further comprising a microfluidic device comprising a column for bead-based enrichment of hybridization products or ligation products formed from hybridization products. 154. The kit of embodiment 153, wherein the microfluidic device comprises a series of reaction sites for multi-step sample processing of ligation products. 155. The kit of embodiment 153 or 154, wherein the microfluidic device further comprises an array of reaction sites downstream of the series of reaction sites, each reaction site in the array configured to mix a different processed sample with reagents from a different assay inlet. 156. The kit of any one of aspects 140-152, further comprising an array IFC.

[0204] Capture-based enrichment Embodiments include capturing splint hybridization or ligation products on a solid support. The solid support can include beads, a column (e.g., packed with beads) on a microfluidic device, a matrix, or a planar array. The beads can be of any suitable material, such as those described elsewhere herein.

[0205] The solid support (e.g., beads) may be functionalized to specifically bind the binding moieties of the probes (e.g., incorporated into the hybridization or ligation product by one or both probes). In certain embodiments, the binding may be by affinity or covalent bonding. For example, the probe may comprise biotin or a derivative thereof, and the bead may comprise avidin or streptavidin (or vice versa). In certain embodiments, the binding may be covalent, such as via thiol-reactive chemistry, amine-reactive chemistry, or click chemistry (e.g., between TCO and tetrazine, or between DBCO and azide). Thus, the binding moiety may be an affinity reagent or analyte, or a covalent moiety. Alternatively, the probe may be attached to the bead prior to hybridization to the target nucleic acid, allowing for capture of the hybridization product on the bead. Alternatively, the probe may comprise an anchor sequence that hybridizes to an oligonucleotide provided by the solid support (e.g., bead).

[0206] Probes may have a binding moiety (e.g., appended to the unligated end), and such probes may have a cleavage site that allows for separation from the solid support (e.g., prior to sequencing or pre-amplification by PCR and / or detection).

[0207] Bead-based capture of hybridization or ligation products may occur "in tubular" (i.e., away from the microfluidic device, such as in individual tubes or microwell plates). After such capture, the beads may be flowed into a microfluidic column for further processing on the microfluidic device. In certain embodiments, the beads may be loaded into a column on the microfluidic device, and the hybridization or ligation products may flow through the column to concentrate the products. The microfluidic device may include a column and downstream sample processing sites, such as those discussed elsewhere herein and shown in Figure 3 or Figure 4. Ligation may occur in tubular or, if the captured hybridization products are within the microfluidic device, may occur within the microfluidic device.

[0208] Embodiments may include providing beads bound to hybridization or ligation products, as described above. Such products may be separated from the beads before further processing (e.g., before ligation in the case of hybridization products, before pre-amplification, and / or before PCR amplification for detection). Separation may be mediated by chemical or enzymatic cleavage, e.g., cleavage of dU on the probe with UDG (also called UNG) and / or cleavage with an endonuclease such as APE1. Such probes may contain DNA (e.g., other than the dU sequence proximal to the binding moiety). Alternatively or additionally, separation may be mediated by heat. Alternatively, separation may be by substitution, such as replacement of a desthiobiotin-binding moiety bound to avidin or streptavidin on the bead with free biotin (or vice versa). Alternatively, or additionally, the probe and / or bead may include a linker (e.g., a PEG linker) to distance the hybridization or ligation product from the surface of the bead.

[0209] As further described herein, samples may be sample barcoded and pooled before or after capture. The above capture methods and reagents may be used for capture applications other than splint ligation, such as those described elsewhere herein.

[0210] Barcoded splint ligation probes and pooling In certain embodiments, one or more splint ligation probes may include a barcode, such as a sample barcode, as shown in the hybridization product of Figure 10A, and may optionally include binding moieties and / or additional components as described herein.

[0211] Sample barcodes can be 5-30 nucleotides in length, such as 10-25 nucleotides. Sample barcodes can be incorporated into ligation products to flank the hybridization site to the target nucleic acid. Barcoded samples (e.g., barcoded hybridization or ligation products) can be pooled prior to specific steps such as ligation, capture, preamplification, and / or detection (e.g., by PCR, such as sequencing or qPCR). Detection by PCR can involve separating pooled samples (e.g., samples that have been captured, ligated, and / or amplified after pooling) into separate reaction volumes and separately detecting ligation products from different samples using sample barcode primers in different reaction volumes. The sample barcode primers can hybridize to the sample barcode or its reverse complement. In some embodiments, separation can be within the reaction site of an IFC array, with different sample barcode primers flowing into the array through different assay inlets. Assay-specific primers that bind to the assay barcode or target nucleic acid sequence (or its complement) may be used, for example, in combination with sample barcode primers to detect different combinations of target and sample in separate reaction sites. Array IFC and sample barcodes for PCR detection are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20100120038, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Pooled samples may be prepared in tubes and flow directly into the array through a sample inlet, or may flow from a unit cell containing columns and / or processing sites, such as those shown in Figures 3 or 4.

[0212] Sample barcoding and / or pooling may be combined with other aspects such as capture as described herein.

[0213] Microfluidic Automation and Parallel Processing Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of an array integrated fluidic circuit (IFC). As shown, multiple sample inlets 1202A-X provide sample to sample chambers (black boxes). Multiple assay inlets 1204A-Y provide assay reagents (e.g., primers and optional additional PCR components, such as polymerase, dNTPs, and / or cofactors) to assay chambers (white boxes). Sample inlet to the array may be directly from user-loaded wells or may be downstream of a column and / or sample pretreatment site, as shown in Figure 3 or Figure 4. In some embodiments, the assay inlets may provide different target-specific primers.

[0214] Such an array may be integrated (in fluid communication) with a unit cell for sample capture and / or processing, such as the unit cell shown in Figure 3 or Figure 4. Alternatively, samples obtained from the microfluidic device shown in Figure 3 or Figure 4, or prepared in tubes separate from any microfluidic device, may be collected and input into a separate array IFC.

[0215] The array IFC may have multiple layers to allow sample and assay flow channels to pass through one another. The array IFC may be made of an elastomer (e.g., may include an elastomer such as PDMS) and may further include elastomeric valves controlled via pressure applied to a control channel (not shown) to deflect membranes within the flow channels. Valves may be positioned along the dashed flow channels to contain the samples and / or assays within their respective chambers (e.g., to prevent back-contamination after mixing). Valves may be positioned between pairs of samples in assay chambers to control mixing (e.g., by interface-free diffusion). Detailed descriptions of suitable array architectures may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20100120038 and 20140193896, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0216] In certain embodiments, the assay inlet can provide primers for amplifying splint ligation products formed as described herein. Alternatively, or in addition, the assay inlet can provide sample barcode primers that bind sample barcode sequences (or their reverse complements) on ligation products from specific samples within a pool of samples. Such sample barcodes can be incorporated by splint ligation probes, and the samples can be pooled before being provided to the array via the sample inlets. For example, if eight samples are pooled for each of 48 different sample inlets and eight different assay inlets each amplify a ligation product from a different sample, 48 x 8 (i.e., 386) different samples can be assayed within the array. Thus, the assay inlets can increase the number of detected targets and / or samples. Thus, the array device can include at least 12, at least 24, at least 48, or at least 96 separate sample inlets. Furthermore, at least 4, at least 8, at least 12, or at least 24 different sample barcodes can be flowed through different assay inlets. Therefore, more samples can be assayed than the number of sample inlets. For example, at least 386 different samples can be assayed in the array. The array footprint can be less than 100 square centimeters, for example, less than 20 square centimeters, or less than 10 square centimeters. In some embodiments, different target-specific primers are also flowed into different assay inlets so that different reaction sites detect different targets from different samples.

[0217] Detection of ligation products Detection of splint ligation products can be by sequencing (e.g., of sample barcodes and pooled samples) or PCR amplification (e.g., end-point PCR or quantitative PCR). Methods for library preparation for sequencing are known and may be performed on the microfluidic devices described herein. Alternatively, PCR products can be quantified to determine the amount of sample (e.g., sample library) to add to the pool of samples. Quantification can be performed during PCR, such as quantitative PCR or "qPCR." In qPCR, the abundance of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is measured over multiple cycles using a dye indicator (e.g., a dsDNA-intercalating dye), and the linear phase of the amplification curve is used to calculate the starting amount of amplified target. Other forms of quantification include end-point detection (e.g., measuring the amount of amplified target after a set number of runs, such as with dyes or target-specific probes) or digital PCR.

[0218] Thus, PCR of the ligation products in a tube or on an array IFC can enable detection and, optionally, quantification of the target nucleic acid. As described above, one or more probes can have a sample barcode, such that the ligation product has a sample barcode on one or both sides. PCR amplification can then involve one or more sample barcode-specific primers, such as for selectively amplifying the ligation product from a particular sample within a pool of samples described herein. Alternatively, or in addition, at least some of the primers can be target-specific, allowing for detection of the ligation product from a particular target nucleic acid.

[0219] Splint Ligation Kit In some aspects, a kit for parallel sample processing can include reagents for the splint ligation method described herein. Such a kit can have two splint ligation probes described in any embodiment herein and can optionally further include a ligase for forming a ligation product, primers for amplifying the ligation product, and / or additional reagents. The splint ligation kit can further include one or more microfluidic devices described herein.

[0220] Microfluidic Automation and Parallel Processing Systems for controlling fluid flow in microfluidic devices, thermal control, and / or imaging of microfluidic devices are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20080088952, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, the system may perform one or more of the following steps: i) flowing a plurality of samples into reaction chambers of a microfluidic device; ii) amplifying template nucleic acids from the plurality of samples; and iii) Detecting the amplification reaction.

[0221] The system may include one or more of the following: an automated pressure source for applying pressure to actuate valves in the elastomeric microfluidic device and to introduce samples into a plurality of reaction chambers of the elastomeric microfluidic device, the elastomeric microfluidic device including a carrier accessible to the automated pressure source; a thermal platen configured to mate with a portion of an elastomeric microfluidic device carrier; and An optical imaging system including a light source, an optical lens system, and a detector array camera. For example, the automated pressure source, thermal platen, and optical imaging system are part of a single platform.

[0222] The system may separate at least some of the plurality of reaction chambers from one another. The microfluidic device may be any device described herein, and the system may perform any method described herein.

[0223] In some embodiments, an array microfluidic device (e.g., an array IFC) can be used, such as for detecting splint ligation products (i.e., their targets) as described herein. In some embodiments, an array IFC can be integrated (in fluid communication) with a unit cell that includes columns and / or processing sites as described herein.

[0224] Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of an array integrated fluidic circuit (IFC). As shown, multiple sample inlets 1202A-X provide sample to sample chambers (black boxes). Multiple assay inlets 1204A-Y provide assay reagents (e.g., primers and optional additional PCR components, such as polymerase, dNTPs, and / or cofactors) to assay chambers (white boxes). Sample inlet to the array may be directly from user-loaded wells or may be downstream of a column and / or sample pretreatment site, as shown in Figure 3 or Figure 4. In some embodiments, the assay inlets may provide different target-specific primers.

[0225] Integrated workflow and microfluidic devices As described above, an integrated microfluidic device may therefore include an array of reaction sites and a plurality of sample processing unit cells containing a plurality of sample processing sites, the unit cells being in fluid communication with a plurality of different reagent inlets, and the sample inlet to the array being downstream of the plurality of sample processing sites of the plurality of unit cells.

[0226] Multiple reagent inlets may share a common channel for each unit cell. The microfluidic device may include a multiplexer configured to control the reagent inlets used to load the processing sites of the unit cells.

[0227] The multiple sample processing sites may include multiple loops and / or chambers, and each unit cell may further include one or more of a sample inlet channel, a waste outlet channel, an additional reagent inlet, and / or an additional column.

[0228] Each unit cell may include multiple valves configured to control the unit cell. The multiple valves may be configured to deliver sample and reagents to different locations within the unit cell. The multiple valves may be configured to locate sample processing locations alone or in communication with each other. The multiple valves may be configured to drive mixing at different locations. The multiple valves may be configured to direct the flow of sample or reagent solutions from the unit cell. For example, the unit cell may include a peristaltic pump (e.g., defined by a series of valves in series).

