Neurovascular catheter with enhanced flexibility

Abstract

A catheter with enhanced flexibility is provided for distal neurovascular access or aspiration, etc. The catheter includes an elongate, flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen. The sidewall includes a distal zone including a helical coil and a transition between the distal and proximal zones of the sidewall. The transition functions to provide excellent kink resistance between the distal and proximal zones.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 987,546, filed March 10, 2020, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. [Background technology]

[0002] Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the most disabling neurological disorder in the United States. Approximately 700,000 patients suffer from stroke each year. Stroke is a syndrome characterized by the acute onset of neurological deficits lasting for at least 24 hours, reflecting focal involvement of the central nervous system and resulting from impaired cerebral circulation. Incidence increases with age. Risk factors for stroke include systolic or diastolic hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, heavy alcohol use, and use of oral contraceptives.

[0003] Hemorrhagic stroke accounts for 20% of stroke cases annually. Hemorrhagic strokes are often caused by rupture of an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation, which bleeds into brain tissue, resulting in cerebral infarction. The remaining 80% of stroke cases are ischemic strokes, which occur when a blood vessel blockage deprives the brain of oxygen-carrying blood. Ischemic strokes often occur when an embolus or thrombotic tissue fragment breaks off from another site or from the cerebral vessel itself and blocks a more distal, narrowed cerebral artery. When a patient presents with neurological symptoms and signs that completely resolve within an hour, the term transient ischemic attack (TIA) is used. Etiologically, TIA and stroke share the same pathophysiological mechanisms and therefore represent a continuum of pathology based on the duration of symptoms and the extent of ischemic damage.

[0004] Emboli can form around the valves of the heart or within the left atrial appendage during irregular heartbeats, then break off and travel with the bloodstream to distal regions of the body. These emboli can reach the brain and cause an embolic stroke. As discussed below, many such blockages occur in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), although this is not the only site for emboli to form.

[0005] When a patient presents with neurological deficits, a diagnostic hypothesis regarding the cause of the stroke can be developed based on the patient's medical history, a review of stroke risk factors, and a neurological examination. If an ischemic event is suspected, the clinician can tentatively evaluate whether the patient has a cardiogenic embolic source, extracranial or intracranial disease of the large arteries, intraparenchymal disease of the small arteries, or hematologic or other systemic disease. A head CT scan is often performed to determine whether the patient has suffered an ischemic or hemorrhagic injury. Subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracortical hematoma, or intraventricular hemorrhage will result in the presence of blood on the CT scan.

[0006] Traditionally, emergency management of acute ischemic stroke primarily consisted of general supportive care, such as hydration, neurological monitoring, blood pressure control, and / or antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Genentech's thrombolytic drug, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), or Activase®, for the treatment of acute stroke. A randomized, double-blind trial by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the t-PA Stroke Study demonstrated that patients who received intravenous t-PA within 3 hours of the onset of ischemic stroke experienced a statistically significant improvement in stroke scale scores at 24 hours. Since the approval of t-PA, emergency room physicians have, for the first time, been able to provide stroke patients with an effective treatment beyond supportive care.

[0007] However, treatment with systemic t-PA is associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage and other hemorrhagic complications. Patients treated with t-PA are more likely to sustain symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage within the first 36 hours of treatment. The incidence of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage increases when t-PA is administered more than 3 hours after the onset of stroke. In addition to the time constraints for the use of t-PA in acute ischemic stroke, other contraindications include a history of stroke or severe head trauma within the last 3 months, a systolic blood pressure of 185 mmHg or higher or a diastolic blood pressure of 110 mmHg or higher, the need for aggressive treatment to lower blood pressure to the prescribed limit, the use of anticoagulants or bleeding disorders, and / or recent invasive surgical procedures. Therefore, t-PA can be administered to only a select subset of stroke patients.

[0008] Occlusive emboli have also been mechanically removed from various sites in the vascular system for many years. Mechanical therapies include capturing and removing the clot, dissolving the clot, disrupting and aspirating the clot, and / or creating a channel through the clot. One of the first mechanical devices developed for stroke treatment was the MERCI Retriever System (Concentric Medical, Redwood City, California). A balloon-tipped guide catheter is used to access the internal carotid artery (ICA) from the femoral artery. A microcatheter is placed through the guide catheter and used to deliver a coil-tipped retriever across the clot, after which the microcatheter is retracted to position the retriever around the clot. The balloon is then inflated, and a syringe is connected to the balloon guide catheter. The microcatheter and retriever are retracted back into the balloon guide catheter while aspirating the guide catheter during clot retrieval, ultimately dislodging the clot. This device initially showed favorable results compared with thrombolytic therapy alone.

[0009] Other thrombus removal devices utilize expandable cages, baskets, or snares to capture and retrieve clots. Temporary stents, sometimes referred to as stentreavers or reperfusion devices, are used to remove or retrieve clots and restore flow to the vessel. A range of devices using active laser or ultrasonic energy to fragment clots have also been used. Other active energy devices have been used in combination with intra-arterial thrombolytic agent injection to promote clot dissolution. Many of these devices are used in combination with aspiration to aid in clot removal and reduce embolic risk. Clot aspiration has also been used with single-lumen catheters and with syringes or aspiration pumps, with or without clot disruption. Devices that apply a driven fluid vortex in combination with aspiration have been used to enhance the effectiveness of this thrombus removal method. Finally, balloons or stents have been used to create a patent lumen through a clot when removal or dissolution of the clot is not possible.

[0010] Notwithstanding the above, there remains a need for new devices and methods for treating vascular occlusions within the body, including acute ischemic stroke and occlusive cerebrovascular disease. Summary of the Invention

[0011] According to one aspect, a neurovascular catheter with enhanced flexibility is provided, the catheter including an elongate flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen, the distal zone of the sidewall including a tubular inner liner, a soft tie layer spaced from the lumen by the inner liner, a helical coil surrounding the tie layer, the helical coil having adjacent windings that gradually increase in distance distally, and an outer jacket surrounding the helical coil, the outer jacket being formed from a plurality of tubular segments coaxially disposed about the coil, a proximal one of the tubular segments having a durometer of at least about 60D and a distal one of the tubular segments having a durometer of about 35D or less. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the tubular liner is formed by dip coating a removable mandrel. In another aspect of the present disclosure, the tubular liner comprises PTFE.

[0012] In yet another aspect of the present disclosure, the tie layer comprises polyurethane. The tie layer may have a wall thickness of about 0.005 inches or less and may extend along at least the distal-most 20 cm of the flexible body. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the coil comprises a shape memory material. The coil may comprise Nitinol®, which may configure an austenitic state at body temperature.

[0013] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the outer jacket is formed from at least five discrete tubular segments. The outer jacket may be formed from at least nine discrete tubular segments. The difference in durometer between a proximal one of the tubular segments and a distal one of the tubular segments may be at least about 20D. The difference in durometer between a proximal one of the tubular segments and a distal one of the tubular segments may be at least about 30D.

[0014] In another aspect of the present disclosure, the flexibility-enhanced neurovascular catheter further includes a tension support for increasing tension resistance in the distal zone. The tension support may include a filament, and may include an axially extending filament. The axially extending filament may be supported between the inner liner and the helical coil. The axially extending filament may increase the tensile strength to at least about 5 pounds.

[0015] According to one aspect, a catheter with enhanced flexibility is provided, the catheter including an elongate flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen, the sidewall including a distal zone including a helical coil and a transition between the distal and proximal zones of the sidewall, the transition including a distal surface that matches at least a portion of a proximal surface of the helical coil of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the matching creates a uniform gap between at least a portion of the proximal surface of the helical coil of the distal zone and the distal surface of the transition. In some embodiments, the distal surface of the transition includes a step. In some embodiments, the distal surface of the transition includes a step, and a tangential surface of the step matches the termination of the helical coil of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the transition includes a tubular body. In some embodiments, the transition includes a tubular body having a planar proximal surface. In some embodiments, the transition section comprises a durometer between the durometer of the proximal zone and the durometer of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the transition section comprises platinum and a platinum alloy. In some embodiments, the platinum alloy comprises about 90% platinum and about 10% iridium. In some embodiments, the proximal zone of the sidewall comprises a braid. In some embodiments, the sidewall further comprises a tubular inner liner and a tie layer spaced from the lumen by the inner liner, the helical coil of the distal zone surrounding the tie layer, and the braid of the proximal zone surrounding the tie layer. In some embodiments, the elongate flexible body further comprises an outer jacket formed from multiple tubular segments extending coaxially around the helical coil, wherein a proximal one of the tubular segments has a durometer of at least about 60D and a distal one of the tubular segments has a durometer of about 35D or less. In some embodiments, the elongate flexible body further comprises an axially extending filament within the sidewall.

[0016] According to one aspect, a catheter with enhanced flexibility is provided, the catheter including an elongate flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen, the sidewall including a distal zone including a helical coil and a transition between the distal and proximal zones of the sidewall, the transition including a stepped distal surface, the distal surface matching at least a portion of the proximal surface of the helical coil of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the matching creates a uniform gap between at least a portion of the proximal surface of the helical coil of the distal zone and the distal surface of the transition. In some embodiments, the step in the distal surface of the transition includes a 5 / 1000 pitch cut from the distal surface. In some embodiments, a tangential surface of the step matches the end of the helical coil of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the transition includes a tubular body. In some embodiments, the transition includes a tubular body having a planar proximal surface. In some embodiments, the transition section comprises a durometer between the durometer of the proximal zone and the durometer of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the transition section comprises platinum and a platinum alloy. In some embodiments, the platinum alloy comprises about 90% platinum and about 10% iridium. In some embodiments, the proximal zone of the sidewall comprises a braid. In some embodiments, the sidewall further comprises a tubular inner liner and a tie layer spaced from the lumen by the inner liner, the helical coil of the distal zone surrounding the tie layer, and the braid of the proximal zone surrounding the tie layer. In some embodiments, the elongate flexible body further comprises an outer jacket formed from multiple tubular segments extending coaxially around the helical coil, wherein a proximal one of the tubular segments has a durometer of at least about 60D and a distal one of the tubular segments has a durometer of about 35D or less. In some embodiments, the elongate flexible body further comprises an axially extending filament within the sidewall.

[0017] Any of the above catheters may be provided with a transitional support at the junction of two dissimilar wall structures, such as at the junction of the braid and coil, to improve the bending characteristics of the catheter. Thus, a catheter with enhanced flexibility is provided, the catheter including an elongate flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen, the sidewall including a proximal zone including a tubular braid and a first helical coil, a distal zone including a second helical coil, and a transition between the distal and proximal zones, the transition including the distal end of the tubular braid within 1 cm of the proximal end of the second helical coil, and the first helical coil extending distally beyond the transition.

[0018] The distal end of the tubular braid may be within 5 mm, or within 2 mm, of, or may be in contact with, the proximal end of the second helical coil. The first helical coil may be formed from a wire having a first diameter, and the second helical coil may be formed from a wire having a second, larger diameter. The first helical coil may comprise stainless steel, and the second helical coil may comprise Nitinol.

[0019] The distal section of the braid may be heat annealed for a length of at least about 1 cm or 2 cm, and typically for a length of no more than 10 cm or 5 cm. The first and second helical coils may be provided with axially overlapping entanglement zones for a length of at least about 5 mm or 2 cm or 5 cm, and generally for a length of no more than about 20 cm.

