Acid purification using carbon nanotubes

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes and dispersions comprising carbon nanotubes are provided. Methods for treating dispersions comprising carbon nanotubes and purified carbon nanotubes are provided.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (Related Applications) This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 088,355, filed October 6, 2020, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] This application relates to the processing of carbon nanotubes, and in particular, this application relates to carbon nanotubes and methods for producing carbon nanotubes with improved properties and suitability for use in nanotube inks utilizing improved purification methods. [Background technology]

[0003] Nanotubes are members of the fullerene structural family, which also includes spherical buckyballs (also known as buckminsterfullerenes, or buckyballs); the ends of nanotubes may be capped with hemispheres of the buckyball structure. Nanotubes are named for their long, hollow structures, whose walls are made of atomically thick sheets of carbon called graphene. These sheets are wound at specific, discontinuous ("chiral") angles; the combination of the wobble angle and the radius determines the nanotube's properties (e.g., whether it behaves as a metal or a semiconductor). Nanotubes are classified as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). While single-walled carbon nanotubes contain a single folded graphene sheet, multi-walled carbon nanotubes contain multiple wound layers (concentric tubes) of graphite.

[0004] Single-walled carbon nanotubes are characterized by their unique mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The tensile strength of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes can far exceed 30 GPa, and the electrical conductivity of metallic single-walled carbon nanotube ropes is nearly 10 6S / m. Single-walled carbon nanotube networks formed by deposition of single-walled carbon nanotube dispersions can also transmit visible and infrared light perpendicular to the plane of the film. This property is due to the extremely small diameter of single-walled carbon nanotubes (average less than 1.5 nm) and their large aspect ratio (ratio of length to diameter), typically between 1000 and 1500. This allows for the formation of transparent conductive networks. This combination of properties in a single material makes it an attractive candidate for numerous laboratory-proven applications, including field-effect transistors, nonvolatile memory, displays, touchscreens, battery electrodes, supercapacitors, and filtration membranes.

[0005] After their formation, such carbon nanotube dispersions can be mixed with other materials, for example solutions of polymers intended to enhance electrical conductivity, or deposited onto substrates using established coating techniques such as dip-coating and spray-coating, or inkjet printing.

[0006] As-produced raw carbon nanotube soot generally contains the desired carbon nanotube product along with material impurities (extrinsic impurities), such as transition metal catalysts, graphitic carbon, amorphous (or non-crystalline) carbon nanoparticles, fullerene carbon anions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. The nature and extent of electronic impurities in a given raw material may depend on the synthesis method, for example, laser, arc, high-pressure carbon monoxide conversion (HiPco), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or combustion.

[0007] Known purification procedures (or protocols) generally involve common unit operation steps such as pre-oxidizing acid reflux, mechanical mixing, sonication, filtration, neutralization, and centrifugation. Choosing the appropriate combination depends on the carbon nanotube production method and the specific impurities of interest. Extrinsic impurities, such as catalytic metal particles, fullerene carbon, amorphous carbon, graphitic carbon, and carbon onions, are present to varying degrees in as-produced raw carbon nanotube samples. Using oxidative chemical treatments as part of the purification procedure and multiple acid treatments as part of a typical purification method, reasonably clean carbon nanotubes (less than 0.5 wt.% relative to metal residues) can be obtained. However, aggressive chemical purification can result in the loss of conductive pathways, significantly reducing the electrical conductivity of single tubes and eliminating interband optical transitions arising from "van Hove" singularities. Therefore, for many applications, especially those requiring a combination of optical and electrical properties, preserving the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes substantially intact is a key aspect of single-walled carbon nanotube ink formation.

[0008] Following a specific purification procedure, carbon nanotubes are purified using a combination of sulfuric and nitric acids to remove metals and oxidize them in a single step. This method can produce a high-fluid content, highly debundled, stable "wet paste." Practical benefits and theoretical performance improvements in carbon nanotube applications are generally greatest when the purified, debundled carbon nanotube material remains debundled throughout the device / product / method application.

[0009] Unfortunately, the presence of sulfuric acid in the process can hinder the potential use of the purified nanotubes. For example, sulfuric acid is incompatible with silver, and even trace amounts of sulfur are known to corrode / oxidize silver, rendering silver or silver hybrid films unusable. Therefore, it is desirable to develop new carbon nanotube purification methods that minimize the presence of sulfur. Summary of the Invention

[0010] This application relates to carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube purification methods, as well as dispersions and ink precursor pastes obtainable from such improved purification methods. In particular, in one embodiment, this application relates to carbon nanotube purification methods that minimize reliance on sulfur-containing acids, as well as dispersions and ink precursor pastes obtainable from such improved purification methods. In accordance with certain aspects, the purification methods described herein are particularly suitable for purifying carbon nanotubes for use in preparing silver-containing inks and films.

[0011] According to some embodiments, a method of treating carbon nanotubes is disclosed, the method including providing a carbon nanotube composition comprising carbon nanotubes and impurities; contacting the carbon nanotube composition with a pretreatment agent to provide a pretreated composition; drying the pretreated composition to a moisture content of less than 10%, optionally less than 5% or less than 1%; and then contacting the pretreated composition with an oxidizing agent and, optionally, an additional pretreatment agent to provide a composition comprising oxidized carbon nanotubes. Includes.

[0012] In some embodiments, the carbon nanotubes comprise single-walled carbon nanotubes.

[0013] In some embodiments, the carbon nanotubes comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

[0014] In some embodiments, the pretreatment agent is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1-propanesulfonic acid, dichloroacetic acid, ammonium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, metal chloride salts, especially lithium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, rubidium chloride, cesium chloride, iron chloride, aluminum chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, potassium phosphate, and combinations thereof.

[0015] In some embodiments, the pretreatment agent comprises phosphoric acid.