[0229] Each unit cell further includes at least one column configured to retain beads. The column may include a sieving structure providing multiple openings through which fluid can flow but through which beads larger than the openings can be retained. In certain embodiments, the unit cell includes at least two columns, such as columns arranged in series and / or parallel. For example, the unit cell may include a first column (e.g., for cleanup, such as serum purification) fed by a sample / bead inlet channel, and may further include multiple columns in parallel (e.g., each fed by a bead inlet and communicating with multiple downstream sample processing sites), as shown, for example, in FIG. 17. Unit cells with multiple columns may be used to enrich for different target biomolecules, as further described herein.

[0230] Each individual reaction site of the array of reaction sites can include an assay chamber and a sample chamber. A sample inlet channel can provide sample to the sample chamber, and an assay inlet can provide assay reagents to the assay chamber, for example, as shown in FIG.

[0231] The microfluidic device can include multiple layers such that the sample inlet flow channel and the assay inlet flow channel pass through each other. The microfluidic device can be an elastomeric microfluidic device, for example, including PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane). The elastomeric valves of the device are defined by the intersection of the flow channel and the control channel, separated by an elastomeric membrane that can be deflected into or retracted from the flow channel in response to an actuation force.

[0232] The microfluidic device may include at least 12 unit cells, at least 24 unit cells, at least 48 unit cells, or at least 96 unit cells. The array of the microfluidic device may further include at least 3, at least 8, at least 16, or at least 24 times the number of reaction sites relative to the number of unit cells. For example, each unit cell may be supplied with at least 3, at least 8k, at least 16, or at least 24 different reaction sites. Each different reaction site may be supplied by a different reagent inlet.

[0233] The unit cell includes a cell trapping site (eg, in place of a column) as further described herein.

[0234] In some embodiments, the array downstream of the unit cell may be a digital array, ie, an array that provides serial dilutions that allow quantification of a single target by digital PCR.

[0235] In some embodiments, an integrated microfluidic device may include an array of reaction sites and a plurality of sample processing unit cells containing a plurality of sample processing sites, the unit cells being in fluid communication with a plurality of different reagent inlets, and the sample inlet to the array being downstream from the plurality of sample processing sites of the plurality of unit cells. Such a microfluidic device is shown in Figure 17 and may or may not include an array of reaction sites downstream of the unit cells.

[0236] 17 is a schematic diagram similar to that of FIG. 3 showing an exemplary unit cell having multiple columns 1710 for holding beads, a cleanup column 1710a specifically for depleting undesired components of the sample, and multiple capture columns 1710b for capturing different target molecules. The beads and sample can flow into the cleanup column 1710a through a first inlet 1704. Different capture beads can be loaded into different capture columns 1710b through one or more bead inlets 1708.

[0237] In certain embodiments, the assay inlet may provide primers for amplifying splint ligation products formed as described herein. Alternatively, or in addition, the assay inlet may provide a sample barcode primer that binds a sample barcode sequence (or its reverse complement) on a ligation product from a specific sample within a pool of samples. Such sample barcodes may be incorporated by splint ligation probes, and the samples may be pooled before being provided to the array via the sample inlet. For example, if eight samples are pooled for each of 48 different sample inlets, and each of the eight different assay inlets amplifies a ligation product from a different sample, 48 x 8 (i.e., 386) different samples may be assayed within the array. Thus, the assay inlet may increase the number of detected targets and / or samples.

[0238] For example, a method can include loading beads into a column of unit cells and capturing a sample (i.e., a biomolecule of the sample, such as a protein, antibody, RNA, or virus particle) on the beads (e.g., before or after loading the beads into the column). As discussed herein, the beads can include (e.g., be present on their surface) one or more proteins (e.g., antibodies, such as antibodies against a target serum protein or a viral antigen) and oligonucleotides (e.g., hybridizing to a target RNA, such as a viral RNA). An additional step can include washing the beads such that a wash buffer flows over the beads in the column and into a waste outlet. Optionally, a reporter, such as an oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody that binds to the target biomolecule or an oligonucleotide probe that hybridizes to the target biomolecule, can be flowed over the beads. An additional step can include eluting the beads, such as flowing an elution buffer over the beads in the column and, optionally, further circulating the elution buffer through the beads, such as by passing the buffer around a loop using a peristaltic pump. Note that mixing between sample processing sites at any step can be driven by a peristaltic pump. In some embodiments, elution can include degrading biomolecules attached to beads, for example, with a restriction enzyme, RNase, or uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) as further described herein. The eluted biomolecules can be mixed with a preamplification master mix (e.g., providing whole genome amplification, whole transcriptome amplification, or multiplexed target preamplification). Sample preparation steps, such as reverse transcription, proximity assays (e.g., proximity extension or ligation), or genomic DNA preparation, can be performed prior to preamplification or in the same step as amplification. In some embodiments, one or more enzymes (e.g., proteases) can be inhibited or degraded prior to preamplification or prior to subsequent detection steps. In some embodiments, preamplification is not performed. The processed sample can then be passed through an array of reaction sites on the same microfluidic device, for example, through a sample inlet from a unit cell into multiple sample chambers in different reaction sites, as shown in FIG. 12.Different targets in a sample can be detected across different reaction sites, for example, by PCR (eg, qPCR) of products generated during sample preparation.

[0239] The array IFC may have multiple layers to allow sample and assay flow channels to pass through one another. The array IFC may be made of an elastomer (e.g., may include an elastomer such as PDMS) and may further include elastomeric valves controlled via pressure applied to a control channel (not shown) to deflect membranes within the flow channels. Valves may be positioned along the dashed flow channels to contain the samples and / or assays within their respective chambers (e.g., to prevent back-contamination after mixing). Valves may be positioned between pairs of samples in assay chambers to control mixing (e.g., by interface-free diffusion). Detailed descriptions of suitable array architectures may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20100120038 and 20140193896, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0240] In certain embodiments, such as splint ligation applications, the microfluidic workflow of interest may include one or more of the following steps: 1. Load the beads into the column of unit cells through the shared inlet 2. Capture the sample (e.g., from a separate inlet) 3. Wash the beads (e.g., through a shared inlet) 4. Elute into the first chamber (e.g., from a shared inlet) 5. Load the pre-amplification master mix into the second chamber (e.g., through the shared inlet) 6. Loading Amplicons from Preamplification into the Sample Chamber 7. Load the assay mix (PCR mix, primers, and / or probes) into the assay chamber 8. Mix a fraction of the sample chamber (i.e., at least a fraction of the contents) with the assay mix in the assay chamber

[0241] For example, a method of performing an assay on a microfluidic device may include each of the following: loading beads into a column of unit cells through a shared inlet; capturing sample biomolecules of interest on beads; washing the beads; eluting the captured biomolecules into the first chamber; loading a pre-amplification master mix into a second chamber; performing a preliminary amplification reaction; loading amplicons from a pre-amplification reaction into a sample chamber; loading an assay mix into an assay chamber; and Mixing at least a fraction of the contents of the sample chamber and the assay chamber.

[0242] The microfluidic device may be an integrated microfluidic device as described above.

[0243] The step of capture (capturing sample biomolecules onto beads) can occur before or after loading the beads onto a column. Washing the beads can involve passing a wash buffer solution over the beads in the column, or can involve mixing the beads with a wash buffer solution to separate the beads from the solution (e.g., the beads are magnetic beads) and then loading the beads onto the column. In some embodiments, beads that bind to different target biomolecules of a sample can be combined before loading onto the column, allowing for multiplexed sample processing and, optionally, downstream detection of different targets in each sample in an array on a microfluidic device.

[0244] Thus, the subject methods and microfluidic devices may enable enrichment of target samples through solid-phase bead-based capture of predetermined nucleic acid sequences or other targets in a column of unit cells; integrated washing, elution, and pre-amplification in the sample processing sites of the unit cells; and detection of specific targets (e.g., by qPCR) across multiple reaction sites for each sample.

[0245] Capture and / or detection of target nucleotide sequences The assay mix may include at least one of a PCR mix, primers, and probes. The pre-amplification master mix may include reverse transcriptase and polymerase, such as when the target is RNA, such as viral RNA. Reverse transcription and pre-amplification may be performed in the same step.

[0246] The pre-amplification master mix may contain primer pairs for multiple different target nucleotide sequences. The presence of each target nucleotide sequence may be detected by PCR (e.g., qPCR) after the mixing step. The multiple different target nucleotide sequences may be viral RNA sequences.

[0247] The method may further include detecting the presence of the biomolecule of interest after the mixing step, such as by PCR (eg, end-point PCR or qPCR).

[0248] Alternatively, or in addition, detection may be by sequencing. For example, the method may further include amplifying after the mixing step and pooling the amplification products from different samples before sequencing. The pre-amplified samples may be quantified by qPCR and normalized for pooling before the sequencing step. The method may further include a bead cleanup step before and after pre-amplification, for example, using the same or different columns of unit cells. The method may further include sample indexing after the mixing step and before pooling. Figure 15 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary loading scheme for RNA sequencing preparation (A) and DNA sequencing preparation (B).

[0249] The beads may specifically bind to target viral particles (e.g., viral antigens), viral RNA, mammalian mRNA, genomic DNA, proteins (e.g., antibodies), or any other targeted biomolecules of interest. For example, herein, the beads comprise an affinity reagent, such as an antibody (e.g., displayed on the surface of the bead) that binds to a viral antigen or mammalian protein, such as prostate-specific antigen or other cancer biomarker. Other suitable affinity reagents include avidin or biotin, aptamers, tetramers such as MHC or peptide-MHC, receptors such as TCRs, and the like. In certain embodiments, the beads may comprise nucleic acids, such as ssDNA, that specifically bind target nucleotide sequences, as further described herein.

[0250] Figure 16A shows a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary loading scheme for oligonucleotide detection (such as viral RNA detection) on a chip, where the array may be downstream of a sample processing unit cell so that one or more target viral RNA sequences can be detected by qPCR as described herein.

[0251] In certain embodiments, the target biomolecules include one or more target nucleotide sequences. For example, beads are functionalized with single-stranded DNA sequences that specifically hybridize to the one or more target nucleotide sequences. The one or more target nucleotide sequences may be viral polynucleotide sequences, RNA sequences, or viral RNA sequences. For example, the viral RNA sequences may be SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA sequences, e.g., the one or more target nucleotide sequences include at least two of N1, N2, and N3 SARS-CoV-2 sequences, and the method may include detecting at least two of the N1, N2, and N3 SARS-CoV-2 sequences in separate reaction sites. Alternatively, or in addition, the viral RNA sequences may be influenza RNA sequences, e.g., the one or more target nucleotide sequences include at least an H3N2 influenza RNA sequence and an H1N1 influenza RNA sequence in separate reaction sites, and the method may include detecting at least the H3N2 influenza RNA sequence and the H1N1 influenza RNA sequence in separate reaction sites. As described elsewhere herein, the reaction site includes a sample chamber and an assay chamber.

[0252] In some embodiments, a unit cell can contain multiple columns, each loaded with beads that capture a different biomolecule of interest (e.g., a different target protein or nucleotide sequence).

[0253] Capture and / or detection of sample proteins Sample proteins, such as antibodies to cancer markers or pathogens, can be captured, processed, and / or detected as described herein.

[0254] Figure 16B provides a schematic diagram showing an exemplary loading scheme for sample preparation for detection of proteins (such as cancer markers, viral antigens, or antibodies to viral antigens). Note that the array may be downstream of the sample processing unit cell so that one or more target proteins can be detected (e.g., by immuno-qPCR as described herein), in which case a collection solution may not be required. If sequencing is not the detection method, a tagging buffer may not be required.

[0255] In certain embodiments in which the beads comprise antibodies that bind to viral particles, the method may further comprise detecting viral RNA as further described herein, or the method may further comprise detecting viral particles (e.g., by immuno-PCR as further described herein). For example, an oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody may be bound to the viral particles, and the oligonucleotide may be amplified by PCR (e.g., detected by qPCR).