[0020] The sidewall may further include a tubular inner liner and a tie layer spaced from the lumen by the inner liner, with the second helical coil of the distal zone adjacent to the tie layer and the braid of the proximal zone adjacent to the tie layer. The elongate flexible body may further include an outer jacket formed from a plurality of axially adjacent tubular segments, with a proximal one of the tubular segments having a durometer of at least about 60D and a distal one of the tubular segments having a durometer of no more than about 35D. The elongate flexible body may further include an axially extending filament within the sidewall.

[0021] The catheter may further include a tubular support having a proximal end surrounding a distal portion of the braid and a distal end surrounding a proximal portion of the second coil. The tubular support may include a slotted metal tube.

[0022] Also provided is a catheter with enhanced flexibility, the catheter including an elongate flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen, the sidewall including a proximal tubular braid having a distal end abutting the proximal end of the helical coil to form a bond, a tubular metal support extending across the bond, and an outer jacket surrounding the tubular support. The catheter may further include an axial filament extending distally from just below the tubular support.

[0023] The sidewall may further include a tubular inner liner and a tie layer spaced from the lumen by the inner liner, the helical coil of the distal zone surrounding the tie layer and the braid of the proximal zone surrounding the tie layer. The elongate flexible body may further include an outer jacket formed from a plurality of axially adjacent tubular segments extending coaxially around the helical coil, a proximal one of the tubular segments having a durometer of at least about 60D and a distal one of the tubular segments having a durometer of no more than about 35D.

[0024] Also provided is a method for manufacturing a catheter with enhanced flexibility. The method includes forming a catheter including a braid in a proximal zone of the catheter, placing at least a portion of the catheter braid on a mandrel, annealing a distal section of the braid by inductively heating the braid and mandrel within a coil, and visually monitoring a parameter change of the braid. Inductively heating the braid may include placing the braid and mandrel within an ERDO induction heater. The parameter change may include a color change of the braid. The distal annealed section may have an axial length of about 2 cm or less.

[0025] Any feature, structure, or step disclosed herein can be substituted or combined with any other feature, structure, or step disclosed herein, or can be omitted. Furthermore, certain aspects, advantages, and features of the embodiments have been described herein for purposes of summarizing the disclosure. It will be understood that not necessarily all or any such advantages may be achieved based on any particular embodiment disclosed herein. No individual aspect of the disclosure is required or essential. Additional features and advantages of the embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the following detailed description, when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0026] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic side view of an intracranial aspiration catheter according to some embodiments, with a distal segment in a proximally retracted configuration. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a side view similar to FIG. 1, with the distal segment in a distally extended configuration. [Figure 3-1] 3A and 3B illustrate the sequence of steps involved in accessing a neurovascular occlusion for aspiration, according to some embodiments. [Figure 3-2] 3C and 3D show the sequence of steps involved in gaining access to a neurovascular occlusion for aspiration, according to some embodiments. [Figure 3-3] 3E and 3F illustrate the sequence of steps involved in gaining access to a neurovascular occlusion for aspiration, according to some embodiments. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a catheter wall according to some embodiments. [Figure 5] Figure 5A is a cross-sectional view of a catheter wall according to some embodiments, showing one or more axially extending filaments. Figure 5B is a side view of the catheter of Figure 5A. Figure 5C is a cross-sectional view taken along line CC of Figure 5B, showing one or more axially extending filaments. [Figure 6] Figure 6A shows a side view of a catheter according to some embodiments, Figure 6B shows a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in Figure 6A, and Figure 6C shows a cross-sectional view taken along line BB in Figure 6A. [Figure 7] Figure 7A shows a side view of a catheter according to some embodiments. Figure 7B is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA in Figure 7A, showing one or more axially extending filaments. Figure 7C is a cross-sectional view taken along line BB in Figure 7A, showing one or more axially extending filaments. [Figure 8] Figure 8A is a side view of a progressively more flexible catheter according to some embodiments, and Figure 8B is a proximal end view of the more flexible catheter of Figure 8A. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 illustrates back-up support for a catheter according to some embodiments. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 shows a graph of the elastic modulus or durometer of the catheter along its length, from the proximal end to the distal end. [Figure 11]FIG. 11 shows a graph of the bend test profile of a catheter according to some embodiments compared to a conventional catheter. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 shows a side view of a catheter having a distal transition cover, according to some embodiments. [Figure 13] FIG. 13 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the catheter wall segment shown in FIG. [Figure 14] 14A-14F show cross-sectional views of catheter walls at the distal transition according to some embodiments. [Figure 15] 15A-15F are cross-sectional views of a catheter wall at a distal transition, according to some embodiments, showing one or more axially extending filaments. [Figure 16] 16A-16F show cross-sectional views of a catheter wall at a distal transition with a distal transition cover according to some embodiments. [Figure 17] 17A-17F are cross-sectional views of a catheter wall at a distal transition section with a distal transition cover according to some embodiments, showing one or more axially extending filaments. [Figure 18] 18A-18F show cross-sectional views of a catheter wall at a distal transition with a distal transition cover according to some embodiments. [Figure 19] 19A-19F are cross-sectional views of a catheter wall at a distal transition section with a distal transition cover according to some embodiments, showing one or more axially extending filaments. [Figure 20] FIG. 20 shows the flexibility for some embodiment braids with different annealing processes. [Figure 21] 21A-21B show microstructural images of braids of several embodiments with different annealing processes. [Figure 22A] FIG. 22A shows a plot of the effect of annealing power and time on braid flexibility, according to some embodiments. [Figure 22B] FIG. 22B shows a plot of braid flexibility versus annealing power for various annealing times, according to some embodiments. [Figure 23] FIG. 23 shows a perspective view of a distal transition connector according to some embodiments. [Figure 24] 24A-24B show side views of various configurations of distal transition connectors according to some embodiments. [Figure 25] FIG. 25 shows a side view of a catheter having a distal transition connector, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] 1 and 2, a catheter 10 according to one aspect of the present embodiment is disclosed. While primarily described in the context of an axially expandable distal segment aspiration catheter having a single central lumen, the catheter of the present embodiment can be readily modified to incorporate additional features, such as a permanent or removable column strength-enhancing mandrel, or two or more lumens to allow for the injection of drugs, contrast media, or irrigation fluid, or to provide inflation media for one or more inflatable balloons supported by the catheter, or combinations of these features, as will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosure herein. Additionally, while the present embodiment is primarily described in the context of removing occlusive material from a remote artery, vein, or vasculature within the brain, it has applicability as an access catheter for the delivery or removal of any of a variety of diagnostic or therapeutic devices, with or without aspiration.

[0028] The catheters disclosed herein can be easily configured for use anywhere in the body where it is desirable to distally advance a low-profile or smaller-diameter distal catheter segment from a larger-diameter proximal segment. For example, an axially telescopic catheter shaft according to this embodiment may be sized for use throughout the coronary and peripheral vasculature, gastrointestinal tract, urethra, ureters, fallopian tubes, and other lumens and conceivable lumens. The telescopic structure of this embodiment may also be used to provide minimally invasive percutaneous tissue access, such as for diagnostic or therapeutic access to solid tissue targets (e.g., breast, liver, or brain biopsy or tissue resection), or for the delivery of laparoscopic instruments, or to bones such as the spine for the delivery of screws, bone cement, or other instruments or implants.

[0029] The catheter 10 generally includes an elongated tubular body 16 extending between a proximal end 12 and a distal working end 14. The length of the tubular body 16 depends on the desired application. For example, lengths ranging from about 120 cm to about 140 cm or more are typical for use in percutaneous transluminal coronary applications with femoral access. Intracranial or other applications may require different catheter shaft lengths depending on the vascular access site, as understood in the art.

[0030] In the illustrated embodiment, the tubular body 16 is divided into at least a fixed proximal section 33 and an axially extendable and retractable distal section 34 separated at a transition 32. However, the catheter sidewall configurations disclosed herein have applicability in catheters that do not use an extension segment, such as a first single-lumen aspiration catheter having a first diameter and an optional second single-lumen aspiration catheter having a second smaller diameter and greater length than the first catheter so that it can be advanced through the first catheter.

[0031] A simplified method for aspirating thrombotic occlusion material according to this embodiment is described in connection with Figures 3A-3F. The steps for aspirating thrombotic occlusion material utilize a transition guidewire and a transition guide sheath. The transition guidewire has a soft, trackable distal segment that can include a smaller diameter guidewire, allowing the transition guidewire to be advanced deeper than in other situations. In addition, the transition guide sheath has a soft, trackable distal segment, allowing the transition guide sheath to be advanced deeper than previous guide sheaths. The use of a transition guidewire and transition guide sheath that can be advanced to a region near the clot eliminates the need for a second guidewire or reperfusion catheter to reach the clot.

[0032] Referring to FIG. 3A, an introducer sheath 1220 is introduced into the femoral artery 1218. The outer diameter of the introducer sheath 1220 may be equal to or less than about 12F, about 11F, about 10F, about 9F, about 8F, about 7F, or about 6F. A transition guide sheath 1222, such as a combination access and aspiration catheter described in more detail below, is then inserted through the introducer sheath 1220 from the femoral artery 1218. The outer diameter of the guide sheath 1222 may be equal to or less than about 9F, about 8F, about 7F, about 6F, about 5F, about 4F, or about 3F. Referring to FIG. 3B, an insertion catheter 1224 is inserted through the transition guide sheath 1222. The outer diameter of the insertion catheter 1224 may be smaller than about 9F, about 8F, about 7F, about 6F, about 5F, about 4F, or about 3F, and the inner diameter of the transition guide sheath 1222 may be larger than the outer diameter of the insertion catheter 1224. In some cases, a first guidewire may be introduced through the insertion catheter 1224 (not shown in FIG. 3B ). The diameter of the proximal section of the first guidewire may be equal to or smaller than about 0.079 inches, about 0.066 inches, about 0.053 inches, about 0.038 inches, about 0.035 inches, about 0.030 inches, or about 0.013 inches.

[0033] The transitional guide sheath 1222, the insertion catheter 1224, and the optional first guide wire are followed to the aortic arch 1214. See FIG. 3B. The insertion catheter 1224 may be used to select the origin of a blood vessel. In FIG. 3B, the insertion catheter 1224 engages the origin 1216 of the brachiocephalic artery 82. An angiography procedure may be performed by injecting a contrast agent through the insertion catheter 1224. If a first guide wire is used before the angiography procedure, the first guide wire may be removed before injecting the contrast agent.

[0034] Referring to FIG. 3C, a transition guidewire 1226 is inserted through the lumen of the insertion catheter 1224 or guide sheath 1222. The diameter (e.g., proximal diameter) of at least a portion of the transition guidewire 1226 is substantially similar to the diameter of the first guidewire 1126. The diameter (e.g., distal diameter) of at least a portion of the transition guidewire 1226 may be smaller than the diameter of the first guidewire 1126 and may have a diameter of at least about 0.030 inches along the proximal segment, and in some embodiments, may have a diameter of about 0.038 inches. The transition section begins within about 15 cm to about 30 cm from the distal end, typically within about 20 cm or about 25 cm or less from the distal end, tapering distally to a diameter of about 0.018 inches or less, and in some embodiments, about 0.016 inches or less. Referring to FIG. 3D , if an insertion catheter 1224 is utilized, it may be removed because it may be too stiff to advance into the MCA 1204. In some embodiments, the transition guidewire 1226 provides sufficient backup support so that the combination access and aspiration catheter 1224 can be advanced directly over the transition guidewire without the need for any intervening devices. The transition guidewire 1226 is then advanced into the MCA 1204. The transition guidewire 1226 has a distal segment with a smaller diameter than the diameter of the first guidewire 1126 shown in FIG. 9C . The distal segment of the transition guidewire 1226 includes a soft, atraumatic tip that allows it to be tracked distally toward the petrous segment 1212 of the ICA 1206 and into the remote neurovasculature, for example, into the MCA 1204.