[0016] In some embodiments, the phosphoric acid has a concentration between about 0.01M and 10.9M, optionally between about 3M and 9M.

[0017] In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, potassium permanganate, chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium chlorate, sodium nitrate, perchloric acid, and combinations thereof.

[0018] In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent comprises nitric acid, optionally at a nitric acid concentration between about 0.01M and 11.7M, or between about 0.3M and 3M.

[0019] In some embodiments, the carbon nanotube composition is contacted with a pretreatment agent at a weight ratio of pretreatment agent to carbon nanotubes (or pretreatment agent:carbon nanotubes) of about 10:1 to about 80:1.

[0020] In some embodiments, the method further comprises heating the composition comprising the pretreated carbon nanotubes at a temperature of from about 80°C to about 200°C.

[0021] In some embodiments, the method further comprises heating the pretreated composition at a temperature of from about 30° C. to about 170° C. prior to contacting with the oxidizing agent.

[0022] In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing at least a portion of the impurities from the nanotube composition to provide purified carbon nanotubes.

[0023] In some embodiments, a method for treating carbon nanotubes is disclosed, the method comprising providing a carbon nanotube composition comprising carbon nanotubes and impurities, and contacting the carbon nanotube composition with an acid composition, thereby increasing the separation distance between the carbon nanotubes, wherein the acid composition comprises phosphoric acid and nitric acid.

[0024] In some embodiments, a method of treating carbon nanotubes is disclosed, the method comprising providing a carbon nanotube composition comprising carbon nanotubes and impurities, contacting the carbon nanotube composition with a pretreatment agent to provide a pretreated composition, and then contacting the pretreated composition with an exfoliating fluid.

[0025] In some embodiments, the pretreatment agent is selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1-propanesulfonic acid, dichloroacetic acid, ammonium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, metal chloride salts, including, in particular, lithium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, rubidium chloride, cesium chloride, iron chloride, aluminum chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, potassium phosphate, and combinations thereof.

[0026] In some embodiments, the stripper solution is selected from the group consisting of water, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, n-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanol, butanol, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, silane, methyl lactate, glycerin, and mixtures thereof.

[0027] In some embodiments, the impurities are selected from the group consisting of transition metal catalysts, graphitic carbon, amorphous carbon nanoparticles, fullerene carbon anions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof.

[0028] In some embodiments, the present application discloses carbon nanotubes produced according to any of the methods described herein, optionally wherein the carbon nanotubes contain less than 3% sulfur.

[0029] In some embodiments, the carbon nanotubes contain less than 10% metal impurities, or less than 4% metal impurities.

[0030] In some embodiments, a stable carbon nanotube dispersion is disclosed, the dispersion comprising carbon nanotubes as described herein dispersed in a solvent selected from the group consisting of water, tetrahydrofuran, propylene glycol methyl ether, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, n-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, silane, mixed alcohols, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methyl lactate, and mixtures thereof.

[0031] In some embodiments, a stable carbon nanotube dispersion has a carbon nanotube content greater than 0.01 absorbance units at 550 nm.

[0032] In some embodiments, the pretreatment agent comprises phosphoric acid and the oxidizing agent comprises nitric acid.

[0033] In some embodiments, a method of treating carbon nanotubes is disclosed, the method comprising providing a carbon nanotube composition comprising carbon nanotubes and impurities, and contacting the carbon nanotube composition with a combination of phosphoric acid and nitric acid to provide a composition comprising oxidized carbon nanotubes.

[0034] In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining a composition comprising oxidized carbon nanotubes with a silver ink. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0035] For a more complete understanding of various embodiments of the present invention, reference is now made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout. [Figure 1] 1 is a method flow chart illustrating a method for purifying carbon nanotubes according to some embodiments of the present invention. [Figure 2] 1 is a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graph comparing as-produced single-walled carbon nanotubes and an intercalated paste of single-walled carbon nanotubes combined with phosphoric acid. [Figure 3] 1 is a thermal graph showing the weight change rate comparing as-produced single-walled carbon nanotubes with an intercalated paste of single-walled carbon nanotubes combined with phosphoric acid. [Figure 4] 1 is a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graph comparing an ink precursor paste made using phosphoric acid with a control paste, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 5] 1 is a thermal graph showing the percent weight change of an ink precursor paste made using phosphoric acid according to one embodiment of the present invention compared to a control paste. [Figure 6A] 10 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photomicrograph image of carbon species in the final ink using the control method. [Figure 6B]1 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographic image of carbon species in the final ink using a method according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 7A] 1 is a photographic image using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of carbon species in the final ink using the control method. [Figure 7B] 1 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographic image of carbon species in the final ink using a method according to one embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 8] 1 is a graph illustrating comparative transmittance and sheet resistance data for transparent conductive films fabricated according to one embodiment of the present invention and a control method. [Figure 9] 1 is a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graph comparing ink precursor pastes made according to different processing methods. [Figure 10] 1 is a thermal graph showing percent weight change comparing ink precursor pastes made according to different processing methods. [Figure 11] 1 is a graph illustrating comparative transmittance and sheet resistance data for transparent conductive films fabricated according to different processing methods. [Figure 12] 1 is a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graph comparing ink precursor pastes made according to different processing methods. [Figure 13] 1 is a thermal graph showing percent weight change comparing ink precursor pastes made according to different processing methods. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0036] Processing and purification of carbon nanotubes are described. Dispersions and ink precursor pastes of the disclosed nanotubes are also described, as are methods for preparing such compositions.

