Storage system configured for use in energy management systems

Abstract

A storage system configured for use in an energy management system is provided, the storage system comprising: a plurality of microinverters configured to couple to a single-phase or three-phase AC-coupled battery; and a controller configured to detect when the single-phase or three-phase AC-coupled battery is charging or discharging so as to store energy when energy is plentiful and use it when energy is scarce.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to power systems, and more particularly, to a storage system configured for use in an energy management system.

Background Art

[0002] A grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) system is a solar energy system that is connected (i.e., coupled) to a utility electrical grid and operates when the grid is available. During a power outage, the grid-connected PV system stops generating power and remains shutdown until grid power becomes available.

[0003] A residence is typically constructed with a main panel sized for connection to a specific amount of resource load and for connection to the power company. This specific amount is determined by NEC Section 705 of the National Electric Code (NEC) of the United States, which prevents the installation of resources that exceed the capacity of the main panel. Adding a new PV circuit or battery storage system to an existing residence can sometimes lead to a situation where the total amount of resources connected to the panel exceeds the limit of the main panel. Conventional methods for addressing this limit of the main panel can sometimes include: (1) installing PV circuits and storage up to the upper limit of the main panel, which can be very limiting, (2) upgrading the main panel to a larger-sized panel that can accept more PV and storage, which can result in additional costs.

Summary of the Invention

Means for Solving the Problems

[0004] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a storage system configured for use in an energy management system comprises a single-phase AC-coupled battery or a three-phase AC-coupled battery, a plurality of microinverters configured to connect to it, and a controller configured to detect when the single-phase AC-coupled battery or the three-phase AC-coupled battery is charging or discharging, and to store energy when energy is abundant and make it available when energy is scarce.

[0005] According to some aspects of the present disclosure, a storage system configured for use in an energy management system comprises a single-phase AC-coupled battery or a three-phase AC-coupled battery, a plurality of microinverters configured to connect to it, and a controller configured to detect when the single-phase AC-coupled battery or the three-phase AC-coupled battery is charging or discharging, and to store energy when energy is abundant and make it available when energy is scarce.

[0006] To allow for a more detailed understanding of the above-mentioned features of this disclosure, a more specific description of this disclosure, which is briefly summarized above, can be obtained by referring to embodiments, some of which are shown in the accompanying drawings. However, it should be noted that the accompanying drawings only show typical embodiments of this disclosure and should not be considered limiting its scope, and other equally effective embodiments may be permitted for the purposes of the disclosure. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0007] [Figure 1] This is a diagram of a backup configuration supported by an energy management system according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] This is a perspective view of a single-phase AC coupled battery (SP battery) and a three-phase AC coupled battery (3P battery) of an energy management system according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 3]This is a partial perspective view of an SP battery including an integrated DC disconnect switch, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4A] This is a front view of a wall-mounting bracket for an SP battery according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4B] This is a perspective view of a wall mounting bracket for an SP battery according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 5A] This is a front view of a wall-mount bracket for a 3P battery according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 5B] This is a perspective view of a wall mounting bracket for a 3P battery according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6] This is a perspective view of a raceway according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 7] Figure 6 shows a raceway installed on an adjacent SP battery, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] This is a partial perspective view of an SP battery according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 9] This is a perspective view of a 3P battery without a cover and a 3P battery with a cover, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 10] This is a diagram of an SP battery and a 3P battery, each with a cover, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 11] This figure shows a screenshot of a cloud interface for use in an energy management system, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 12] This is a diagram of a combiner including a gateway for an energy management system, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 13] Various views of smart switches in energy management systems according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 14] This figure shows the installation of a circuit breaker, a lug at the main breaker location, and a breaker installed at the main breaker location of a smart switch, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 15A] This is a diagram of an electrical panel including electrical details of a smart switch, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 15B] This is a diagram of an electrical panel including electrical details of a smart switch, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 15C] This is a diagram of an electrical panel including electrical details of a smart switch, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 15D] This is a diagram of an electrical panel including electrical details of a smart switch, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 16] This is a diagram of a mount used to mount a smart switch according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 17] This is a diagram of a bracket according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 18] This figure shows a smart switch mounted on a mounting surface using the mount of Figure 16 and the bracket of Figure 17, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 19] This is a diagram of a backup configuration supported by an energy management system according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 20] This is a diagram of a backup configuration supported by an energy management system according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 21] This is a diagram of a backup configuration supported by an energy management system according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 22] This is a diagram of a backup configuration supported by an energy management system according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure.

Mode for Carrying Out the Invention

[0008] In the present disclosure, the energy management system provides an advanced solution for the main panel upgrade (MPU) by connecting additional PV and storage systems to a smart switch (microgrid interconnect device (MID)) instead of, for example, the main panel, and avoids the MPU for the entire house and the sub-panel backup system. Regarding the backup of the entire house, the smart switch is connected between the power meter and the main panel using an overcurrent protection device that limits the amount of current that can flow to the main panel, thus avoiding the MPU. In the case of sub-panel backup, the installer can move as many load circuits as possible from the main panel to the sub-panel.

[0009] All breakers inside the smart switch of the energy management system are configured to open to cut off the power supply of the entire energy management system, for example, when the energy management system shuts down.

[0010] The load circuits to be backed up during a grid power outage are pre-selected during the installation of the energy management system. When the user selects sub-panel backup, the user can choose which circuits to back up during the installation of the energy management system. In this case, only the selected load circuits are backed up, and other non-essential loads will not be powered on during a power outage. In such an example, when the user (e.g., the homeowner) selects the sub-panel backup option, there is no need to manually open the breaker.

[0011] When the user selects the entire house backup option, all circuits in the house are backed up. If the user desires to limit the backup circuits during a power outage, the user may not need to use those specific appliances or manually open the breakers of those specific circuits.