[0035] 3E, the transition guide sheath 1222 has been advanced up to or beyond the cancellous segment 1210 or cerebral 1208 segment of the ICA 1206. Unlike the guide sheath 1122 shown in FIG. 9D, the transition guide sheath 1222 may be advanced beyond the petrous segment 1212 and into the cancellous segment 1210 or cerebral 1208 segment of the ICA 1206 because the transition guide sheath 1222 has a soft and trackable distal segment, as described in detail below, for example, in connection with FIG. 14. The larger proximal diameter and stiffer body of the transition guide wire 1226 may provide better support for the transition guide sheath 1222 to track through the vasculature.

[0036] Referring to FIG. 3F, after the transition guide sheath 1222 is advanced to the cerebral segment 1208 of the ICA 1206, the transition guide wire 1226 is removed. Vacuum pressure is then applied from the proximal end of the transition guide sheath 1222 to aspirate the occlusion material 1202 through the central lumen of the transition guide sheath 1222. The inner diameter of the transition guide sheath 1222 may be approximately equal to or greater than about 0.100 inches, about 0.088 inches, about 0.080 inches, about 0.070 inches, or about 0.060 inches. The inner diameter of the transition guide sheath 1222 is larger than previous aspiration catheters, which translates to more effective aspiration. The cross-sectional area of ​​the central lumen of the transition guide sheath 1222 may be approximately two times larger than the cross-sectional area of ​​the largest aspiration catheter 1128 currently available.

[0037] In cases where the guide sheath 1222 cannot be tracked deep enough into the distal vasculature to reach an occlusion or other desired target site, a telescoping extension segment, described elsewhere herein, may be introduced into the proximal end of the sheath 1222 and advanced distally to extend beyond the distal end of the sheath 1222, thereby extending the reach of the aspiration system. In some embodiments, the extension segment has an ID of approximately 0.070 inches.

[0038] If the thrombotic material cannot be aspirated into the sheath 1222 or extension segments under constant vacuum, a pulsed vacuum may be applied, as described below. If the pulsed vacuum is not successful in capturing the obstruction, an agitating member may be advanced through the sheath 1222 and extension segments to help aspirate the clot into the central lumen. Additional details regarding the agitating member and its use are disclosed below.

[0039] A pulsed vacuum aspirator may be used to improve the effectiveness of aspiration to remove vascular thrombus and to improve the trackability of the catheter through tortuous vasculature. In some embodiments, the pulsed vacuum aspirator may apply an intermittent or pulsed vacuum to the lumen 40 or to the lumens of the various embodiments described herein. The pulsed vacuum aspirator may be in fluid communication with the proximal end 12 of the catheter 10 and may include one or more of a vacuum generator, a vacuum chamber, a collection canister, a solenoid valve, a frequency modulator, a valve controller, or a remote controller.

[0040] 4, the catheter 3000 may have an effective length from the manifold to the distal tip of about 70 cm to about 150 cm, about 80 cm to about 140 cm, about 90 cm to about 130 cm, about 100 cm to about 120 cm, or about 105 cm to about 115 cm. The outer diameter of the catheter 3000 may be about 0.07 inches to about 0.15 inches, about 0.08 inches to about 0.14 inches, about 0.09 inches to about 0.13 inches, about 0.1 inches to about 0.12 inches, or about 0.105 inches to about 0.115 inches, and may be smaller in the distal segment than in the proximal segment. The inner diameter 3108 of the catheter 3000 in single central lumen embodiments may be about 0.11 inch or more, about 0.1 inch or more, about 0.09 inch or more, about 0.088 inch or more, about 0.08 inch or more, about 0.07 inch or more, about 0.06 inch or more, or about 0.05 inch or more. The inner diameter 3108 of the catheter 3000 in single central lumen embodiments may be about 0.11 inch or less, about 0.1 inch or less, about 0.09 inch or less, about 0.088 inch or less, about 0.08 inch or less, about 0.07 inch or less, about 0.06 inch or less, or about 0.05 inch or less. Referring to FIG. 4 , the inner liner 3014 may be formed by dip coating on a mandrel (not shown), thereby providing a thin-walled tubular inner layer of the catheter body 3000. Dip coating may be performed by coating a wire, such as a silver-coated copper wire, with PTFE. The mandrel may then be axially stretched to reduce its diameter and removed, leaving the tubular inner liner. The outer surface of the tubular inner liner 3014 may then be coated with a soft tie layer 3012, such as polyurethane (e.g., Tecoflex™), to form a layer having a thickness of about 0.005 inches or less, and in some implementations about 0.001 inches. The tie layer 3012 will generally extend along at least the distal-most 10 or 20 cm of the catheter shaft 3000, generally along less than about 50 cm, and in some embodiments may extend over approximately the distal 30 cm of the catheter shaft 3000.

[0041] A braid, such as a 75 ppi stainless steel braid 3010, may then be wrapped around the inner liner 3014 through the proximal zone to the distal transition 3011. A coil 3024 made of a shape memory material, such as a Nitinol® alloy, may then be wrapped around the inner liner 3014 from the distal transition 3011 to the distal end of the catheter 3000. In some embodiments, the Nitinol® coil has a transition temperature below body temperature so that Nitinol® remains in an austenitic (springy / superelastic) state at body temperature. Adjacent loops or fillers of the coil may be tightly wound in the proximal zone and more loosely spaced between adjacent loops in the distal section. In embodiments having a coil section 3024 whose axial length is about 20% to about 30% of the total catheter length (e.g., a 110 cm catheter shaft 3000 with a 28 cm coil length), the distal at least 1 cm, or 2 cm, or 3 cm, or 4 cm of the coil will have a spacing that is at least about 130% greater, and in some implementations at least about 150% greater, spacing than the spacing in the proximal coil section. For a 110 cm catheter shaft 3000 with Nitinol® coils, the spacing in the proximal coil may be about 0.004 inches, and in the distal section may be at least about 0.006 inches, or 0.007 inches, or more.

[0042] The distal end of the coil 3024 may be spaced proximally from the distal end of the inner liner 3014 to provide room for the annular radiopaque marker 3040. In some embodiments, the distal end of the catheter 3000 is provided with a beveled distal surface 3006 that lies in a plane that is angled at least about 10° or about 20°, and in some embodiments, about 30°, relative to the longitudinal axis of the catheter 3000. The radiopaque marker 3040 may lie in a plane transverse to the longitudinal axis. Alternatively, at least the distally facing end of the annular radiopaque (RO) marker 3040 may be elliptical, lies in a plane that is angled relative to the longitudinal axis to complement the bevel of the distal surface 3006.

[0043] After applying the proximal braid 3010, distal coil 3024, and RO marker 3040, an outer sleeve or jacket 3020, such as shrink wrap tubing, can be applied to surround the body of the catheter 3000. The outer shrink wrap sleeve 3020 may comprise any of a variety of materials, such as polyethylene, polyurethane, PEBAX®, Nylon®, or others known in the art. In some embodiments, the outer shrink wrap sleeve or jacket 3020 may comprise a hydrophilic material. The application of sufficient heat causes a polymer to flow and embed into the proximal braid and distal coil.

[0044] In some embodiments, the outer shrink wrap jacket 3020 is formed by sequentially advancing multiple short tubular segments 3022, 3026, 3028, 3030, 3032, 3034, 3036, 3038 concentrically over the catheter shaft subassembly and applying heat to shrink the segments onto the catheter 3000, thereby providing a smooth, continuous outer tubular body. The above structure may extend along at least the most distal 10 cm, and in some embodiments, along at least about the most distal 20 cm or about 25 cm, of the catheter body 3000.

[0045] The durometer of the outer wall segments may decrease distally. For example, proximal segments such as 3022 and 3026 may have a durometer of at least about 60D or 70D, with the durometer of subsequent segments gradually decreasing distally to about 35D or 25D or less. The 25 cm section may have at least about three, about five, about seven, or more segments, and the entire catheter 3000 may have at least about six, about eight, about ten, or more distinct flexibility zones. The distal one, two, four, or more segments 3036, 3038 may have a smaller post-retraction OD compared to the more proximal segments 3022-3034, thereby creating a tapered OD in the finished catheter body 3000. The length of the smaller OD section 3004 may be in the range of about 3 cm to about 15 cm, and in some embodiments in the range of about 5 cm to about 10 cm, e.g., about 7 cm or about 8 cm, which may be achieved by making the distal segments 3036, 3038 have a thinner wall thickness.

[0046] 5A-5C, the catheter may further include a tensile support for increasing tensile resistance in the distal zone. The tensile support may include a filament, and more particularly, one or more axially extending filaments 3042. The axially extending filaments 3042 may be axially disposed within the catheter wall near the distal end of the catheter. The axially extending filaments 3042 function as a tensile support under tension (e.g., as the catheter is retracted proximally through a tortuous vasculature) and resist stretching of the catheter wall. At least one of the one or more axially extending filaments 3042 may extend proximally along the length of the catheter wall from near the distal end of the catheter to less than about 5 cm from the distal end of the catheter, to less than about 10 cm from the distal end of the catheter, to less than about 15 cm from the distal end of the catheter, to less than about 20 cm from the distal end of the catheter, to less than about 25 cm from the distal end of the catheter, to less than about 30 cm from the distal end of the catheter, to less than about 35 cm from the distal end of the catheter, to less than about 40 cm from the distal end of the catheter, or to less than about 50 cm from the distal end of the catheter. The axially extending filaments 3042 may have a length of about 50 cm or more, about 40 cm or more, about 35 cm or more, about 30 cm or more, about 25 cm or more, about 20 cm or more, about 15 cm or more, about 10 cm or more, or about 5 cm or more. At least one of the axially extending filaments 3042 may have a length of less than about 50 cm, less than about 40 cm, less than about 35 cm, less than about 30 cm, less than about 25 cm, less than about 20 cm, less than about 15 cm, less than about 10 cm, or less than about 5 cm.At least one of the one or more axially extending filaments 3042 may extend over at least about the most distal 50 cm of the catheter length, at least about the most distal 40 cm of the catheter length, at least about the most distal 35 cm of the catheter length, at least about the most distal 30 cm of the catheter length, at least about the most distal 25 cm of the catheter length, at least about the most distal 20 cm of the catheter length, at least about the most distal 15 cm of the catheter length, at least about the most distal 10 cm of the catheter length, or at least about the most distal 5 cm of the catheter length.

[0047] The axially extending filaments 3042 may be disposed near or radially outward of the tie layer 3012 or inner liner 3014. The axially extending filaments 3042 may be disposed near or radially inward of the braid 3010 and / or coil 3024. The axially extending filaments 3042 may be supported between the inner liner 3014 and the helical coil 3024.