[0037] As-produced carbon nanotube raw materials, purified carbon nanotube materials, fullerenes, and / or any other fullerene materials can be prepared, for example, by: Howard et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,729, filed May 24, 1991; Howard et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,232, filed Sep. 11, 1996; Height et al., U.S. Patent Nos. 7,335,344 and 7,887,775 B2, filed March 14, 2003; Kronholm et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,435,403, filed July 3, 2003; and They can be synthesized and / or processed by the approaches described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,396,520 and 7,771,692, filed Jan. 21, 2005, to Howard et al., which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

[0038] In some embodiments, the carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes. In other embodiments, the carbon nanotubes are multi-walled carbon nanotubes. For example, in some non-limiting embodiments, the nanotubes have at least two walls (i.e., two walls). In other embodiments, the nanotubes have 3 to 12 walls. In further embodiments, the nanotubes have fewer than 12 walls. In yet other embodiments, the nanotubes have 2 to 6 walls. In some embodiments, the carbon nanotubes have 2 to 8 walls. In further embodiments, the carbon nanotubes have 2 to 10 walls. In exemplary non-limiting embodiments, the carbon nanotubes have 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 walls.

[0039] In another embodiment, a mixture of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes is provided. For example, in some embodiments, a mixture of single-walled and double-walled nanotubes is provided. In a further embodiment, a mixture of single-walled and multi-walled nanotubes is provided. In another embodiment, a mixture of multi-walled carbon nanotubes is provided, the mixture including nanotubes with various wall configurations.

[0040] In some embodiments, the carbon nanotube starting material is at least about 30% pure, at least about 40% pure, at least about 50% pure, at least about 60% pure, at least about 70% pure, at least about 80% pure, at least about 85% pure, or at least about 95% pure. In other embodiments, the carbon nanotubes are about 50% to about 80% pure. Purified carbon nanotubes after processing according to some embodiments of the present application are typically about 90-99% pure. Examples of impurities include, but are not limited to, carbonaceous materials, including metals, metal oxides, and amorphous carbon. The purity of carbon nanotube compositions, particularly with respect to metals and metal oxides, can be determined, for example, by thermogravimetric analysis under air. More detailed purity data can be obtained using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) using an internal standard, or elemental analysis. Quantitative assessment of carbonaceous impurities is difficult, but UV-visible spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy can provide valuable information.

[0041] As used herein, the term "metal catalyst particles" refers to metal particles produced by a catalytic synthesis method for producing carbon materials. Metal catalyst particles typically comprise transition metals, including, but not limited to, nickel, molybdenum, palladium, yttrium, iron, copper, and cobalt, and mixtures thereof. According to some embodiments, the starting metal residue (metal catalyst particles and other metal contaminants) may be greater than 20%, and in some cases, greater than 40%. In some embodiments, the post-treatment metal residue is less than 10%, and in some cases, less than 4% metal residue.

[0042] "Purification" refers to a process that increases the proportion (or fraction) of a desired material in a sample while reducing undesirable materials, such as impurities. The present purification methods may increase the mass, weight, volume, and / or mole fraction of one or more selected carbon nanotubes in the treated sample. Purification methods useful for some applications can provide purified carbon nanotubes that have a structure and composition that is not significantly altered from that of the starting material being treated, or that exhibit an enhanced degree of crystallinity after treatment with the present method. For example, the present methods can purify a single-walled carbon nanotube-containing sample such that the purified single-walled carbon nanotubes are free of or contain limited amounts of impurities, such as heavily bundled carbon nanotubes, unstable deposits, overoxidized carbon nanotubes, and non-tubular carbon. The purified carbon nanotubes are suitable for use as precursor materials for producing stable carbon nanotube inks.

[0043] "Sulfur-free" means that the composition contains less than 3% by weight, particularly less than 0.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition, and optionally no detectable sulfur, whether in the form of elemental sulfur or a sulfur-containing species.

[0044] In accordance with one aspect, the present application describes a carbon nanotube purification method that provides for the separation of carbon nanotubes while minimizing (or in some embodiments eliminating) the presence of sulfur in the purified nanotube composition. Figure 1 is a method flow chart 100 illustrating an exemplary method for separating carbon nanotubes.

[0045] According to the illustrated exemplary method, it is possible to provide as-produced carbon nanotubes (AP CNTs), as shown in step 110. As-produced carbon nanotubes are typically highly bundled and typically contain metal catalysts and other, primarily carbonaceous, impurities. As shown in step 120, the as-produced carbon nanotubes can be optionally pretreated by contacting them with a pretreatment agent, such as phosphoric acid, to introduce molecules between the carbon nanotube bundles and provide separation between the nanotubes. As shown in step 130, the carbon nanotube composition can optionally be further combined with a stripping solution (e.g., water) and stirred or mixed for a period of time, such as overnight. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the stirring or mixing in step 130 may allow the stripping solution molecules to penetrate the nanotube bundles (or bundles) and promote separation of the nanotubes from one another. As shown in step 140, the carbon nanotube composition can be subjected to an oxidation treatment 140 by contacting the carbon nanotube composition with an oxidizing agent composition, which in the illustrated embodiment comprises phosphoric acid and nitric acid. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the oxidation treatment may interpenetrate the nanotube bundles and may functionalize the surface of the carbon nanotubes with oxygen-containing functional groups, such as carboxylic acids. In some embodiments, a combination of phosphoric acid and nitric acid may facilitate metal removal and purification of the carbon nanotubes. As shown in step 150, metal catalyst removal and purification may be performed, such as by filtration, to prepare a precursor material suitable for producing a stable carbon nanotube ink 160.