[0012] In at least some embodiments, the energy management system may be configured for three-phase applications. In at least some embodiments, a generator, including hardware and software capabilities, may be integrated into the energy management system.

[0013] When an energy management system is configured as a backup system, disconnecting the energy management system from the grid does not mean cutting off power to the house (residence or property), for example, because the energy management system supplies power to the house during a blackout. For example, single-phase AC coupled batteries (SP batteries) and three-phase AC coupled batteries (3P batteries) are grid-forming elements of an energy management system and can be shut down to disconnect from the energy management system or to cut off power to the property.

[0014] In at least some embodiments, at least four 3P batteries or twelve SP batteries (e.g., up to an additional 40kWh) can be connected to the smart switch. Furthermore, up to two additional 3P batteries can be daisy-chained and directly connected to the smart switch. For more batteries, external sub-panels can be used to combine circuits and connect them to the smart switch.

[0015] Storage systems configured for use in energy management systems, such as the ENPHASE® energy management system available from ENPHASE®, are described herein.

[0016] Figure 1 shows a backup configuration supported by an energy management system according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The energy management system 100 is compatible with one or more microinverters for both existing and new installations. The energy management system 100 can be configured for use with backward compatibility with M-series or S-series microinverter systems. In at least some embodiments, the energy management system 100 can be configured to provide per-panel monitoring and real-time monitoring functions.

[0017] The energy management system 100 may be provided as a kit. For example, in the case of a grid-connected PV only, grid-connected PV and storage, and / or grid-independent energy management system, one or more PVs, SP batteries, 3P batteries, smart switches, combiners / gateways, Q cables and / or Q accessories may be provided in the kit. In addition, two main breakers, one on the power supply side and one on the load side of the smart switch, and circuit breakers for connecting the PV and storage systems may be provided in the kit.

[0018] Continuing with Figure 1, in at least some embodiments, the energy management system 100 includes a storage system 108, a smart switch 110 (e.g., a transfer switch), a combiner 107 including a wireless adapter, a communication gateway, one or more photovoltaic (PV) 106, and a USB dongle connected to a tertiary control 112 (e.g., a cloud-based tertiary control using an Application Programming Interface (API)) that can provide wireless firmware upgrades. The combiner 107 can connect / communicate with the smart switch 110 and the storage system 108 via a wireless connection (or a wired connection such as an AC power line) and using the internet and / or the cloud via a WiFi or cellular connection. For example, the combiner 107 includes a communication gateway (Figure 12), and the wireless adapter connects to the communication gateway to communicate with the smart switch 110, the storage system 108, and the internet and / or the cloud. Combiner 107 connects to PV106 and can communicate with PV106 via power line communication (PLC) over the AC power line, and other components of the energy management system 100 can connect to each other via the AC power line. The combiner suitable for use in the energy management system 100 is the IQ® line of combiners available from Enphase Energy, Inc. of Petaluma, California.

[0019] In at least some embodiments, the energy management system 100 of Figure 1 may be configured as a whole-house backup (or a partial and sub-panel backup of the house) using a smart switch 110 of the energy management system 100 located at the service entrance (e.g., connected to a meter 105 connected to the power grid 101). The user can back up a main load panel 104 (e.g., Siemens MC3010B1200SECW or MC1224B1125SEC, GE 200Amp 20 / 40, etc.) connected to one or more loads 103 (e.g., critical loads or backup loads). In such embodiments, the smart switch 110 may support a breaker of up to 80A for PV 106 connected to a combiner 107 (e.g., a PV combiner (solar)) and a breaker of up to 80A for a battery storage circuit (e.g., for a storage system 108). When the existing combiner 107 is connected to the main load panel 104, the user can leave the combiner 107 connected to the main load panel 104 and connect only the storage system 108 to the smart switch 110, leaving the space on the smart switch 110 for the combiner 107 empty and available for additional battery storage.

[0020] The storage system 108 is part of the energy management system 100 and is configured to participate in grid services such as capacity and demand response. The storage system 108 is rated for rugged NEMA Type 3R outdoor use. The storage system 108 is configured as a modular AC-coupled battery storage system with time-of-use (ToU) and backup capabilities, which allows for easy installation.

[0021] The storage system 108 is connected to the smart switch 110 and combiner 107 and configured to provide backup power when installed in a home or on a site. The storage system 108 includes one or more SP batteries (120V) or 3P batteries (240V) (e.g., three SP batteries connected to each other, hereafter referred to as 3P batteries) including a corresponding internal microinverter connected to (or integrated with) the PV 106. The storage system 108 can be configured to detect the optimal time to charge or discharge the SP batteries and / or 3P batteries, storing energy when energy is abundant and using it when energy is scarce.

[0022] The storage system 108 is configured to self-protect against low charge conditions of the battery pack (e.g., less than 1%) or cell voltages in the extremely low warning range. For example, the storage system 108 is configured to shut down the AC bus and / or DC bus when necessary to prevent cell discharge of the SP battery and / or 3SP battery.

[0023] Furthermore, the storage system 108 is configured to send notification warnings to the user, for example, via the combiner 107. For example, the notification may be appropriate text indicating that the charge state of the cells of the SP battery or 3P battery is low, for example, that the battery cells are very low in charge. Other text may be used to warn the user. The warning is also available to the user and / or technicians or customer service personnel, enabling proactive and appropriate precautionary measures to avoid damage to the SP battery and / or 3P battery. Furthermore, the storage system 108 includes an appropriate energy reserve to protect itself from extremely low charge states of the battery cells of the SP battery and / or 3P battery due to self-discharge losses of the storage system, for example, for at least 7 days after the notification has been sent to the user, technicians, and / or customer service personnel. In at least some embodiments, the storage system 108 is configured to allow the user to set a daily remaining charge state.