[0048] When two or more axially extending filaments 3042 are disposed within the catheter wall, the axially extending filaments 3042 may be disposed in a radially symmetric manner. For example, the angle between two axially extending filaments 3042 and the radial center of the catheter may be about 180 degrees. Alternatively, depending on the desired clinical performance (e.g., flexibility, trackability), the axially extending filaments 3042 may be disposed in a radially asymmetric manner. The angle between any two axially extending filaments 3042 and the radial center of the catheter may be less than about 180 degrees, about 165 degrees or less, about 150 degrees or less, about 135 degrees or less, about 120 degrees or less, about 105 degrees or less, about 90 degrees or less, about 75 degrees or less, about 60 degrees or less, about 45 degrees or less, about 30 degrees or less, about 15 degrees or less, about 10 degrees or less, or about 5 degrees or less.

[0049] The axially extending filaments 3042 may be formed of materials such as Kevlar, polyester, meta-para-aramid, or any combination thereof. At least one of the axially extending filaments 3042 may comprise a single fiber or a bundle of fibers, and the fiber or bundle may have a circular, rectangular, or other cross-sectional shape. The term fiber or filament does not convey composition and may include any of a variety of high-strength polymers, metals, or alloys depending on design considerations, such as the desired tensile failure limit and wall thickness. The cross-sectional dimension of the axially extending filament or filaments 3042, when measured radially, may be less than or equal to about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, or about 30% of the cross-sectional dimension of the catheter 3000. The cross-sectional dimension of the axially extending filament or filaments 3042, when measured radially, may be about 0.001 inch, about 0.002 inch, about 0.003 inch, about 0.004 inch, about 0.005 inch, about 0.006 inch, about 0.007 inch, about 0.008 inch, about 0.009 inch, about 0.010 inch, about 0.015 inch, about 0.020 inch, about 0.025 inch, or about 0.030 inch or less.

[0050] The axially extending filament or filaments 3042 may increase the tensile strength of the distal zone of the catheter to at least about 1 lb, at least about 2 lb, at least about 3 lb, at least about 4 lb, at least about 5 lb, at least about 6 lb, at least about 7 lb, at least about 8 lb, or at least about 10 lb, or more.

[0051] 6A-6C, depending on whether the catheter 3000 can be navigated distally enough to reach the target site, the intraluminal catheter 3200 may be inserted through the catheter 3000 from its proximal end, for example, via a telescoping extension segment having proximally extending control wires, as described elsewhere herein. The intraluminal catheter 3200 is inserted such that the distal end of the intraluminal catheter 3200 reaches distally beyond the distal end of the catheter 3000. The outer diameter of the intraluminal catheter 3200 is smaller than the inner diameter of the catheter 3000. In this manner, the intraluminal catheter 3200 can slide within the lumen of the catheter 3000.

[0052] The intraluminal catheter 3200 incorporates the sidewall structural features of the catheter 3000 described herein. The axial length of the tubular extension segment may be less than about 50%, and typically less than about 25%, of the length of the catheter 3000. The axial length of the tubular extension segment is generally at least about 10 cm, or about 15 cm, or about 20 cm, or about 25 cm, or more, and generally does not exceed about 70 cm, or about 50 cm, or about 30 cm.

[0053] 7A-7C, an intraluminal catheter 3200 may have one or more axially extending filaments 3242. The axially extending filaments 3242 incorporate the properties of the axially extending filaments 3042 of catheter 3000, but differ in that the cross-sectional dimensions, measured radially, of the axially extending filaments 3242 of intraluminal catheter 3200 may be smaller than the corresponding dimensions of the filaments 3042 of catheter 3000.

[0054] 8A-8B, an example of an outer jacket segment layering pattern is shown for a progressively flexible catheter of the type described in connection with FIG. 4. The distal segment 3038 may have a length in the range of about 1 cm to about 3 cm and a durometer of less than about 35D, or less than about 30D. The adjacent proximal segment 3036 may have a length in the range of about 4 cm to about 6 cm and a durometer of less than about 35D, or less than 30D. The adjacent proximal segment 3034 may have a length in the range of about 4 cm to about 6 cm and a durometer of about 35D or less. The adjacent proximal segment 3032 may have a length in the range of about 1 cm to about 3 cm and a durometer of about 35D to about 45D (e.g., 40D). The adjacent proximal segment 3030 may have a length within a range of about 1 cm to about 3 cm and a durometer within a range of about 50D to about 60D (e.g., about 55D). The adjacent proximal segment 3028 may have a length within a range of about 1 cm to about 3 cm and a durometer within a range of about 35D to about 50D, or even about 60D (e.g., about 55D). The adjacent proximal segment 3026 may have a length within a range of about 1 cm to about 3 cm and a durometer of at least about 60D, typically less than about 75D. More proximal segments may have a durometer of at least about 65D or about 70D. The two or three most distal segments may comprise a material such as Tecothane, and the more proximal segments may comprise PEBAX® or other catheter jacket materials known in the art. At least three, five, seven, nine, or more individual segments may be utilized, with the variation in durometer between the highest and lowest values ​​along the length of the catheter shaft being at least about 10D, preferably at least about 20D, and in some implementations at least about 30D, or 40D, or more.

[0055] Catheter performance indicators include backup support, trackability, pushability, and kink resistance. Backup support refers to the ability of the catheter to remain anatomically correct and provide a stable platform through which an intraluminal device can be advanced. Referring to FIG. 9 , if there is insufficient backup support within the catheter 3202 when a device is pushed through it, the distal portion 3204 of the catheter 3202 may slip out, be pulled out, or back out of the vessel 3206 branching off from the main vessel (e.g., the brachiocephalic artery 82, the common carotid artery 80, or the subclavian artery 84). Backup support of the catheter 3202 can be improved by providing a proximal region with a higher durometer or modulus and a distal region with a lower durometer or modulus. The durometer or modulus of the proximal region of the catheter 3202 can be improved by braided reinforcement. The durometer or modulus enhanced region of the catheter may be positioned near the bifurcation point where the aortic arch 1114, 1214 branches into the brachiocephalic trunk 82, the common carotid artery 80, or the subclavian artery 84, or near other anatomical structures (i.e., bifurcation points) where a main vessel branches into one or more smaller vessels, potentially causing the catheter to prolapse due to poor backup support. For example, the durometer or modulus enhanced region of the catheter may be positioned within about 0.5 cm, about 1 cm, about 2 cm, about 3 cm, about 4 cm, about 5 cm, or about 6 cm of the bifurcation point where a main vessel branches into one or more smaller vessels.

[0056] Trackability refers to the ability of a catheter to track more distally (e.g., to M1) compared to other catheters. For example, a catheter capable of reaching the cerebral segment of the internal carotid artery (ICA) will have better trackability compared to a catheter capable of reaching the spongy or stony segments of the ICA. Catheter trackability can be improved by using a catheter wall with a lower durometer or modulus or by adding a coating (e.g., a hydrophilic coating) on ​​at least a portion of the catheter wall. In some embodiments, the hydrophilic coating may be located along the distal-most region of the catheter. The hydrophilic coating on the catheter may extend about 1 cm, about 5 cm, about 10 cm, about 15 cm, or about 20 cm from the distal end of the catheter. The region with the lower durometer or modulus may be located in the distal-most region of the catheter. The region having a lower durometer or modulus may extend from the distal end of the catheter to about 1 cm, about 5 cm, about 10 cm, about 15 cm, or about 20 cm.

[0057] Pushability refers to a catheter's stiffness sufficient to be pushed through anatomy without "buckling." A catheter's pushability can be improved by increasing its durometer or modulus. It can also be improved by providing a proximal region with a higher durometer or modulus and a distal region with a lower durometer or modulus. The transition region of the catheter, where the durometer or modulus changes along its longitudinal length (e.g., the durometer or modulus decreases from the proximal end to the distal end), may begin about 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, or more of the catheter's length from the proximal end.

[0058] Kink resistance refers to the resistance of a catheter to kinking. In addition, if the catheter does kink, the kink resistance of the catheter helps the catheter return to its original shape. Kink resistance is more important in the distal segment of the catheter, which is more prone to kinking than the proximal segment. The kink resistance of a catheter can be improved by adding one or more NiTi coils (or coils at least a portion of which is made of Nitinol) to the catheter wall.

[0059] FIG. 10 is a graph showing the durometer or modulus of a catheter according to embodiments along the length of the catheter, from the proximal end (x=0) to the distal end (x=1). Catheters according to some embodiments may have a durometer or modulus of elasticity (E) that decreases as they approach their distal end. The proximal end of the catheter has a greater durometer or modulus of elasticity compared to the distal end of the catheter. The greater durometer or modulus near the proximal end provides excellent backup support for the catheter. The durometer or modulus of the catheter is substantially constant along its length near the proximal end 3302 of the catheter. The durometer or modulus of the catheter then decreases near the distal end 3304 of the catheter. The durometer or modulus of the catheter may begin to decrease from its proximal end at about 50%, about 70%, about 75%, 80%, or about 90% of the length of the catheter (i.e., the transition region). The catheter may have a gradually decreasing durometer or modulus near the distal end, either by using a material with a lower durometer or modulus near the distal end, or by making the catheter wall thinner near the distal end, or both. The decreased durometer or modulus near the distal end provides the catheter with excellent trackability.

[0060] Figure 11 shows a flexibility test profile of a catheter according to this embodiment compared to a conventional catheter. The flexibility of the catheter was measured by a three-point bending test using a 1-inch span and a 2 mm displacement. In other words, Figure 11 shows the force (i.e., bending load) required to vertically displace a 1-inch long catheter segment 2 mm with respect to the distance from the stress release (i.e., the proximal end of the catheter) to the point of force application. All of the catheters tested in Figure 21 exhibit a modulus or flexibility profile similar to that shown in Figure 10. The modulus of the catheter remains substantially constant along its length near the proximal end and then gradually decreases near the distal end.

[0061] Catheters according to some embodiments herein may have a substantially constant bending load along their longitudinal length near the proximal end and a rapidly decreasing bending load near the distal end. For a catheter having a length of approximately 125 cm, the catheter may have a bending load of approximately 1.0 lbF, approximately 1.5 lbF, approximately 2.0 lbF, approximately 2.5 lbF, approximately 3.0 lbF, or approximately 3.5 lbF or greater at approximately 85 cm from the proximal end. The catheter may have a bending load of approximately 2.5 lbF, approximately 2.0 lbF, approximately 1.5 lbF, approximately 1.0 lbF, or approximately 0.5 lbF or less at approximately 95 cm from the proximal end. The catheter may have a bending load of approximately 1.5 lbF, approximately 1.0 lbF, approximately 0.75 lbF, approximately 0.5 lbF, approximately 0.25 lbF, or approximately 0.1 lbF or less at approximately 105 cm from the proximal end. The catheter may have a bending load of about 1.0 lbF, about 0.75 lbF, about 0.5 lbF, about 0.4 lbF, about 0.3 lbF, about 0.2 lbF, or about 0.1 lbF or less at about 115 cm from the proximal end. For catheters having different lengths, the above dimensions may scale from the distal end of the catheter as a percentage of the length of the catheter.

[0062] In some embodiments constructed according to Figure 4, the bending load is less than about 3.0 lbF or about 3.25 lbF at 65 cm from the proximal end and averages greater than about 2.25 lbF or about 2.5 lbF from 65 cm to 85 cm from the proximal end. The bending load may drop to no more than about 1.0 lbF, and preferably no more than about 0.5 lbF, at about 95 cm from the proximal end. This provides enhanced backup support within the aorta while maintaining enhanced compliance within the distal vasculature.