[0046] Nanotubes that can be purified according to the methods disclosed herein include those commercially available and those produced by any conventional method used in the art. Furthermore, the described methods may be utilized to purify any carbon-containing material of similar structure, including impurities. As-produced carbon nanotubes 115 are typically highly bundled and contain metal catalyst impurities and other impurities. Pretreatment 120 of the carbon nanotubes can result in the formation of a carbon nanotube network 125 intercalated with a pretreatment agent. Examples of suitable pretreatment agents include, but are not limited to, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1-propanesulfonic acid, dichloroacetic acid, ammonium sulfate, lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, and metal chloride salts, including lithium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, rubidium chloride, cesium chloride, iron chloride, aluminum chloride, copper chloride, nickel chloride, and potassium phosphate, among others. According to some embodiments, the pretreatment agent is an acid, such as phosphoric acid. Mixtures of pretreatment agents may also be used for pretreatment. According to some embodiments, the pretreatment agent may be used in an amount with a weight ratio of pretreatment agent to carbon nanotubes of about 0.5:1 to about 1000:1, particularly about 2:1 to about 200:1. According to some embodiments, the carbon nanotubes may be contacted in an amount with a weight ratio of pretreatment agent to carbon nanotubes of about 5:1 to about 200:1, particularly about 8:1 to about 75:1, and in some cases about 10:1 to about 80:1. According to some aspects, the pretreatment agent comprises phosphoric acid at a concentration of between about 0.01M and 10.9M, optionally between about 3M and 9M.

[0047] After initial mixing of the as-produced carbon nanotubes with the pretreatment agent, the pretreatment composition may be heated, optionally under vacuum, to a temperature of about 30° C. to about 200° C., particularly about 80° C. to about 150° C. According to some embodiments, the resulting pretreatment composition, typically in the form of a paste, may be treated for about 1 hour to about 24 hours, or up to a longer indefinite storage time, provided that the paste temperature is maintained at or above about 100° C. to about 130° C., or stored under an inert atmosphere if not at elevated temperatures.

[0048] According to particularly useful aspects, after contacting the carbon nanotubes with the pretreatment agent to form a carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste, the mixture paste is dried before performing the oxidation step. According to some aspects, the carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste is maintained in a dry state for a period of time before oxidizing. According to some embodiments, the carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste is dried to a moisture content of about 1, 5, or 10 wt. % or less as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). At lower moisture concentrations, Karl Fisher titration can be used to improve accuracy. In some cases, the carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste contains no detectable moisture.

[0049] The carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste may be maintained under heat for an extended period of time prior to the subsequent oxidative acid treatment step. According to some embodiments, this drying state may be achieved by extended thermal heating. According to particularly useful embodiments, the carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste is treated under conditions that reduce or minimize water content. According to some embodiments, the carbon nanotubes and pretreatment agent can be mixed with some water present in one or both of them, and the carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste can then be heat-treated to remove the water before further processing. According to some embodiments, the drying step may be for a period of several hours (e.g., 2-12 hours) to several days (e.g., 2-14 days), or even longer. According to some embodiments, the drying step may involve extended storage times in a mixed but dry state before starting the next step of the acid purification treatment. According to some embodiments, the presence of water can interfere with efficient intercalation of the pretreatment agent into the carbon nanotube network.

[0050] Without wishing to be bound by theory, the advantages associated with minimizing or eliminating water to provide more efficient intercalation are believed to be explained as follows: Upon mixing carbon nanotubes and a pretreatment agent, one or both of which have at least trace amounts of water present, a prolonged heat treatment is initiated, during which the water present evaporates. Once the water is completely or nearly completely evaporated and heating continues, any intermolecular forces (e.g., hydrogen bonds) between the pretreatment agent molecules will be overcome by such prolonged heating. The disruption of the hydrogen bond network (for example) induces high-energy conditions where it is thermodynamically favorable for the resulting pretreatment species to intercalate between carbon nanotube bundle layers, minimizing energy. Furthermore, the absence of water eliminates the risk that water will act as a "bridge" between the pretreatment agent molecules, based on their hydrogen bond donor and acceptor properties, reducing the efficiency of the intercalation process. This intercalation method gradually progresses from the outer carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube bundles, and carbonaceous impurity layers, and then gradually progresses toward the inner carbonaceous layers during long-term heating. If heating is continued until the energy is minimized, intercalation will proceed. This is because the more completely and uniformly the pretreatment agent penetrates and intercalates into the carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube bundles, and carbonaceous impurity layers, the more effectively the subsequent oxidation treatment will be carried out.

[0051] The progress and effectiveness of the prolonged heating process for intercalating the pretreatment agent through the carbon nanotube host material are evidenced in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves shown in Figures 2 and 3. It is known to those skilled in the art that some sample mixtures consisting of both carbonaceous impurities and more pristine carbon nanotubes exhibit thermal profiles in which the overall thermally induced decomposition is shifted to lower temperatures due to the presence of the carbonaceous impurities. Thus, the carbonaceous impurities and the pristine carbon nanotubes do not thermally decompose separately. As shown in Figure 2, the carbon nanotube starting material (without the pretreatment agent) exhibits a major thermal event near 300 °C, well below the thermally induced decomposition temperature of the pristine carbon nanotubes, and near complete decomposition of all carbonaceous species near 600 °C. The thermal decomposition rate of the carbon nanotube starting material (Figure 3) consists of a broad peak with a relatively high rate beginning near 300 °C and ending near 700 °C. On the other hand, for pretreated samples (pretreated with phosphoric acid), where the pretreatment agent is believed to be effectively dispersed among the carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotube bundle layer, and the carbonaceous impurity layer, the thermal decomposition profile shows a separate low-temperature decomposition of the carbonaceous impurities followed by a high-temperature decomposition of the pristine carbon nanotubes. For the pretreated sample heat-treated for 1 h (light gray solid curve), the carbonaceous impurities undergo a separate, gradual thermal decomposition around 300 °C, while the more pristine carbon nanotube species decompose in a separate thermal event at much higher temperatures, starting around 550 °C (best seen in Figure 3). A similar intercalated sample heated for a longer period and resampled after 18 h (darker solid curve) shows that, under the same thermal decomposition conditions, the thermal event corresponding to the carbon nanotubes shifts to a higher temperature, with thermal decomposition beginning around 600 °C. The effect of drying on the thermal profile is evidenced by the shift in the onset of thermal decomposition to around 550 °C for the 1 h sample and 600 °C for the 18 h intercalated sample. Therefore, the most effective pretreatment step involves carbon nanotubes and a pretreatment agent.All water, or as much water as possible, is driven off during the described heat treatment step, and heating is continued for an extended period of time to most completely intercalate the pretreatment agent between the carbon nanotubes, carbon nanotube bundles, and carbonaceous impurity layers, most effectively generating the pretreatment species for subsequent oxidative purification treatment. The resulting pretreatment composition comprises a carbon nanotube network 125 in which the carbon nanotubes are intercalated with the pretreatment agent.

