MAGNETIC ASSEMBLIES AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING OPTICAL EFFECT LAYERS COMPRISING ORIENTED PLATELET-SHAPED MAGNETIC OR MAGNETIZABLE PIGMENT PARTICLES

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of protecting security documents, such as banknotes and identification documents, to combat counterfeiting and illegal reproduction. Specifically, the present invention provides magnetic assemblies and methods for producing optical effect layers (OELs) on a substrate. The method comprises a step in which a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic assembly, thereby biaxially orienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.

Description

MAGNETIC ASSEMBLIES AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING OPTICAL EFFECT LAYERS COMPRISING ORIENTED PLATELET-SHAPED MAGNETIC OR MAGNETIZABLE PIGMENT PARTICLES FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of magnetic assemblies and methods for producing optical effect layers (OELs) comprising magnetically oriented, platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. Specifically, the present invention provides magnetic assemblies and methods for magnetically orienting platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in coating layers to produce OELs, ​​and the use of such OELs as anti-counterfeiting means in security documents or security articles, as well as for decorative purposes. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The use of inks, compositions, coatings, or layers containing oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, specifically optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, for the production of security features, for example, in the field of security documents, is known in the art. Coatings or layers comprising oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are disclosed, for example, in US patents 2570856, 3676273, 3791864, 5630877, and 5364689. Coatings or layers comprising color-changing oriented magnetic pigment particles, which produce particularly attractive optical effects useful for the protection of security documents, are disclosed in WO 2002 / 090002 A2 and WO 2005 / 002866 A1. Security features, for example, for security documents, can generally be classified into hidden security features on the one hand, and overt security features on the other. The protection provided by hidden security features is based on the principle that these features are difficult to detect, usually requiring specialized equipment and knowledge for their detection. Overt security features, on the other hand, are based on the concept that they are easily detectable without the aid of human senses; for example, such features may be visible and / or detectable through touch while remaining difficult to reproduce and / or copy. However, the effectiveness of overt security features depends largely on their easy recognition as a security feature. Magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in printing inks or coatings enable the production of magnetically induced images, designs, and / or patterns by applying a corresponding structured magnetic field. This induces a local orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in the still-wet (i.e., wet) coating, after which the coating hardens. The result is a fixed and stable magnetically induced image, design, or pattern. Materials and technologies for orienting magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in coating compositions have been described, for example, frílOfr ίΩ / 77Ω7 / E / YILI in US patents 2418479 and 2570856. US 3791864, DE 2006848-A, US 3676273, US 5364689, US 6103361, EP 0 406 667 B1; US 2002 / 0160194; US 2004 / 0009308; EP 0 710 508 A1; WO 2002 / 09002 A2; WO 2003 / 000801 A2; WO 2005 / 002866 A1; WO 2006 / 061301 A1.In this way, magnetically induced patterns can be produced that are highly resistant to counterfeiting. The security feature in question can only be reproduced by having access to both the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and the corresponding ink, as well as the specific technology used to print said ink and orient the pigment within the printed ink. The methods and devices described above use magnetic arrays to monoaxially orient platelet-shaped magnetic pigment particles. The monoaxial orientation of the magnetic pigment particles results in adjacent particles having their major axis parallel to each other and to the magnetic field, while their minor axis in the plane of the pigment particles is not limited by the applied magnetic field, or is much less so. With the aim of producing coatings or layers comprising biaxially oriented magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, methods have been developed to generate time-dependent, variable direction magnetic fields, thus enabling the biaxial orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. WO 2015 / 086257 A1 discloses a method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate, said process comprising two magnetic orientation steps, said steps consisting of i) exposing a coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to a dynamic magnetic field, i.e., changing direction, from a first magnetic field generating device, thereby biaxially orienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and i) exposing the coating composition to a static magnetic field from a second magnetic field generating device, thereby monoaxially reorienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles according to a design transferred by said second magnetic field generating device. EP 2 157 141 A1 discloses magnetic field generating devices comprising a linear arrangement of at least three magnets arranged in a staggered or zigzag pattern, each of said three magnets having its magnetic axis substantially perpendicular to the substrate surface and said at least three magnets on the same side of a feed path having the same polarity, which opposes the polarity of the magnet or magnets on the opposite side of the staggered feed path. The arrangement of the at least three magnets provides a predetermined change in the field direction as platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in a coating composition move past the magnets (direction of movement represented as an arrow).However, as those skilled in the art already know, magnetic fields decrease rapidly with the distance between the magnets and the sample. Therefore, the feed path of the magnetic field generating devices in EP 2 157 141 A1 has a limited width, which restricts the production of large optical effect layers. Additionally, the process described in document frílOfr ίΩ / 77Ω7 / B / YILI. ER 2 157 141 A1 would require long feed paths, with the consequence of having a large number of magnets arranged in a staggered pattern, where such long feed paths are not compatible with the limited space available in industrial presses. Documents WO 2015 / 086257 A1, WO 2018 / 019594 A1, and EP 3 224 055 B1 disclose devices and processes for producing optical effect layers (OELs) comprising magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles biaxially oriented. The process discloses a step of exposing the pigment particles to a dynamic magnetic field from a magnetic assembly comprising a cylindrical Halbach assembly, wherein said Halbach assembly is, respectively, a linear Halbach array disposed on one side of the substrate carrying the orientable pigment particles in documents WO 2015 / 086257 A1 and WO 2018 / 019594 A1, and a cylindrical Halbach assembly in document EP3 224 055 B1.Documents WO 2015 / 086257 A1 and WO 2018 / 019594 A1 may have the same problems as those described in documents EP 2 157 141 A1 and EP 3 224 055 B1, which require that the curing of the layer be carried out within the cylinder assembly, making impossible a possible reorientation stage of magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. US patent 2007 / 0172261 A1 discloses rotating magnets or magnetic assemblies that generate radially symmetric, time-varying magnetic fields, wherein said magnets or magnetic assemblies are driven by a shaft (or spindle) connected to an external motor. CN patent 102529326 B discloses examples of devices comprising rotating magnets that could be suitable for biaxially orienting magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. WO patents WO 2015 / 082344 A1, WO 2016 / 026896 A1, and WO 2018 / 141547 A1 disclose shaftless rotating magnets or magnetic assemblies confined in a housing made of nonmagnetic material and driven by one or more coils of magnetic wire wound around the housing.However, rotating magnets or magnetic assemblies may encounter difficulties or be impossible to use in industrial printing presses such as those disclosed, for example, in documents EP 1 648 702 B1 or EP 1 961 559 A1. These difficulties may include the need to redesign existing industrial printing presses, including the supply of electrical power and the transmission of control signals to operate the motors of the rotating magnets. Therefore, there remains a need for improved magnetic assemblies and methods to produce homogeneous biaxial magnetic orientation of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles embedded in coating layers to form optical effect layers (OELs). These methods must be mechanically robust and easy to implement with high-speed industrial printing equipment, specifically rotary magnetic drums, without requiring tedious, cumbersome, and costly modifications to the equipment. Specifically, there is a need for compact magnetic assemblies with a wide feed path / usable working area, and for methods suitable for orienting magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles over large printed areas, as well as printed areas located up to 20 mm from these magnetic assemblies. phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art. This is achieved by providing a magnetic assembly (xOO) for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x20), said magnetic assembly (xOO) being configured to receive the substrate (x20) in an orientation substantially parallel to and above a foreground plane, said foreground plane being situated on the upper surface of the two second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) and further comprising: a) at least a first game (S1) and a second game (S2), each of the first and second games (S1, S2) comprising: i) a first dipole bar magnet (x31) having a first thickness (L1), a first length (L4) and a first width (L5), and having its magnetic axis oriented so that it is substantially parallel to the first plane, i) two second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) having a second thickness (L2), a second length (L6) and a second width (L7), the two second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) having their upper surfaces level with each other, and having their magnetic axes oriented so that they are substantially perpendicular to the first plane, the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the first set (S1) having a magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the second set (S2), the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) being separated by a first distance (d1),having the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the first set (S1) substantially the same first length (L4) and first width (L5) as the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the second set (S2), and the two second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first set (S1) substantially the same second lengths (L6) and second widths (L7) as the two second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the second set (S2), the first dipole bar magnet (x31) and the second dipole bar magnet (x32ay x32b) of each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) being aligned to form a column, wherein the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is respectively positioned between the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) and separated from them by a second distance (d2), the first width (L5) and the second length (L6) being substantially equal,pointing the north pole of a second dipolar bar magnet (x32a and x32b) of each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) towards the foreground, while the north pole of the first dipolar bar magnet (x31) points towards said one, and pointing the south pole of the other of the second dipolar bar magnet (x32ay x32b) of each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) towards the foreground and phenol? ίη / ζζηζ / E / γίΛΐ pointing the south pole of the first dipolar bar magnet (x31) towards said other, and further comprising: b) a first pair (P1) of third dipolar bar magnets (x33ay x33b) having a third thickness (L3), a third length (L8) and a third width (L9) and having their magnetic axes oriented so as to be substantially parallel to the first plane, the second width (L7) of the two second dipolar bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1,S2) substantially the same value as the third width (L9) of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b), each of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) being aligned with a second bar dipole magnet (x32a and x32b) of the first set (S1) and a second bar dipole magnet (x32a and x32b) of the second set (S2), so as to form two lines, the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) being situated between and separated from the respective second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) by a third distance (d3), the north poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) pointing, respectively, towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) and the north poles of said second bar dipole magnets pointing (x32ay x32b) towards the foreground or pointing the south poles of the third bar dipoles (x33ay x33b), respectively,towards one of the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) and pointing the south poles of said second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) towards the foreground, wherein the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2), the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) are at least partially embedded in a non-magnetic support matrix. This document also describes the uses of the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein to produce the optical effect layer (OEL) on the substrate (x20) described herein. Also described in this document are printing apparatus comprising the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein, mounted near a transfer device preferably selected from the group consisting of chains, belts, cylinders and combinations thereof. Also described herein are the methods for producing the optical effect layer (OEL) described herein on the substrate (x20) described herein and the optical effect layers (OELs) obtained therefrom, said methods comprising the steps of: i) applying onto the surface of a substrate (x20) a radiation-curable coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, wherein an X-axis and a Y-axis define a predominant plane of particle extension, said radiation-curable coating composition being in a first liquid state, thus forming a coating layer (x10); ii) exposing the coating layer (x10) to a magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (xOO) frílOfr ίΩ / 77Ω7 / Β / YΙΛΙ described herein to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles; iii) cure at least partially the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) and that it passes into a second solid state, so as to fix the magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations. Also described in this document are the optical effect layers (OELs) obtained by the methods described in this document and / or by the use of the printing devices described in this document, as well as their uses as anti-counterfeiting means in documents and articles (in other words, to protect and authenticate documents and articles), as well as for decorative purposes. The magnetic assemblies and methods provided by the present invention are mechanically robust and easy to implement with high-speed industrial printing equipment, without requiring tedious, cumbersome, and costly modifications to said equipment. Additionally, the magnetic assemblies and methods of the present invention allow for the homogeneous biaxially orienting of magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in plate form and are also suitable for producing optical effect layers over large printed areas, as well as printed areas placed up to 20 mm from said magnetic assemblies. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The magnetic assemblies (xOO) and methods described herein for producing optical effect layers (OEL) on the substrate (x20) described herein are described below in more detail with reference to the specific figures and modalities, where Figure 1 schematically illustrates a platelet-shaped pigment particle. Figure 2A schematically illustrates a method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (220) according to the present invention, wherein a coating layer (not shown in Figure 2A) comprising platelet-shaped pigment particles is moved (see arrow) near and above the magnetic assembly (200) to be exposed to the magnetic field of said magnetic assembly (200) and is then at least partially cured by a curing unit (250). The magnetic assembly (200) comprises a first set (S1) comprising a first bar dipole magnet (231) and two second bar dipole magnets (232a and 232b), and a second set (S2) comprising a first bar dipole magnet (231) and two second bar dipole magnets (232a and 232b) and a first pair (P1) of third bar dipole magnets (233a and 233b). Figures 2B1 to 2B3 schematically illustrate the cross-sections of a set (Sx) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (231) and two second dipole bar magnets (232ay 232b), wherein the upper surface of the first dipole bar magnets (231) is level with the upper surface of the two second dipole bar magnets (232ay 232b), wherein Figure 2B2 illustrates a method wherein the substrate (220) faces the set (Sx) and Figure 2B3 illustrates a method wherein the coating layer (210) comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles faces the set (Sx). phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi Figures 2C1 to 2C3 and 2D1 to 2D3 schematically illustrate the cross-sections of a set (Sx) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (231) and two second dipole bar magnets (232a and 232b), wherein the top surface of the first dipole bar magnet (231) is not level with the top surface of the two second dipole bar magnets (232a and 232b), and wherein there is a fourth distance (d4) between the top surface of the first dipole bar magnet (231) and the top surface of the two second dipole bar magnets (232a and 232b). Figures 2C2 and 2D2 illustrate methods in which the substrate (220) faces the game (Sx) and Figures 2C3 and 2D3 illustrate methods in which the coating layer (210) comprising the plate-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles faces the game (Sx) of the magnetic assembly. Figure 3A schematically illustrates a top view of a magnetic assembly (300) comprising a first set (S1) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (331) and two second dipole bar magnets (332ay 332b), a second set (S2) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (331) and two second dipole bar magnets (332ay 332b), a third set (S3) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (331) and two second dipole bar magnets (332ay 332b), a first pair (P1) of third dipole bar magnets (333ay 333b) and a second pair (P2) of third dipole bar magnets (333ay 333b). Figure 3B schematically illustrates a cross-section of the magnetic assembly (300) of Figure 3A near a cylinder, wherein the magnetic assembly (300) has been bent to fit the curvature of the cylinder. Figure 3C schematically illustrates a view of the magnetic assembly (300) of Figures 3A and 3B near a cylinder, wherein the magnetic assembly (300) has been bent to fit the curvature of the cylinder. Figure 4 schematically illustrates a top view of a magnetic assembly (400) comprising a first set (S1) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (431) and two second dipole bar magnets (432ay 432b), a second set (S2) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (431) and two second dipole bar magnets (432ay 432b), a third set (S3) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (431) and two second dipole bar magnets (432ay 432b), a fourth set (S4) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (431) and two second dipole bar magnets (432ay 432b), a first pair (P1) of third dipole bar magnets (433ay 433b), a second pair (P2) of third dipole bar magnets (433ay 433b) and a third pair (P3) of third dipolar bar magnets (433ay 433b). Figures 5A and 5C schematically illustrate the methods for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (520) according to the present invention. The method comprises a step in which (i) the coating layer is exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (500), a further step in which the coating layer is subsequently exposed to the magnetic field of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more magnets (M1), said magnets (M1) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560), and a step (iii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured with a curing unit (550).As shown in Figures 5A to 5C, an optional step (represented by a selective curing unit (580) in parentheses) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer of step ii) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations so that one or more second areas of the coating layer are not exposed to irradiation, may be carried out before the step in which the coating layer is exposed to the magnetic field of said one or more magnets (M1) to reorient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles in said one or more second areas. Figure 5D schematically illustrates a method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (520) according to the present invention. The method comprises a step (i) in which, in a single step, the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (500) described herein and of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) or comprising one or more soft magnetic plates (M1) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said one or more hard magnetic magnets or soft magnetic plates (M1) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560), and a step (iii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured with a curing unit (550). Figure 5E schematically illustrates a method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (520) according to the present invention.The method comprises a step i) in which a) the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the magnetic field of a first magnetic assembly (500a) described herein; then b) in a single step, the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (500b) described herein and of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) or comprising one or more soft magnetic plates (M1) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said one or more hard magnetic magnets or soft magnetic plates (M1) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560); and a step iii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured with a curing unit (550).As shown in Figure 5E, an optional step (represented by a selective curing unit (580) in brackets) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer of step ii) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations so that one or more second areas of the coating layer are not exposed to irradiation, may be carried out before the single step of exposing the radiation-curable coating composition to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (500b) and the magnetic field generating device to reorient at least some of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles in said one or more second areas. Figure 5F schematically illustrates a method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (520) according to the present invention. The method comprises a step i) in which, in a single step, the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (500a) described herein and a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) or comprising one or more soft magnetic plates (M1a) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said one or more hard magnetic magnets or soft magnetic plates (M1a) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560a);a step ii) (represented by a selective curing unit (580)) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer of step ii) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations so that one or more second areas of the coating layer are not exposed to irradiation; a step iv) in which the coating layer is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (500b) described herein, to biaxially reorient the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles comprising said one or more second (still uncured) areas of the coating layer;a step v) in which the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560b); and a step vi) in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured with a curing unit (550). Figure 5G schematically illustrates a method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (520) according to the present invention. The method comprises a step (i) in which, in a single step, the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (500a) described herein and a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) or comprising one or more soft magnetic plates (M1a) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said one or more hard magnetic magnets or soft magnetic plates (M1a) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560a);a step ii) (represented by a selective curing unit (580)) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations so that one or more second areas of the coating layer are not exposed to irradiation; a step iv) in which the coating layer is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (500b) described herein, to biaxially reorient the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles comprising said one or more second (still uncured) areas of the coating layer;a step v) in which, in a single step, the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a third magnetic assembly (500c) described herein and of a second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) or comprising one or more soft magnetic plates (M1b) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said one or more hard magnetic magnets or soft magnetic plates (M1b) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560), and a step vi) in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured with a curing unit (550). Figure 5H schematically illustrates a method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (520) according to the present invention. The method comprises a step ii) in which a) the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (500a) described herein; then b) in a single step, the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (500b) described herein and a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a) or comprising one or more soft magnetic plates (M1a) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said one or more hard magnetic magnets or soft magnetic plates (M1a) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560a);a step iii) (represented by a selective curing unit (580)) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations so that one or more second areas of the coating layer are not exposed to irradiation; a step iv) in which the coating layer is exposed to the magnetic field of a third magnetic assembly (500c) described herein to biaxially reorient the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles comprising said one or more second (still uncured) areas of the coating layer;a step v) in which, in a single step, the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a fourth magnetic assembly (500d) described herein and of a second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) or comprising one or more soft magnetic plates (M1b) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said one or more hard magnetic magnets or soft magnetic plates (M1b) being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (560), and a step vi) in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured with a curing unit (550). Figure 6A schematically illustrates a comparative method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (620). Figures 7A to 7C show images of the OELs prepared using the method according to the present invention (E1, E2 and E3, left) and prepared according to a comparative method (C1, C2 and C3, right). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions The following definitions should be used to interpret the meaning of the terms discussed in the description and mentioned in the claims. phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi As used in this document, the expression "at least" means that one or more of one is defined, for example one, two, or three. As used herein, the terms “approximately” and “substantially” mean that the quantity or value in question may be the specified value designated or some other value close thereto. Generally, the terms “approximately” and “substantially,” when indicating a specific value, are intended to indicate a range within ±5% of the value. For example, the expression “approximately 100” indicates a range of 100 ± 5, i.e., the range of 95 to 105. Generally, when the terms “approximately” and “substantially” are used, it may be expected that similar results or effects according to the invention can be obtained within a range of ±5% of the stated value. The terms substantially parallel refer to deviating no more than 10° from parallel alignment and the terms substantially perpendicular refer to deviating no more than 10° from perpendicular alignment. As used herein, the expression and / or means that all or only one of the elements of that group may be present. For example, A and / or B will mean only A, or only B, or both A and B. In the case of only A, the term also covers the possibility that B is absent, i.e., only A, but not B. The verb comprising, as used herein, is intended to be non-exclusive and open-ended. Thus, for example, a coating composition comprising compound A may include other compounds besides A. However, the verb comprising also includes, as a particular modality thereof, the more restrictive meanings of consisting essentially of and consisting of, so that, for example, a source solution comprising A, B, and optionally C may also consist (essentially) of A and B, or consist (essentially) of A, B, and C. The term optical effect layer (OEL), as used herein, indicates a coating layer comprising oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and a binder, wherein said platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented by a magnetic field and wherein the oriented platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / locked in their orientation and position (i.e., after hardening / curing) to form a magnetically induced image. The term "coating composition" refers to any composition capable of forming an optical effect layer (OEL) on a solid substrate and which can preferably, but not exclusively, be applied by a printing method. The coating composition comprises the magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles described herein and the binder described herein. As used herein, the term wet refers to a coating layer that is not yet at least partially cured, e.g., a coating in which magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles can still change their positions and orientations under the influence of external forces acting upon them. As used herein, the term trademarks shall denote discontinuous layers such as patterns, including, without limitation, symbols, alphanumeric symbols, motifs, letters, words, numbers, logos, and drawings. The term hardening is used to indicate a process where the viscosity of a coating composition in a first physical state that has not yet hardened (i.e., is wet) increases to pass into a second physical state, i.e., a hardened or solid state, where the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / frozen in their current positions and orientations and can no longer move or rotate. The term "security document" refers to a document that is typically protected against counterfeiting or fraud by at least one security feature. Examples of security documents include, but are not limited to, valuable documents and commercial products of value. The security feature expression is used to indicate an image, pattern, or graphic element that can be used for authentication purposes. Where this description refers to preferred modes / features, combinations of these preferred modes / features shall also be considered as disclosed, provided that such combination of preferred modes / features has technical significance. In the context of this document, the term "plane" includes not only smooth planes but also curved planes, such as the circumferential surface of a cylinder. In this sense, a plane oriented to be parallel to a curved plane is also curved, so that the local tangents to the two planes are parallel to each other. Similarly, a direction oriented to be perpendicular to a curved plane is perpendicular to the tangents to the plane at the point where it would intersect the plane. In other words, if