[0063] In some embodiments, the catheter may have a bending load of about 1.0 lbF, about 1.5 lbF, about 2.0 lbF, about 2.5 lbF, about 3.0 lbF, or about 3.5 lbF or more at about 60 cm from the proximal end. The catheter may have a bending load of about 2.0 lbF, about 1.5 lbF, about 1.0 lbF, or about 0.5 lbF or less at about 70 cm from the proximal end. The catheter may have a bending load of about 1.0 lbF, about 0.75 lbF, about 0.5 lbF, about 0.4 lbF, about 0.3 lbF, about 0.2 lbF, or about 0.1 lbF or less at about 80 cm from the proximal end. The catheter may have a bending load of about 1.0 lbF, about 0.75 lbF, about 0.5 lbF, about 0.4 lbF, about 0.3 lbF, about 0.2 lbF, or about 0.1 lbF or less at about 90 cm from the proximal end.

[0064] The catheter may have a transition region that varies the bending load by about 1.0 lbF, about 1.5 lbF, about 2.0 lbF, about 2.5 lbF, about 3.0 lbF, or about 3.5 lbF or more. The longitudinal length of the transition region may be about 20 cm, about 15 cm, about 10 cm, about 5 cm, about 3 cm, or about 1 cm or less.

[0065] In comparison to the Neuron Max (Penumbra, Inc.) 3402, catheters according to some embodiments described herein (e.g., 3404, 3406, 3408, 3410) have a similar modulus near their proximal ends. In this manner, catheters according to some embodiments provide backup support comparable to that of the Neuron Max 3402. In addition, the catheters have a modulus that drops off more rapidly near the transition region (between the proximal and distal ends) compared to the modulus of the Neuron Max.

[0066] Compared to the Ace 68 Catheter (Penumbra) 3412, the Ace 64 Catheter (Penumbra) 3414, the Benchmark 71 Catheter (Penumbra) 3416, and the Sofia Plus (MicroVention) 3418, catheters according to some embodiments herein have a greater modulus near their proximal ends and a similar modulus near their distal ends. In this manner, catheters according to some embodiments herein provide superior backup support with comparable compliance compared to conventional catheters. Catheters according to some embodiments herein may achieve this modulus profile even when their inner diameter (and therefore lumen volume) is larger than the 0.064-0.071 inch inner diameters of the Ace 68, Ace 64, Benchmark 71, and Sofia Plus.

[0067] Many catheters according to the present invention include a sidewall bond, such as transition 3011 in Figure 4, between a proximal tubular support structure, such as braid 3010, and a different axially adjacent tubular support structure, such as coil 3024. As shown in Figures 12-25, various structural features may be included to distribute forces across the transition and improve bending characteristics.

[0068] The location of the junction along the axial length of the catheter may vary depending on the desired performance. In some implementations, the catheter segment distal to the junction will have a length in the range of about 12 cm to about 20 cm, or in the range of about 14 cm to about 18 cm, for a catheter having an overall length in the range of about 80 cm to about 110 cm. In other implementations, the catheter segment distal to the junction will have a length in the range of about 35 cm to about 45 cm, or in the range of about 38 cm to about 42 cm, for a catheter having an overall length in the range of about 150 cm to about 170 cm, or in the range of about 155 cm to about 161 cm.

[0069] 12 and 13, side and longitudinal cross-sectional views of an exemplary catheter are shown having a force dissipating support or cover 3060 embedded within the sidewall and extending across the junction between the proximal braid 3010 and the distal coil 3024. The support may be a tubular segment such as a stent. In this embodiment, the stent was formed by laser cutting a section of thin-walled Nitinol tubing and then electropolishing the stent to form a stent with primarily circumferentially oriented struts with a strut thickness of about 0.0015 inches, as shown. The stent may have an axial length of at least about 2 cm, or at least about 3 cm, or at least about 5 cm, and generally not more than about 20 cm, or about 15 cm, or less.

[0070] The stent may be loaded onto a catheter including a proximal zone with braid 3010 and a distal zone with coil 3024 at distal transition 3011 by loading onto a mandrel prior to assembly. Further as shown in this example, a distal transition cover jacket 3070 is overlaid onto the stent and includes a thin-walled PET sleeve about 0.00025 inches thick that is heat shrunk onto the stent.

[0071] Thus, the stent spans the junction between the distal end consisting of braid 3010 and the proximal end consisting of coil 3024. An optional proximal coil 3023 may extend distally along the braid, such as from a hub, and may also extend across the junction, thereby axially overlapping distal coil 3024 along an entanglement zone where the two coils intertwine. The entanglement zone may have an axial length in the range of about 5 mm to about 10 mm, or may extend up to a length of 5 cm, or 10 cm, or more, depending on desired performance characteristics.

[0072] The proximal coil 3023 may extend distally across the entanglement zone and may terminate within the axial length of the support. In the illustrated implementation, the distal end of the coil 3023 is generally adjacent to the proximal end of the axially extending filament 3242. The proximal coil may be formed from stainless steel wire and has a larger diameter compared to the distal coil 3024, which may be formed from NiTi wire. Because SS has a significantly greater modulus of elasticity than NiTi, a relatively reduced diameter for the SS coil is useful in maintaining a "smooth" transition from one to the other in terms of stiffness.

[0073] Also as shown in this example, the proximal zone braid 3010 includes a reduced thickness zone 3050 that connects to the junction in the distal transition section 3011. In particular, the reduced thickness zone 3050 was formed by etching approximately 2 cm of an axial length of the braid 3010, which is made of a stainless steel ribbon having a thickness of approximately 0.0015 inches and a width of approximately 0.004 inches, to reduce the ribbon thickness to approximately 0.0015 inches. This is because the braid as shown in this example is made of two interwoven stainless steel ribbons, and the etching process reduces the overall outer diameter of the braid from approximately 0.0030 inches to approximately 0.0024 inches, which approximately matches the approximately 0.0025 inch outer diameter of the Nitinol coil 3024. A catheter formed in this configuration will kink on a 24 mm diameter pin (slightly smaller than the typical inner diameter of the aortic arch) in the U-bend kink test described herein, allowing such a catheter to escape into the human aortic arch without kinking.

[0074] In another example, a distal transition cover 3060 comprised of a Nitinol® braid formed from 0.001 inch outer diameter wire was placed over the proximal and distal zones of a catheter described herein. In this example, the catheter included a stainless steel braid with a 0.0015 inch thick, 0.004 inch wide wire ribbon, the distal end of which was etched 2 cm to reduce the overall thickness to 0.0024 inch (the stainless steel braid included two wire ribbons, each reduced to 0.0012 inch thick by the etching process). This resulted in a proximal stainless steel braid thickness (0.0024 inch) that closely matched the thickness of the distal Nitinol® coil (0.0025 inch). A catheter formed in this configuration will kink on a 24 mm diameter pin (slightly smaller than the typical inner diameter of the aortic arch) in the U-bend kink test described herein, allowing such a catheter to escape into the human aortic arch without kinking.

[0075] In another example, a distal transition cover 3060 made of the liquid crystal polymer Vectran® was placed over the proximal and distal zones of a catheter described herein. In this example, the Vectran® was laminated to a thin layer of Vestamid® on a mandrel before assembly onto the catheter. Furthermore, in this example, the Vectran® fibers were oriented around the longitudinal axis of the catheter (i.e., not braided to minimize the overall thickness of this distal transition cover embodiment) to increase the tensile strength of the catheter at that location. In another example, the Vectran® fibers were oriented at approximately 45 degrees relative to the longitudinal axis of the catheter.

[0076] 14A-14F and 15A-15F, various embodiments of catheters described herein may include a distal transition section 3011. Figures 14A-14F and 15A-15F show cross-sectional views of catheter walls having various embodiments of a distal transition section 3011 in which the proximal braid 3010 has a zone of reduced thickness 3050 at the distal transition section 3011.

[0077] In some embodiments, the zone of increased flexibility (e.g., reduced thickness) 3050 may include lengths of about 0.5 cm, about 1.0 cm, about 1.5 cm, about 2.0 cm, about 2.5 cm, about 3.0 cm, and about 3.5 cm. In some embodiments, the zone of reduced thickness 3050 may include a length of at least about 0.5 cm. In some embodiments, the zone of reduced thickness 3050 may include a length of less than about 3.0 cm. In some embodiments, the zone of reduced thickness 3050 may include a length of between about 1.5 cm and about 2.5 cm. In some embodiments, the zone of reduced thickness 3050 may include a reduced-thickness braid in the proximal zone of a catheter described herein. In some embodiments, the zone of reduced thickness 3050 may include a reduced-outer-diameter braid in the proximal zone of a catheter described herein. In some embodiments, the zone of reduced thickness 3050 may include an increased-inner-diameter braid in the proximal zone of a catheter described herein. In some embodiments, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may comprise a braid with a reduced outer diameter and an increased inner diameter in the proximal zone of a catheter described herein. In some embodiments, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may comprise a smooth, curved, curvilinear, linear, and stepped transition in thickness. In some embodiments, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may comprise a smooth, curved, curvilinear, linear, and stepped transition in catheter stiffness between the proximal and distal zones of the catheter and may provide excellent kink resistance. In some embodiments, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may form a transition in catheter stiffness between the proximal and distal zones of the catheter and may provide excellent kink resistance. In some embodiments, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may reduce the stiffness of the proximal zone of the catheter and may provide excellent kink resistance. In some embodiments, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may reduce the stiffness of the braid in the proximal zone of the catheter and may provide excellent kink resistance.

[0078] With respect to the proximal braid 3010 at the distal transition section 3011, reducing the thickness may be achieved by etching the braid at the distal end abutting the distal transition section 3011. The etching may be performed before annealing. The etching may be performed after annealing. The etching may be performed before application of the inner liner 3014 and tie layer 3012. The etching may be performed after application of the inner liner 3014 and tie layer 3012. The etching may be applied to the outer surface of the proximal braid 3010, thereby creating a proximal braid with a reduced outer diameter at the distal transition section 3011. The etching may be applied to the inner surface of the proximal braid 3010, thereby creating a proximal braid with an increased inner diameter at the distal transition section 3011. Etching may be applied to the outer and inner surfaces of the proximal braid 3010, resulting in a proximal braid with a reduced outer diameter and an increased inner diameter at the distal transition portion 3011. Etching may be performed to create approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) or a different thickness profile between the inner and outer surfaces of the proximal braid 3010 at the distal transition portion 3011. Alternatively, reducing the thickness of the proximal braid 3010 at the distal transition portion 3011 may be achieved by utilizing a braid with a thinner thickness where it abuts against the distal transition portion 3011, such as by extruding a ribbon of braid.

[0079] In one non-limiting example, the distal 2 cm of a stainless steel braid made of stainless steel ribbon having a thickness of 0.0015 inches was etched to reduce the thickness of the braid to 0.0011 inches. When a catheter containing this etched stainless steel braid was laminated to Vestamid® with a wall thickness of 0.0035 inches, the resulting etched catheter was found to be kink-resistant up to an 18 mm outer diameter pin in a U-bend kink test (i.e., the unsupported shaft of the catheter is bent 180 degrees around pins, starting with a relatively large outer diameter pin and testing on progressively smaller diameter pins). In practical terms, this allows the catheter of this embodiment to protrude within the aortic arch of a human without kinking.