[0052] The carbon nanotube composition, optionally after being subjected to a pretreatment agent, can be combined with a stripping liquid, such as water or another solvent, to disperse the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube composition / liquid mixture. Particularly useful stripping liquids are miscible with the pretreatment agent and, ideally, also wet the carbon nanotubes. Other particularly useful stripping liquids include, but are not limited to, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanol, butanol, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerin. The carbon nanotube composition may be contacted with the stripping liquid in an amount of about 25:1 to about 250:1 stripping liquid:carbon nanotube weight ratio. According to some embodiments, the mixture of the carbon nanotube composition and the stripping liquid can be stirred for a time sufficient to allow the solvent molecules to penetrate the nanotube bundles and facilitate the separation of the nanotubes from one another. According to some embodiments, the carbon nanotube composition in the stripping liquid can be stirred for at least 1 minute to about 72 hours. Typically, the mixture of the carbon nanotube composition and the stripper solution is allowed to stir overnight, and the resulting carbon nanotube composition in the stripper solution contains dispersed carbon nanotubes.

[0053] The carbon nanotube composition may be maintained under heat for an extended period of time before being stirred into the stripper solution, followed by an oxidative acid treatment step. According to some embodiments, this drying state may be achieved by extended thermal heating. According to particularly useful embodiments, the carbon nanotube composition is treated under conditions that reduce or minimize water content prior to exposure to the stripper solution. According to some embodiments, the drying step may last from a few hours (e.g., 2-12 hours) to several days (e.g., 2-14 days), or even longer. According to some embodiments, the drying step may involve extended storage times in a mixed but dry state before commencing the next step of the acid purification process.

[0054] Carbon nanotubes can be subjected to an oxidizing treatment by contacting the pretreatment or stripping composition with an oxidizing agent, such as an oxidizing acid composition. Examples of oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, nitric acid, potassium permanganate, chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium chlorate, sodium nitrate, perchloric acid, and combinations thereof. The carbon nanotube composition may be contacted with the oxidizing agent composition at a concentration of 0.01M, 0.3M, 0.7M, 1M, 11.7M, or a concentration therebetween, for about 1 hour to 12 hours or more, depending on the initial concentration of the oxidizing agent and the reaction temperature. According to some embodiments, the oxidizing acid may be nitric acid. When used as an oxidizing agent, nitric acid may have a concentration between about 0.01M and 11.7M, or in some cases, between about 0.3M and 3M. The exact process conditions depend on the properties of the starting materials used and can be optimized based on TGA purification results and / or the resulting transparent conductive film resistance and transmittance performance. The mixture can be stirred or otherwise mixed for a time sufficient to oxidize the carbon nanotubes and generate oxygen-containing functional groups on the carbon nanotube surfaces.

[0055] In some embodiments, the oxidizing agent may be used in combination with an additional pretreatment agent. For example, a combination of phosphoric acid and an oxidizing agent may be used. According to some embodiments, when phosphoric acid is used as a pretreatment agent and an additional pretreatment agent is added along with the oxidizing agent, the phosphoric acid may have a concentration between about 1.5M and about 10M, or in some cases between about 3M and 9M, with a typical concentration being 6-7M. According to some embodiments, phosphoric acid and nitric acid may be used in combination. The phosphoric acid or other pretreatment agent promotes interpenetration of carbon nanotube bundles and delivery of the oxidizing agent to the interior of the bundles, resulting in more uniform oxidation of the carbon nanotube surface. Oxidation in combination with a pretreatment agent such as phosphoric acid results in a purified carbon nanotube product with a reduced proportion of non-tubular carbon impurities. Additionally, the phosphoric acid or other pretreatment agent may react with the oxidizing acid to form a more powerful oxidizing agent than the oxidizing acid alone, generating oxygen-containing functional groups, such as carboxylic acid functional groups, on the carbon nanotube surface. According to some embodiments, the resulting composition is stirred at a temperature of about 80°C to about 200°C for at least 1 hour, or up to about 24 hours. The oxidation conditions range from gentle heating to vigorous reflux, although the actual internal reaction temperature is unknown. According to some embodiments, the composition is refluxed. The resulting composition contains debundled carbon nanotubes 145 having oxygen-containing functional groups on the carbon nanotube surface. Other oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, potassium permanganate, chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, potassium chlorate, sodium nitrate, perchloric acid, and combinations thereof.