[0256] Microfluidic detection of rare species often requires expensive and contamination-prone sample preparation to provide competitive assay sensitivity compared to similar tube-based or microwell plate-based assays. As an alternative to these sample preparation steps, solid-phase sample concentration integrated within microfluidic devices has proven sufficient for some workflows (e.g., mRNA and bacterial genome sequencing). Using a similar method, solid-phase capture can be used to enrich for the presence of viral particles. As described herein, viral particles can be captured using beads (solid phase) conjugated to biomolecules that specifically target the corresponding biomolecules of the viral particles of interest, e.g., antigen-antibody or receptor-ligand interactions. The beads can then be used to concentrate the content of the viral population into a very small volume that can be used for automated nano- to microliter-scale detection by qPCR, all within a single device, from sample to answer (e.g., in less than 3 hours).

[0257] In certain embodiments in which the beads comprise viral antigens (e.g., whole virus or portions thereof, such as SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and / or S2), the presence of sample antibodies that bind to the viral antigens can be detected. For example, antibodies from serum, plasma, whole blood, saliva, or a nasal swab can be passed over such beads in a column. Oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies can then be bound to the sample antibodies, and the oligonucleotides can then be detected (e.g., by qPCR, such as in an immuno-PCR workflow, or by sequencing). In certain embodiments, the method can include detecting different antibody types, such as IgG and IgM (e.g., by immuno-PCR of a secondary antibody that specifically binds to the antibody type). In certain embodiments, separate columns of unit cells each comprise beads displaying a different viral antigen, e.g., each different viral antigen is from a different strain (e.g., a different mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and / or S2 protein domain). The method can further include using the first column for cleanup, such as serum-based cleanup, to produce a purified serum sample (as further described herein). The method may further include dividing the purified sample between separate columns, each containing beads presenting a different viral antigen. Thus, different antibody types and / or antibodies against different viral antigens may be detected in the unit cell (e.g., using different color probes) or in different reaction sites downstream of the unit cell. Detection may be by PCR, such as qPCR, using primers specific to oligonucleotides conjugated to specific secondary antibodies.

[0258] The beads may be loaded into the column of the unit cell through an inlet shared with the sample (e.g., the beads can be loaded before the sample, or they can be loaded mixed with sample biomolecules already captured on the beads). The target sample biomolecules may include proteins. The target biomolecules may be captured by flowing the sample over the beads loaded into the column, or by mixing the beads with the sample before loading the beads into the column. The sample proteins may be captured on the beads by antibodies bound to the beads. The method further includes binding the antibodies to the sample proteins captured on the beads, wherein the antibodies are conjugated to oligonucleotides. In some embodiments, the sample may be blood (e.g., serum, plasma, or whole blood), saliva, or a nasal swab. If the sample is serum, the method may further include a serum cleanup step in the first column of the unit cell. If the sample protein is an antibody, the beads may display antigens such as viral antigens. For example, the viral antigen can be a SARS-CoV-2 antigen, such as the SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and / or S2 protein domains or peptides thereof. In another example, the viral antigen is an influenza antigen. In some embodiments, the unit cell includes multiple columns, each loaded with beads presenting different viral antigens. For example, the different viral antigens include variants of the same virus, such as different SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and / or S2 domain mutants or peptides thereof. The method can further include detecting the antibodies by immuno-PCR. The method can include separately detecting at least IgG and IgM antibodies specific to the viral antigens.

[0259] The method may include detecting the presence of a protein at multiple reaction sites of a microfluidic device, such as by immuno-PCR or proximity assay. For example, the method may include hybridizing an ssDNA complement to an oligonucleotide of an oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody, and may further include cleaving (degrading) the oligonucleotide. For example, the oligonucleotide conjugated to the antibody contains uracil, and the degradation is by uracil DNA-glycosylase (UDG).

[0260] In some embodiments, multiple different proteins are detected for each of multiple different samples. The detection step can include PCR, such as qPCR, in the unit cell or in an array of reaction sites downstream of the unit cell. In some embodiments, the sample protein is a cancer biomarker such as prostate-specific antigen (e.g., PSA, free PSA p2PSA, and / or other isoforms of PSA), and the beads contain an antibody against the cancer biomarker. In other embodiments, the sample protein is an antibody (e.g., against a viral antigen), and the beads contain an antigen specifically bound by the antibody.

[0261] The method can further include performing a bead-based cleanup, such as a serum cleanup, to produce a purified serum sample away from the microfluidic device. Thus, the unit cell can include at least two columns, where one of the two columns is used for cleanup before further sample processing. In some embodiments, the serum-based cleanup depletes at least one of IgG and albumin by binding to beads. For example, beads bearing antibodies specific to human serum albumin and / or protein G for capturing IgG, such as PureProteome beads, can be used.

[0262] In some embodiments, separate columns of unit cells are used to enrich different target biomolecules from the same sample. For example, a first column may be used for cleanup (e.g., serum-based cleanup to produce a purified serum sample), and the method may further include splitting the purified sample between separate columns, each of which enriches a different target biomolecule, which may then be detected at a sample processing or reaction site downstream of the column via PCR (e.g., qPCR). Alternatively, the processed sample may be collected and run on a separate microfluidic device containing an array of reaction sites. The workflow may be performed for immuno-PCR, proximity assays, or reverse-transcribed RNA targets.

[0263] The serological methods of the subject application can involve detecting antibodies to a pathogen, such as a virus. In one example, the antibodies can be directed to SARS-CoV2, such as the S1 domain or S2 domain of the SARS-CoV2-2 spike protein. As such, samples for the subject methods can be prepared by: Block 100-200K SARS-CoV2 antigen beads per sample using blocking buffer (1% BSA, PBS). Incubate for 1 hour at room temperature with agitation (1500 rpm). Wash with washing solution (1x PBS, 0.1% BSA, 0.01% Tween 20). Separate the beads from the solution using a tube / plate magnetic separator or by centrifugation. 2-4 x 10 each bead pellet 6 Dilute to reach a concentration of beads / mL. Dispense beads into individual tubes or wells. Incubate with target antibody (for spike-in samples) or test sample. Add a dilution of the target antibody (anti-RBD from Bethyl or anti-Spike S1 from Sino) or test sample. Incubate at room temperature for 2 hours at 1500 rpm. Wash with wash solution and separate the beads from the solution using a tube / plate magnetic separator or by centrifugation. The beads may then be loaded into a microfluidic device as described herein for sample processing.

[0264] As described elsewhere herein, Figure 17 is a schematic diagram similar to that of Figure 3 showing an exemplary unit cell having multiple columns 1710 for holding beads, a cleanup column 1710a, specifically for depleting undesired components of the sample, and multiple capture columns 1710b for capturing different target molecules. The beads and sample can flow into the cleanup column 1710a through a first inlet 1704. Different capture beads can be loaded into different capture columns 1710b through one or more bead inlets 1708.

[0265] Figure 18 shows an exemplary cleanup step that may be performed in cleanup column 1710a of Figure 17. Specifically, Figure 18 shows the depletion of IgG and albumin from serum.

[0266] Figure 19 shows an example of capture, sample preparation, and PCR amplification performed in capture column 1710b and one of the series of processing sites 1714 of Figure 17. Specifically, Figure 19 shows capture of target sample proteins by beads displaying antibodies to the target proteins, washing of the beads, binding of oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies to the proteins captured by the beads, and washing. Figure 19 also shows annealing of complementary oligonucleotides and elution of the oligonucleotides (via UDG cleavage of one or more uracils in the antibody-conjugated oligonucleotides). PCR of the eluted oligonucleotides allows for direct detection, such as by qPCR as described herein, or the amplified products can be sequenced (e.g., samples are indexed, pooled, and sequenced in a microfluidic device). Generally, immuno-PCR or proximity assays may be used to detect target sample proteins.

[0267] The biomarker detection methods of the subject application may include automated detection of specific biomarkers, such as PSA (prostate-specific antigen, e.g., total PSA, free PSA, and pro-2-PSA). These biomarkers are used in the Prostate Health Index (PHI) formula, an FDA-approved index, to measure / potentially identify prostate cancer risk from serum samples. Immuno-qPCR may be adapted to provide quantitative output for these specific biomarkers in the microfluidic workflow described herein using antibodies that specifically detect each of these target biomarkers, where the target biomarkers are conjugated to antibody-DNA tags that can be cleaved and quantified using PCR. For example, such a workflow may use the microfluidic device shown in FIG. 3 or FIG. 17, optionally integrated with an array, such as that shown in FIG. 12. Thus, serum sample input may be followed by on-chip serum cleanup, target capture, and PCR. On-chip serum cleanup may reduce the need for sample handling before loading the IFC, as sample cleanup is performed on-chip in an automated manner. The clarified serum sample can be divided to detect the presence of three PSA biomarkers. One sample input per unit on the IFC provides three different PSA outputs for each specific PSA PHI biomarker in an automated manner. A set of PCR dilution outputs can be detected individually and quantitatively for each of these three different PSA outputs and used for PHI calculations (e.g., calculations can be presented to the user by software that runs the microfluidic workflow and collects the PCR dilution outputs).

[0268] As further described herein, antibody sandwich assay-type formats can include a target capture antibody (e.g., on the beads of the subject application) and a generic secondary antibody (e.g., that binds to PSA). In immuno-PCR, the antibody can be conjugated to either single-stranded or double-stranded DNA, and PCR can be performed while the DNA remains attached to the antibody or after it has been cleaved. For example, the target capture antibody can be biotinylated and bound to streptavidin beads, the sample can be flowed over the beads, the PSA biomarker is bound to the beads, a secondary antibody tagged with a single-stranded oligonucleotide sequence binds to the PSA biomarker, a complement to the single-stranded oligonucleotide sequence binds to the tag on the secondary antibody to produce a double-stranded DNA tag, the double-stranded DNA tag is separated from the antibody, and PCR (e.g., qPCR) is performed on the double-stranded DNA.

[0269] Thus, the subject methods may include one or more of modified immuno-qPCR for detection and quantitation, conjugated bead-Ab capture of PHI target protein panels, a single microfluidic device for integrated workflow, a multiplexed bead capture setup, medium throughput with each sample input and generating an automated multi-biomarker panel output on the microfluidic device, and / or sequential stages of bead capture. While the above example relates to the PSA biomarker, it will be understood that any suitable biomarker may be analyzed by this method.

[0270] Bead-based purification One or more rounds of bead cleanup (bead-based purification of sample biomolecules) can be performed in any of the methods described herein. Bead-based purification (or "cleanup") generally refers to the enrichment or removal of a class of biomolecules, such as common proteins (e.g., IgG, albumin, etc.) or oligonucleotides (e.g., RNA and / or DNA). Embodiments include at least two rounds of bead-based purification (e.g., of oligonucleotides). For example, the subject methods can include performing one round of bead-based purification of oligonucleotides (e.g., sample oligonucleotides) before the amplification reaction and another round of bead-based purification (e.g., of the amplification product) after the amplification reaction. The amplification reaction can be any reaction described herein, for example, a pre-amplification reaction for sequencing preparation.

[0271] A round of bead-based purification can include capturing polynucleotides on beads, washing the beads with a capture buffer, washing the beads with an alcohol, and evaporating the alcohol through one or more PDMS layers of the elastomeric device. In some embodiments, the alcohol is ethanol. In some embodiments, the beads extract RNA, DNA, or both.

[0272] Figure 13 is an image of an exemplary elastomeric microfluidic device of the subject application and an exemplary loading scheme, similar in some respects to that of Figure 2, but with overlaid markings indicating waste outlet 1304, sample and bead inlet 1306, elution buffer inlet 1308, ethanol inlet 1310, PCR mix inlet 1312, harvest outlet 1312, harvest buffer inlet 1314, and capture buffer (also used as wash buffer) inlet 1316. Such a loading scheme can be used for bead cleanup, such as multiple rounds of bead cleanup (e.g., before and after an amplification reaction).