[0080] 14A, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition 3011 having outer and inner diameters that are approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the coil 3024 in the distal zone. In this embodiment, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may allow the outer diameter of the catheter 3000 to decrease distally, although the inner diameter of the catheter 3000 may remain approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0081] 14B, the proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition portion 3011 having an outer diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the distal zone coil 3024 and an inner diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the inner diameter of the distal zone coil 3024. In this embodiment, the outer and inner diameters of the catheter 3000 may be approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition portion 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0082] 14C, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition 3011 having an inner diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the inner diameter of the coil 3024 in the distal zone and an outer diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer diameter of the coil 3024. In this embodiment, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may increase the inner diameter of the catheter 3000 distally, but the outer diameter of the catheter 3000 may remain approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0083] 14D, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition portion 3011 having an inner diameter larger than the inner diameter of the distal zone coil 3024 and an outer diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer diameter of the distal zone coil 3024. In this embodiment, the outer and inner diameters of the catheter 3000 may be approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition portion 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0084] 14E, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 having an outer diameter at the distal transition 3011 that is smaller than the outer diameter of the distal zone coil 3024 and an inner diameter at the distal transition 3011 that is larger than the inner diameter of the distal zone coil 3024. In this embodiment, the outer and inner diameters of the catheter 3000 may be approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and a sleeve 3020, as described herein.

[0085] 14F, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition portion 3011 having an outer diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer diameter of the distal zone coil 3024 and an inner diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the inner diameter of the distal zone coil 3024. In this embodiment, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may allow for a reduced outer diameter and an increased inner diameter of the catheter 3000 in the distal direction between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition portion 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and a sleeve 3020, as described herein.

[0086] 15A, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition 3011 having outer and inner diameters that are approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the coil 3024 in the distal zone. In this embodiment, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may allow the outer diameter of the catheter 3000 to decrease distally, although the inner diameter of the catheter 3000 may remain approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, an axially extending filament 3042, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0087] 15B, the proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition portion 3011 having an outer diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the distal zone coil 3024 and an inner diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the inner diameter of the distal zone coil 3024. In this embodiment, the outer and inner diameters of the catheter 3000 may be approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition portion 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, an axially extending filament 3042, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0088] 15C , a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition portion 3011 having an inner diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the inner diameter of the coil 3024 in the distal zone and an outer diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer diameter of the coil 3024. In this embodiment, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may increase the inner diameter of the catheter 3000 distally, but the outer diameter of the catheter 3000 may remain approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition portion 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, an axially extending filament 3042, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0089] 15D, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition portion 3011 having an inner diameter larger than the inner diameter of the distal zone coil 3024 and an outer diameter approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer diameter of the distal zone coil 3024. In this embodiment, the outer and inner diameters of the catheter 3000 may be approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition portion 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, an axially extending filament 3042, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0090] 15E, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 having an outer diameter at the distal transition 3011 that is smaller than the outer diameter of the distal zone coil 3024 and an inner diameter at the distal transition 3011 that is larger than the inner diameter of the distal zone coil 3024. In this embodiment, the outer and inner diameters of the catheter 3000 may be approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, an axially extending filament 3042, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0091] 15F, a proximal zone braid 3010 is shown with a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition 3011 having outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. In this embodiment, the reduced thickness zone 3050 may allow for a reduced outer diameter and an increased inner diameter of the catheter 3000 in the distal direction between the proximal and distal zones at the distal transition 3011. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, an axially extending filament 3042, and a sleeve 3020, as described elsewhere herein.

[0092] 16A-16F, 17A-17F, 18A-18F, 19A-19F, and 20, various catheter embodiments described herein may include a distal transition section 3011 having a distal transition cover 3060. Also, as shown in Figures 16C, 16F, 17C, 17F, 18B, 18E, 19B, 19E, and 20, various catheter embodiments described herein may include a distal transition section 3011 having a distal transition cover 3060 and a distal transition cover sleeve 3070. It should be noted that Figures 16A-16F, 17A-17F, 18A-18F, and 19A-19F show cross-sectional views of catheter walls according to some of these various embodiments.

[0093] In some embodiments, the distal transition cover 3060 may include a braid (e.g., a wire braid, a stainless steel wire braid, a stainless steel ribbon braid, a shape memory or superelastic wire braid, a shape memory or superelastic ribbon braid, a Nitinol wire braid, a Nitinol ribbon braid, a polymer braid, a Nylon braid, a polypropylene braid, a polyester braid), a stent (e.g., a stainless steel stent, a shape memory or superelastic stent, a Nitinol stent, a polymer stent, a Nylon stent, a polypropylene stent, a polyester stent), a coil (e.g., a stainless steel coil, a shape memory or superelastic coil, a polymer coil, a Nylon coil, a polypropylene coil), a liquid crystal polymer (e.g., a PET copolyester, a copolyimide, a polyester-amide, Vectran), a shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and a composite material. In some embodiments, the distal transition cover 3060 may extend approximately the same length around the distal transition portion 3011 in both the distal and proximal directions. In some embodiments, the distal transition cover 3060 may extend further in the proximal direction around the distal transition section 3011 compared to the distal direction (e.g., to provide more coverage of the proximal zone of the catheter compared to the distal zone of the catheter). In some embodiments, the distal transition cover 3060 may extend further in the distal direction around the distal transition section 3011 compared to the proximal direction (e.g., to provide more coverage of the distal zone of the catheter compared to the proximal zone of the catheter). In some embodiments, the distal transition cover 3060 may cover a catheter having a proximal zone that includes a braid and a distal zone that includes a coil. Parameters of the braid, stent, coil, liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and composite materials that make up the distal transition cover 3060 may be varied to adjust the stiffness and flexibility of the catheter (e.g., braided wire thickness, braided wire width, stent strut orientation, stent window size, stent thickness, liquid crystal polymer orientation around the catheter axis, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing thickness and composition).

[0094] In some embodiments, a catheter having a distal transition cover 3060 may include a distal transition cover sleeve 3070 that covers the distal transition cover 3060. In some embodiments, the distal transition cover sleeve 3070 may include shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, a polymer, and / or a composite material. An example of a distal transition cover sleeve material includes thin-walled PET. In some embodiments, the distal transition cover sleeve 3070 may extend beyond the distal transition cover 3060 and cover the proximal and distal zones of the catheter 3000. In some embodiments, the distal transition cover sleeve 3070 may cover the distal transition cover 3060 and may cover the proximal and distal zones of the catheter 3000 with varying lengths.

[0095] In some embodiments, the distal transition cover 3060 may provide a transition in catheter stiffness between the proximal and distal zones of the catheter, which may provide excellent kink resistance. In some embodiments, the distal transition cover 3060 and distal transition cover sleeve 3070 may provide a transition in catheter stiffness between the proximal and distal zones of the catheter, which may provide excellent kink resistance.

[0096] In some embodiments, the distal transition cover 3060 may be placed on a mandrel prior to assembly onto the catheter, as described herein. In some embodiments, a distal transition cover sleeve may be assembled onto the distal transition cover 3060 (e.g., an approximately 0.00025 inch thin-walled PET sleeve heat shrunk onto the distal transition cover).

[0097] 16A, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of braid, stent, liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or composite material, the distal transition cover 3060 abutting directly against the braid 3010 of the immediately underlying proximal zone and against the coil 3024 of the immediately underlying distal zone. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a sleeve 3020 that covers at least a portion of the distal zone, as described herein. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0098] 16B, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a braid, a stent, a liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or a composite material. A cover sleeve 3020 separates the braid 3010 in the proximal zone and the coil 3024 in the distal zone from the distal transition cover 3060 (i.e., the cover sleeve 3020 is formed under the distal transition cover 3060). Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0099] 16C, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of braid, stent, liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or composite material. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the braid 3010 in the proximal zone and the coil 3024 in the distal zone from the distal transition cover 3060. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a distal transition cover sleeve 3070, which in this example extends proximally and distally beyond the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0100] 16D, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 comprised of a coil that directly abuts the braid 3010 of the immediately underlying proximal zone and the coil 3024 of the immediately underlying distal zone. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a sleeve 3020 that covers at least a portion of the distal zone, as described herein. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0101] 16E, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a coil distal transition cover 3060. A cover sleeve 3020 separates the proximal zone braid 3010 and distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0102] 16F, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 comprised of a coil. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a distal transition cover sleeve 3070, which in this example extends proximally and distally beyond the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0103] 17A, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a braid, a stent, a liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or a composite material, the distal transition cover 3060 abutting directly against the braid 3010 of the immediately underlying proximal zone and against the coil 3024 of the immediately underlying distal zone. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a sleeve 3020 that covers at least a portion of the distal zone, as described herein. Also as shown, this embodiment may include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and an axially extending filament 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0104] 17B, ​​a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of braid, stent, liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or composite material. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the braid 3010 in the proximal zone and the coil 3024 in the distal zone from the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and axially extending filaments 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0105] 17C, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a braid, a stent, a liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or a composite material. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the braid 3010 in the proximal zone and the coil 3024 in the distal zone from the distal transition cover 3060. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a distal transition cover sleeve 3070, which in this example extends proximally and distally beyond the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and an axially extending filament 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0106] 17D, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 comprising a coil that directly abuts the braid 3010 of the immediately underlying proximal zone and the coil 3024 of the immediately underlying distal zone. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a sleeve 3020 that covers at least a portion of the distal zone, as described herein. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and an axially extending filament 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0107] 17E, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a coil distal transition cover 3060. A cover sleeve 3020 separates the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and axially extending filaments 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0108] 17F, a catheter is shown having a distal transition section 3011 covered by a distal transition cover 3060 comprised of a coil. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a distal transition cover sleeve 3070, which in this example extends proximally and distally beyond the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and an axially extending filament 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0109] In some embodiments, a catheter 3000 may combine multiple aspects of the various distal transition sections described herein. Referring to FIG. 18A , a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of braid, stent, liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and composite material, which directly abuts the immediately underlying proximal zone braid 3010 and the immediately underlying distal zone coil 3024. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a sleeve 3020, as described herein, that covers at least a portion of the distal zone. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0110] 18B, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a braid, a stent, a liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or a composite material. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a distal transition cover sleeve 3070, which in this example extends proximally and distally beyond the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0111] 18C, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a braid, a stent, a liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or a composite material. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0112] 18D , a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060, which is comprised of a coil that directly abuts the immediately underlying proximal zone braid 3010 and the immediately underlying distal zone coil 3024. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a sleeve 3020 that covers at least a portion of the distal zone, as described herein. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0113] Referring to FIG. 18E, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at the distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a coil. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a distal transition cover sleeve 3070, which in this example extends proximally and distally beyond the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0114] 18F, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a coil. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014 and a tie layer 3012, as described elsewhere herein.