[0024] Figure 2 shows the rear views of the SP battery 200 and the 3P battery 202, respectively, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. In at least some embodiments, the SP battery 200 and the 3P battery 202 are lithium-ion batteries, such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, and can be configured for passive cooling, for indoor and / or outdoor installation, for wireless communication (e.g., Zigbee, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc., as will be described in more detail later), and can be configured with modular and expandable power and energy ratings. The passive cooling function eliminates the presence of moving parts (e.g., mechanical fans, coolants, etc.), thereby making the storage system 108 less prone to failure.

[0025] The SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 may be AC ​​coupled to or integrated with the microinverter and can support backup operation and black start. The SP battery 200 has a capacity of 3.36 kWh and a rated continuous output power of 1.28 kVA. The 3P battery 202 consists of three SP batteries 200 and has a capacity of 10.08 kWh and a rated continuous output power of 3.84 kVA. Modularity allows the user to install as many SP batteries 200 or 3P batteries 202 as possible after the initial installation of the energy management system 100, thus enabling the energy management system 100 to function seamlessly.

[0026] The SP battery 200 is configured to be connected to one or more microinverters. For example, in at least some embodiments, the SP battery 200 is configured to be connected to one or more battery cell core packs of the SP battery and to up to four microinverters 204 that form a grid (e.g., a local grid) at the user's home when the power grid goes down. Similarly, a 3P battery 202, which is three SP batteries 200, is configured to be connected to one or more battery cell core packs of the 3P battery and to up to twelve microinverters that form a grid (e.g., a local grid) at the user's home when the power grid goes down. In at least some embodiments, the microinverters 204 are field-replaceable for both the SP battery 200 and / or the 3P battery 202. That is, a microinverter 204 configured for use with the SP battery 200 is also configured for use with the 3P battery 202. Furthermore, in at least some embodiments, a battery cell pack (not shown) for the SP battery 200 is not replaceable and is not configured for use with the 3P battery 202, and vice versa. Alternatively, a battery cell pack for the SP battery 200 can be configured for use with the 3P battery 202, and vice versa. Similarly, the battery controller 113 (Figure 1), the battery management unit (BMU), and / or the AC interface board (none of which are shown) are not interchangeable and are not configured for use with the 3P battery 202, and vice versa, although this is possible in at least some embodiments.

[0027] The SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 are configured to respond to commanded charging or discharging at a given C rate (e.g., charge / discharge rate) and to accept or receive predetermined hourly, daily, and monthly schedules for charging and discharging at different C rates. If one of the microinverters in either the SP battery 200 or the 3P battery 202 fails (the energy management system 100 has a DPPM value of less than 1000), the storage system 108 continues to provide operation and backup power with the remaining microinverters, and the failed microinverter can be easily replaced. Furthermore, in the case of a 3P battery 202 with a usable energy capacity of 10.08 kWh, if one 3.36 kWh SP battery 200 fails, the storage system 108 continues to provide operation and backup power with its remaining base units.

[0028] The SP battery 200 can be used for PV self-consumption, PV non-export, and other grid-connected applications. The SP battery 200 can also be used to augment 3P battery 202 units in a backup system, providing the number of SP batteries required to pair with PVs beyond the 3P battery limit. Each SP battery 200 can be used to enable backup in relatively small PV systems, for example, those with a size of less than 1.9kWac. More SP batteries or 3P batteries can be added for larger PV system sizes. PVs up to 1.9kWac can be supported for backup using each SP battery 200. PVs up to 5.7kWac can be paired with one 3P battery 202 for backup. If the size of the paired PV is greater than this value, additional batteries may be installed.

[0029] In addition to the above, the storage system 108 provides backup (off-grid) capabilities, such as supporting backup of SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 with seamless transfer (e.g., less than 100ms), and provides compatibility with PV module installations. For example, the storage system 108 can be configured for new PV installations, modifications, whole-house backup operation up to 200A, sub-panel backup operation up to 200A, grid-connected operation:ToU, self-consumption, and / or daily cycle use, and can also be configured as a standalone installation without PV modules.

[0030] Figure 3 is a partial perspective view of an SP battery 200 including an integrated DC disconnect switch 300, configured for use in either an SP battery 200 or a 3P battery 202 configuration. In at least some embodiments, the DC disconnect switch 300 may be in a locked or off configuration to avoid electric shock during the installation of the SP battery 200 and / or 3P battery 202, and after the SP battery 200 and / or 3P battery 202 are installed, the DC disconnect switch 300 can be moved to an unlocked or on configuration.

[0031] Figures 4A and 4B are front and perspective views of the wall mounting bracket 400 for the SP battery. Figures 5A and 5B are front and perspective views of the wall mounting bracket 500 for the 3P battery. To mount the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202, the user can place them on a flat mounting surface with the correct side facing up. In at least some embodiments, the SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 can be positioned as close as possible to the main power supply. The user can then lift the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 while supporting it from below, and fix them in place at an angle such that the tops of the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 are mounted on the tops of the wall mounting brackets 400, 500, respectively. When the top of the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 engages with the top tabs 402, 502 of the wall mounting brackets 400 and 500, the user can lower the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 to keep it relatively vertical so that it is at the same height as the respective wall mounting bracket, until it is fully mounted on the respective wall mounting bracket shelf 404, 504. The user can then mount the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 to the mounting bracket by aligning the screw hole 302 (Figure 3) on the top of the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 with the corresponding screw holes 406, 506 on the top of the wall mounting brackets 400 and 500. In at least some embodiments, multiple mounting holes 408, 508 can be provided on the wall mounting brackets 400 and 500 for securing them to the mounting surface.