a substrate is in an orientation substantially parallel to and above a curved first plane, it is formed so that the local tangents to the substrate at a first point on it are parallel to the local tangents to the curved first plane at a second point on it, wherein the first and second points are located relative to each other along a direction perpendicular to the local tangents at the first and second points. The present invention provides magnetic assemblies (xOO) suitable for producing optical effect layers (OELs) on substrates (x20), wherein said OELs are based on magnetically oriented, platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. Unlike needle-shaped pigment particles, which can be considered one-dimensional particles, platelet-shaped pigment particles have an X-axis and a Y-axis that define a predominant plane of particle extension. In other words, platelet-shaped pigment particles can be considered two-dimensional particles due to the large aspect ratio of their dimensions, as shown in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, a platelet-shaped phenol pigment particle can be considered a two-dimensional structure where the X and Y dimensions are substantially larger than the Z dimension.Platelet-shaped pigment particles are also referred to technically as oblate particles or flakes. Such pigment particles can be described with a principal axis X corresponding to the longest dimension crossing the pigment particle and a second principal axis Y, perpendicular to X, also located within these pigment particles. Unlike monoaxial orientation, where magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are oriented so that only their major axis is constrained by the magnetic field, biaxial orientation means that the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are manufactured to be oriented so that both of their major axes are constrained. That is, each platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particle can be considered to have a major axis in the plane of the pigment particle and a minor axis orthogonal to the plane of the pigment particle. Each of the major and minor axes of the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles is oriented according to the magnetic field. Effectively, this results in adjacent platelet-shaped magnetic pigment particles that are close to each other in space being substantially parallel to one another.In other words, biaxial orientation aligns the planes of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles so that the planes of these pigment particles are oriented substantially parallel to the planes of adjacent platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles (in all directions). The magnetic assemblies (xOO) described herein enable the biaxial orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein.By exposing platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles only to the magnetic assemblies (xOO) described herein (i.e., without simultaneous exposure to an additional magnetic field generating device and / or without a reorientation stage), the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles form a sheet-like structure with their X and Y axes substantially parallel to the substrate surface (x20) and are flattened in these two dimensions. The magnetic assemblies (xOO) described herein are configured to receive the substrate (x20) described herein in an orientation substantially parallel to a foreground plane and substantially parallel to the substrate (x20) during the methods for producing the optical effect layers (OELs) described herein. The foreground plane described herein is substantially parallel to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein, the foreground plane being located on the upper surface of the second two bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) (as shown in the figures). The magnetic assemblies (xOO) described herein comprise a) at least the first set (S1) and the second set (S2), each set (S1, S2) comprising the first dipole bar magnet (x31) and the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32t) described herein and b) the first pair (P1) of third dipole bar magnets (x33a and x33b) described herein, wherein the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2), the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32t) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the third dipole bar magnets (x33a and x33b) are at least partially integrated into the non-magnetic support array described herein. As shown, for example, in Figure 2A, each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) comprises i) the first dipole bar magnet (x31) described herein and the two second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) described herein. The dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) have a first thickness (L1), a first length (L4), and a first width (L5) and have their magnetic axes oriented so as to be substantially parallel to the first plane, substantially parallel to the length (L4) (and substantially parallel to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). The first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) have substantially the same first length (L4) and the same first width (L5).The first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) preferably have substantially the same first thickness (L1) as the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the second set (S2). The first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) are separated by a first distance (d1). The first distance (d1) between the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is preferably greater than or equal to 15% of the first length (L4) and less than or equal to 150% of the first length (L4) (i.e., 0.15*L4 < d1 < 1.5*L4), more preferably greater than or equal to 25% of the first length (L4) and less than or equal to 120% of the first length (L4) (i.e., 0.25*L4 < d1 < 1.2*L4), even more preferably greater than or equal to 25% of the first length (L4) and less than or equal to 80% of the first length (L4) (i.e., 0.25*L4 < d1 < 0.8*L4). The first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the first set (S1) has a magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the second set (S2). The first dipolar bar magnets (x31) of the first set (S1) and of the second set (S2) may be a single piece or may be formed by two or more adjacent dipolar bar magnets (x31¡) having a first width (L5), a first thickness (L1), wherein the first length (L4) described herein is the sum of all said two or more adjacent dipolar bar magnets (x31¡). The two second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) have a second thickness (L2), a second length (L6), and a second width (L7), and their top surfaces are level with each other. The two second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) have their magnetic axes oriented so that they are substantially perpendicular to the first plane, substantially parallel to their thickness (L2) (and substantially perpendicular to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). The two second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) have substantially the same second lengths (L6) and substantially the same second widths (L7).The second two dipolar bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first set (S1) preferably have substantially the same second thickness (L2) as the second two dipolar bar magnets (x32ay x32t>) of the second set (S2). For each set of the first and second sets (S1, S2), the first bar dipole magnet (x31) and the second bar dipole magnet (x32ay x32t>) are aligned to form a column, in which the first bar dipole magnet (x31) of each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is respectively placed between the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) and separated from them by a second distance (d2), said second distance (d2) being substantially the same for the first and second sets (S1, S2). In each set (S1, S2), the north pole of one of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) points towards the foreground (and points towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein) when the north pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) points towards that second dipole bar magnet (x32a, x32b) and the south pole of the other of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) points towards the foreground (and points towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein) when the south pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) points towards that second dipole bar magnet (x32a, x32b). As shown, for example, in Figure 2A, the first pair (P1) described herein comprises the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) described herein, wherein said third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) have a third thickness (L3), a third length (L8) and a third width (L9) and have their magnetic axes oriented so that they are substantially parallel to the foreground plane (and substantially parallel to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). The second widths (L7) of the second two bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) have substantially the same value as the third width (L9) of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b). Each of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) is aligned with a second bar dipole magnet (x32ay x32b) from the first set (S1) and a second bar dipole magnet (x32ay x32b) from the second set (S2), thus forming two lines, the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) being situated between and separated from the respective second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) by a third distance (d3), said third distance (d3) being substantially the same for the two lines. The north poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) point respectively towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) and the north poles of said second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) point towards the foreground (and point towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein); or the south poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) point respectively towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) and the south poles of said second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) point towards the foreground (and point towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). According to a preferred embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 2A, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 4, the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein has a rectangular shape, specifically a square shape, when viewed from above. The rectangular magnetic assembly (xOO), specifically a square shape, is thus bounded by the two columns formed by the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the two lines in Figure 2A; or by the two columns of the first and third sets (S1, S3) and the two lines in Figure 3A; or by the two columns of the first and fourth sets (S1, S4) and the two lines in Figure 4. The first thickness (L1) of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is preferably equal to or less than the second thickness (L2) of the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2). More preferably, the ratio between the second thickness (L2) of the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the first thickness (L1) of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) (L2 / L1) is equal to or less than 3 and greater than or equal to 1 (i.e., 1 < L2 / L1 < 3), even more preferably equal to or less than 2.5 and greater than or equal to 1.5 (i.e., 1.5 < L2 / L1 < 2.5). The first thickness (L1) of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is preferably equal to or less than the third thickness (L3) of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) of the first pair (P1). More preferably, the ratio between the third thickness (L3) of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) of the first pair (P1) and the first thickness (L1) of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) (L3 / L1) is equal to or less than 3 and greater than or equal to 1 (i.e., 1 < L3 / L1 < 3), even more preferably equal to or less than 2.5 and greater than or equal to 1.5 (i.e., 1.5 < L3 / L1 < 2.5). The second distance (d2) between the first bar dipole magnet (x31) and the second bar dipole magnet (x32ay x32b) is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to % of the first thickness (L1) of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) (i.e., 0 < d2 < L1). The third distance (d3) between the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) of the first pair (P1) and the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to half the first thickness (L1) of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) (i.e., 0 < d3 < % L1). As shown in Figure 2A, the first distance (d1) between the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) consists of the sum of the third length (L8) of one of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) and the two third distances (d3) between the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) and the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b). According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 2A, 2B1, and 2B3, the upper surface of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is level with the upper surface of the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2). The upper surface of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is preferably level with the upper surface of the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and also level with the upper surface of the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b). According to another modality shown, for example, in figures 2C1 to 2D3, the upper surface of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is not level with the upper surface of the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and there is a fourth distance (d4) between the upper surface of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2). According to this modality, the absolute value of the fourth distance (d4) between the upper surface of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is greater than 0 and less than or equal to half of the first thickness (L1) of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) (i.e., 0 < |d4| < % L1). According to one modality, the magnetic sets (xOO) may further comprise one or more combinations comprising i) (2+i)th set (S(2+i) as described for the first and second sets (S1, S2) and correspondingly i) an additional (1+i)th pair (Pi+i) (as described herein), where 1 = 1,2, etc. For each combination described herein, the (2+i)th set (S(2+i>) comprises another first dipole bar magnet (x31) having first thickness (L1), first length (L4) and first width (L5), and having its magnetic axis oriented so that it is substantially parallel to the first plane, and two second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) having second thickness (L2), second length (L6) and second width (L7), the two second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) having their upper surfaces level with each other and having their magnetic axes oriented so that they are substantially perpendicular to the first plane, the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+i)th set (S2+i) having a magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+i-1)th set (S2+i-i);the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the (2+i)th and (2+i-1)th sets (S2+i, S2+i-i) being separated by the first distance (d1); the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+i)th set (S2+i) having substantially the same length (L5) and width (L4) as the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2-i-1)th set (S2+i-i); and the second two dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the (S2+i)th set (S2+i) having substantially the same lengths (L6) and widths (L7) as the second two dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the (2+i-1)th set (S2+i-i); the first dipole bar magnet (x31) and the second dipole bar magnet (x32a and x32b) being aligned to form a column, in which the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+¡)th set (S2+¡) is situated between the second dipole bar magnets and separated from them (x32a, x32b) by the second distance (d2); the first and second lengths (L4 and L6) being substantially equal;pointing the north pole of one of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the (2+i)th set (S2+i) towards the foreground and pointing the north pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) towards that second dipole bar magnet, and pointing the south pole of the