[0056] The carbon nanotube composition may be subjected to the oxidation treatment directly without pretreatment, or indirectly by being subjected to one or more pretreatment steps. For example, in some embodiments, the as-produced carbon nanotube composition (AP CNT) 110 may be pretreated 120 by contacting the as-produced carbon nanotubes with a pretreatment agent, and then the carbon nanotube composition may be contacted with an oxidizing agent and subjected to the oxidation treatment 140. According to other embodiments, the as-produced carbon nanotube composition 110 may be combined with water (or other stripping solution) and stirred or mixed for a period of time 130, and then the carbon nanotube composition may be contacted with an oxidizing agent and subjected to the oxidation treatment 140. According to still other embodiments, the as-produced carbon nanotube composition 110 may be pretreated 120 by contacting the as-produced carbon nanotube composition with a pretreatment agent, combined with water (or other stripping solution) and stirred or mixed for a period of time, and rinsed / extracted with water if a solvent is used 130, and then the carbon nanotube composition may be contacted with an oxidizing agent and subjected to the oxidation treatment 140.

[0057] The post-oxidation composition can be further processed 150 to remove metal catalysts and other impurities by a variety of methods, such as filtration, bath sonication, probe sonication, and centrifugation. The resulting precursor ink composition can be suitable for producing purified, stable carbon nanotube inks 170, which offer advantages over inks prepared using conventional purification methods.

[0058] The disclosed methods enable carbon nanotube fluid dispersions with high levels of purity and reduced sulfur content. For example, the disclosed methods can produce stable, pre-debundled wet pastes that can be incorporated at significantly higher carbon nanotube contents than previously reported to form slurries, mixed pastes, and highly concentrated, stable inks. Carbon nanotubes purified by the methods disclosed herein can be incorporated into water, aqueous / mixed solvent systems, and purely organic systems, but other possibilities exist, including high-viscosity solvents, monomers, and polymers, and dispersion stability can be aided and promoted by the high-viscosity vehicle rather than being determined solely by solubility parameters / surface tension. For example, purified carbon nanotube wet pastes according to some embodiments of the present invention can be easily suspended in the high-viscosity solvent cyclohexanol to produce inks. In contrast, purified materials from other purification methods can result in heterogeneous clumps / large, unstable aggregates as well as trace amounts of sulfur, which is present in sulfur-containing species such as sulfates, sulfate salts, and organic sulfur species.

[0059] Incorporating carbon nanotubes into metal nanowires (creating a "hybrid" material) offers several advantages over neat metals, including, but not limited to, improved power handling, reduced roughness, and improved environmental stability (preliminary internal data). One advantage associated with some sulfur-free embodiments of the method is that purified carbon nanotubes can be used to prepare one-pot silver hybrids. In this method, a highly concentrated neat carbon nanotube ink or slurry is first produced in a solvent compatible with the silver nanowire ink. The neat carbon nanotube ink and silver ink are then intimately mixed and combined by vortex mixing, hand mixing, stirring, or a planetary centrifugal speed mixer. In many cases, the resulting "hybrid ink" is stable in that the mixed inks exhibit minimal agglomeration, allowing for the production of hybrid films by rod coating, dip coating, slot-die coating, spray coating, gravure coating, and the like. Sulfuric acid, used in some conventional purification methods, is known to corrode / oxidize silver even with trace amounts of sulfur or sulfur-containing molecules, rendering the silver or silver hybrid film unusable over time and therefore incompatible with silver. In contrast, some embodiments of the present application provide purified carbon nanotubes that can be incorporated into a one-pot system with silver nanowires as an aqueous ink. Furthermore, carbon nanotubes purified by the disclosed method enable other possibilities, including high-viscosity solvents and monomers, where dispersion stability can be aided and promoted by the high-viscosity vehicle, rather than being solely determined by solubility parameters / surface tension.

[0060] While sprayable and rod-coatable inks are useful in many methods of applying hybrid inks, screen printing is another common method of application. Screen-printable inks have significant morphological differences from rod-coatable and sprayable inks, most notably viscosity, which typically utilizes high-viscosity solvents such as cyclohexanol. According to some embodiments, purified carbon nanotubes form stable dispersions in cyclohexanol at concentrations between about 4°C and about 35°C and optical densities of between about 1 and about 20. As used herein, "stable" means that the dispersion can be coated with silver, either neat or in a single pot, with minimal adverse effects on the resulting hybrid or neat film properties, while improving film performance characteristics. For example, in a thermal heater where screen-printed neat silver ink and screen-printed hybrid ink were tested side-by-side, the hybrid ink sample exhibited a decrease in transparency, but the decrease was similar to that of a similar neat carbon nanotube film, and power handling capacity was improved by 25% compared to the neat silver control. If the hybrid one-pot ink is significantly unstable, the properties of the coated film will show reduced transparency and increased haze compared to a similar neat carbon nanotube parent film, with minimal to no performance improvement compared to a similar neat control silver film.

[0061] Carbon nanotubes produced according to some embodiments of the present application can form stable dispersions in a variety of solvents, including, but not limited to, water, tetrahydrofuran, propylene glycol methyl ether, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, n-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, silane, mixed alcohols, hexane, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, butanol, benzene, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methyl lactate, and mixtures thereof. According to some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein can provide stable carbon nanotube dispersions having a carbon nanotube content, as determined by optical density at 550 nm, between about 0.01 absorbance units and about 20 absorbance units, more specifically, between about 0.1 absorbance units and about 15 absorbance units. In a typical optical density measurement, a high-concentration ink dispersion is diluted approximately 10:1 to allow measurement within the operating range of a UV-Vis or UV-Vis monochromator, typically between about 0.1 and about 2 absorbance units. Depending on the desired ink coating method and substrate, the optical density of the final ink concentration should be between about 0.1 and 5 absorbance units for ultrasonically spray-coatable inks and between about 5 and about 20 absorbance units for lot-die or rod-coatable inks. By mass balance, one of the carbon nanotube ink compositions was determined to have a carbon nanotube concentration of 315 mg / L at an optical density of 14 absorbance units. [Example]