[0032] Figure 6 is a perspective view of a type of raceway 600 that may be used when installing a 3P battery 202 (e.g., three SP batteries 200) according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 7 is a diagram of a raceway 600 installed on adjacent SP batteries according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. One or more raceways 600 may be used when installing a 3P battery 202. For example, to install a raceway 600, a user can face the front of the 3P battery 202 (e.g., the front of three SP batteries 200) and insert the raceway 600 from inside the field wiring compartment 702 through the left conduit opening 700 of the right-side unit (see, for example, Figure 8) so that the arms 602 of the raceway 600 face upward. The user can then push the body 604 of the raceway 600 through the left conduit opening 700 into the right conduit opening 704 (not shown) of the left unit of the adjacent battery of the three SP batteries 200 until one or more snap features 606 (e.g., a pair of snap features, one is shown) on the raceway 600 engage with the enclosure of the left unit. Once fully inserted, the user can rotate the arm 602 (e.g., towards the user or downward) until the arm 602 stops. In at least some embodiments, the arm 602 may include a C-shaped notch 610 configured to engage a corresponding projection (not shown) to lock the arm 602 in a fixed or locked configuration. Each of the left conduit openings 700 of the three SP batteries 202 has a flat surface without additional features. A relatively large seal on the raceway 600 is configured to mate with the left conduit opening 700. A pair of O-rings 608 are positioned between the arm 602 and the snap feature 606. For example, the right conduit opening 704 has a groove around the hole to fit the O-ring 608 of the raceway 600, and the left conduit opening 700 has a groove around the hole to fit the other O-ring 608 of the raceway 600.The O-ring 608 is trapped in the groove between the 3P battery 202 enclosure and the flange 612 of the raceway 600 adjacent to the O-ring 608 (see, for example, Figure 7).

[0033] Figure 8 is a partial perspective view of an SP battery 200 according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. Using conductors and one or more suitable conduits, a user can connect an AC disconnect (not shown) to the SP battery 200. The user can use conduit openings 800 to connect to conduits and pass wires through them. In one embodiment, the breaker can function as an AC disconnect when the smart switch 110 is in line of sight. The user can then connect each wire of the terminal block 802 in the field wiring compartment 702 to their corresponding conductors (e.g., wiring and ground), each terminal accepting two 12-8AWG conductors (11mm / 7 / 16 inch strip length) and being able to be tightened up to 14 inch pounds. When installing 3P batteries 202, wires can be routed from SP battery 200 to adjacent SP battery 200 via the raceway 600. There are two positions for each wiring and ground in the terminal block 802, allowing for daisy-chain connections. If an additional SP battery or 3P battery needs to be connected, the user can connect the field wiring compartments using an additional set of conduits and wires.

[0034] Figure 9 is a perspective view of a 3P battery 202 without the cover 900 and with the cover 900 installed (enclosed), according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The user can place the cover 900 on the 3P battery 202 (e.g., three SP batteries) and slide the cover 900 onto the 3P battery 202 so that the internal guides (not shown) of the cover 900 slide easily onto the guides (not shown) on the 3P battery 202. The user can then ensure that the screw holes at the top of the cover 900 align with the corresponding screw holes (e.g., screw holes 302) on the 3P battery and connect the cover to the 3P battery using one or more suitable screws. The cover can be connected to the SP battery 200 using a similar process.

[0035] Figure 10 shows SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 having cover 1000 and cover 900 according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 are shown in fully assembled configurations, each including cover 1000 (e.g., first cover) and 900 (e.g., second cover), respectively, configured to maintain the integrity of the NEM. As described above, the SP battery 200 can be configured for 3.36kWh / 1.28kW operation, with cover 1000 weighing approximately 45.3kg (100 lbs) and having dimensions of approximately 26.1" x 14.4" x 12.5" (H x L x D). As described above, the 3P battery 202 can be configured for 10.08kWh / 3.84kW operation, with cover 1002 weighing approximately 3 x 45.3kg (136kg, 300 lbs) and having dimensions of approximately 26.1" x 42.1" x 12.5" (H x L x D).

[0036] In at least some embodiments, the LED display 1003 or a plurality of LEDs 1004 or other suitable device may be positioned so as to be visible to the user or technician. For example, the LED display 1003 and the plurality of LEDs 1004 may be positioned so as to be visible through the front of the covers 900 and 1000 (see, for example, Figure 10). In at least some embodiments, each of the LED display 1003 and the plurality of LEDs 1004 is configured to display information. For example, in at least some embodiments, the LED display 1003 and the plurality of LEDs 1004 are configured to display performance information, cell information for single-phase AC-coupled batteries and three-phase AC-coupled batteries, microinverter status information, guidance to technicians such as debugging, and status information for single-phase AC-coupled batteries and three-phase AC-coupled batteries, including battery failure, microinverter failure, or firmware upgrade. In at least some embodiments, instructions for decoding the LED signaling may be provided, for example, in a technician's manual, to present the processing flow and status.

[0037] For example, after cover 1000 is connected to SP battery 200 and / or cover 900 is connected to 3P battery 202, the storage system 108 of the energy management system 100 is powered on (e.g., enters a startup process), and LED 1004 may be configured to flash one or more appropriate colors, such as yellow, red, and green, during the startup process. In at least some embodiments, the storage system 108 may be configured such that failure to flash one or more colors during startup may indicate a fault. After SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 are powered on and the gateway detects SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202, LED 1004 may be configured as follows: In at least some embodiments, LED 1004 may flash yellow (or another appropriate color) while each of SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 is powered on. In at least some embodiments, if LED 1004 flashes green (or another appropriate color) rapidly for two minutes or more (or another appropriate time frame), this can indicate that the SP battery 200 and 3P battery 2020 are in trickle charging mode and will remain so until the SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 reach a minimum charge state (up to 30 minutes or another appropriate time frame). After the SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202 are activated, LED 1004 may be configured to flash blue or green (or another appropriate color) depending on the charge level. If LED 1004 flashes yellow (or another appropriate color) or changes to flashing red (or another appropriate color) after one hour (or another appropriate time frame), this may indicate a malfunction. Table 1 shows examples of various LED operations suitable for use in the storage system 108. [Table 1]