[0115] 19A, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 having outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of a distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition covering 3060 made of a braid, a stent, a liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or a composite material, which directly abuts the immediately underlying proximal zone braid 3010 and the immediately underlying distal zone coil 3024. As further shown, the distal transition covering 3060 may be covered by a sleeve 3020, as described herein, that covers at least a portion of the distal zone. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and axially extending filaments 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0116] 19B, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a braid, a stent, a liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or a composite material. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a distal transition cover sleeve 3070, which in this example extends proximally and distally beyond the distal transition cover 3060. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and axially extending filaments 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0117] 19C, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a braid, a stent, a liquid crystal polymer, shrink wrap or heat shrink tubing, and / or a composite material. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. As shown, this embodiment may also include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and an axially extending filament 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0118] 19D , a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060, which is comprised of a coil that directly abuts the immediately underlying proximal zone braid 3010 and the immediately underlying distal zone coil 3024. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a sleeve 3020 that covers at least a portion of the distal zone, as described herein. Also, as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and an axially extending filament 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0119] Referring to FIG. 19E, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a coil. A cover sleeve 3020 spaces the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. As further shown, the distal transition cover 3060 may be covered by a distal transition cover sleeve 3070, which in this example extends proximally and distally beyond the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and an axially extending filament 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0120] 19F, a catheter is shown with a proximal zone braid 3010 having a reduced thickness zone 3050 at a distal transition section 3011 with outer and inner diameters approximately the same (e.g., ±10%) as the outer and inner diameters of the distal zone coil 3024. The distal transition section 3011 is covered by a distal transition cover 3060 made of a coil. A cover sleeve 3020 separates the proximal zone braid 3010 and the distal zone coil 3024 from the distal transition cover 3060. Also as shown, this embodiment may optionally include an inner liner 3014, a tie layer 3012, and an axially extending filament 3042, as described elsewhere herein.

[0121] 20, 21A-21B, and 22A-22B, a catheter may be annealed to advantageously adjust the stiffness, flexibility, and / or durometer of one or more portions of the catheter. Although the annealing process associated with Figures 20-22B may be described with respect to one or more of the various embodiment catheters described herein, one skilled in the art will understand that one or more steps in the annealing process described herein may be used with any suitable catheter to advantageously adjust one or more properties of the catheter.

[0122] Referring to the figures, various catheter embodiments described herein may include a proximal zone including an annealed braid at a distal transition 3011 to adjust the stiffness, flexibility, and / or durometer of the braid. In some embodiments, annealing the braid may be used to advantageously adjust at least one of the stiffness, flexibility, and / or durometer of the braid. Annealing may, in some instances, enable a smooth transition of the catheter's stiffness, flexibility, and / or durometer from the proximal zone to the distal zone and / or provide a catheter with excellent kink resistance. In some embodiments, annealing the braid to adjust the stiffness, flexibility, and / or durometer of the braid enables a smooth transition of the catheter's stiffness, flexibility, and / or durometer from the proximal zone to the distal zone, including the coil, while providing a catheter with excellent kink resistance.

[0123] A catheter having a proximal zone including a braid may be annealed by any suitable heating process. In some embodiments, the heating process may include an induction heating process. The induction heating process may be performed by placing at least a portion of the braid onto a mandrel. Some examples of the mandrel may include any one of a ferritic stainless steel mandrel, a martensitic stainless steel mandrel, and a duplex stainless steel mandrel. In some instances, the induction heating process may include placing the braid and mandrel within the coil of an induction heater (e.g., an RDO induction heater). Inductive heat generated in the mandrel may be transferred into the braid. In some instances, the transfer of inductive heat into the braid may perform the annealing.

[0124] The induction heating process may advantageously allow for control of various parameters, such as induction power and time, etc. Controlling one or more parameters may, in some instances, vary the amount of heat transferred from the mandrel to the braid, as well as the amount of annealing performed.

[0125] In some embodiments, the amount of annealing of a braid may be assessed by a change in a visual parameter of the wires comprising the braid. The change in the visual parameter may include at least one of a change in color, a change in size, a change in shape, or a change in other physical properties. For example, an annealed version of the wires comprising the braid may change color during the annealing process. FIGS. 21A and 21B show an exemplary embodiment in which the annealed braid changes from silver to blue and then to yellow with increasing annealing. In some circumstances, excessive annealing can cause the braid surface to oxidize and / or stick to the mandrel used to heat the braid. The ability to visually identify parameter changes during the annealing process can advantageously facilitate control of the annealing process to avoid over-annealing.

[0126] Annealing a braid as described herein can advantageously produce a braid with increased flexibility, decreased stiffness, and a reduced durometer compared to previous annealing processes. For example, a conventional annealing process can produce a stress-relieved braid that does not fray when the braid is cut. As shown in FIG. 21 , braid flexibility was tested using an Instron (e.g., TM00075) cantilever bend test for exemplary catheter braids subjected to different annealing processes: unannealed braid (left bar), braid annealed according to a conventional process (middle bar), and braid annealed according to a new process that produces a fully annealed braid (right bar). As can be seen in Figure 20, with increasing annealing, the required gram force (gf) to be applied to the braid to achieve the same amount of bend decreased (approximately 97 gf was required for the unannealed braid, approximately 80 gf was required for the braid annealed according to the old process, and approximately 34 gf was required for the braid annealed according to the new process, as shown). In terms of percentages, this initial experiment found that the old annealing process increased the braid's flexibility by approximately 18%, while the new annealing process increased the braid's flexibility by approximately 65%. In some instances, the amount of springback that occurs after the catheter is crushed may advantageously decrease as a result of increasing annealing.

[0127] Referring to FIGS. 21A-21B, photomicrographs are shown of a portion of an annealed braid based on the old annealing process (FIG. 21A) and the full annealing process (FIG. 21B) described herein and corresponding to FIG. 20.

[0128] 22A-22B, plots are shown of the effect of annealing on a braid discovered through experiments in which annealing power and time were varied as inputs, and braid wire color and braid flexibility were measured as outputs. The experiments discovered parameters that produced a braid with a flexibility of approximately 30 gf as measured by the Instron cantilever bend test described herein. The experiments also found that as annealing time increased, oxidation of the annealed braid increased.

[0129] In some embodiments, the annealing power may be increased to reduce oxidation of the braid and / or allow for shorter annealing times. The functional impact of annealing the braid may be evaluated using a kink test. For example, braids annealed according to the full annealing process described herein demonstrated improved kink resistance compared to samples processed according to a previous annealing process. In production, the annealing process may be monitored and controlled by visually inspecting the color of the braid and by measuring the amount of springback of the braid after crushing.

[0130] 23, 24A-24B, and 25, in some embodiments, a catheter described herein may include a distal transition section 3011 that includes a distal transition connector 3080. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a connector, a stepped connector, a marker band, a stepped marker band, a stent, or a stepped stent. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a weld, a braze, a solder, or an epoxy. In some embodiments, the weld, braze, solder, or epoxy may be located circumferentially between the proximal and distal zones of the catheter, as described herein. In some embodiments, the weld, braze, solder, or epoxy may be applied circumferentially between the proximal and distal zones of the catheter at irregular or regular intervals (e.g., spaced tack welds), as described herein. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a distal-facing surface that matches at least a portion of the proximal-facing surface of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the braid of the proximal zone of the catheters described herein may include a step that matches at least a portion of the proximal-facing surface of the coil in the distal zone. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a planar proximal-facing surface and a distal-facing surface that includes a step. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a planar proximal-facing surface and a distal-facing surface that includes a step formed by removing pitch from the distal-facing surface. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a distal-facing surface that mirrors the proximal-facing surface of the distal zone in the catheters described herein such that a uniform or nearly uniform gap is formed when the distal-facing surface of the distal transition connector 3080 abuts against the proximal-facing surface of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a distal-facing surface that mirrors the proximal-facing surface of the distal zone coil in the catheters described herein, such that a uniform or nearly uniform gap is formed when the distal-facing surface of the distal transition connector 3080 abuts against the proximal-facing surface of the distal zone coil.In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a distal-facing surface having at least a portion that mirrors at least a portion of the proximal-facing surface of a distal zone of a catheter as described herein, such that a uniform or nearly uniform gap is formed when at least a portion of the distal-facing surface of the distal transition connector 3080 abuts against at least a portion of the proximal-facing surface of the distal zone. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a distal-facing surface having at least a portion that mirrors at least a portion of the proximal-facing surface of a coil of a distal zone of a catheter as described herein, such that a uniform or nearly uniform gap is formed when at least a portion of the distal-facing surface of the distal transition connector 3080 abuts against at least a portion of the proximal-facing surface of the coil of the distal zone.

[0131] 23 , a distal transition connector 3080 is shown according to some embodiments. The distal transition connector 3080 may include a distal end 3081, a proximal end 3082, an outer diameter 3084, an inner diameter 3085, a proximal surface 3086, and a distal surface 3087. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 23 , the distal surface 3087 of the distal transition connector 3080 may include a step that forms a tangential surface 3088. In some embodiments, the step in the distal surface 3087 allows the proximal end of a coil in a distal zone in a catheter described herein to form a uniform or near-uniform gap between the distal surface 3087 and the proximal end of the coil in the distal zone when the tangential surface 3088 abuts against the end of the coil. In some embodiments, the proximal surface 3086 of the distal transition connector 3080 is planar, forming a uniform or near-uniform gap between the proximal surface 3086 and the distal end of the braid in the proximal zone of the catheter, as described herein. In some embodiments, the inner diameter 3085 of the distal transition connector 3080 forms an internal lumen in fluid communication with the internal lumen of the proximal zone and with the internal lumen of the distal zone of the catheter, as described herein.

[0132] Referring to Figures 24A-24B, in some embodiments of the catheters described herein, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a proximal end 3082 having a profile at an angle approximately perpendicular to the sidewall of the distal transition connector, and a distal end 3081 having a profile that includes a step that is cut out to form a tangential surface 3088 within the distal end 3081. In some embodiments of the catheters described herein, the distal transition connector 3080 may include a proximal end 3082 having a profile that is approximately perpendicular to the sidewall of the distal transition connector, and a distal end 3081 having a profile that includes a step in the distal end 3081 that is cut to form an approximately tangential surface 3088 within the distal end (e.g., surface 3088 is at an angle of about 85 degrees, about 86 degrees, about 87 degrees, about 88 degrees, about 89 degrees, about 90 degrees, about 91 degrees, about 92 degrees, about 93 degrees, about 94 degrees, about 95 degrees, at least about 80 degrees, at most about 95 degrees, between about 85 degrees and about 95 degrees, between about 88 degrees and about 91 degrees, or between about 89 degrees and about 90 degrees, relative to surface 3087). In some embodiments, the step removed from the distal end 3081 of the distal transition connector 3080 includes about 5 / 1000 of a pitch, about 4 / 1000 of a pitch, about 3 / 1000 of a pitch, about 6 / 1000 of a pitch, about 7 / 1000 of a pitch, at least about 3 / 1000 of a pitch, less than about 7 / 1000 of a pitch, about 3 / 1000 of a pitch to about 7 / 1000 of a pitch, and about 4 / 1000 of a pitch to about 6 / 1000 of a pitch removed from the distal end 3081. In some embodiments, the step at the distal end 3081 of the distal transition connector 3080 allows the coil 3024 of the distal zone in the catheters described herein to mate flush with the distal face 3087 of the distal transition connector 3080. In some embodiments, the step at the distal end 3081 of the distal transition connector 3080 allows the coil 3024 of the distal zone in the catheters described herein to mate flush with the distal face 3087 of the distal transition connector 3080 and form a uniform or near-uniform gap between the distal transition connector 3080 and the coil 3024, thereby facilitating bonding to the components via procedures including welding, brazing, and / or epoxidization.In some embodiments, the step at the distal end 3081 of the distal transition connector 3080 allows the coil 3024 of the distal zone in the catheters described herein to mate flush with the distal surface 3087 of the distal transition connector 3080 and form a uniform or near-uniform gap between the distal transition connector 3080 and the coil 3024, thereby facilitating bonding to components via procedures including welding, brazing, and / or epoxidation while preventing damage to the underlying liner (e.g., the tie layer 3012, the inner liner 3014).