other of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the (2+i)th set (S2+i) towards the foreground and pointing the south pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) towards that second dipole bar magnet.; For each combination described herein, the (1+i)th pair (Pi+i) comprises the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) having the third thickness (L3), the third length (L9) and the third width (L8) and having their magnetic axes oriented so as to be substantially parallel to the magnetic axes of the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) of the (1+i-1)th pair (Pi+i-i). As shown in Figure 3A, the magnetic sets (xOO) may further comprise one or more combinations comprising c) a third set (S3) (i.e., a (2+i)th set with i = 1), as described herein, and d) an additional second pair (P2) (i.e., a ((1+i)th pair with i = 1) as described herein.As shown, for example, in Figure 3B, the magnetic assemblies (xOO) may further comprise c) a third set (S3), said third set (S3) comprising i) another first dipole bar magnet (x31) and ii) two other second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) and d) a second pair (P2), said second pair (P2) comprising two other third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b), wherein the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the third set (S3), the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the third set (S3) and the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) of the second pair (P2) are at least partially integrated into the non-magnetic support array described herein (not shown in Figure 3C). The first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the third set (S3) has the first thickness (L1), the first length (L4), and the first width (L5). The second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the third set (S3) have the second thickness (L2), the second length (L6), and the second width (L7) and have their upper surfaces level with each other. The first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the third set (S3) has its magnetic axis oriented substantially parallel to the foreground plane (and substantially parallel to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). The first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the third set (S3) has a magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the second set (S2). The second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) of the third set (S3) have their magnetic axes oriented perpendicular to the foreground plane (and substantially perpendicular to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). The first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the third and second sets (S3, S2) are separated by the first distance (d1), said first distance (d1) being substantially the same as the first distance (d1) between the first and second sets (S1, S2). The first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the third set (S3) has substantially the same first length (L4) and first width (L5) as the first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the second set (S2), and the second two bar dipole magnets (x32a, x32b) of the third set (S3) have substantially the same second lengths (L6) and second widths (L7) as the second two bar dipole magnets (x32a, x32b) of the second set (S2). The first width (L5) of the first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the third set (S3) and the second length (L6) of the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) of the third set (S3) are substantially equal. The first dipole bar magnet (x31) and the second dipole bar magnet (x32a, x32b) of the third set (S3) are aligned to form a column, wherein the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the third set (S3) is placed between the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the third set (S3) and separated from them by the second distance (d2), said second distance (d2) being substantially the same as the second distance (d2) between the first and second sets (S1, S2). The north pole of one of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the third set (S3) points towards the foreground (and points towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein) and the north pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) points towards that second dipole bar magnet (x32a, x32b). The south pole of the other of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the third set (S3) points towards the foreground (and points towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein) and the south pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) points towards that second dipole bar magnet (x32a, x32b). The third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) of the second pair (P2) have the third thickness (L3), the third length (L8) and the third width (L9) and have their magnetic axes oriented so that they are parallel to the magnetic axes of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) of the first pair (P1) (and substantially parallel to the foreground plane and substantially parallel to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). Each of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) of the second pair (P2) is aligned with a second bar dipole magnet (x32ay x32b) of the third set (S3) and a second bar dipole magnet (x32ay x32b) of the second set (S2), so as to form two lines, the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) being situated between and separated from the respective second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) by the third distance (d3), the third distance (d3) being substantially the same as the third distance (d3) described herein. The north poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) of the second pair (P2) point respectively towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the third and second sets (S3, S2) and the north poles of said second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) point towards the foreground (and point towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein); or the south poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) of the second pair (P2) point respectively towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the third and second sets (S3, S2) and the south poles of said second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) point towards the foreground (and point towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). As shown in Figure 4, the magnetic sets (xOO) may further comprise one or more combinations comprising i) a fourth set (S4) (i.e., a (2+i)th set with i = 2) as described herein, and an additional third pair (P3) (i.e., a (1+i)th pair with i = 2), as described herein.As shown, for example, in Figure 4, the magnetic assemblies (xOO) may further comprise c) the third set (S3) described above and a fourth set (S4), said fourth set (S4) comprising i) another first dipole bar magnet (x31) and ii) two additional second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b), d) the second pair (P2) described herein and a third pair (P3), said third pair (P3) comprising third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b), wherein the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the fourth set (S4), the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the fourth set (S4), and the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) of the third pair (P3) are at least partially integrated into the array frílOfr ίΩ / 77Ω7 / E / YΙΛΙ of non-magnetic support described in this document (not shown in figure 4). The first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the fourth set (S4) has the first thickness (L1), the first length (L4), and the first width (L5). The second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the fourth set (S4) have the second thickness (L2), the second length (L6), and the second width (L7) and have their upper surfaces level with each other. The first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the fourth set (S4) has its magnetic axis oriented so that it is substantially parallel to the foreground plane (and substantially parallel to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). The first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the fourth set (S4) has a magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the third set (S3). The second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) of the fourth set (S4) have their magnetic axes oriented so that they are perpendicular to the foreground plane (and substantially perpendicular to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). The first bar dipoles (x31) of the fourth and third sets (S4, S3) are separated by the first distance (d1), said first distance (d1) being substantially the same as the first distance (d1) between the first and second sets (S1, S2) and substantially the same as the first distance (d1) between the second and third sets (S2, S3). The first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the fourth set (S4) has substantially the same first length (L4) as the second length (L6) of the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the fourth set (S4) and as the second length (L6) of the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the third set (S3), second set (S2) and first set (S1). The first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the fourth set (S4) has substantially the same first length (L4) and first width (L5) as the first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the third set (S3), as the first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the second set (S2) and as the first bar dipole magnet (x31) of the first set (S1). The second two bar dipole magnets (x32a, x32b) of the fourth set (S4) have substantially the same second lengths (L6) and second widths (L7) as the second two bar dipole magnets (x32a, x32b) of the third set (S3), as do the second two bar dipole magnets (x32a, x32b) of the second set (S2) and as the second two bar dipole magnets (x32a, x32b) of the first set (S1). The first width (L5) of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the fourth set (S4) and the second length (L6) of the second dipole bar magnet (x32ay x32b) of the fourth set (S4) are substantially equal. The first dipole bar magnet (x31) and the second dipole bar magnet (x32a, x32b) of the fourth set (S4) are aligned to form a column, in which the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the fourth set (S4) is located between and separated from the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) by the second distance (d2), said second distance (d2) being substantially the same as the second distance (d2) between the first and second sets (S1, S2) and between the second and third sets (S2, S3). The north pole of one of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the fourth set (S4) points towards the foreground (and points towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein) and the north pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) points towards that second dipole bar magnet. The south pole of the other of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the fourth set (S4) points towards the foreground (and points towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein) and the south pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) points towards that second dipole bar magnet (x32a, x32b). The third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) of the third pair (P3) have the third thickness (L3), the third length (L8) and the third width (L9) and have their magnetic axes oriented so that they are substantially parallel to the magnetic axes of the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) of the first pair (P1) and substantially parallel to the magnetic axes of the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) of the second pair (P2) (and substantially parallel to the foreground plane and substantially parallel to the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). Each of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) of the third pair (P3) is aligned with a second bar dipole magnet (x32ay x32b) of the fourth set (S4) and a second bar dipole magnet (x32ay x32b) of the third set (S3) to form two lines, the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) being situated between and separated from the respective second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) by the third distance (d3), the third distance (d3) being substantially the same as the third distance (d3) described herein. The north poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33ay x33b) of the third pair (P3) point respectively towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the fourth and third sets (S4, S3) and the north poles of said second bar dipole magnets (x32ay x32b) of the third pair (P3) point towards the foreground (and point towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein); or the south poles of the third dipolar bar magnets (x33ay x33b) of the third pair (P3) point respectively towards one of the second dipolar bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the fourth and third sets (S4, S3) and the south poles of said second dipolar bar magnets (x32ay x32b) point towards the foreground (and point towards the substrate (x20) during the method described herein). The upper surface of the magnetic assemblies (xOO) described herein, comprising the first bar dipole magnets (x31), the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b), and the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) described herein, may be flat or curved. For embodiments where the magnetic assembly (xOO) is used close to a cylinder (see, for example, Figures 5B to 5G), the upper surface of said assemblies (xOO) is curved to accommodate the curvature of the cylinder (see, for example, Figures 3B and 3C) and the curvature of the substrate (x20) bearing the coating layer (x10), wherein the curvature of the magnetic assembly (xOO) is obtained by bending said assembly.For modalities where the upper surface of the assembly (xOO) is curved, all references to the foreground described herein and the orientation of the magnetic axis (substantially parallel / perpendicular to the foreground) described herein correspond to the magnetic assembly that has been flattened (i.e., its configuration before bending). phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi For configurations where the upper surface of the assembly (xOO) is curved, the magnetic assembly (xOO) is arranged around the first cylindrical plane such that the first width (L5) of the bar dipole magnets (x31), the second length (L6) of the second two bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b), and the third length (L8) of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) are essentially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the cylinder, and the centers of (L5), (L6), and (L8) are essentially tangential to the surface of the cylinder. In these configurations, the magnetic assembly (xOO) forms a polyhedral surface around the first curved plane and around the cylinder. In these modalities, the distance d3 corresponds to the minimum distance between the respective sides of the two second bar dipoles (x32a or x32b) and the third bar dipoles (x33a or x33b). The materials of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the sets (S1, S2, etc.) described herein, of the second dipole bar magnets (x32ay x32b) of the sets (S1, S2, etc.) described herein, of the third dipole bar magnets (x33ay x33b) of the pair(s) (P1, etc.) described herein, as well as the first distance (d1), the second distance (d2), the third distance (d3), the fourth distance (d4) and the distance (h) are selected so that the resulting magnetic field of the magnetic field produced by the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein is suitable for biaxially orienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein having their X and Y axes substantially parallel to the substrate surface. The first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the sets (S1, S2, etc.) described herein, the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) of the sets (S1, S2, etc.) described herein, and the third dipole bar magnets (x33a and x33b) of the pair(s) (P1, etc.) described herein are preferably manufactured independently from high-coercivity materials (also known as hard magnetic materials). Suitable high-coercivity materials are materials having a maximum energy product (BH)max value of at least 20 kJ / m³, preferably at least 50 kJ / m³, more preferably at least 100 kJ / m³, and even more preferably at least 200 kJ / m³.These are preferably manufactured from one or more magnetic materials sintered