[0038] The microinverter 204 is configured to communicate via power line communication (PLC). For example, the PLC is configured for internal communication between the battery controller 113 of the storage system 108 and the microinverter 204 inside each of the SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202. In addition, the battery controller 113 of the storage system 108, which includes each of the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202, is configured to support wireless communication for communicating with gateways such as 2.4GHz and 900MHz. The wireless communication interface can be via IEEE 802.15.4 (MODBUS or SEP2.0 running on ZigBee) running on ZigBee, or other suitable wireless communication interfaces such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. In at least some embodiments, the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 may be configured to communicate via one or more higher-level protocols running on top of Zigbee. The SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202 is configured to be updated to new protocols via software upgrades. All software and firmware components included in the storage system 108 can be upgraded remotely, for example, without the user needing to download them from a server. The battery controller 113 is configured to translate / filter / aggregate messages received from the microinverter 204 before sending traffic to the gateway, for example, by translating messages between the gateway and PV and sending the appropriate selected messages from each side. For example, the battery controller 113 of the storage system 108 is configured to select (use) several predefined parameters (and / or events) in order to communicate with the gateway.

[0039] The storage system 108, including the SP battery 200 or 3P battery 202, is configured to support existing grid-connected operating modes and features in both grid-connected and off-grid modes, including, but not limited to, self-consumption in grid-connected mode, ToU optimization in grid-connected mode, demand charge reduction in grid-connected mode, demand management in grid-connected mode, and / or range extension in off-grid mode.

[0040] The minimum AC power supply may be approximately 3.36 kWh, and since the storage system 108 is modular and expandable, the user can install as many storage systems 108 as needed to power the electrical appliances of their choice, along with 12 SP batteries 200 or 4 3P batteries 202. The energy management system 100 provides the user with maximum flexibility, allowing them to back up the entire or partial home with a rated energy capacity of up to 40 kWh and a power rating exceeding 15 kW.

[0041] The storage system 108 includes a remote monitoring system. For example, in at least some embodiments, the storage system 108 includes a cloud interface or other server-based system (e.g., tertiary control 112) configured to send notification alerts when the charge state of the SP battery 200 and / or 3P battery 202 is extremely low (e.g., less than 0.5%). The remote monitoring system is configured to provide information from the storage system 108 to enable estimation of the charge state based on the self-discharge rate of the storage system 108 and to send notifications, for example, when the storage system is not communicating via the combiner / gateway. The energy management system 100 and its components communicate with each other and with the cloud interface using industry-standard encrypted messaging and authentication.

[0042] Figure 11 is a screenshot 1100 of a cloud interface (e.g., tertiary control 112) for use in an energy management system 100, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in screenshot 1100, the cloud interface of the remote monitoring system provides real-time power flow with local grid connection status and control, and provides configurable single-phase AC coupled battery and three-phase AC coupled battery profiles to optimize at least self-consumption or usage time, and provides homeowners with estimation tools for storage system sizing and solar power generation sizing, or troubleshooting functions for identifying and correcting problems with the energy management system 100.

[0043] Figure 12 shows a combiner 107, including a gateway 1200 and a wireless communication interface kit 1202 (e.g., the ENSEMBLE® line of communication kits available from Enphase Energy, Inc., Petaluma, California), according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The gateway 1200 is configured to measure PV production and residential energy consumption. The gateway 1200 also includes a gateway controller 1204 coupled to a bus and communicating with, for example, a power conditioner (e.g., via a PLC) and / or other types of wired and / or wireless technologies (e.g., 2.4 GHz and 900 MHz), as described above. The gateway controller 1204 (and battery controller 113) comprises transceivers, support circuitry, and memory, each coupled to a CPU (not shown). The CPU comprises one or more conventionally available microprocessors or microcontrollers, or the CPU may comprise one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). The gateway controller 1204 sends commands and control signals to one or more power conditioners and / or receives data (e.g., status information, performance information, etc.) from one or more power conditioners. In some embodiments, the gateway controller 1204 may be a gateway further coupled to the master controller via a communication network (e.g., the Internet) to communicate data (e.g., performance information, etc.) to / from the master controller by wireless and / or wired technology. In at least some embodiments, the gateway controller 1204 may be configured to function as the battery controller 113 of the storage system 108.

[0044] The combiner 107 or gateway 1200 is configured to support one or more circuits. For example, in at least some embodiments, the gateway 1200 can support up to four circuits (e.g., either solar and storage configurations) using one or more of the following: busbars (e.g., Eaton busbars), circuit breakers (e.g., BR breakers, 10A gateway breakers, etc.).

[0045] The combiner 107 or gateway 1200 provides the storage system with frequency and voltage values ​​(e.g., droop control) as a guide for how much energy is being charged and discharged from the SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202. For example, the gateway 1200 sends frequency (F) and voltage (V) values ​​(bias) to the battery controller 113 of the storage system 108, which can control the microinverter 204 of the SP battery 200 and / or 3P battery 202. The F and V values ​​are sent to the battery controller 113 for secondary control, which may occur over several seconds, and the battery controller 113 can determine the power of charging and discharging the SP battery 200 and / or 3P battery 202. In addition, the PV module is configured to locally measure its own F and V and control them during backup operations (e.g., every few milliseconds).

[0046] The Gateway 1200 is configured for single-stud mounting and is therefore supplied within an enclosure (e.g., a durable NEMA Type 3R enclosure similar to the enclosure or cover for the SP Battery 200 or 3P Battery 202) that is easy to install and can accept conduit entries along the sides, bottom, and / or rear of the enclosure.