[0133] 25, a side view of a catheter having a distal transition connector is shown, according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 25, the catheter in this embodiment includes a proximal zone including a braid 3010, a distal transition connector 3080 according to FIG. 23, and a distal zone including a helical coil 3024, wherein a proximal face 3086 of the distal transition connector is bonded to the distal end of the braid 3010, and a distal face 3087 and a tangential face 3088 of the distal transition connector are bonded to the proximal end of the helical coil 3024. In this embodiment, bonding of the proximal end of the distal transition connector 3080 to the braid 3010 may include welding, brazing, and / or soldering. In this embodiment, bonding of the distal end of the distal transition connector 3080 to the coil 3024 may include welding, brazing, and / or soldering.

[0134] In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may comprise a material that facilitates welding, brazing, and / or soldering between the stainless steel braid 3010 in the proximal zone and the proximal end 3082 of the distal transition connector 3080, and between the Nitinol coil 3024 in the distal zone and the distal end 3081 of the distal transition connector 3080. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector comprises platinum, a platinum alloy (e.g., 90% platinum and 10% iridium), nickel, a nickel alloy, gold, or a gold alloy (e.g., Au-22Ni-8Pd, Au-20Cu). In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may be constructed from a material that allows for a transition in catheter flexibility, durometer, and / or stiffness between the proximal and distal zones of the catheter. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may be constructed from a material that allows for a smooth, curved, curvilinear, straight, and / or stepped transition in flexibility, durometer, and / or stiffness of the catheter between the proximal and distal zones of the catheter.

[0135] In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include an inner diameter 3085 and an outer diameter 3084 that are consistent over the length of the distal transition connector. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include an inner diameter 3085 and an outer diameter 3084 that vary over the length of the distal transition connector. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include an inner diameter 3085 and an outer diameter 3084 that taper over the length of the distal transition connector. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include an inner diameter 3085 and an outer diameter 3084 at its proximal end 3082 that match the inner and outer diameters of the braid in the proximal zone of the catheters described herein. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 may include an inner diameter 3085 and an outer diameter 3084 at its distal end 3081 that match the inner and outer diameters of the coil in the distal zone of the catheters described herein.

[0136] In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 can be added onto the inner liner of the catheters described herein by rolling it over a pin gauge to open up its inner diameter 3085. In some embodiments, the distal transition connector 3080 can be added onto the inner liner of the catheters described herein by rolling it over a pin gauge to open up its inner diameter 3085 while preventing damage to the inner liner.

[0137] In one example, a catheter according to the embodiment of Figure 25, with a distal transition connector 3080 formed from an alloy of 90% platinum and 10% iridium, with 5 / 1000 pitch removed from its distal end 3081, is welded at its proximal end 3082 to a stainless steel braid 3010 and at its distal end 3081 to a Nitinol® helical coil 3024 that kinks on a 24 mm diameter pin (this diameter is slightly smaller than the typical inner diameter of the aortic arch) in the U-bend kink test described herein, allowing such a catheter to escape into the human aortic arch without kinking.

[0138] In some embodiments of the catheters described herein, the distal coil 3024 may be constructed from wire with a variable thickness, cross-sectional diameter, and / or cross-sectional area. In some embodiments, the distal coil 3024 may be constructed from wire with a distally decreasing thickness, cross-sectional diameter, and / or cross-sectional area. In some embodiments, the distal coil 3024 may be constructed from wire with a distally decreasing thickness, cross-sectional diameter, and / or cross-sectional area to provide a catheter with increased distal flexibility. In some embodiments, the distal coil 3024 may be constructed from wire with a distally decreasing thickness, cross-sectional diameter, and / or cross-sectional area to provide a catheter with a distally decreasing durometer. In some embodiments, the distal coil 3024 may be constructed from wire with a distally decreasing thickness, cross-sectional diameter, and / or cross-sectional area to provide a catheter with a durometer that more closely matches the durometer of the proximal braid 3010 at its proximal end, or may be constructed from wire with a distally decreasing durometer to provide a catheter with increased distal flexibility. In some embodiments, the distal coil 3024 may be constructed from wire that decreases in thickness, cross-sectional diameter, and / or cross-sectional area distally to provide a catheter with a durometer at its proximal end that more closely matches the durometer of the distal transition connector 3080, or may be constructed from wire that decreases in durometer distally to provide a catheter with increased distal flexibility. In some embodiments, the catheters described herein may have a durometer that decreases distally, with the decrease in durometer being smooth and without significant steps in the durometer change. In some embodiments, the catheters described herein may have a durometer that decreases distally, with the decrease in durometer being smooth and without significant steps in the durometer change to produce a catheter with excellent kink resistance.

[0139] Although the present embodiments have been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, the present embodiments may be incorporated into other embodiments by those of skill in the art in light of the disclosure herein. Accordingly, the scope of the present embodiments is not intended to be limited by the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but rather is intended to be defined by the full scope of the following claims.

[0140] Illustrative Embodiments A catheter with enhanced flexibility, comprising:

[0141] an elongate flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen;

[0142] The side walls are

[0143] a proximal zone including a tubular braid and a first helical coil;

[0144] a distal zone including a second helical coil;

[0145] a transition between the distal zone and the proximal zone;

[0146] A catheter with enhanced flexibility, wherein the transition section includes a distal end of the tubular braid within 1 cm of the proximal end of the second helical coil, and the first helical coil extends distally beyond the transition section.

[0147] The enhanced flexibility catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the distal end of the tubular braid is located within 5 mm of the proximal end of the second helical coil.

[0148]

[0013] The catheter of any embodiment herein disclosed having enhanced flexibility, wherein the first helical coil is formed from wire having a first diameter and the second helical coil is formed from wire having a second, larger diameter.

[0149]

[0013] The catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the first helical coil comprises stainless steel.

[0150] The enhanced flexibility catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the second helical coil comprises Nitinol®.

[0151] The catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the distal section of the braid is heat annealed.

[0152]

[0013] The catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the first helical coil and the second helical coil are intertwined over a length of at least about 5 mm.

[0153] A catheter with enhanced flexibility in any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the side wall further includes a tubular inner liner and a tie layer spaced from the lumen by the inner liner, the second helical coil in the distal zone being adjacent to the tie layer, and the braid in the proximal zone being adjacent to the tie layer.

[0154] The catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein with enhanced flexibility, wherein the elongated flexible body further includes an outer jacket formed from a plurality of axially adjacent tubular segments, a proximal one of the tubular segments having a durometer of at least about 60D and a distal one of the tubular segments having a durometer of about 35D or less.

[0155] The catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the elongate flexible body further comprises an axially extending filament within the sidewall.

[0156] The catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein with enhanced flexibility, further comprising a tubular support having a proximal end surrounding a distal portion of the braid and a distal end surrounding a proximal portion of the second coil.

[0157] The catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the tubular support comprises a slotted metal tube.

[0158] A catheter with enhanced flexibility, comprising:

[0159] an elongate flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen;

[0160] The side walls are

[0161] a proximal tubular braid having a distal end abutting the proximal end of the helical coil to form a bond;

[0162] a tubular metal support extending across the joint;

[0163] an outer jacket surrounding the tubular support.

[0164] The enhanced flexibility catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, further comprising an axial filament extending distally from just below the tubular support.

[0165] A catheter with enhanced flexibility in any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the side wall further includes a tubular inner liner and a tie layer spaced from the lumen by the inner liner, the helical coil in the distal zone surrounding the tie layer, and the braid in the proximal zone surrounding the tie layer.

[0166] The catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein with enhanced flexibility, wherein the elongated flexible body further includes an outer jacket formed from a plurality of axially adjacent tubular segments extending coaxially around the helical coil, wherein a proximal one of the tubular segments has a durometer of at least about 60D and a distal one of the tubular segments has a durometer of no more than about 35D.

[0167] 1. A method for manufacturing a catheter with enhanced flexibility, comprising:

[0168] forming a catheter including a braid in a proximal zone of the catheter;

[0169] placing at least a portion of a catheter braid onto a mandrel;

[0170] annealing the distal section of the braid by inductively heating the braid and mandrel within the coil;

[0171] and visually monitoring changes in parameters of the braid.

[0172] In any embodiment disclosed herein, the method for manufacturing a catheter with enhanced flexibility, wherein inductively heating the braid includes placing the braid and a mandrel inside an ERDO induction heater.

[0173] The method for manufacturing an enhanced flexibility catheter of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the parameter change comprises a change in color of the braid.

[0174] The method for manufacturing a catheter with enhanced flexibility of any embodiment disclosed herein, wherein the distal section has an axial length of about 2 cm or less.

Claims

1. A catheter with enhanced flexibility, comprising: an elongate flexible body having a proximal end, a distal end, and a sidewall defining a central lumen; The side wall is a proximal zone including a tubular braid and a first helical coil located within the tubular braid; a distal zone including a second helical coil; a transition between the distal zone and the proximal zone; Including, A catheter with enhanced flexibility, wherein the transition section includes a distal end of the tubular braid within 1 cm of a proximal end of the second helical coil, and the first helical coil extends distally beyond the transition section.

2. The enhanced flexibility catheter of claim 1 , wherein the distal end of the tubular braid is located within 5 mm of the proximal end of the second helical coil.

3. 10. The catheter of claim 1, wherein the first helical coil is formed from wire having a first diameter and the second helical coil is formed from wire having a second, larger diameter.

4. The enhanced flexibility catheter of claim 3 , wherein the first helical coil comprises stainless steel.

5. The enhanced flexibility catheter of claim 3 , wherein the second helical coil comprises Nitinol®.

6. The enhanced flexibility catheter of claim 1 , wherein the distal section of the tubular braid is heat annealed.

7. The enhanced flexibility catheter of claim 5 , wherein the first helical coil and the second helical coil are intertwined over a length of at least about 5 mm.

8. A catheter with enhanced flexibility as described in claim 1, wherein the elongated flexible body further includes an outer jacket formed from a plurality of axially adjacent tubular segments, one of the proximal tubular segments having a durometer of at least about 60D and one of the distal tubular segments having a durometer of not more than about 35D.

9. 9. The catheter with enhanced flexibility of claim 8, wherein the side wall further includes a tubular inner liner and a tie layer spaced from the central lumen by the tubular inner liner, the second helical coil of the distal zone being adjacent to the tie layer, and the tubular braid of the proximal zone being adjacent to the tie layer.

10. 9. The catheter with enhanced flexibility of claim 8, wherein the elongate flexible body further includes an axially extending filament within the side wall, and the distal end of the first helical coil is proximal to the proximal end of the axially extending filament.

11. 10. The catheter with enhanced flexibility of claim 1, further comprising a tubular support having a proximal end surrounding a distal portion of the braid and a distal end surrounding a proximal portion of the second helical coil.

12. The enhanced flexibility catheter of claim 11 , wherein the tubular support comprises a slotted metal tube.

Images