or bonded with polymers selected from the group consisting of alnicos such as, for example, Alnico 5 (R1-1-1), Alnico 5 DG (R11-2), Alnico 5-7 (R1-1-3), Alnico 6 (R1-1-4), Alnico 8 (R1-1-5), Alnico 8 HC (R1-1-7) and Alnico 9 (R1-1-6); hexaferrites with the formula MFeizOig, (for example, strontium hexaferrite (SrO*6Fe2C>3) or barium hexaferrites (BaO*6Fe2O3)), hard ferrites with the formula MFe2O4 (for example, cobalt ferrite (CoFegCM) or magnetite (FesCU), where M is a divalent metal ion), ceramic 8 (SI-1-5); rare earth magnetic materials selected from the group comprising RECos (with RE = Sm or Pr), RE2TM17 (with RE = Sm, TM = Fe, (Cu, Co, Zr, Hf), RE2TM14B (with RE = Nd, Pr, Dy, TM = Fe, Co); anisotropic Fe Cr Co alloys; materials selected from the group of PtCo, MnAIC, RE Cobalt 5 / 16, RE Cobalt 14.Preferably, the high-coercivity materials of the bar dipole magnets are selected from the groups consisting of rare-earth magnetic materials, and more preferably from the group consisting of Nd₂Fe-i₄B and SmCos. Particularly preferred are easy-to-work permanent magnetic composite materials comprising a permanent magnetic filler, such as strontium-hexaferrite (SrFe₂i₄B) or neodymium-iron-boron (Nd₂Fe₄B) powder, in a plastic or rubber matrix. The first bar dipole magnets (x₃₁), the second bar dipole magnets (x₃₂a and x₃₁), and the third bar dipole magnets (x₃₃a and x₃₁) may be made of one or more different materials or may be made of the same materials. The first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the sets (S1, S2, etc.) described herein, the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) of the sets (S1, S2, etc.) described herein, and the third dipole bar magnets (x33a and x33b) of the pair(s) (P1, etc.) described herein are at least partially integrated into the nonmagnetic support matrix described herein, wherein said support matrix is ​​used to support the dipole bar magnets (x31, x32a, x32b, x33a, x33b) described herein collectively. The nonmagnetic support matrix described herein is made of one or more nonmagnetic materials. The nonmagnetic materials are preferably selected from the group consisting of nonmagnetic metals and engineering plastics and polymers.Non-magnetic metals include, but are not limited to, aluminum, aluminum alloys, brasses (copper-zinc alloys), titanium, titanium alloys, and austenitic steels (i.e., non-magnetic steels). Engineering plastics and polymers include, but are not limited to, polyaryletherketones (PAEK) and their derivatives, polyetheretherketones (PEEK), polyetheretherketoneacetones (PEKK), polyetheretherketoneacetones (PEEKK), and polyetheretherketoneacetone (PEKEKK). polyacetals, polyamides, polyesters, polyethers, copolyetheresters, polyimides, polyetherimides, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polypropylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer (ABS), fluorinated and perfluorinated polyethylenes, polystyrenes, polycarbonates, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and liquid crystal polymers.The preferred materials are aluminum alloys, PEEK (polyetheretherketone), POM (polyoxymethylene), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), Nylon® (polyamide) and PPS. This document also describes printing apparatus comprising the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein and a transfer device (x70), said transfer device allowing the substrate (x20) comprising the radiation-curable coating composition comprising the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein to be transferred or carried near and over the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and also provide a constant distance between the substrate (x20) and the magnetic assembly (xOO). The transfer device described herein consists of a substrate guidance system, preferably selected from the group consisting of chains, belts, cylinders, and combinations thereof. The belts described herein may comprise magnets mounted thereon (referred to in the art as linear magnetic transfer devices). The belts described herein preferably comprise grippers. The cylinders described herein are rotary cylinders (x60, x70) which may comprise hard magnetic magnets (M1) mounted thereon (referred to in the art as rotary magnetic orientation cylinder) or soft magnetic plates (M1) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions. For methods where a single magnetic assembly (xOO) is used, as shown, for example, in Figures 5A to 5D, said magnetic assembly (xOO) of this document may be mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein said transfer device is preferably a belt comprising clamps (see, for example, Figure 5A) or is mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein said transfer device is preferably a rotating cylinder (x60, x70 and x70-b) (see Figures 5B to 5D). For methods in which several magnetic assemblies (xOOa, xOOb, etc.) are used independently, i.e., a first magnetic assembly (xOOa), a second magnetic assembly (xOOb), etc., as shown, for example, in Figures 5E to 5H, the first magnetic assembly (xOOa) described herein is mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein said transfer device is preferably a belt comprising clamps (see Figures 5E and 5H) or is mounted near a rotating cylinder (x60) (see Figures 5F and 5G), while other magnetic assemblies (xOOb, xOOc, etc.) are mounted near a transfer device as described herein, wherein said transfer device is preferably a rotating cylinder (x70) (see Figures 5F, 5G and 5H) or a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) (see Figures 5E, 5G and 5H). 5H). For modalities where the magnetic assembly (xOO) is used close to a rotating cylinder (see, for example, Figures 5B to 5H), the upper surface of such assemblies (xOO) is preferably curved to accommodate the curvature of the cylinder (see, for example, Figures 3B and 3C) and the curvature of the substrate (x20) carrying the coating layer (x10), it is preferred that the ratio between the diameter of the cylinder and the first width (L4) of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) be greater than or equal to approximately 5. As shown, for example, in Figures 2A, 5A to 5H, the printing apparatus described herein may further comprise a curing unit (x50). Suitable curing units include UV-visible curing unit equipment comprising a high-power light-emitting diode (LED) lamp or an arc discharge lamp, such as a medium-pressure mercury arc (MPMA) or a metal vapor arc lamp, as the actinic radiation source. As shown, for example, in Figures 5A to 5C and 5E to 5H, the printing apparatus described herein may further comprise one or more selective curing units (x80). Selective curing enables the production of optical effect layers (OELs) that feature a pattern composed of at least two areas, where these two areas have two different magnetic orientation patterns. Such one or more selective curing units (x80) may comprise one or more fixed or removable photomasks that include one or more recesses corresponding to a pattern that will be formed as part of the coating layer.Said one or more selectively cured phenol Ln / zznz / E / YiAi units (x80) may be addressable, such as the scanning laser beam described in EP2 468 423A1, an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs) described in WO 2017 / 021504 A1 or an actinic radiation LED source (x41) comprising an array of individually addressable actinic radiation emitters disclosed in patent application pending PCT / EP2019 / 087072. The printing apparatus described herein may further comprise a coating or printing unit for applying the radiation-curable coating composition comprising the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein onto the substrate described herein. The printing unit may be a screen printing unit, a rotogravure printing unit, a flexographic printing unit, an inkjet printing unit, a gravure printing unit (also known in the art as engraved copper plate printing and engraved steel die printing), or a combination thereof. The printing apparatus described herein may further comprise a substrate feeder, such that the substrate (x20) is introduced by said substrate feeder in the form of sheets or a strip. The present invention provides methods for producing optical effect layers (OELs) on substrates. The method described herein comprises a step i) in which the radiation-curable coating composition comprising the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein is applied to the surface of the substrate (x20) described herein, thereby forming the coating layer (x10) described herein, said coating composition being in a first physical state that allows its application as a layer and is in a state not yet cured / hardened (i.e., wet), in which the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can move and rotate within the composition.Since the radiation-curable coating composition described herein is to be provided on a substrate surface (x20), the radiation-curable coating composition comprises at least one binder material, as described herein, and magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles, wherein said composition is in a form that permits processing in the desired printing or coating equipment.Preferably, said step a) is carried out by a printing process, preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure printing, flexographic printing, inkjet printing and gravure printing (also referred to in the technique as engraved copper plate printing and engraved steel die printing), more preferably selected from the group consisting of gravure printing, screen printing, rotogravure printing and flexographic printing, and even more preferably selected from the group consisting of screen printing, rotogravure printing and flexographic printing. The radiation-curable coating composition described herein, as well as the coating layer (x10) described herein, comprises the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein, preferably in an amount of approximately 5% by weight to approximately 40% by weight, more preferably from approximately 10% by weight to approximately 30% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the radiation-curable coating composition. The magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles described herein have, due to their non-spherical shape, non-isotropic reflectivity with respect to incident electromagnetic radiation for which the hardened / cured binder material is at least partially transparent. As used herein, the term non-isotropic reflectivity indicates that the proportion of radiation incident from a first angle that is reflected by a particle in a certain direction (viewing / observation) (a second angle) is a function of the particle's orientation; that is, a change in the particle's orientation with respect to the first angle can result in a different magnitude of reflection in the viewing / observation direction. The optically charged layer (OEL) described herein comprises platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles that, due to their shape, have non-isotropic reflectivity. In the OELs described herein, the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are dispersed in a coating composition comprising a cured binder material that fixes the orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. The binder material, at least in its cured or solid state (also referred to as the second state herein), is at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 2500 nm, i.e., within the wavelength range commonly referred to as the optical spectrum, which comprises portions of the infrared, visible, and UV regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.Therefore, the particles contained in the binder material in its cured or solid state, and their orientation-dependent reflectivity, can be perceived through the binder material at certain wavelengths within this range. Preferably, the cured binder material is at least partially transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 800 nm, more preferably 400 nm to 700 nm.In this document, the term "transparent" indicates that the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through a 20 pm layer of the hardened binder material, as present in the OEL (excluding magnetic or magnetizable platelet pigment particles, but including all other optional OEL components if present), is at least 50%, more preferably at least 60%, and even more preferably at least 70%, of the wavelength(s) considered. This can be determined, for example, by measuring the transmittance of a test piece of the hardened binder material (excluding magnetic or magnetizable platelet pigment particles) according to established test methods, for example, DIN 5036-3 (1979-11).If the OEL serves as a hidden safety feature, then technical means will normally be required to detect the (complete) optical effect generated by the OEL under the respective lighting conditions comprising the selected non-visible wavelength; such detection requiring that the wavelength of the incident radiation be selected outside the visible range, for example, in the near-UV range. Suitable examples of magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in plate form described herein include, without limitation, pigment particles comprising a magnetic metal selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and nickel (Ni); a magnetic alloy of iron, manganese, cobalt, nickel, or a mixture of two or more of the same; a magnetic oxide of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, or a mixture of two or more of the same; and a mixture of two or more of the same. The adjective "magnetic" when referring to metals, alloys, and oxides refers to ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic metals, alloys, and oxides. Magnetic oxides of chromium, manganese, cobalt, iron, nickel, or a mixture of two or more of the same may be pure or mixed oxides.Examples of magnetic oxides include, without limitation, iron oxides such as hematite (FezCh), magnetite (FesCU), chromium dioxide (CrO2), magnetic ferrites (MFe2C>4), magnetic spinels (MR2O4), magnetic hexaferrites (MFei2Oig), magnetic orthoferrites (RFeCh), magnetic garnets M3R2(AC>4)3, where M means divalent metal, R means trivalent metal and A means tetravalent metal. Examples of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein include, without limitation, pigment particles comprising a magnetic layer M made of one or more magnetic metals such as cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), or nickel (Ni); and a magnetic alloy of iron, cobalt, or nickel, wherein such platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles may be multilayer structures comprising one or more additional layers.Preferably, said one or more additional layers are A layers manufactured independently from one or more selected from the group consisting of metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), silicon oxide (SiO2), silicon dioxide (S1O2), titanium oxide (I2O2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), more preferably silicon dioxide (SiO2); or B layers manufactured independently from one or more selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and alloys of reflective metals, and more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), and even more preferably aluminum (Al); or a combination of one or more A layers as described above and one or more B layers as described above.Typical examples of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles that are previously described multilayer structures include, without limitation, A / M multilayer structures, A / M / A multilayer structures, A / M / B multilayer structures, A / B / M / A multilayer structures, A / B / M / B multilayer structures, A / B / M / B multilayer structures, A / B / M / B / A multilayer structures, B / M multilayer structures, B / M multilayer structures, B / M / B multilayer structures, B / A / M / B / A multilayer structures, B / A / M / B / A multilayer structures, wherein the A layers, the magnetic M layers, and the B layers are chosen from those described above. The radiation-curable coating composition described herein may comprise optically variable platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles and / or platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles that do not have phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi optically variable properties. Preferably, at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein consists of optically variable platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles.In addition to the obvious security provided by the color-changing property of optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, which allows for easy detection, recognition, and / or discrimination of a security article or document bearing an ink, coating composition, or coating layer comprising the optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein to combat possible counterfeits using unaided human senses, the optical properties of optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can also be used as a machine-readable tool for OEL recognition.Thus, the optical properties of optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles can be used simultaneously as a hidden or semi-hidden optical security feature in an authentication process where the optical (e.g., spectral) properties of the pigment particles are analyzed. The use of platelet-shaped, optically variable magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in coating layers to produce an OEL increases the importance of the OEL as a security feature in security document applications, because such materials are reserved for the security document printing industry and are not commercially available to the public. As mentioned above, preferably at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles consists of optically variable platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. These may be more preferably selected from the group consisting of thin-film magnetic interference pigment particles, magnetic cholesteric liquid crystal pigment particles, coated interference pigment particles comprising a magnetic material, and mixtures of two or more of the same. Persons skilled in the art know about thin-film magnetic interference pigment particles and are disclosed, for example, in documents US 4838648; WO 2002 / 073250 A2; EP0686675B1; WO 2003 / 000801 A2; US6838166; WO 2007 / 131833 A1; EP 2 402 401 B1; WO 2019 / 103937 A1; WO 2020 006286 A1 and in the documents mentioned herein. Preferably, the thin-film magnetic interference pigment particles comprise pigment particles having a five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure and / or pigment particles having a six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure and / or pigment particles having a seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure and / or pigment particles having a multilayer structure combining one or more Fabry-Perot multilayer structures. The preferred five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures consist of absorber / dielectric / reflector / dielectric / absorbent multilayer structures wherein the reflector and / or the absorber is also a magnetic layer, preferably the reflector and / or the absorber is a magnetic layer comprising nickel, iron and / or cobalt, and / or a magnetic alloy comprising nickel, iron and / or cobalt and / or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe) and / or cobalt (Co). The preferred six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures consist of absorber / dielectric / reflector / magnetic / dielectric / absorbent multilayer structures. The preferred seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures consist of absorber / dielectric / reflector / magnetic / reflector / dielectric / absorbent multilayer structures as disclosed in US Patent 4838648. The preferred pigment particles having a multilayer structure combining one or more Fabry-Perot structures are those described in WO 2019 / 103937 A1 and consist of combinations of at least two Fabry-Perot structures, each of the two Fabry-Perot structures independently comprising a reflective layer, a dielectric layer, and a semiconducting layer, wherein the absorbing and / or reflective layer may each independently comprise one or more magnetic materials and / or wherein a magnetic layer is interleaved between the two structures. WO 2020 / 006 / 286 A1 and EP 3 587 500 A1 disclose additional preferred pigment particles having a multilayer structure. Preferably, the reflective layers described herein are manufactured independently from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of metals and metal alloys, preferably selected from the group consisting of reflective metals and alloys of reflective metals, more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), tin (Sn), titanium (Ti), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and their alloys, even more preferably selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and their alloys, and most preferably aluminum (Al).Preferably, the dielectric layers are manufactured independently with one or more selected from the group consisting of metal fluorides such as magnesium fluoride (MgF2), aluminum fluoride (AIFs), cerium fluoride (CeFa), lanthanum fluoride (LaFa), sodium aluminum fluorides (e.g., NasAIFs), neodymium fluoride (NdFa), samaryl fluoride (SmFa), barium fluoride (BaFa), calcium fluoride (CaFa), lithium fluoride (LiF) and metal oxides such as silicon oxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiOz), titanium oxide (T1O2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), more preferably selected from the group consisting of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) and silicon dioxide (S1O2) and even more preferably magnesium fluoride (MgFa).Preferably, the absorbent layers are manufactured independently from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), rhodium (Rh), niobium (Nb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), metal oxides thereof, metal sulfides thereof, metal carbides thereof and metal alloys thereof, more preferably selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), metal oxides thereof and metal alloys thereof, and even more preferably selected from the group consisting of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and metal alloys thereof.Preferably, the magnetic layer comprises nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and / or cobalt (Co); and / or a magnetic phenol-Ln / zznz / E / YiAi alloy comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and / or cobalt (Co); and / or a magnetic oxide comprising nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and / or cobalt (Co). When thin-film magnetic interference pigment particles comprising a seven-layer Fabry-Perot structure are preferred, it is especially preferred that the thin-film magnetic interference pigment particles comprise a seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structure of absorber / dielectric / reflector / magnetic / reflector / dielectric / absorbent consisting of a Cr / MgF2 / Al / Ni / Al / MgF2 / Cr multilayer structure. The thin-film magnetic interference pigment particles described herein may be multilayer pigment particles that are considered safe for human health and the environment and are based, for example, on five-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures, six-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures, and seven-layer Fabry-Perot multilayer structures, wherein said pigment particles include one or more magnetic layers comprising a magnetic alloy having a substantially nickel-free composition including from approximately 40 wt% to approximately 90 wt% iron, from approximately 10 wt% to approximately 50 wt% chromium, and from approximately 0 wt% to approximately 30 wt% aluminum.Typical examples of multilayer pigment particles that are considered safe for human health and the environment can be found in document EP 2 402 401 B1, the contents of which are hereby incorporated in full by reference. The thin-film magnetic interference pigment particles described herein are typically manufactured using a conventional deposition technique for the required number of layers on a web. After the desired number of layers has been deposited, for example, by physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or electrolytic deposition, the stack of layers is removed from the web, either by dissolving a release layer in a suitable solvent or by removing the material from the web. The resulting material is then broken down into flakes, which must be further processed by crushing, grinding (such as jet milling), or any other suitable method to obtain pigment particles of the required size. The resulting product consists of flat flakes with jagged edges, irregular shapes, and varying aspect ratios.Additional information on the preparation of thin-film magnetic interference pigment particles can be found, for example, in documents EP 1 710 756 A1 and EP 1 666 546 A1, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Suitable cholesteric liquid crystal magnetic pigment particles exhibiting optically variable characteristics include, without limitation, monolayer cholesteric liquid crystal magnetic pigment particles and multilayer cholesteric liquid crystal magnetic pigment particles. Such pigment particles are disclosed, for example, in WO 2006 / 063926 A1, US 6582781, and US 6531221. WO 2006 / 063926 A1 discloses monolayers and pigment particles derived therefrom with high brightness and color deviation properties, along with additional special properties such as magnetic capability. The disclosed monolayers and pigment particles, obtained by grinding these monolayers, include a mixture of three-dimensionally crosslinked cholesteric liquid crystal and magnetic nanoparticles.US patents 6582781 and 6410130 disclose platelet-shaped, multilayered cholesteric pigment particles comprising the sequence A1 / B / A2, wherein A1 and A2 may be identical or different and each comprises at least one cholesteric layer, and B is an intermediate layer that absorbs all or part of the light transmitted by layers A1 and A2 and confers magnetic properties to said intermediate layer. US patent 6531221 discloses platelet-shaped, multilayered cholesteric pigment particles comprising the sequence A / B and optionally C, wherein A and C are absorbing layers comprising pigment particles that confer magnetic properties, and B is a cholesteric layer. Suitable coated interference pigments comprising one or more magnetic materials include, without limitation, structures consisting of a substrate selected from the group comprising a core coated with one or more layers, wherein at least one of the core or said one or more layers has magnetic properties. For example, suitable coated interference pigments comprise a core fabricated from magnetic material, such as described above herein, said core being coated with one or more layers fabricated from one or more metal oxides, or have a structure consisting of a core fabricated from synthetic or natural micas, layered silicates (e.g., talc, kaolin, and sericite), glasses (e.g., borosilicates), silicon dioxide (S1O2), aluminum oxides (Al2O3), titanium oxides (I2O2), graphites, and mixtures of two or more thereof.Additionally, there may be one or more additional layers, such as coloring layers. The magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein may be surface treated to protect them against any deterioration that may occur in the coating composition and coating layer and / or to facilitate their incorporation into said coating composition and coating layer; normally corrosion-inhibiting materials and / or wetting substances may be used. The method described herein further comprises step i) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein to biaxially orient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles so that both their X-axis and Y-axis are substantially parallel to the substrate surface (x20), and step iii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) is at least partially cured to a second state, thereby fixing the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations.As used herein, by at least partially curing the radiation-curable coating composition, it is understood that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed / frozen in their adopted positions and orientations and can no longer move or rotate (also referred to in the art as particle fixation). The distance (h) (shown, for example, in Figure 2A) from the upper surface of the phenolic bar dipole magnets (x31) of the sets (S1, S2, S3, efe.) of the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein and the lower surface of the substrate (x20) facing said magnetic assembly is preferably less than approximately 20 mm and greater than or equal to approximately 2 mm, more preferably less than or equal to approximately 10 mm and greater than or equal to approximately 4 mm, and even more preferably less than or equal to approximately 7 mm and greater than or equal to approximately 2 mm. According to one embodiment, the method described herein, comprising step ii) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (xOO), consists of a single step using the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein. The method described herein comprises step iii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) is at least partially cured to allow the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to fix in their adopted positions and orientations, wherein said curing step, at least partially, can be carried out partially at the same time as or after step ii). During the method described herein, the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein is preferably a static device.The magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein is mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein said transfer device is preferably a belt comprising clamps or one or more rotating cylinders. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5A to 5C, the method described herein comprises step i) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (x00) and a further step in which the coating layer (x10) is subsequently exposed to the magnetic field of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60), thereby monoaxially reorienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles, said further step being carried out after step i)The method described herein comprises step (ii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition of step (i) is at least partially cured, wherein said step may be carried out partially at the same time as, or after, the step in which the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles are monoaxially reoriented, preferably partially at the same time as said reorientation step. WO 2015 / 086257 A1 discloses processes in which a subsequent step of monoaxial reorientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles is also carried out. During the method described herein, the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein is preferably a static device.Figures 5A to 5C illustrate this method, wherein one or more magnets (M1) of the magnetic field generating device are mounted on the rotating magnetic cylinder described herein (560), and the substrate (520) bearing the coating layer (510, not shown in Figure 5A) moves simultaneously with the rotating magnetic cylinder (560). According to one embodiment shown in Figure 5A, the magnetic assembly (500) described herein is mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein the transfer device is preferably a belt comprising clamps. According to another embodiment shown in Figures 5B and 5C, the magnetic assembly (500) described herein is mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein the transfer device preferably consists of one or more cylinders (570-a and 570-b). The method described in Figure 5A can be carried out with the substrate (520) facing the magnetic assembly (500); however, the same method can be carried out with the coating layer (510 not shown in Figure 5A) facing the magnetic assembly (500). According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5D, the method described herein comprises a step (i) in which, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (x00) described herein and of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) that also acts as a transfer device. The method described herein comprises a step (iii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition of step (i) is at least partially cured, wherein said step can be carried out partially at the same time as or after step (i). During the method described herein,The magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein is preferably a static device, and one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) move simultaneously with the substrate (x20) bearing the coating layer (x10). Figure 5D illustrates this method, wherein the magnets (M1) of the magnetic field generating device are mounted on the rotating magnetic cylinder described herein (560), and the substrate (520) bearing the coating layer (510) moves simultaneously with the rotating magnetic cylinder (560) near the static magnetic assembly (500) described herein. According to this embodiment,The magnetic assembly (500) described herein is mounted near the rotating magnetic cylinder described herein (560). Figure 4 of documents WO 2019 / 141452 A1 and WO 2019 / 141 / 453 A1 disclose processes in which hard magnetic magnets (x30 in those PCT applications) are used simultaneously with a magnetic field