[0062] A 4 g quantity of the as-grown single-walled carbon nanotube composition (carbon solution, 65% purity) was combined with 100 mL of pretreatment agent, 85% phosphoric acid, in a crystallizing dish. The contents were stirred with a glass rod to form a thick, homogeneous paste, which was spread in an even layer on the bottom of the dish. The crystallizing dish was then suspended in a heated oil bath at a temperature between approximately 120 and 140 °C for approximately 24 hours, during which time the pretreated composition in the form of a pure phosphoric acid / single-walled carbon nanotube paste was formed upon removal of residual water. Figures 2 and 3 show the TGA pyrolysis profiles of the phosphoric acid / single-walled carbon nanotube composition paste at various times, compared with the as-grown SWCNTs. The oxidation onset for the as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes (dashed line) is approximately 300 °C, and the oxidation end temperature for the carbon nanotubes is approximately 600 °C. While it is difficult to obtain a known 100% pure single-walled carbon nanotube composition sample, the oxidation onset for pure single-walled carbon nanotubes is known to be above approximately 600 °C. The lower-than-expected overall oxidation temperature implies that impurities in the as-produced single-walled carbon nanotube sample shift the overall oxidation temperature to lower temperatures, since the presence of low-order carbon nanotube impurities ("non-tubular carbon") throughout the sample accelerates the decomposition of the entire carbon nanotube sample, resulting in lower-temperature oxidation overall than would occur in the absence of impurities. In contrast, the thermal profiles of the two intercalated samples show very different thermal behavior. In both intercalated samples, the major oxidation thermal event does not occur until approximately 600 °C, which is similar to that of pure carbon nanotubes. The low-burning impurities gradually oxidize in isolation, as evidenced by a steady weight loss between 200 and 600 °C. This data supports the idea that phosphate is intercalating into the carbon nanotube bundles and carbonaceous layers, as the intercalated phosphate separates the various impurity carbon species, allowing each to oxidize separately. Further evidence is shown in the intercalation progress versus time, where a significant shift to a higher oxidation onset temperature is evident between 1 and 18 hours of intercalation time.

[0063] Figures 4 and 5 are thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graphs comparing an ink precursor paste prepared using phosphoric acid as a pretreatment agent and then a blend of phosphoric and nitric acids for the oxidation treatment (PA-ET method) with a control paste (ET method). The PA-ET paste was prepared by stripping the entire phosphoric acid-intercalated paste prepared as described above with 125 mL of deionized water for 5 minutes. Then, 125 mL of additional deionized water, 135 mL of additional 85% phosphoric acid, and 65 mL of 6N nitric acid were added, and the mixture was refluxed in an open-bottom flask on a hotplate for 12 hours at a hotplate setting of 425 °C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the resulting slurry was washed to a neutral pH and probe-sonicated. The residual paste was dried and analyzed by TGA. The control paste was prepared by refluxing as-prepared carbon nanotubes with a blend of sulfuric and nitric acids for the oxidation treatment (ET method). The temperature at peak oxidation rate increased significantly from about 450°C for the control paste to about 700°C for the paste according to this example of one embodiment of the present application, indicating higher purity in the PA-ET intercalated paste process.

[0064] 6A and 6B are photomicrograph images using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of carbon species in the final ink using a control method (FIG. 6A-ET method) compared to the final ink prepared according to one embodiment of the present invention (FIG. 6B-PA-ET method).

[0065] Figures 7A and 7B are transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs at different magnifications of carbon species in the final ink prepared using a control method (Figure 7A - ET method) compared to a final ink prepared according to one embodiment of the present invention (Figure 7B - PA-ET method). The TEM images from Figures 6 and 7 provide a direct comparison between the carbon species present in the final carbon nanotube ink. Similarly, a TEM sample was prepared by dispersing the carbon nanotube in isopropanol / water and ultrasonically bath-treating it for 5 minutes, followed by casting a drop of the ink onto a TEM grid fixed on a glass slide on a hot plate preheated to 200 °C. The solvent quickly evaporated, leaving the carbon nanotube sample fixed on the grid, ready for imaging. The control ET method image shows various types of defects, including "webbing" (presumably "non-tubular carbon") and carbon-encapsulated catalyst particles, as seen in Figure 7A. A comprehensive review of the images reveals that defects are present in the control ET method and are largely absent in the new method (PA-ET method).

[0066] Figure 8 is a graph showing comparative transmittance and sheet resistance data for transparent conductive films fabricated according to one embodiment of the present invention (the PA-ET method) and a control method (the ET method). The method described herein provides superior performance, as indicated by a shift toward higher transparency and lower resistivity (resistance / transmittance, "R / T curve"). Each type of carbon nanotube ink was sprayed onto a corona-treated polyether terephthalate (PET) substrate using a Sonotek ultrasonic spray nozzle at three different ink volumes per sample. Three separate sets of sheet resistance / transmittance points (and solvent evaporation, three data points for the resulting films) were measured and used to evaluate the performance of each ink. Films formed with inks containing more impurities (especially "non-tubular carbon") exhibited reduced transparency and higher resistivity compared to films formed with purer carbon nanotubes, indicating the purity of the sample.

[0067] Figures 9 and 10 are thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graphs comparing ink precursor pastes produced using different methods. PA-ET "reflux only" material was prepared by placing 4 g of as-produced carbon nanotubes directly into a flat-bottom flask containing 235 mL of 85% phosphoric acid and 65 mL of 6N nitric acid. The mixture was refluxed for 12 hours on an uncovered hotplate set at 425 °C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the resulting slurry was washed to a neutral pH and subjected to probe sonication. The residual paste was dried and analyzed by TGA. These plots demonstrate both the importance and performance benefits of using phosphoric acid instead of sulfuric acid, going beyond the elimination of sulfur. In Figure 9, the dotted line indicates the control sulfuric acid "ET method." Here, there is significant oxidation, indicated by weight loss between 100 and 400 °C, which, due to the lower oxidation temperature, is primarily non-nanotube carbon impurities. Simply switching from sulfuric acid to phosphoric acid in the same acid reflux results in a significantly higher weight retention at approximately 400°C (approximately 90% remaining for the PA-ET reflux-only material, compared to approximately 75% remaining for the control ET). Similarly, at 600°C, only 20% remains for the control ET material, while the PA-ET reflux-only material still retains approximately 70% residue, indicating a significantly higher percentage of purer carbon nanotubes. To extend this method and demonstrate the full scope of this disclosure, including the phosphoric acid pretreated "PA-ET" method, it is worth noting that the oxidation method is extended to temperatures 50°C higher than PA-ET "reflux-only" due to the additional benefit of pretreatment.