[0273] Figure 14 is a schematic diagram similar to that of Figure 3, showing the direction of flow from the inlet to the outlet and within the unit cell, such as in the loading scheme of Figure 13. The individual steps are further described herein.

[0274] The bead cleanup method may include one or more of the following steps: 1. Capture the sample on pre-loaded beads (eg, by flowing the sample through a column and allowing unbound sample to flow to waste). 2. Wash the beads with capture buffer. 3. Wash the beads with ethanol. 4. Dry the beads (eg, under heat). 5. Elute into the processing site (eg, by flowing elution buffer from the inlet through the capture site and into the first sample processing site). 6. Optionally, resuspend the sample and beads in the sample inlet with capture buffer and repeat steps 1 through 5 for another round of cleanup. 7. The amplification mix is ​​added to the second sample processing site and mixed with the sample in the first sample processing site. 8. Amplify the sample (e.g., PCR amplification). 9. Resuspend the sample and beads in the sample inlet using capture buffer. 10. Repeat steps 1 to 5 for post-amplification bead cleanup. 11. Optionally, resuspend the sample and beads in the sample inlet with capture buffer and repeat steps 1 through 5 for another round of cleanup. 12. Flow the collection buffer through the column (eg, through the entire unit cell) and into the collection outlet.

[0275] The collected amplified samples may be sufficiently pure for library preparation and sequencing. In certain embodiments, the amplification step includes sample indexing and / or qPCR for normalization before pooling the collected samples.

[0276] Cell capture, processing, and detection In certain aspects, the array IFC may be integrated with a unit cell containing multiple sample processing sites (e.g., chambers and / or loops), where the unit cell further includes a cell capture site (e.g., instead of a column as in any such embodiment described herein). The cell capture site may include one or more bypass channels. For example, the unit cell may include an architecture and may be used as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20130296196, incorporated herein by reference. Some single-cell processing may include specific target amplification, whole genome amplification, whole transcriptome amplification, preparation for real-time PCR, copy number variation, pre-amplification, and / or preparation for mRNA sequencing. In certain aspects, single cells may be captured (isolated), lysed, and then cellular protein and / or RNA may be detected, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20150132743, incorporated herein by reference. In the context of the subject application, cells captured in unit cells containing cell capture sites may then be lysed and optionally subjected to one or more additional reactions, such as reverse transcription, a proximity assay (e.g., proximity extension or ligation) to detect protein targets, and / or pre-amplification (e.g., whole genome amplification, target multiplexed pre-amplification of gDNA, cDNA or proximity extension products, etc.), before the processed sample is flowed into an array of reaction sites on the same microfluidic device, where different RNA, DNA, and / or protein targets may each be detected in a separate reaction site.

[0277] The cell capture site may selectively capture cells based on size. For example, cells 5 microns or smaller in diameter are captured with less than 5% (e.g., less than 1%) of the efficiency with which cells larger than 10 microns are captured. The cell capture site may selectively capture cells based on affinity binding, such as binding of an antibody immobilized at the capture site to cells expressing a corresponding antigen on its surface (e.g., to enrich for a specific cell type, such as an immune cell type, such as T cells or B cells, or a subset thereof). Individual unit cells may be fluidly connected to a sample inlet channel in an array architecture containing multiple reaction sites, as shown in FIG. 12, for example. In some embodiments, captured cells may be lysed in a first step. Cell lysis may be followed by any of the reactions described herein in the context of an array of unit cells and / or reaction sites. For example, after lysis, RNA from the cells may be reverse transcribed and pre-amplified, or genomic DNA may be processed and pre-amplified. Pre-amplification may be targeted, such as through a multiplexed reaction with at least four different primer pairs, each amplifying a different target nucleotide sequence. The processed cell lysate (e.g., pre-amplified cell lysate) may be flowed into the sample inlet of an array of reaction sites, and different target nucleotide sequences may be detected at different reaction sites using different primer pairs and / or different target-specific probes.

[0278] For example, a single-cell workflow may include flowing a plurality of cells through a microfluidic device such that individual cells from the plurality of cells are captured at individual capture sites in different unit cells of the microfluidic device; lysing a plurality of the captured individual cells at the individual capture sites of the microfluidic device; performing reverse transcription within the microfluidic device on the plurality of individual lysed cells to produce reverse transcription products associated with each individual cell; optionally, performing multiplexed pre-amplification of the cDNA produced by the reverse transcription; partitioning the contents of the unit cell across a plurality of reaction sites in an array of the microfluidic device; and performing PCR, e.g., qPCR, within the microfluidic device to detect different targets (e.g., different reverse transcription products) at the different reaction sites.

[0279] Alternatively, or in addition, a single cell workflow may include flowing a plurality of cells through a microfluidic device such that individual cells from the plurality of cells are captured at individual capture sites in different unit cells of the microfluidic device; lysing the plurality of captured individual cells at the individual capture sites of the microfluidic device; incubating the cell lysate with two or more proximity extension probes in a binding reaction at an incubation temperature of about 15°C to about 50°C for a time length of about 5 minutes to about 6 hours under conditions where the proximity extension probes bind to the target analyte, if present in the cell lysate; incubating the binding reaction with an extension mix comprising a polymerase, where hybridized oligonucleotide components of the proximity extension probes are extended by the polymerase to produce extension products; partitioning the contents of the unit cells among a plurality of reaction sites in an array of the microfluidic device; and performing PCR, e.g., qPCR, in the microfluidic device to detect different targets (e.g., different proximity extension products) at the different reaction sites.

[0280] Integrated workflow kit The subject application also includes kits for carrying out any of the above methods. For example, the kits may include any one of the microfluidic device embodiments and / or may include one or more reagents for carrying out any one of the above methods. Such reagents may be selected from one or more of an RNase inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, a pre-amplification mix (e.g., including multiple primer pairs that specifically amplify different target nucleotide sequences), beads that specifically capture target sample biomolecules described herein, primers, probes, oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies, enzymes that cleave oligonucleotides from their conjugated antibodies, or any other suitable reagents for carrying out the methods of the subject application.

[0281] Sample barcode assignment method While sample barcoding (i.e., tagging or encoding samples) can increase sample throughput, residual primers (e.g., from samples with little or no target) can create crosstalk, resulting in false positives and / or even higher background. Methods and kits for reducing such crosstalk are discussed herein.

[0282] Figure 20 illustrates the workflow for multiplexed sample barcoding of the subject application. Specifically, target nucleotide sequences from different samples can be reverse transcribed (in the case of RNA) and pre-amplified in a reaction that incorporates a sample tag (i.e., sample barcode sequence). The pre-amplified mixtures from different samples can be pooled and loaded onto a single inlet of a microfluidic device and then split into different chambers (different reaction sites) where target nucleotide sequences with different sample tags are selectively amplified. Such a workflow increases the number of samples that can be loaded onto a microfluidic device for a given number of sample inlets. Specific detection of each sample-tagged target nucleotide sequence avoids the need to individually retry all samples if at least one is positive for the target nucleotide sequence. Each reaction site contains a pre-amplified sample mixture, a target-specific probe (e.g., that fluoresces upon binding to the target), a sample barcode primer that selectively amplifies the reaction product of a particular sample, and a reverse primer (e.g., target-specific or, in the case where multiple targets are detected for a sample, specific for a target barcode incorporated during the pre-amplification reaction).

[0283] Figure 21 shows a simple Dorfman pooling method in which samples are not barcoded and are not divided into separate reaction sites after mixing. If the pool of samples tests positive for the target nucleotide sequence, additional steps and reagents are required to retest the individual samples.

[0284] Figure 22 shows the efficiency of multiplexed sample barcoding (mpe) and Dorfman pooling (pe) methods when four samples are mixed (A) or eight samples are mixed (B). Increased efficiency allows for less sample handling, fewer reagents, and less space used in the microfluidic device.

[0285] Figure 23 illustrates a mechanism by which crosstalk can occur when using the multiplexed sample barcoding approach of Figure 20. Specifically, remaining tagged target-specific primers can react with tagged target nucleotide sequences from another sample after the samples are mixed, resulting in background.

[0286] 24 provides a reaction scheme in which the remaining primers from a negative sample (i.e., sample B, which does not have the target nucleotide sequence) react with the pre-amplified target nucleotide sequence from a positive sample (sample A) after the samples are mixed together, resulting in background (e.g., leading to a lower cycle threshold (CT) of the reaction site for detecting the target in sample B). The probe does not compete with the remaining primers.

[0287] Figure 25 provides a reaction scheme in which the target-specific probes compete with the remaining primers (i.e., barcoded target-specific primers, also referred to herein as tagged target-specific primers) for binding to the pre-amplified target nucleotide sequence, reducing crosstalk.

[0288] FIG. 26 shows qPCR curves in triplicate for a set of four samples, with the first sample (black line) being positive and the other samples being negative for the target nucleotide sequence.

[0289] Figure 26 shows qPCR curves in triplicate for a set of four samples under the scheme of Figure 24, where the first sample (black line) is positive and the other samples are negative for the target nucleotide sequence.

[0290] Figure 27 shows qPCR curves for triplicate sets of four samples under the scheme of Figure 25, demonstrating that the first sample (black line) is positive and the other samples are negative for the target nucleotide sequence, with a CT increase of 2 for the negative samples compared to Figure 26.

[0291] In one aspect, an assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples comprises: a) reverse transcribing and pre-amplifying each target nucleotide sequence in separate samples S to produce tagged target nucleotide sequences from each sample; At least one of the samples S contains a target nucleotide sequence; the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and a target nucleotide sequence; preamplification is performed using tagged target-specific primers comprising a sample tag and a target-specific sequence; reverse transcription and pre-amplification, in which the target-specific sequence hybridizes to a portion of the target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing each tagged target nucleotide sequence of sample S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) dividing the mixture into multiple reaction sites; d) adding a different primer pair to each reaction site; e) amplifying tagged target nucleotide sequences from different samples in each reaction site, wherein each different primer pair comprises a primer that hybridizes to a different sample tag; and / or f) detecting the presence of the amplified tagged target nucleic acid by qPCR using a fluorescent target-specific probe that includes at least a portion of the target-specific sequence but does not include the sample tag; Step e of the amplification is in the presence of a target-specific probe.

[0292] More broadly, an assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples comprises: a) separately subjecting each sample S to an encoding reaction using at least one tagged target-specific primer to produce tagged target nucleotide sequences, wherein at least one of the samples S comprises the target nucleotide sequence (i.e., hybridizes to a strand of the target nucleotide sequence), and the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and the target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing each tagged target nucleotide sequence of sample S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) dividing the mixture into multiple reaction sites; d) adding different primer pairs to different reaction sites, each different primer pair comprising a primer that hybridizes to a different sample tag to amplify a tagged target nucleotide sequence from a particular sample; e) amplifying tagged target nucleotide sequences from at least one of the samples S in the presence of a target-specific probe, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least a portion of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer, but does not comprise the sample tag; and / or f) detecting the presence of the tagged target nucleotide.

[0293] The target-specific probe may comprise a sequence identical to at least 6 nucleotides (e.g., at least 12 nucleotides in length, or at least 18 nucleotides in length, such as 6-30 nucleotides in length) of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer. Alternatively, or in addition, the tagged target nucleotide sequence may comprise a sample tag that is at least 4 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least 6 nucleotides in length, at least 12 nucleotides in length, or at least 18 nucleotides in length, such as 6-30 nucleotides in length). Alternatively, or in addition, the target-specific sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least 12 nucleotides in length, or at least 18 nucleotides in length, such as 6-30 nucleotides in length). Alternatively, or in addition, the target nucleotide sequence may be at least 50 nucleotides in length (e.g., at least 100 nucleotides in length, at least 150 nucleotides in length, such as 50-300 nucleotides in length, or therebetween).

[0294] In one embodiment, step a) comprises a reaction with a tagged primer that contains the sample tag but not the target nucleotide sequence, e.g., where the tagged primer is at a higher concentration than the tagged target-specific primer.