[0047] Figure 13 shows various views of the smart switch 110 according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The smart switch 110 includes a reliable and durable NEMA Type 3R enclosure. The smart switch 110 may include a housing 1300 with a front cover 1301 that is approximately 19.7 inches wide and 36 inches high. The smart switch 110 may include a main enclosure 1302 that is approximately 18.8 inches wide, 33.8 inches high and 7.2 inches deep, with a distance of approximately 9.7 inches between the rear 1304 of the main enclosure 1302 and the front 1303 of the front cover.

[0048] The smart switch 110 is configured to provide a consistent, pre-wired solution to the user (e.g., a residential user) by integrating interconnecting equipment into a single enclosure and streamlining the grid-independent functionality and battery storage facilities of the PV 106. Along with the functionality of the smart switch 110, the smart switch 110 also includes input circuits for the PV 106, storage system 108, and generator 109. The smart switch 110 includes an input configured to connect to either the entry meter 105 or one of the main load panels 104.

[0049] For use in the energy management system 100, smart switches are available from Enphase Energy, Inc. of Petaluma, California, under the ENSEMBLE® line of smart switches. The smart switch 110 can be installed using a wall mounting bracket, as described in more detail below, and can be installed in compliance with national and local electrical regulations and standards.

[0050] The smart switch 110 is MID (e.g., according to NEC Section 705) and can be configured for backup by disconnecting current capacities of 100A, 150A, or 200A, providing a seamless transition to backup during power grid outages. The smart switch 110 includes an automatic transformer supporting 120V / 240V in backup, internal connections for SP battery 200 and 3P battery 202, combiner 107 (AC), and backup load panels. The smart switch 110 supports whole-house and sub-panel backup, includes enclosures for indoor and outdoor installation, supports 2.4GHz and 900MHz wireless communication, and supports generator integration.

[0051] The smart switch 110 provides a secure control connection to the power grid 101, is configured to automatically detect power grid outages and provide a seamless transition to backup. The smart switch 110 can be connected to the entry side of one or more loads 103 or main load panel 104 (Figure 1), includes a central mounting bracket that supports mounting to one or more mounting surfaces, supports conduit entries from the bottom, lower left side, and / or lower right side, supports whole-house, partial house backup, and sub-panel backup, supports main breakers up to 200A, and includes a neutralizing transformer for split-phase 120 / 240V backup operation. The smart switch 110 streamlines grid-independent functionality and storage system 108 installation of the PV 106.

[0052] Figure 14 includes a diagram of the installation of the circuit breaker of the smart switch 110, the lug at the main breaker location, and the breaker installed at the main breaker location, according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The smart switch 110 includes a rear panel 1400 configured to support the electrical components of the smart switch 110 and expose the main breaker 1402 (e.g., 200A). The main breaker 1402 is connected to a main lug housing 1404 which includes a connection area 1406 to which the main breaker 1402 connects. The main lug housing 1404 is supported on the rear panel 1400. The main breaker 1402 includes a switch 1408 and two connection areas 1410 configured to receive corresponding wires (not shown). The smart switch 110 streamlines grid-independent functionality of the PV106 and storage facilities by linking internal connection devices into a single enclosure and providing the user with a consistent, pre-wired solution. In addition to the above functions, the smart switch 110 may be configured to include PV, storage system, and generator input circuits.

[0053] Figures 15A–15D are diagrams of an electrical panel 1500 including electrical details of a smart switch 110 according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 15A shows a rear cover 1502 that partially covers the electrical panel 1500 of the smart switch 110. The rear cover 1502 includes a door 1504 that covers a control PCBA 1506 (Figure 15B) and an autotransformer (not shown). The rear cover 1502 includes openings through which one or more circuit breakers, Eaton breakers, relays, MID relays, connectors, busbars, and other electrical components of the electrical panel 1500 (Figure 15A) extend. For example, the electrical panel 1500 may include an AC combiner breaker 1508, a battery storage system breaker 1510, an automatic transformer breaker 1512, a generator breaker 1514, a main breaker 1402, a main relay (e.g., 200A), a main breaker 1518 for service disconnection, an I / O connector 1520, and one or more connectors 1522 for the combiner 107, the storage system 108, and the generator 109 (Figures 15A and 15C). Wiring from the electrical panel 1500 is supplied from the smart switch 110 to various components of the energy management system 100 (e.g., the combiner 107, the storage system 108, and the generator 109) or to components connected to the energy management system 100, such as the main load panel 104 (Figure 15D).

[0054] Figure 16 is a diagram of a wall mount 1600 used to mount a smart switch 110 of an energy management system 100, Figure 17 is a diagram of a bracket 1700 for the smart switch 110, and Figure 18 is a diagram of the smart switch 110 mounted on a mounting surface 1800, all of which are according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The wall mount 1600 includes a plurality of openings 1602. The openings 1602 are configured to receive one or more fasteners through which the wall mount 1600 is mounted to the mounting surface 1800. The bracket 1700 is configured to connect to the back of the smart switch 110 and the wall mount 1600. For example, in at least some embodiments, the bracket 1700 includes fixing tabs 1702 (e.g., generally L-shaped) configured to interlock with the sides of the smart switch 110. During installation, the user aligns the multiple openings 1602 of the wall mount 1600 with the multiple openings 1704 of the bracket 1700 and moves one or more fasteners (e.g., bolts, screws, etc., not shown) through the openings 1602 and 1704 to the mounting surface 1800, such as a single stud, wood, brick, or concrete wall. The user can then mount / connect the smart switch 110 to the bracket 1700 by pressing the smart switch 110 against the bracket 1700 until the fixing tabs 1702 engage with the side of the housing 1300 of the smart switch 110.