[0068] Figure 11 is a graph showing comparative transmittance and sheet resistance data for transparent conductive films fabricated according to different pretreatment methods. The best-performing material in this group (highest transmittance and lowest sheet resistance) is the "PA-ET" method, which utilizes a phosphoric acid pretreatment followed by a blend of phosphoric and nitric acids for the oxidation treatment. In the control, non-pretreatment method, "PA-ET reflux only," carbon nanotubes were treated by refluxing in a blend of phosphoric and nitric acids, with no prior acid pretreatment. According to a third method (the ET method; indicated by the numeric identifier in Figure 11), a blend of sulfuric and nitric acids was used for the oxidation treatment. This comparison highlights the performance benefit of the phosphoric acid pretreatment step, with films fabricated with the PA-ET ink significantly outperforming films fabricated with the PA-ET reflux only control, which uses no pretreatment step. Although the PA-ET reflux-only control performed worse than inks prepared with the PA-ET and control ET methods, the reflux-only phosphoric acid method may still be advantageous in terms of significantly higher peak burning rate temperatures that show less loss than the analogous sulfuric acid method and TGA results, and for producing purified carbon nanotube material in the absence of sulfur-containing reagents.

[0069] Figures 12 and 13 are thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) graphs comparing ink precursor pastes produced according to different pretreatment methods. Two of these methods are identical to those described above for the PA-ET and ET methods. The third method, labeled "PA@CNT Stirring in Water," involves pretreating the carbon nanotubes with phosphoric acid, followed by intercalation of the carbon nanotube paste at an oil bath set temperature of 140 °C for approximately 25 hours. The intercalated paste is then transferred to a glass bottle with a stir bar containing approximately 125 mL of deionized water and stirred at 60 °C for three days, during which time the CNT water becomes substantially thicker. A portion of the carbon nanotube slurry was then dried under vacuum and subjected to TGA. At this point, the paste may be filtered and rinsed.

[0070] Upon reviewing the description and embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will understand that modifications and equivalent substitutions can be made in implementing the present invention without departing from the essence of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not meant to be limited by the embodiments expressly set forth above, but is limited only by the scope of the following claims. [Explanation of symbols]

[0071] 100 … Method Flowchart 110~150 … steps 160 ... Stable carbon nanotube ink 115 ... As-grown carbon nanotubes 125 … Carbon nanotube network 145 ... Debundled carbon nanotubes

Claims

1. providing a carbon nanotube composition comprising carbon nanotubes and impurities; contacting the carbon nanotube composition with a pretreatment agent to provide a pretreated composition and residual pretreatment agent; drying the pretreated composition to a moisture content of less than 10%; and then contacting the pretreated composition with an oxidizing agent to provide a composition comprising oxidized carbon nanotubes. Including, the pretreatment agent contains phosphoric acid, A method for treating carbon nanotubes, wherein the oxidizing agent comprises nitric acid.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise single-walled carbon nanotubes.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

4. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the phosphoric acid has a concentration of between about 0.01M and 10.9M.

5. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotube composition is contacted with a pretreatment agent at a weight ratio of pretreatment agent to carbon nanotubes of about 10:1 to about 80:

1.

6. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the composition comprising the pretreated carbon nanotubes at a temperature of about 80°C to about 200°C.

7. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising heating the pretreated composition at a temperature of from about 30° C. to about 170° C. prior to contacting with the oxidizing agent.

8. 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing at least a portion of said impurities from said nanotube composition to provide purified carbon nanotubes.

9. providing a carbon nanotube composition comprising carbon nanotubes and impurities; contacting the carbon nanotube composition with phosphoric acid to pretreat the carbon nanotubes to form a carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste; Then, contacting the carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste with an acid composition; thereby increasing the separation distance between the carbon nanotubes. Including, A method for treating carbon nanotubes, wherein the acid composition comprises phosphoric acid and nitric acid.

10. providing a carbon nanotube composition comprising carbon nanotubes and impurities; contacting the carbon nanotube composition with a pretreatment agent to provide a carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste; and Then, the carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste is combined with a stripper solution to form a mixture. Including, The method for treating carbon nanotubes, wherein the pretreatment agent comprises phosphoric acid.

11. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the stripper solution is selected from the group consisting of water, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, n-methylpyrrolidone, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanol, butanol, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, silane, methyl lactate, glycerin, and mixtures thereof.

12. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the impurities are selected from the group consisting of transition metal catalysts, graphitic carbon, amorphous carbon nanoparticles, fullerenes, carbon anions, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof.

13. providing a carbon nanotube composition comprising carbon nanotubes and impurities; contacting the carbon nanotube composition with a combination of phosphoric acid and nitric acid to provide a carbon nanotube-pretreatment agent mixture paste containing oxidized carbon nanotubes; and Combining carbon nanotube-pretreatment mixture paste containing oxidized carbon nanotubes with silver ink 1. A method for processing carbon nanotubes, comprising:

14. The method of claim 1 further comprising contacting the pretreated composition with an additional pretreatment agent.

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