[0295] A target-specific primer that does not include a tag and is the reverse complement of a portion of the target nucleotide sequence may be used (e.g., to reverse transcribe and / or amplify the tagged target nucleotide sequence). Step a) may further include reverse transcribing the target nucleotide sequence using the target-specific primer.

[0296] In certain embodiments, the tagged target-specific primers comprise uracil, e.g., the method further comprises adding uracil N-glycosylase (UDG) to the mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences to degrade any remaining tagged target-specific primers.

[0297] In one embodiment, at least one of the samples S contains a target nucleotide sequence and at least one of the samples S does not contain a target nucleotide sequence.

[0298] The method may further comprise, prior to step a), reverse transcribing the tagged target nucleotide sequence using a target-specific primer. Alternatively, step a) may comprise pre-amplifying the tagged target nucleotide sequence (e.g., in the same reaction).

[0299] In some embodiments, step e) may be performed at least in duplicate. In some embodiments, at least one of the samples S does not contain the target nucleotide sequence. The detecting step f) may be by PCR, such as, for example, end-point PCR or qPCR. When detecting by qPCR, in a reaction site where the primer pair is specific for a sample that does not contain the target nucleotide sequence, the target-specific probe (e.g., its completion using tagged target-specific primers) may increase the CT by at least 1, at least 2, at least 4, or at least 6. For example, between a reaction site where the primer pair is specific for a sample that does not contain the target nucleotide sequence and a different reaction site where the primer pair is specific for a sample that does not contain the target nucleotide sequence, the presence of the target-specific probe may increase the dCT by at least 1, 2, 4, or 6, such as a 20% increase in dCT or a 40% increase in dCT. In some embodiments, the target-specific probe may reduce the binding of the remaining tagged target-specific primers to the tagged target nucleotide sequence by at least 25%, at least 50%, or at least 75%. In certain embodiments, the probes may outnumber the remaining tagged target-specific probes in the mixture by at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, or at least 20-fold.

[0300] In some embodiments, step f) of detecting comprises detecting a signal from a target-specific probe. For example, the probe may comprise a fluorophore and optionally a quencher, e.g., such that the fluorophore is quenched when the probe is not hybridized to the target nucleotide sequence and the probe fluoresces when hybridized.

[0301] Any of the method steps may be performed on a microfluidic device of the subject application. In certain aspects, at least steps e) and f) are performed on an array microfluidic device including an array of reaction sites. For example, at least steps c) through f) are performed on an array microfluidic device including an array of reaction sites. In another example, all of steps a) through f) are performed on an integrated microfluidic device including a sample processing unit cell and an array of reaction sites. Such an integrated microfluidic device may be any embodiment described herein. For example, each reaction site in the array of reaction sites of the device may include a unique combination of a sample inlet and a reagent inlet. In certain aspects, step c) includes flowing the mixture of step b) into the sample inlet of the array microfluidic device. In certain aspects, the number of inlets to a microfluidic device may be limited based on physical constraints, such as the substrate of the device or carrier, the pressure required to drive fluid through small channels, and / or the placement of wells in the carrier of the device with inlet channels in the microfluidic device. Thus, a high density array (e.g., containing more than 200 reaction sites over a square centimeter) may not have enough inlets to direct a different sample to each reaction site. Therefore, the sample barcoding of the subject application may allow for pooling sample-barcoded samples, running them through the same channel, and detecting the presence of targets with different sample barcodes at different reaction sites.

[0302] In some embodiments, the target-specific probe does not contain a label (e.g., it is a competitive probe that does not provide a fluorescent signal). In such embodiments, step f) of detecting is with a labeled target-specific probe that does not compete with the tagged target-specific primer for binding to the target-specific nucleotide sequence. For example, step f) of detecting is with an intercalating dye such as SYBR Green.

[0303] In certain embodiments, the number of samples S is at least 2, at least 4, at least 8, or at least 16, for example, between 4 and 8.

[0304] The sample barcoding method can further include flowing the mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences from step c through a single channel that separates the multiple reaction sites in step d. For example, the single channel can be a sample inlet to multiple reaction sites, such as each reaction site including a sample chamber and an assay chamber described herein. The multiple reaction sites are separate locations on an array microfluidic device, and the method can further include fluidically isolating the reaction sites from each other prior to step e. detecting the tagged target nucleic acids.

[0305] In some embodiments, different target nucleotide sequences T in the same sample are tagged with the same sample tag but detected in separate reaction sites. The tagged target nucleotide sequences may comprise a unique combination of a sample tag and a target-specific tag. For example, step a) may further comprise a target-specific reverse primer that comprises a target-specific tag but not a sample tag. The reaction site may amplify a specific target from a specific sample using one primer for the sample tag and one primer for the target-specific tag. The reaction site may amplify a specific target from a specific sample using one primer (e.g., a reverse primer) for the sample tag and one primer for the target nucleotide sequence. Optionally, each target is detected by a target-specific probe. Step e) may comprise loading each reaction site with a primer pair specific to a particular combination of the sample tag and the target-specific tag, for example, so that each combination of S × T is amplified in a separate reaction site. In some embodiments, T may be at least 3, at least 4, or at least 6. In some embodiments, the target nucleotide sequences are viral nucleotide sequences, such as viral RNA sequences (e.g., influenza or SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA sequences). For example, the different target nucleotide sequences T include an H3N2 influenza RNA sequence and an H1N1 influenza RNA sequence. Alternatively, or in addition, the different target nucleotide sequences T include at least two of N1, N2, and N3 and SARS-CoV-2 sequences.

[0306] As described herein, the sample can be any biological sample, such as a blood sample (eg, serum, plasma, or whole blood), saliva, a nasal swab, or derived from solid tissue.

[0307] Sample barcoding for sequencing and / or PCR detection Crosstalk can also occur during sample indexing (barcoding) prior to mixing and sequencing, especially when there is an amplification step after mixing of the indexed samples. a) separately subjecting each sample S to an encoding reaction using at least one tagged target-specific primer to produce a tagged target nucleotide sequence, wherein at least one of the samples S comprises a target nucleotide sequence, and the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and the target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing each tagged target nucleotide sequence of sample S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) amplifying tagged target nucleotide sequences from at least one of the samples S in the presence of a target-specific probe, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least a portion of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer, but does not comprise the sample tag; and / or d) detecting the presence of the tagged target nucleotide. In some embodiments, step d) of detecting is by sequencing the amplified tagged target nucleotide sequences. Step a) of the code can include incorporating a sequencing adapter sequence into the tagged target nucleotide sequences. Step a) can be performed on a microfluidic device including a sample processing unit cell, and the tagged target nucleotide sequences can be collected from the microfluidic device prior to step b) of mixing. Alternatively, or additionally, step d) of detecting includes PCR (e.g., qPCR).

[0308] Sample barcoding kit The subject application also includes kits for carrying out any of the above methods. For example, the kits may include any one of the microfluidic device embodiments and / or may include one or more reagents for carrying out any one of the above methods. Such reagents may be selected from one or more of an RNase inhibitor, a reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, a pre-amplification mix (e.g., including multiple primer pairs that specifically amplify different target nucleotide sequences), beads that specifically capture target sample biomolecules described herein, primers, probes, oligonucleotide-conjugated antibodies, enzymes that cleave oligonucleotides from their conjugated antibodies, or any other suitable reagents for carrying out the methods of the subject application.

[0309] A kit for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples includes: tagged target-specific primers for each of the samples S, each tagged target-specific primer comprising a sample tag and a target-specific sequence; a target-specific probe comprising at least a portion of the target-specific sequence; Each of the tagged target-specific primers and probes is in a separate compartment. The kit may further include one or more of a strand-displacing polymerase (e.g., to displace the probe during the amplification reaction), a reverse transcriptase, and an RNase inhibitor, or any buffers, master mixes, or other components for the subject method.

[0310] In some embodiments, the tagged target-specific primer is mixed with a target-specific reverse primer that does not contain a sample tag. The reverse primer can contain a target-specific tag. The reverse primer hybridizes to the reverse complement of the target nucleotide sequence strand to which the tagged target-specific primer hybridizes. In some applications, the reverse primer hybridizes to the mRNA target-specific sequence to enable reverse transcription.

[0311] The kit may further include a set of different primers S, each hybridizing to a different sample tag, wherein the different primers S are each in a separate compartment. At least some of the different primers S may be mixed with a target-specific reverse primer. The kit may further include a target-specific reverse primer, where, for example, the target-specific reverse primer does not include a sample tag.

[0312] The probes and / or primers of the kit may be any of the embodiments described for the methods herein. The kit may further include a microfluidic device of any embodiment of the subject application. The microfluidic device is an elastomeric device. The microfluidic device may be an array device including multiple reaction sites, e.g., each reaction site including a unique combination of a sample inlet and a reagent inlet. In certain embodiments, the microfluidic device further includes a sample processing unit cell, e.g., where multiple samples bound to beads are mixed and an encoding reaction and / or amplification of encoded products (e.g., by the splint ligation workflow described herein) is performed on the microfluidic device.

[0313] 3. Primer sample barcoding Another approach to reducing crosstalk in sample barcoding is the three primer approach described herein.

[0314] Figure 28 shows another approach to reduce crosstalk, in which UDG is used to decompose the remaining primers (top), and the probe (GSP) does not compete with the remaining primers.Alternatively, or in addition, the concentration of tagged target-specific primers can be lower than the concentration of non-target-specific tag primers, so that the tagged primers are taken.Because the tagged primers are not target-specific, they are not expected to create crosstalk after mixing.

[0315] In one aspect, an assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples comprises: a) separately subjecting each sample S to an encoding reaction using at least one tagged target-specific primer to produce a tagged target nucleotide sequence, wherein at least one of the samples S contains a target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing each tagged target nucleotide sequence of sample S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) dividing the mixture into multiple reaction sites; d) adding different primer pairs to different reaction sites, each different primer pair comprising a primer that hybridizes to a different sample tag; e) amplifying tagged target nucleotide sequences from different samples in each reaction site; and / or f) detecting the presence of the tagged target nucleotide; Step a) involves a reaction with a tagged primer that contains a sample-specific tag but does not contain the target nucleotide sequence.

[0316] The tagged primers may be at a higher concentration (e.g., at least 5 times higher, at least 10 times higher, or at least 20 times higher) than the tagged target-specific primers. The method may include a target-specific primer that does not contain a tag and is a reverse complement to a portion of the target nucleotide sequence. Step a) may further include reverse transcribing the target nucleotide sequence using the target-specific primer. The tagged target-specific primer may contain uracil, and for example, the method may further include adding uracil DNA-glycosylase (UDG) to the mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences to cleave (i.e., degrade) the tagged target-specific primers.