[0055] The smart switch 110 is configured to provide MID functionality that allows the home to be grid-independent, enabling grid-independent functionality. The smart switch 110 is also configured to provide connectivity for easier installation of storage systems, PV modules, and generators into the user's home energy system. The smart switch 110 can also be configured to manage load imbalances in the user's home. For example, the smart switch 110 may include general-purpose relays that can be used to control loads and load subpanels and to operate external devices such as power contactors and relays for controlling heating and HVAC thermostats, water heaters, electric chargers, and other electrical loads. In at least some embodiments, the smart switch 110 includes two normally open and two normally closed general-purpose relay I / Os and one generator control relay I / O. The generator I / O can remotely start and stop generators and other resources such as power generation and energy storage devices such as fuel cells.

[0056] A microgrid system can be defined as an on-premises wiring system that includes power generation, energy storage, and loads, or any combination thereof, and includes the ability to disconnect and connect in parallel with the primary power source. Such a system is also called an intentionally isolated system.

[0057] According to this disclosure, the smart switch 110 can comply with: (1) being required for any connection between a microgrid system and a primary power supply; (2) being listed or field-labeled for the application; and (3) having a sufficient number of overcurrent devices to provide overcurrent protection from all sources.

[0058] Multiple smart switches (multiple MIDs) can be configured to back up individual 200A load panels. In such embodiments, each smart switch requires a corresponding combiner / gateway and can be configured as an independent system in backup mode. The smart switches can form independent islands with the associated load panels during backup operation. In at least some embodiments, these islands do not need to be connected to each other during backup operation, and the loads, storage systems, and PV modules within each island can be isolated from the rest of the energy management system via each smart switch.

[0059] The smart switch 110 communicates with the gateway 1200 via one or more suitable wireless interfaces (for example, using the IEEE 802.15.4 specification to create a personal area network requiring low data transfer rates, energy efficiency, and a secure network). For this purpose, a wireless adapter (USB dongle) can be configured to connect to a USB port located in the combiner / gateway (e.g., inside the combiner / gateway enclosure). In at least some embodiments, the wireless adapter can be configured as a fail-safe mechanism. In such embodiments, the wireless adapter can be configured to operate in two or more frequency bands, such as 2.4 GHz and 915 MHz, the former being the primary communication band, and if primary communication fails, the smart switch establishes communication with the latter.

[0060] In addition to the installation configuration shown in Figure 1, the energy management system 100 can be installed in other configurations. For example, Figure 19 shows a backup for the entire house using the energy management system 100 at the service entrance and a combiner 107 (or gateway 1200) connected to the main load panel 104. When the user backs up the main load panel 104, the combiner circuit size of the combiner 107 is approximately 80A, and the combiner connection space on the smart switch 110 can be left open. Therefore, when the existing combiner is connected to the main load panel 104, the user can add an additional storage system including an SP battery 200 and / or a 3P battery 202 to the energy management system 100, or the user can keep the combiner connected to the main load panel 104 and connect the storage system 108 and / or additional SP batteries and 3P batteries to the smart switch 110.

[0061] Figure 20 shows a backup configuration supported by the energy management system 100 according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The energy management system 100 can be configured for partial residential backup, for example, when the PV 106 circuit exceeds 80A, using a sub-panel 2000 backup for load 103 (e.g., a critical load or backup load) together with a main load panel 104 connected to other loads 111 (e.g., a critical load or backup load) in a combiner 107 connected to the service entrance and sub-panel 2000. Space available in the smart switch 110 of the energy management system 100 can be left open for the combiner 107 connection.

[0062] Figure 21 shows a backup configuration supported by the energy management system 100 according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. The energy management system 100 can be configured for partial residential backup using a sub-panel 2000 (e.g., critical load) backup with the main load panel 104 in a combiner 107 connected to the service entrance and the smart switch 110 of the energy management system 100, for example, when the PV 106 circuit is less than 80A.

[0063] Figure 22 shows a backup configuration supported by the energy management system 100 according to at least some embodiments of the present disclosure. In at least some embodiments, the energy management system 100 may be configured for self-consumption, for example, without using a smart switch. In such a configuration, when a storage system 108 including an SP battery 200 and / or a 3P battery 202 is added, and a combiner for self-consumption in a grid-connected application without an option for backup during a power outage, the combiner 107 and the storage system 108 do not operate when the grid is unavailable.

[0064] In at least some embodiments, the energy management system 100 for partial backup may consist of different power breaker downgrades. For example, for a 200A main panel busbar (e.g., 240A at 120% capacity), the breaker downgrade for a 200A power breaker may be calculated using the total capacity available for PV and storage (240A - 200A = 40A), and the breaker downgrade for a 150A power breaker may be calculated using the total capacity available for PV and storage (240A - 150A = 90A). Other calculations may also be used to determine the power breaker downgrade.

[0065] In at least some embodiments, when the energy management system 100 is configured for overall backup, the PV 106 and storage system 108 are connected to the smart switch 110 on the power grid side of the main load panel 104, eliminating the need for a main panel upgrade, and the main load panel 104 is still protected by the main breaker of the main load panel 104 that protected the main load panel 104 before it was connected to the PV 106 and storage system 108, for example, without violating the 120% rule. Similarly, the energy management system 100 can be configured for partial backup, for example, by downsizing the power breaker in the main load panel 104, thus avoiding the MPU. For example, by downsizing the 200A breaker to 150A for a 200A main load panel, 90A of the PV 106 and storage system 108 capacity would be available without an MPU. Some of the advantages of the Energy Management System 100 include, but are not limited to, proven high reliability of the IQ Series Micro, a single point of failure for distributed AC architecture and string inverter and DC coupling solutions, passive cooling (no high failure rate moving parts, fans, pumps), reliability such as a single reliable partner to address all customer needs: installation, monitoring, customer service, and warranty; flexible PV and storage solutions for new and retrofit installations, scalability including 3.36kWh / 1.28kW unit battery storage, and AC coupling for easy future expansion; smartness such as simple design and installation with integrated controls, seamless transition to backup, wireless communication; safety including AC voltage safety, LFP cell safety, and best-in-class battery storage safety: UN38.3, UL1973, UL1998, UL991, 9540, 9540A, etc.