[0317] Thus, a kit for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples comprises: tagged target-specific primers for each of the samples S, each tagged target-specific primer comprising a sample-specific tag and a target-specific sequence; and a tagged primer that includes a sample-specific tag but does not include the target nucleotide sequence. The following is an example of the present invention. (Example 1) 1. An integrated microfluidic device comprising: an array of reaction sites; a plurality of sample processing unit cells including a plurality of sample processing sites, the unit cells being in fluid communication with a plurality of different reagent inlets; A device wherein a sample inlet to the array is downstream of the plurality of sample processing sites of the plurality of unit cells. (Example 2) 2. The device of Example 1, wherein the multiple reagent inlets share a common channel in each unit cell. (Example 3) 3. The device of Example 1 or 2, further comprising a multiplexer configured to control reagent inlets used to load the processing sites of the unit cells. (Example 4) The device of any one of Examples 1 to 3, wherein the plurality of sample processing sites comprises a plurality of loops. (Example 5) The device of any one of Examples 1 to 4, wherein the plurality of sample processing sites comprises a plurality of chambers. (Example 6) The device of any one of Examples 1 to 5, wherein each unit cell further comprises a sample inlet channel. (Example 7) The device of any one of Examples 1 to 6, wherein each unit cell further comprises a waste outlet channel. (Example 8) 8. The device of any one of Examples 1 to 7, wherein each unit cell comprises a plurality of valves configured to control the unit cell. (Example 9) 9. The device of Example 8, wherein the plurality of valves are configured to deliver sample and reagent to different locations within the unit cell. (Example 10) 10. The device of Example 8 or 9, wherein the plurality of valves are configured to locate sample processing locations singly or in communication with one another. (Example 11) 11. The device of any one of Examples 8 to 10, wherein the plurality of valves are configured to drive mixing at different locations. (Example 12) 12. The device of any one of Examples 8-11, wherein the plurality of valves are configured to direct the flow of sample or reagent solutions from the unit cells. (Example 13) 13. The device of any one of Examples 1 to 12, wherein the unit cell comprises a peristaltic pump. (Example 14) The device of any one of Examples 1 to 13, wherein each unit cell further comprises at least one column configured to hold beads. (Example 15) 15. The device of Example 14, wherein the column comprises a sieve structure providing a plurality of openings through which fluid can flow but which can retain beads larger than the holes. (Example 16) 16. The device of example 14 or 15, wherein each unit cell comprises at least two columns. (Example 17) The device of any one of Examples 1 to 16, wherein each reaction site of the array of reaction sites comprises an assay chamber and a sample chamber. (Example 18) 18. The device of Example 17, wherein a sample inlet provides a sample to the sample chamber and an assay inlet provides an assay reagent to the assay chamber. (Example 19) The device of Example 18, wherein the microfluidic device comprises multiple layers such that the sample inlet flow channel and the assay inlet flow channel pass through each other. (Example 20) The device of any one of Examples 1 to 19, wherein the microfluidic device is an elastomeric microfluidic device. (Example 21) The device of Example 20, wherein the microfluidic device comprises PDMS. (Example 22) 22. The device of Example 20 or 21, wherein the elastomeric device comprises a plurality of valves. (Example 23) The device of Example 22, wherein each valve is defined by the intersection of a flow channel and a control channel, the flow channel and the control channel being separated by an elastomeric membrane that can be deflected into or retracted from the flow channel in response to an actuation force. (Example 24) The device of any one of Examples 1 to 23, wherein the microfluidic device comprises at least 24 unit cells. (Example 25) The device of any one of Examples 1-24, wherein the unit cell comprises a cell trapping site, and optionally the cell trapping site is configured to trap circulating tumor cells by size selection. (Example 26) 1. An integrated microfluidic device comprising: a plurality of sample processing unit cells including a plurality of sample processing sites, the unit cells being in fluid communication with a plurality of different reagent inlets; A device wherein each unit cell comprises a plurality of columns, a first column being an upstream position of the plurality of columns, each of the plurality of columns comprising a separate set of sample processing sites. (Example 27) A method of using the integrated microfluidic device described in any one of Examples 1 to 26, loading beads into a column of unit cells through a shared inlet; capturing the sample; washing the beads; eluting into the first chamber; loading a pre-amplification master mix into a second chamber; loading amplicons from preamplification into a sample chamber; loading an assay mix into an assay chamber; and mixing at least a fraction of the contents of said sample chamber and assay chamber. (Example 28) 1. A method for conducting an assay on a microfluidic device, comprising: loading beads into a column of unit cells through a shared inlet; capturing target sample biomolecules on the beads; washing the beads; eluting the captured biomolecules into the first chamber; loading a pre-amplification master mix into a second chamber; performing a preliminary amplification reaction; loading amplicons from a pre-amplification reaction into a sample chamber; loading an assay mix into an assay chamber; and mixing at least a fraction of the contents of said sample chamber and assay chamber. (Example 29) The method according to Example 27 or 28, wherein the microfluidic device is the integrated microfluidic device according to any one of Examples 1 to 26. (Example 30) 30. The method of any one of Examples 27 to 29, wherein the capturing step is after the loading step. (Example 31) 31. The method of example 30, wherein washing the beads comprises flowing a wash buffer solution over the beads in the column. (Example 32) 29. The method of example 27 or 28, wherein the capturing step is before the loading step. (Example 33) 33. The method of example 32, wherein washing the beads comprises mixing the beads with a wash buffer solution and separating the beads from the solution, and the beads are magnetic beads. (Example 34) 34. The method of any one of Examples 27 to 33, wherein the beads comprise different beads that specifically bind to different target biomolecules in the sample, such that multiple target biomolecules are concentrated in the sample unit cell. (Example 35) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 34, wherein the pre-amplification master mix comprises a reverse transcriptase and a polymerase. (Example 36) The method of Example 35, wherein reverse transcription and pre-amplification are performed in the same step. (Example 37) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 36, wherein the pre-amplification master mix comprises primer pairs for a plurality of different target nucleotide sequences. (Example 38) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 37, wherein the presence of each target nucleotide sequence is detected by PCR after the mixing step. (Example 39) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 38, further comprising detecting the presence of the target biomolecule after the mixing step. (Example 40) The method of Example 39, wherein detection is by PCR. (Example 41) The method of Example 40, wherein the PCR is qPCR. (Example 42) The method of Example 39, wherein the detection is by sequencing. (Example 43) The method of Example 42, further comprising amplifying after the mixing step and pooling the amplification products from different samples before sequencing. (Example 44) The method described in Example 43, wherein the pre-amplified samples are quantified by qPCR and normalized for pooling prior to the sequencing step. (Example 45) The method of any one of Examples 42-44, further comprising indexing the samples by flowing a set of unique sample barcode primers into each unit cell prior to pooling the samples and prior to sequencing. (Example 46) The method of any one of Examples 42 to 45, further comprising a bead cleanup step before and after said pre-amplification. (Example 47) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 46, wherein viral particles are associated with the beads. (Example 48) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 47, wherein the beads comprise an affinity reagent. (Example 49) The method according to any one of Examples 27 to 48, wherein the affinity reagent is an antibody. (Example 50) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 49, wherein the target biomolecule comprises one or more target nucleotide sequences. (Example 51) 51. The method of any one of Examples 27 to 50, wherein the beads are functionalized with a single-stranded DNA sequence that specifically hybridizes to the one or more target nucleotide sequences. (Example 52) 52. The method of Example 51, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences comprise a viral polynucleotide sequence. (Example 53) 53. The method of Example 52, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences comprise an RNA sequence. (Example 54) 52. The method of Example 51, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences comprise a viral RNA sequence. (Example 55) The method of Example 54, wherein the viral RNA sequence is a SARS-CoV-2 RNA sequence. (Example 56) 56. The method of Example 55, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences include at least two of the N1, N2, and N3 SARS-CoV-2 sequences. (Example 57) The method of Example 56, further comprising detecting at least two of the N1, N2, and N3 SARS-CoV-2 sequences in separate reaction sites. (Example 58) The method of Example 57, wherein the reaction site comprises a sample chamber and an assay chamber. (Example 59) The method of Example 54, wherein the viral RNA sequence is an influenza RNA sequence. (Example 60) 60. The method of Example 59, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences comprise at least an H3N2 influenza RNA sequence and an H1N1 influenza RNA sequence in separate reactive sites. (Example 61) The method of Example 60, further comprising detecting at least the H3N2 influenza RNA sequence and the H1N1 influenza RNA sequence in separate reaction sites. (Example 62) The method of Example 61, wherein the reaction site comprises a sample chamber and an assay chamber. (Example 63) The method of Example 62, wherein the unit cell comprises multiple columns, each loaded with beads that capture a different target biomolecule. (Example 64) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 63, wherein the beads comprise nucleic acids. (Example 65) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 64, wherein the beads comprise an antibody that binds to a viral particle. (Example 66) The method of Example 65, further comprising detecting viral RNA. (Example 67) The method of Example 66, further comprising detecting the presence of said viral particles by immuno-PCR. (Example 68) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 64, wherein the beads comprise a viral antigen. (Example 69) 69. The method of example 68, wherein the beads comprise viral particles that include the viral antigen. (Example 70) 70. The method of Example 68 or 69, wherein the sample biomolecule is an antibody against the viral antigen, and further comprising binding of the antibody from the sample to the viral antigen. (Example 71) The method of Example 70, further comprising detecting the presence of antibodies to said viral antigen by immuno-PCR. (Example 72) The method of Example 70, further comprising binding an oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody to the antibody from the sample bound to the viral antigen. (Example 73) The method of Example 72, wherein the step of detecting comprises detecting an oligonucleotide of the oligonucleotide-conjugated antibody. (Example 74) The method of Example 73, wherein the detecting step is qPCR. (Example 75) The method of any one of Examples 68 to 74, wherein the detecting step comprises detecting different antibody types. (Example 76) The method of Example 75, wherein the different antibody types include IgG and IgM. (Example 77) The method of any one of Examples 68-77, wherein each separate column of unit cells contains beads that display a different viral antigen. (Example 78) The method of Example 77, wherein each different viral antigen is from a different strain, variant, or mutant of the virus. (Example 79) 79. The method of any one of Examples 68-78, further comprising using a first column for serum-based cleanup to produce a purified serum sample, optionally wherein the serum-based cleanup depletes at least one of IgG and albumin by binding to beads. (Example 80) 80. The method of Example 79, further comprising splitting the purified serum sample between separate columns each containing beads displaying a different viral antigen. (Example 81) 81. The method of Example 80, wherein sample antibodies against each different viral antigen are detected at a sample processing site downstream of the column containing beads presenting the different viral antigens. (Example 82) 82. The method of any one of Examples 27-81, wherein the unit cell comprises at least two columns, one of the two columns being used for serum-based cleanup. (Example 83) 83. The method of any one of Examples 27-82, comprising: loading beads into the column of unit cells through a shared inlet; and capturing target sample biomolecules on the beads, wherein the target biomolecules comprise proteins. (Example 84) The method of Example 83, wherein the target biomolecule is captured by flowing a sample over the beads loaded in the column. (Example 85) 84. The method of Example 83, wherein the target biomolecule is captured by mixing the beads with a sample before loading the beads onto the column. (Example 86) 86. The method of any one of Examples 83 to 85, wherein the protein is captured on the beads by an antibody bound to the beads. (Example 87) 87. The method of any one of Examples 83-86, further comprising binding an antibody to the protein captured on the beads, wherein the antibody is conjugated to an oligonucleotide. (Example 88) 88. The method of any one of Examples 83-87, wherein the antibody is derived from serum, plasma, whole blood, saliva, or a nasal swab. (Example 89) 89. The method of Example 88, wherein the antibody is derived from serum and further comprises a serum cleanup step in a first column of the unit cell. (Example 90) 90. The method of any one of Examples 83 to 89, wherein the protein is an antibody specific to a viral antigen displayed by the bead. (Example 91) The method of Example 90, wherein the viral antigen is a SARS-CoV-2 antigen, and optionally, the viral antigen is a SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein or a peptide thereof. (Example 92) The method of Example 90, wherein the viral antigen is an influenza antigen. (Example 93) The method of Example 90, wherein the unit cell comprises a plurality of columns, each loaded with beads displaying a different viral antigen, and optionally, the different viral antigens are different SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 protein variants or peptides thereof. (Example 94) 94. The method of any one of Examples 83-93, further comprising detecting the presence of the sample protein in a plurality of reaction sites of the microfluidic device. (Example 95) The method of any one of Examples 83-94, further comprising detecting the sample protein by immuno-PCR. (Example 96) The method of Example 95, wherein the immuno-PCR further comprises hybridizing to a ssDNA complementary to the oligonucleotide. (Example 97) The method of Example 96, further comprising cleaving the oligonucleotide. (Example 98) The method of Example 97, wherein the oligonucleotide conjugated to the antibody contains uracil and cleavage is by uracil N-glycosylase (UNG). (Example 99) A plurality of different proteins are detected for each of a plurality of different samples. (Example 100) The method of Example 99, wherein detection is within the unit cell or detection is within an array of reaction sites downstream of the unit cell. (Example 101) The method of any one of Examples 95 to 100, wherein the detection is by qPCR. (Example 102) The method of any one of Examples 95 to 101, wherein the sample protein comprises a cancer biomarker. (Example 103) The method of Example 102, wherein the sample protein comprises a prostate-specific antigen. (Example 104) The method of any one of Examples 95-103, wherein the unit cell comprises at least two columns, and the method further comprises performing a serum-based cleanup to produce a purified serum sample away from the microfluidic device. (Example 105) The method of any one of Examples 95-104, wherein separate columns of unit cells are used to enrich separate target biomolecules from the same sample, and the method optionally further comprises splitting the purified serum sample between separate columns that each enrich a different target biomolecules. (Example 106) The method of any one of Examples 95 to 105, wherein each target biomolecule is detected at a sample processing site downstream of the column. (Example 107) The method of any one of Examples 95-105, further comprising detecting the presence of the protein at a plurality of reaction sites on the microfluidic device. (Example 108) The method of Example 106 or 107, wherein detecting the presence of the oligonucleotide comprises immuno-PCR. (Example 109) The method of any one of Examples 94 to 108, wherein detecting the presence of the oligonucleotide comprises a proximity assay, such as proximity extension or ligation. (Example 110) The method of any one of Examples 27-109, further comprising performing at least one round of bead-based purification. (Example 111) The method of Example 110, further comprising performing at least two rounds of bead-based purification of the oligonucleotide. (Example 112) 112. The method of Example 111, comprising performing a round of bead-based purification of the oligonucleotides prior to the amplification reaction, and another round of bead-based purification after the amplification reaction. (Example 113) The method of any one of Examples 110 to 112, wherein a round of bead-based purification comprises capturing polynucleotides on beads, washing the beads with a capture buffer, washing the beads with alcohol, and evaporating the alcohol through one or more PDMS layers of the elastomeric device. (Example 114) The method of Example 113, wherein the alcohol is ethanol. (Example 115) The method of Example 113 or 114, further comprising permeating the alcohol through the PDMS of the microfluidic device to dry the beads. (Example 116) The method of any one of Examples 27 to 115, wherein the method comprises splint ligation. (Example 117) A kit for carrying out the method according to any one of Examples 27 to 116, A microfluidic device according to any one of Examples 1 to 26, and A kit comprising one or more reagents for carrying out the method of any one of Examples 27 to 116. (Example 118) The kit of Example 117, wherein the kit comprises a reverse transcriptase. (Example 119) 119. The kit of Example 117 or 118, wherein the kit comprises an RNase inhibitor. (Example 120) The kit of any one of Examples 117 to 119, wherein the one or more reagents comprise a polymerase. (Example 121) The kit of any one of Examples 117 to 120, wherein the one or more reagents comprise a pre-amplification mix comprising multiple primer pairs that specifically amplify different target nucleotide sequences. (Example 122) 122. The kit of any one of Examples 117-121, wherein the one or more reagents comprise beads that specifically capture target sample biomolecules. (Example 123) The kit of Example 122, wherein the biomolecule comprises one or more target nucleotide sequences. (Example 124) The kit of Example 123, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences comprise viral RNA. (Example 125) 125. The kit of Example 124, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences comprise a plurality of different target nucleotide sequences. (Example 126) The kit of any one of Examples 117 to 121, wherein the one or more reagents further comprise a primer pair that selectively amplifies a different RNA sequence. (Example 127) The kit of any one of Examples 117 to 126, wherein the one or more reagents further comprise target-specific fluorescent probes that each detect a different RNA sequence. (Example 128) The kit of Example 127, wherein the fluorescent probe comprises a quencher. (Example 129) 129. The kit of any one of Examples 125-128, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences include at least two of the N1, N2, and N3 SARS-CoV-2 sequences. (Example 130) 130. The kit of any one of Examples 125-129, wherein the one or more reagents further comprise a primer pair that selectively amplifies at least two of the N1, N2, and N3 SARS-CoV-2 sequences in separate reaction sites of the microfluidic device. (Example 131) 131. The kit of any one of Examples 125 to 130, wherein the one or more target nucleotide sequences comprise at least an H3N2 influenza RNA sequence and an H1N1 influenza RNA sequence in separate reaction sites. (Example 132) 132. The kit of Example 131, wherein the one or more reagents further comprise primer pairs that selectively amplify at least the H3N2 influenza RNA sequence and the H1N1 influenza RNA sequence in separate reaction sites of the microfluidic device. (Example 133) 133. The kit of any one of Examples 117 to 132, wherein the one or more reagents comprise beads comprising an affinity reagent, optionally wherein the affinity reagent is an antibody. (Example 134) The kit of Example 133, wherein the affinity reagent specifically binds to a viral antigen. (Example 135) 135. The kit of any one of Examples 117-134, wherein the one or more reagents comprise beads comprising a viral antigen, optionally the viral antigen is the spike S1 SARS-CoV-2 protein domain. (Example 136) The kit of any one of Examples 117 to 135, wherein the one or more reagents further comprise an antibody against the biomolecule of interest. (Example 137) The kit of Example 136, wherein the antibody to the biomolecule of interest is conjugated to an oligonucleotide. (Example 138) The kit of Example 137, wherein the one or more reagents further comprise primers for amplifying the oligonucleotide. (Example 139) The kit of Example 13, wherein the one or more reagents further comprise a ssDNA probe that hybridizes to the oligonucleotide. (Example 140) The kit of Example 139, further comprising an enzyme that cleaves the oligonucleotide. (Example 141) The kit of Example 140, wherein the enzyme in UNG and the oligonucleotide comprises uracil. (Example 142) 142. The kit of any one of Examples 117-141, wherein the one or more reagents comprise beads that specifically bind to at least one of IgG and albumin by binding to the beads. (Example 143) 1. A method of library normalization comprising: a. obtaining aliquots from a plurality of samples, the samples comprising polynucleotides comprising spaced inverted repeats; b. performing suppression PCR on the aliquot of step a; c. Quantifying the amplification product from step b; d. pooling the plurality of samples to form a normalized library based on the quantification of step c; The method, wherein the pooled plurality of samples has not been subjected to the suppression PCR of step b. (Example 144) 1. A kit for library quantification of polynucleotides by suppression qPCR, said kit comprising: a library quantitation standard containing spaced inverted repeats separated by at least 150 nucleotides; and a primer comprising a sequence identical to at least 8 nucleotides of one of the inverted repeats. (Example 145) 1. An assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples, comprising: a) reverse transcribing and pre-amplifying each target nucleotide sequence in separate samples S to produce tagged target nucleotide sequences from each sample; At least one of the samples S contains the target nucleotide sequence; the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and a target nucleotide sequence; preamplification is performed using tagged target-specific primers comprising a sample tag and a target-specific sequence; the target-specific sequence hybridizing to a portion of the target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing the tagged target nucleotide sequences of each of the samples S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) dividing the mixture into a plurality of reaction sites; d) adding a different primer pair to each reaction site; e) amplifying the tagged target nucleotide sequences from different samples in each reaction site, wherein each different primer pair comprises a primer that hybridizes to a different sample tag; f) detecting the presence of said amplified tagged target nucleic acid by qPCR using a fluorescent target-specific probe comprising at least a portion of said target-specific sequence but not a sample tag; The method wherein step e of amplifying is in the presence of said target-specific probe. (Example 146) 1. An assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples, comprising: a) separately subjecting each sample S to an encoding reaction using at least one tagged target-specific primer to produce a tagged target nucleotide sequence, wherein at least one of the samples S comprises the target nucleotide sequence, and the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and a target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing the tagged target nucleotide sequences of each of the samples S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) dividing the mixture into a plurality of reaction sites; d) adding different primer pairs to different reaction sites, each different primer pair comprising a primer that hybridizes to a different sample tag to amplify a tagged target nucleotide sequence from a particular sample; e) amplifying the tagged target nucleotide sequence from at least one of the samples S in the presence of a target-specific probe, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least a portion of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer, but does not comprise a sample tag; and f) detecting the presence of said tagged target nucleotide. (Example 147) 147. The method of Example 145 or 146, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least 6 nucleotides of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer. (Example 148) 148. The method of Example 147, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least 10 nucleotides of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer. (Example 149) 149. The method of any one of Examples 145-148, wherein the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag that is at least 6 nucleotides in length and a target nucleotide sequence that is at least 6 nucleotides in length. (Example 150) 150. The method of Example 149, wherein the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag that is at least 8 nucleotides in length and a target nucleotide sequence that is at least 12 nucleotides in length. (Example 151) 151. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 150, wherein the target-specific sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length. (Example 152) 152. The method of example 151, wherein the target-specific sequence is at least 12 nucleotides in length. (Example 153) 153. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 152, wherein step a comprises reacting with a tagged primer that comprises the sample tag but does not comprise the target nucleotide sequence. (Example 154) 154. The method of example 153, wherein the tagged primers are at a higher concentration than the tagged target-specific primers. (Example 155) 155. The method of Example 153 or 154, further comprising a target-specific primer that does not comprise the tag and that is the reverse complement to a portion of the target nucleotide sequence. (Example 156) 155. The method of example 154, wherein step a further comprises reverse transcribing the target nucleotide sequence using the target-specific primer. (Example 157) 156. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 155, wherein the tagged target-specific primer comprises uracil. (Example 158) The method of Example 157, further comprising adding uracil N-glycosylase (UDG) to the mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences. (Example 159) 159. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 158, wherein at least one of the samples S contains the target nucleotide sequence and at least one of the samples S does not contain the target nucleotide sequence. (Example 160) 160. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 159, further comprising, prior to step a), reverse transcribing the tagged target nucleotide sequence using a target-specific primer. (Example 161) 161. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 160, wherein step a comprises pre-amplifying the tagged target nucleotide sequence. (Example 162) 162. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 161, wherein step a is a coding reaction that produces a plurality of tagged target nucleotide sequences for the sample. (Example 163) The method of any one of Examples 145 to 162, wherein step e is performed at least in duplicate. (Example 164) The method of any one of Examples 145 to 163, wherein at least one of the samples S does not contain the target nucleotide sequence. (Example 165) The method according to any one of Examples 145 to 164, wherein step f) of detecting is by PCR. (Example 166) The method according to example 165, wherein step f) of detecting is by qPCR. (Example 167) The method of Example 166, wherein the target-specific probe increases the C T by at least 2 in reaction sites where the primer pair is specific for a sample that does not contain the target nucleotide sequence. (Example 168) The method of Example 167, wherein the CT is increased by at least 4. (Example 169) 169. The method of Example 166, 167, or 168, wherein the presence of the target-specific probe increases the dCT by at least 20% between a reaction site in which the primer pair is specific for a sample that does not contain the target nucleotide sequence and a different reaction site in which the primer pair is specific for a sample that does not contain the target nucleotide sequence. (Example 170) The method according to example 165, wherein step f) of detecting is by end-point PCR. (Example 171) 171. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 170, wherein the detecting step f) comprises detecting a signal from said target-specific probe. (Example 172) The method of example 171, wherein the probe comprises a fluorophore. (Example 173) The method of example 172, wherein the probe comprises a quencher. (Example 174) The method of Example 173, wherein the fluorophore is quenched when the probe is unhybridized. (Example 175) The method of any one of Examples 145 to 174, wherein at least steps e) and f) are performed on an array microfluidic device comprising an array of reaction sites. (Example 176) The method of Example 175, wherein at least steps c) through f) are performed on an array microfluidic device comprising an array of reaction sites. (Example 177) The method of any one of Examples 145 to 174, wherein steps a) to f) are performed on an integrated microfluidic device comprising an array of sample processing unit cells and reaction sites. (Example 178) The method of Example 177, wherein the microfluidic device is a device described in any one of Examples 1 to 26. (Example 179) The method of Example 177 or 178, wherein each reaction site of the array of reaction sites comprises a unique combination of a sample inlet and a reagent inlet. (Example 180) 179. The method of Example 179, wherein step c) comprises flowing the mixture of step b) into a sample inlet of the array microfluidic device. (Example 181) 181. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 180, wherein the target-specific probe in step e) reduces binding of tagged target-specific primers to tagged target nucleotide sequences comprising different sample tags by at least 50%. (Example 182) The method of any one of Examples 145 to 181, wherein the target-specific probe does not comprise a label. (Example 183) The method of example 182, wherein step f) of detecting involves a labeled target-specific probe that does not compete with the tagged target-specific primer for binding to the target-specific nucleotide sequence. (Example 184) The method of example 182, wherein step f) of detecting is with an intercalating dye, optionally wherein said dye is SYBR Green. (Example 185) The method of Example 184, wherein S is at least two. (Example 186) The method of Example 185, wherein S is at least 4. (Example 187) 187. The method of any one of Examples 145-186, further comprising flowing the mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences from step c through a single channel that divides the plurality of reaction sites in step d. (Example 188) The method of Example 187, wherein the plurality of reaction sites are separate locations on an array microfluidic device. (Example 189) The method of Example 188, further comprising fluidly separating the reaction sites from one another prior to step e. of detecting the tagged target nucleic acids. (Example 190) 189. The method of any one of Examples 145 to 189, wherein different target nucleotide sequences T in the same sample are tagged with the same sample tag but detected in separate reaction sites. (Example 191) 191. The method of example 190, wherein the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a unique combination of a sample tag and a target-specific tag. (Example 192) 192. The method of example 191, wherein step a) further comprises a target-specific reverse primer comprising said target-specific tag but not said sample tag. (Example 193) 193. The method of Example 191 or 192, wherein the reaction site amplifies a specific target from a specific sample using one primer to the sample tag and one primer to the target-specific tag. (Example 194) 192. The method of Example 191, wherein the reaction site amplifies a specific target from a specific sample using one primer to the sample tag and one primer to the target nucleotide sequence. (Example 195) The method of any one of Examples 190 to 194, wherein each target is detected by a target-specific probe. (Example 196) 196. The method of any one of Examples 190 to 195, wherein step e) of amplifying in each reaction site involves a primer pair specific for a particular combination of sample tag and target-specific tag, and each of the SxT combinations is amplified in a separate reaction site. (Example 197) The method of any one of Examples 190 to 195, wherein T is at least 3. (Example 198) 198. The method of any one of Examples 190-197, wherein the different target nucleotide sequences T comprise an H3N2 influenza RNA sequence and an H1N1 influenza RNA sequence. (Example 199) 199. The method of any one of Examples 190-198, wherein the different target nucleotide sequences T comprise at least two of the N1, N2, and N3 SARS-CoV-2 sequences. (Example 200) 200. The method of any one of Examples 190 to 199, wherein the target nucleotide sequence is a viral nucleotide sequence. (Example 201) 201. The method of example 200, wherein the target nucleotide sequence is a viral RNA sequence. (Example 202) 202. The method of example 201, wherein the viral RNA sequence is an influenza virus RNA sequence. (Example 203) The method of example 201, wherein the viral RNA sequence is a SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA sequence. (Example 204) The method of any one of Examples 190 to 203, wherein the sample is a blood sample, a saliva sample, or a nasal swab. (Example 205) The method of any one of Examples 190 to 203, wherein the sample is derived from a solid tissue sample. (Example 206) 1. An assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples, comprising: a) separately subjecting each sample S to an encoding reaction using at least one tagged target-specific primer to produce a tagged target nucleotide sequence, wherein at least one of the samples S comprises the target nucleotide sequence, and the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag and a target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing each tagged target nucleotide sequence of sample S to produce a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) amplifying the tagged target nucleotide sequence from at least one of the samples S in the presence of a target-specific probe, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least a portion of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer, but does not comprise a sample tag; and d) detecting the presence of said tagged target nucleotide. (Example 207) 207. The method of example 206, wherein step d) of detecting is by sequencing the amplified tagged target nucleotide sequences. (Example 208) 208. The method of Example 207, wherein step a) of the code comprises incorporating a sequencing adapter sequence into the tagged target nucleotide sequence. (Example 209) 209. The method of any one of Examples 206, 207, or 208, wherein step a) is performed on a microfluidic device comprising a sample processing unit cell. (Example 210) The method of example 209, wherein the tagged target nucleotide sequences are collected from the microfluidic device prior to step b) of mixing. (Example 211) The method according to any one of Examples 206 to 210, wherein step d) of detecting is by qPCR. (Example 212) 1. A kit for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples, the kit comprising: tagged target-specific primers for each of the samples S, each tagged target-specific primer comprising a sample tag and a target-specific sequence; a target-specific probe comprising at least a portion of the target-specific sequence; A kit wherein each of the tagged target-specific primers and the probes are in separate compartments. (Example 213) 213. The kit of Example 212, further comprising a strand-displacing polymerase. (Example 214) The kit of Example 212 or 213, further comprising a reverse transcriptase. (Example 215) 215. The kit of any one of Examples 212 to 214, wherein the tagged target-specific primer is mixed with a target-specific reverse primer that does not contain a sample tag. (Example 216) 216. The kit of Example 215, wherein the reverse primer comprises a target-specific tag. (Example 217) 217. The kit of Example 215 or 216, further comprising a set of different primers S, each hybridizing to a different sample tag, wherein each of the different primers S is in a separate compartment. (Example 218) 218. The kit of Example 217, wherein at least some of the different primers S are mixed with a target-specific reverse primer. (Example 219) The kit of any one of Examples 212-218, further comprising a target-specific reverse primer. (Example 220) 219. The kit of Example 218 or 219, wherein the target-specific reverse primer does not comprise a sample tag. (Example 221) 221. The kit of any one of Examples 212 to 220, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least 6 nucleotides of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer. (Example 222) 222. The kit of Example 221, wherein the target-specific probe comprises a sequence identical to at least 10 nucleotides of the target-specific sequence of the target-specific primer. (Example 223) 223. The kit of any one of Examples 212-222, wherein the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag that is at least 6 nucleotides in length and a target nucleotide sequence that is at least 6 nucleotides in length. (Example 224) 224. The kit of Example 223, wherein the tagged target nucleotide sequence comprises a sample tag at least 8 nucleotides in length and a target nucleotide sequence at least 12 nucleotides in length. (Example 225) 225. The kit of any one of Examples 212 to 224, wherein the target-specific sequence is at least 6 nucleotides in length. (Example 226) 226. The kit of Example 225, wherein the target-specific sequence is at least 12 nucleotides in length. (Example 227) The kit of any one of Examples 212 to 226, wherein the probe comprises a fluorophore. (Example 228) The kit of Example 227, wherein the probe comprises a quencher. (Example 229) The kit of Example 228, wherein the fluorophore is quenched when the probe is unhybridized. (Example 230) The kit of any one of Examples 212-229, further comprising a microfluidic device. (Example 231) The kit of Example 230, wherein the microfluidic device is an elastomeric device. (Example 232) The kit of Example 230 or 231, wherein the microfluidic device is an array device comprising a plurality of reaction sites. (Example 233) The kit of Example 232, wherein each reaction site contains a unique combination of a sample inlet and a reagent inlet. (Example 234) 1. An assay method for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples, comprising: a) separately subjecting each sample S to an encoding reaction using at least one tagged target-specific primer to produce a tagged target nucleotide sequence, wherein at least one of the samples S contains the target nucleotide sequence; b) mixing the tagged target nucleotide sequences of each of the samples S to create a mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences; c) dividing the mixture into multiple reaction sites; d) adding different primer pairs to different reaction sites, each different primer pair comprising a primer that hybridizes to a different sample tag; e) amplifying the tagged target nucleotide sequences from different samples in each reaction site; f) detecting the presence of said tagged target nucleotide; A method wherein step a) comprises reacting with a tagged primer that comprises said sample-specific tag but does not comprise said target nucleotide sequence. (Example 235) 235. The method of example 234, wherein the tagged primers are at a higher concentration than the tagged target-specific primers. (Example 236) 236. The method of Example 234 or 235, further comprising a target-specific primer that does not comprise the tag and that is the reverse complement to a portion of the target nucleotide sequence. (Example 237) 237. The method of example 236, wherein step a further comprises reverse transcribing the target nucleotide sequence using the target-specific primer. (Example 238) 238. The method of any one of Examples 234-237, wherein the tagged target-specific primer comprises uracil. (Example 239) The method of Example 238, further comprising adding uracil DNA-glycosylase (UDG) to the mixture of tagged target nucleotide sequences. (Example 240) 1. A kit for detecting at least one target nucleic acid in a plurality of samples, comprising: tagged target-specific primers for each of the samples S, each tagged target-specific primer comprising a sample-specific tag and a target-specific sequence; a tagged primer that includes the sample-specific tag but does not include the target nucleotide sequence.