[0066] While the foregoing is directed toward embodiments of the present disclosure, other or further embodiments of the present disclosure may be derived without departing from its basic scope, the scope of which will be determined by the subsequent claims. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0067] 100 Energy Management Systems 101 Power Grid 103 load 104 Main Load Panel 106 PV 107 Combiner 108 Storage Systems 110 Smart Switch 112 Third-order control 113 Battery Controller

Claims

1. A storage system configured for use in an energy management system, A single-phase AC coupled battery or a three-phase AC coupled battery, Multiple microinverters configured to connect to one or more battery cell core packs forming a local grid, A controller configured to detect when the single-phase AC coupled battery or the three-phase AC coupled battery is charging or discharging, and to store energy when energy is abundant and make it available when energy is insufficient. Equipped with, A storage system comprising a controller configured to receive frequency and voltage values ​​from a gateway, control the plurality of microinverters configured for use with the single-phase AC-coupled battery and the three-phase AC-coupled battery, and determine the charging and discharging power of the single-phase AC-coupled battery and the three-phase AC-coupled battery, respectively.

2. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of microinverters are field-replaceable so that the plurality of microinverters configured for use with the single-phase AC coupled battery are further configured for use with the three-phase AC coupled battery.

3. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein the single-phase AC coupled battery or the three-phase AC coupled battery is configured to be charged or discharged at a given C rate, and the controller is further configured to detect when to charge or discharge the single-phase AC coupled battery or the three-phase AC coupled battery at at least one of a predetermined hourly, daily, and monthly schedule for charging and discharging at different C rates.

4. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein the single-phase AC coupled battery and the three-phase AC coupled battery are lithium-ion batteries including a lithium iron phosphate battery.

5. The aforementioned single-phase AC coupled battery has a capacity of 3.36 kWh and a rated continuous output power of 1.28 kVA. The storage system according to claim 1, comprising a three-phase AC coupled battery having a capacity of 10.08 kWh and a rated continuous output power of 3.84 kVA.

6. The storage system according to claim 5, wherein adjacent batteries of the three-phase AC coupled battery are connected to each other via a raceway.

7. The storage system according to claim 6, wherein the raceway comprises a body, an arm, a snap mechanism, and a pair of O-rings disposed between the snap mechanism and the arm.

8. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein the single-phase AC coupled battery and the three-phase AC coupled battery are equipped with an integrated DC disconnect switch.

9. The storage system according to claim 1, further comprising a first covering configured to surround the single-phase AC-coupled battery, or a second covering configured to surround the three-phase AC-coupled battery.

10. The storage system according to claim 1, further comprising a first mount configured to connect to the single-phase AC-coupled battery for mounting the single-phase AC-coupled battery, or a second mount configured to connect to the three-phase AC-coupled battery for mounting the three-phase AC-coupled battery.

11. The storage system according to claim 10, wherein each of the first mount and the second mount comprises a top tab, a bracket shelf, and screw holes that align with corresponding screw holes on the tops of the single-phase AC coupled battery and the three-phase AC coupled battery.

12. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein each of the single-phase AC coupled battery and the three-phase AC coupled battery comprises an LED display or at least one of a plurality of LEDs.

13. The storage system according to claim 12, wherein each of the LED display and the plurality of LEDs is configured to display performance information, cell information of the single-phase AC-coupled battery and the three-phase AC-coupled battery, microinverter status information, guidance for technicians, and status information of the single-phase AC-coupled battery and the three-phase AC-coupled battery, including battery failure, microinverter failure, or firmware upgrade.

14. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of microinverters are configured to communicate with each other and with the controller via power line communication.

15. The storage system according to claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to support wireless communication for communicating with the gateway of the energy management system.

16. Real-time power flow based on local grid connection status. Configurable single-phase AC coupled battery and three-phase AC coupled battery profiles for optimizing at least one of self-consumption or usage time, The storage system according to claim 1, further comprising a tertiary control configured to provide a cloud interface configured to provide at least one troubleshooting function for identifying and correcting problems in the energy management system.

17. It is an energy management system, A smart switch including an input configured to connect to one of the meter or main load panel at the service entrance, wherein the smart switch is configured to support one of the following: whole-house backup, partial-house backup, and sub-panel backup. A storage system connected to the smart switch, wherein the storage system is A single-phase AC coupled battery or a three-phase AC coupled battery, Multiple microinverters configured to connect to one or more battery cell core packs forming a local grid, A storage system including a controller configured to detect when the single-phase AC-coupled battery or the three-phase AC-coupled battery is being charged or discharged, and to store energy when energy is abundant and make it available when energy is scarce, A combiner connected to one or more solar power generation systems, and one or more smart switches or one of the main load panels. Equipped with, An energy management system comprising a controller configured to receive frequency and voltage values ​​from a gateway, control a plurality of microinverters configured for use with the single-phase AC-coupled battery and the three-phase AC-coupled battery, and determine the charging and discharging power of the single-phase AC-coupled battery and the three-phase AC-coupled battery, respectively.

18. The energy management system according to claim 17, wherein the plurality of microinverters are field-replaceable so that the plurality of microinverters configured for use with the single-phase AC-coupled battery are further configured for use with the three-phase AC-coupled battery.

19. The energy management system according to claim 17, wherein the single-phase AC coupled battery or the three-phase AC coupled battery is configured to be charged or discharged at a given C rate, and the controller is further configured to detect when to charge or discharge the single-phase AC coupled battery or the three-phase AC coupled battery at at least one of a predetermined hourly, daily, and monthly schedule for charging and discharging at different C rates.

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