Claims

1. 1. An integrated microfluidic device comprising: an array of reaction sites; a plurality of sample processing unit cells, each of the plurality of sample processing unit cells being upstream from a cleanup column and having a unit cell sample inlet being upstream from a plurality of sample processing sites; Equipped with each unit cell in fluid communication with a plurality of different reagent inlets; a sample inlet to the array downstream of the plurality of sample processing sites of the plurality of unit cells; each unit cell further comprising a plurality of valves configured to control said unit cell; 1) directing flow downstream from the unit cell sample inlet through the cleanup column to the plurality of sample processing sites; and 2) directing flow upstream from the plurality of sample processing sites through the cleanup column and into each of the unit cell sample inlets; The device is configured to:

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of different reagent inlets share a common channel in each unit cell.

3. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a multiplexer configured to control reagent inlets used to load the processing sites of the unit cells.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sample processing sites comprises a plurality of loops.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of sample processing sites comprises a plurality of chambers.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein each unit cell further comprises a waste outlet channel.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of valves are configured to deliver sample and reagents to different locations within the unit cell.

8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of valves are configured to locate sample processing sites singly or in communication with one another.

9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of valves are configured to drive mixing at different locations.

10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of valves are configured to direct the flow of a sample or a reagent solution from the unit cell.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the unit cell comprises a peristaltic pump.

12. The device of claim 1, wherein each unit cell further comprises at least one column configured to hold beads.

13. 13. The device of claim 12, wherein the column comprises a sieve structure providing a plurality of openings through which fluid can flow but which can retain beads larger than the holes.

14. The device of claim 12, wherein each unit cell further comprises at least one additional column.

15. The device of claim 1 , wherein each reaction site of the array of reaction sites comprises an assay chamber and a sample chamber.

16. 16. The device of claim 15, wherein a sample inlet provides a sample to the sample chamber and an assay inlet provides an assay reagent to the assay chamber.

17. 17. The device of claim 16, wherein the microfluidic device comprises multiple layers such that the sample inlet flow channel and the assay inlet flow channel pass through each other.

18. The device of claim 1 , wherein the microfluidic device is an elastomeric microfluidic device.

19. The device of claim 18 , wherein the microfluidic device comprises polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).

20. The device of claim 18 , wherein the elastomeric device comprises a plurality of valves.

21. 21. The device of claim 20, wherein each valve is defined by the intersection of a flow channel and a control channel, the flow channel and the control channel being separated by an elastomeric membrane that can be deflected into or retracted from the flow channel in response to an actuation force.

22. The device of claim 1 , wherein the microfluidic device comprises at least 24 unit cells.

23. 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the unit cell comprises a cell-trapping site, optionally configured to capture circulating tumor cells by size selection.

24. 1. An integrated microfluidic device comprising: a plurality of sample processing unit cells, each sample processing unit cell comprising: a sample inlet channel; a first column downstream from the sample inlet channel; a plurality of additional columns downstream from the sample inlet channel; a plurality of sample processing sites downstream from each respective additional column in said plurality of additional columns; Equipped with the unit cell is in fluid communication with a plurality of different reagent inlets; the unit cell comprises a plurality of valves configured to control the unit cell; 1) directing downstream flow from the first column through one additional column to the sample processing site; and 2) directing flow upstream from the plurality of sample processing sites through the one additional column to the first column; The integrated microfluidic device is configured as follows.

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