generating device (x40 in those PCT applications). According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figure 5E, the method described herein comprises a step i) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a first magnetic assembly (x00a) described herein, and an optional additional step (represented by a selective curing unit (x80)) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively, at least partially, cured.to fix at least a portion of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; and furthermore, a step in which, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb) described herein and of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) that also acts as a transfer device. The method described herein comprises step i) in which the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) is at least partially cured.wherein said step may be carried out partially at the same time as or after step i). During the method described herein, the magnetic assemblies (xOOa and xOOb) described herein are preferably static devices and said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) move simultaneously with the substrate (x20) that carries the coating layer (x10). The method described in Figure 5E may be carried out with the substrate (520) facing the magnetic assembly (500); however, the same method may be carried out with the coating layer (510, not shown in Figure 5E) facing the magnetic assembly (500). According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5D, the method described herein comprises a step (i) in which, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (x00) described herein and of one or more soft magnetic plates (M1) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said soft magnetic plates preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder or located in a movable device beneath the substrate (x20). The method described herein comprises a step (iii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition of step (ii) is at least partially cured to allow the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to fix in their adopted positions and orientations, wherein said curing step, at least partially,This can be carried out partially at the same time as or after step ii). During the method described herein, the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein is preferably a static device, and the one or more soft magnetic plates (M1) move simultaneously with the substrate (x20) bearing the coating layer (x10). The suitable soft magnetic plates, which bear one or more markings in the form of pits and / or notches and / or protrusions, are made of one or more metals, alloys, or compounds of high magnetic permeability, or are made of a compound comprising from approximately 25% to approximately 95% by weight of soft magnetic particles dispersed in a non-magnetic material.The weight percentages are based on the total weight of the soft magnetic plate and are disclosed in documents WO 2018 / 033512 A1 and WO 2018 / 019594 A1. Figure 3 of document WO 2018 / 033512 A1 discloses a process in which a soft magnetic plate (x10 in said PCT application) is also used in addition to a magnetic field generating device (x40 in said PCT application). Figure 4 of document WO 2018 / 019594 A1 discloses a process in which a soft magnetic plate (x50 in said PCT application) is also used in addition to a magnetic field generating device (x60 in said PCT application). According to this embodiment, the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein is mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein said transfer device is preferably one or more rotating cylinders. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figure 5E,The method described herein comprises a step (i) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) described herein; an optional further step (represented by a selective curing unit (x80)) in which one or more first areas of the phenol coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step (ii) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; and further thereafter, a step in which, in a single step,The coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb) described herein and one or more soft magnetic plates (M1) bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said soft magnetic plates preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder or located in a movable device beneath the substrate (x20). The method described herein comprises step ii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) is at least partially cured to allow the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles to fix in their adopted positions and orientations, wherein said curing step, at least partially, can be carried out partially at the same time as or after step i). During the method described herein,The magnetic assemblies (xOO and xOOb) described herein are preferably static devices, and one or more soft or hard magnetic plates (M1) move simultaneously with the substrate (x20) that carries the coating layer (x10). The method described in Figure 5E can be carried out with the substrate (520) facing the magnetic assembly (500); however, the same method can be carried out with the coating layer (510, not shown in Figure 5E) facing the magnetic assembly (500). According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5A to 5C, the method described herein comprises step ii) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (xOO); and, after this step i), a further step (represented by a selective curing unit (580)) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; and further, thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1).Preferably, one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) are mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) that also acts as a transfer device, to monoaxially reorient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles in one or more second areas. The method described herein comprises step iii) in which the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) is at least partially cured, wherein said step can be carried out partially at the same time as, or after, the step in which the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles are reoriented, preferably partially at the same time as said reorientation step. During the method described herein,The magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein is preferably a static device and said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) move simultaneously with the substrate (x20) that carries the coating layer (x10). phenol? ίη / ζζηζ / Ε / γίΛΐ Figures 5A to 5C illustrate this method, wherein one or more magnets (M1) of the magnetic field generating device are mounted on the rotating magnetic cylinder described herein (560), and the substrate (520) bearing the coating layer (510, not shown in Figure 5A) moves simultaneously with the rotating magnetic cylinder (560) near the stationary magnetic assembly (500) described herein. According to an embodiment shown in Figure 5A, the magnetic assembly (500) described herein is mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein the transfer device is preferably a belt comprising clamps.According to another embodiment shown in Figure 5B and 5C, the magnetic assembly (500) described herein is mounted near the transfer device described herein, wherein said transfer device is preferably one or more cylinders (570-ay 570-b). According to one embodiment, the method described herein comprises step (i) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (x00) and an additional step in which the coating layer (x10) is subsequently exposed to the magnetic field of a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60a) which also acts as a transfer device, thereby monoaxially reorienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles, said additional step being carried out after step (ii);an additional step (represented by a selective curing unit (x80)) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation;and furthermore, thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60b) that also acts as a transfer device. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the magnetic field of the second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1), the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to one embodiment, the method described herein comprises step (i) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) and an additional step in which the coating layer (x10) is subsequently exposed to the magnetic field of a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60a) which also acts as a transfer device, thereby monoaxially reorienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles, said additional step being carried out after step (ii);an additional step (represented by a selective curing unit (x80)) in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb);then, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60b) that also acts as a transfer device. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the magnetic field of the second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to one embodiment, the method described herein comprises step (i) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) as described herein; and, after this step (ii), a further step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step (i) are selectively, at least partially, cured to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; and further thereafter, a single step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb), as described herein.and a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60). Partially at the same time as, or after, the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the interaction of the magnetic fields of the second magnetic assembly (xOOb) and the magnetic field generating device, the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. During the method described herein,The magnetic assemblies (xOO) described herein are preferably static devices, and the magnetic field generating devices comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) move simultaneously with the substrate (x20) bearing the coating layer (x10), and the substrate (x20) bearing the coating layer (x10) moves simultaneously with the rotating magnetic cylinders near the static magnetic assemblies (xOO) described herein. According to one embodiment, the method described herein comprises step ii) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a first magnetic assembly phenol Ln / zznz / E / YiAi (xOOa) as described herein; and, after this step i), a further step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation;and furthermore, thereafter, a single step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb), as described herein, and of one or more soft magnetic plates, as described herein. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (xOOb) and the soft magnetic plate, the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5F, the method described herein comprises step ii) in which, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa), as described herein, and of a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60a) which also acts as a transfer device;an additional step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step ii) are selectively cured, at least partially, so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb);Subsequently, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60b) that also acts as a transfer device. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the magnetic field of the second magnetic field generating device comprising said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5F, the method described herein comprises step ii) in which, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa), as described herein, and of one or more soft magnetic plates (M1a), as described herein; a further step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; then, a stage in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic set (xOOb);then, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) that also acts as a transfer device. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device comprising said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5G, the method described herein comprises step ii) in which, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) as described herein and a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60a) which also acts as a transfer device;an additional step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step ii) are selectively cured, at least partially, so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb);and furthermore, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a third magnetic assembly (xOOc), as described herein, and of a second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60b) which also acts as a transfer device. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the interaction of the magnetic fields of the second magnetic assembly (xOOb) and the second magnetic field generating device, the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5G, the method described herein comprises step ii) in which, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) as described herein and a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60a) which also acts as a transfer device;an additional step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step II are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; then, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb);and furthermore, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a third magnetic assembly (xOOc), as described herein, and of one or more soft magnetic plates (M1b), as described herein. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the interaction of the magnetic fields of the third magnetic assembly (xOOc) and of said one or more soft magnetic plates, the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5G, the method described herein comprises step ii) in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed, in a single step, to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa), as described herein, and of one or more soft magnetic plates (M1a), as described herein; a further step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb);and furthermore, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a third magnetic assembly (xOOc), as described herein, and of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) which also acts as a transfer device. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the third magnetic assembly (xOOc) and the second magnetic field generating device, the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5G, the method described herein comprises step (i) in which, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa), as described herein, and of one or more first soft magnetic plates (M1a), as described herein; a further step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step (ii) are selectively cured, at least partially, so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; then, a stage in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic set (xOOb);and furthermore, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a third magnetic assembly (xOOc), as described herein, and of one or more second soft magnetic plates (M1b), as described herein. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the interaction of the magnetic fields of the third magnetic assembly (xOOc) and the second soft magnetic plate, the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5H, the method described herein comprises step i) in which a) the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) described herein; then b) in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb), as described herein, and of a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a) being preferably mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60a) which also acts as a transfer device;an additional step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOc);Furthermore, subsequently, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a fourth magnetic assembly (xOOd), as described herein, and of a second magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1b) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60b) that also acts as a transfer device. Partially at the same time as, or after, the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the interaction of the magnetic fields of the fourth magnetic assembly (xOOc) and the second magnetic field generating device, the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. The method described in Figure 5H can be carried out with the substrate (520) facing the magnetic assembly (500).However, the same method can be carried out with the cladding layer (510 not shown in Figure 5H) facing the magnetic assembly (500).; According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5H, the method described herein comprises step i) in which a) the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) described herein; then b) in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb), as described herein, and of a first magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1a) being preferably mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) which also acts as a transfer device;an additional step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step ii) are selectively cured, at least partially, so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOc);Furthermore, subsequently, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a fourth magnetic assembly (xOOd), as described herein, and of one or more soft magnetic plates (M1b), as described herein. Partially at the same time as, or after, the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented toward the interaction of the magnetic fields of the fourth magnetic assembly (xOOd) and of said one or more soft magnetic plates (M1b), the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. This modality is shown in Figure 5H, where the magnets (M1b) of the second magnetic field generating device are replaced by the soft magnetic plates. The method described in Figure 5H can be carried out with the substrate (520) facing the magnetic assembly (500).However, the same method can be carried out with the cladding layer (510 not shown in Figure 5H) facing the magnetic assembly (500).; According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5H, the method described herein comprises step i) in which a) the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) described herein; then b) in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb), as described herein, and of one or more soft magnetic plates (M1a), as described herein;an additional step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; thereafter, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOc);and furthermore, subsequently, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a fourth magnetic assembly (xOOd), as described herein, and of a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1), said one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) preferably being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) that also acts as a transfer device. Partially at the same time as the phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented towards the interaction of the magnetic fields of the fourth magnetic assembly (xOOd) and the second magnetic field generating device, the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. The method described in Figure 5H can be carried out with the substrate (520) facing the magnetic assembly (500);However, the same method can be carried out with the cladding layer (510 not shown in Figure 5H) facing the magnetic assembly (500).; According to an embodiment shown, for example, in Figures 5H, the method described herein comprises step i) in which a) the radiation-curable coating composition is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a first magnetic assembly (xOOa) described herein; then b) in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a second magnetic assembly (xOOb), as described herein, and of one or more soft magnetic plates (M1a), as described herein; a further step in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively, at least partially, cured so as to fix at least some of the non-spherical magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations,so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation; then, a step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of a second magnetic assembly (xOOc); and furthermore, then, in a single step, the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of a fourth magnetic assembly (xOOd), as described herein, and of one or more second soft magnetic plates (M1b), as described herein. Partially at the same time as or after the step in which the coating layer (x10) is oriented toward the interaction of the magnetic fields of the fourth magnetic assembly (xOOd) and of said one or more second soft magnetic plates (M1b), the method described herein comprises the step in which the radiation-curable coating composition is at least partially cured. This modality is shown in Figure 5G.wherein the magnets (M1a) of the first magnetic field generating device and the magnets (M1b) of the second magnetic field generating device are replaced by the soft magnetic plates. The method described in Figure 5H can be carried out with the substrate (520) facing the magnetic assembly (500); however, the same method can be carried out with the coating layer (510, not shown in Figure 5H) facing the magnetic assembly (500). The one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1, M1a, M1b) described herein are not limited to, and include, for example, dipole magnets, quadripole magnets, and combinations thereof. The following hard magnetic magnets are provided here as illustrative examples. Optical effects known as flip-flop effects (also referred to in the art as switching effects) include a first printed part and a second printed part separated by a transition, where the pigment particles are aligned parallel to a foreground plane in the first part and the pigment particles in the second part are aligned parallel to a background plane. Methods and magnets for producing such effects are described, for example, in US patent 2005 / 0106367 and EP patent 1 819 525 B1. Optical effects known as rolling-bar effects can also be produced, as disclosed in US patent 2005 / 0106367. A rolling-bar effect is based on the orientation of pigment particles that mimic a curved surface along the coating. The observer sees a zone of specular reflection that appears to move away from or toward the observer when the image is tilted. The pigment particles are aligned in a curved pattern, following either a convex curvature (also referred to in the technical term as negative curve orientation) or a concave curvature (also referred to in the technical term as positive curve orientation). The methods and means for producing such effects are disclosed, for example, in documents EP2 263 806A1, EP 1 674 282 B1, EP 2 263 807 A1, WO 2004 / 007095 A2, WO 2012 / 104098 A1 and WO 2014 / 198905 A2. Optical effects known as Venetian blind effects can also be produced. Venetian blind effects involve pigment particles oriented in such a way that, along a specific viewing direction, they reveal an underlying substrate surface, making markings or other features on or within the substrate surface evident to the observer, while obscuring visibility along another viewing direction. Methods and techniques for producing such effects are described, for example, in US patent 8025952 and EP 1 819 525 B1. Optical effects known as moving-ring effects can also be produced. Moving-ring effects consist of optically illusory images of objects, such as funnels, cones, bowls, circles, ellipses, and hemispheres, that appear to move in any xy direction depending on the tilt angle of the optical effect layer. Methods and magnets for producing such effects are disclosed, for example, in documents EP 1 710 756 A1, US 8343615, EP 2 306 222 A1, EP 2 325 677 A2, WO 2011 / 092502 A2, US 2013 / 084411, WO 2014 / 108404 A2, and WO 2014 / 108303 A1. Optical effects can also be produced that give the optical impression of a pattern of moving bright and dark areas when the effect is tilted. The methods and magnets for producing such effects are described, for example, in WO 2013 / 167425 A1. Optical effects can also be produced that give the optical impression of a loop-shaped body whose size varies when the effect is tilted. The methods and magnets for producing these optical effects are described, for example, in documents WO 2017 / 064052 A1, WO 2017 / 080698 A1, and WO 2017 / 148789 A1. Optical effects can also be produced that give the optical impression of one or more loop-shaped bodies whose shape changes when the optical effect layer is tilted. Methods and techniques for producing such effects are described, for example, in WO 2018 / 054819 A1. Optical effects can also be produced that give the optical impression of a crescent moon moving and rotating when tilted. The methods and techniques for producing such effects are described, for example, in WO 2019 / 215148 A1. Can optical effects be produced that provide an optical impression of a phenolic body in a loop shape having a size and shape that varies when tilted? The methods and magnets for producing such effects are disclosed, for example, in the pending PCT patent application WO 2020 / 052862 A1. Optical effects can be produced that give the optical impression of an orthoparallactic effect, that is, in this case, in the form of a bright, reflective vertical bar that moves longitudinally when the substrate is tilted about a horizontal / latitudinal axis, or moves horizontally / latitudinally when the substrate is tilted about a longitudinal axis. The methods and magnets for producing such effects are disclosed, for example, in the pending PCT patent application PCT / EP2020 / 052265. Optical effects can be produced that give the optical impression of a loop-shaped body surrounded by one or more other loop-shaped bodies, wherein the shape and / or brightness of these loop-shaped bodies varies when tilted. Methods and techniques for producing such effects are disclosed, for example, in pending PCT patent application PCT / EP2020 / 054042. Optical effects can be produced that give the optical impression of a plurality of dark and bright dots that move and / or appear and / or disappear, not only in a diagonal direction when the substrate is tilted about a vertical / longitudinal axis, but also in a diagonal direction when the substrate is tilted. Methods and magnets for producing such effects are disclosed, for example, in pending patent applications EP19205715.6 and EP19205716.4. For embodiments of the method described herein where there is a single step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (xOO) described herein and the magnetic field generating device comprising one or more magnetic magnets (M1) described herein, non-rotating magnetic field generating devices are preferred. For embodiments of the method described herein where there is a separate step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) described herein, both rotating and non-rotating magnetic field generating devices may be used.Optical effects known as moving ring effects, obtained with a rotating magnetic field generating device, are disclosed in WO 2014 108404 A2 and WO 2014 / 108303 A1. Optical effects that provide an optical impression of at least one point in circular motion or at least one comet-shaped point rotating around a center of rotation when tilted, and which are obtained with a rotating magnetic field generating device, are disclosed, for example, in WO 2019 / 038371 A1, WO 2019 / 063778 A1, and WO 2019 / 038369 A1. The one or more hard magnetic magnets (M1) described herein may comprise a magnetic plate bearing one or more reliefs, engravings, or recesses. Documents WO 2005 / 002866 A1 and WO 2008 / 046702 A1 are examples of such engraved magnetic plates. The method described herein comprises step (iii) in which the radiation-curable coating layer (x10) is at least partially cured from a first liquid state to a second state, thereby fixing / freezing the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in their adopted positions and orientations. The at least partial curing step (iii) described herein is carried out using the curing unit (x50) described herein. For the modalities described herein where there is a step in which one or more areas of the coating layer (x10) are selectively cured, at least partially, such that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) are not exposed to irradiation, this step is carried out using the selective curing unit (x80) described herein. Therefore, the radiation-curable coating composition must significantly have a first state, i.e., a liquid or pasty state, where the coating composition is not yet cured and is moist or soft enough so that the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles dispersed in the composition and in the coating layer can move freely, rotate, and / or orient themselves freely after exposure to the magnetic field, and a second cured (e.g., solid) state, where the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed or frozen in their respective positions and orientations. The first and second states are preferably achieved using a certain type of coating composition. For example, the components of the radiation-curable coating composition, other than the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, can take the form of an ink or coating composition such as those used in security applications, for example, for banknote printing. The aforementioned first and second states can be achieved using a material that exhibits an increase in viscosity in response to a stimulus such as, for example, exposure to electromagnetic radiation.In other words, when the fluid binder hardens or solidifies, it enters a second, hardened or solid state, where the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles are fixed in their current positions and orientations and can no longer move or rotate within the binder layer. As those skilled in the field know, the ingredients in an ink or coating composition to be applied to a surface, such as a substrate, and the physical properties of that ink or coating composition must meet the requirements of the process used to transfer the ink or coating composition to the substrate surface.Therefore, the binding material comprising the coating composition described herein is normally chosen from those known in the art and depends on the coating or printing process used to apply the ink or coating composition and the hardening process chosen. The at least partial curing step iii) includes a chemical reaction of the binder and the optional initiating compounds and / or the optional crosslinking compounds comprising the radiation-curable coating composition. This chemical reaction includes the initiation of a chemical reaction by a radiation mechanism, including, but not limited to, ultraviolet-visible light curing (hereinafter referred to as UV-vis curing) and electron beam curing (electron beam curing), and may be initiated by heat or IR radiation. Radiation curing is carried out using the method described herein, with UV-Vis radiation curing being preferred because these technologies advantageously lead to very rapid curing processes and thus drastically reduce the preparation time of any item comprising the OEL described herein. Furthermore, radiation curing has the advantage of producing an almost instantaneous increase in the viscosity of the coating composition after exposure to the curing radiation, thereby minimizing any further particle movement. Consequently, virtually no loss of orientation after the magnetic orientation stage can be avoided.Radiation curing by photopolymerization is particularly preferred, under the influence of UV light having a wavelength component in the blue or UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum (typically from 200 nm to 650 nm; more preferably from 200 nm to 420 nm). The UV-visible curing equipment may comprise a high-power light-emitting diode (LED) lamp or an arc discharge lamp, such as a medium-pressure mercury arc (MPMA) or a metal vapor arc lamp, as the UV radiation source. Therefore, the radiation-curable coating composition suitable for the present invention includes radiation-curable compositions that can be cured by UV-visible light radiation (hereinafter, UV-vis curable) or by electron beam radiation (hereinafter, EB). According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the radiation-curable coating composition described herein is a UV-vis curable coating composition. Preferably, the UV-Vis curable coating composition described herein comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of radically curable and cationicly curable compounds. The UV-Vis curable coating composition described herein may be a hybrid system and comprise a mixture of one or more cationicly curable compounds and one or more radically curable compounds. The cationicly curable compounds are cured by cationic mechanisms that typically include radiation activation of one or more photoinitiators that release cationic species, such as acids, which in turn initiate curing in order to react with and / or crosslink the monomers and / or oligomers, thereby hardening the coating composition.Radical-curable compounds are cured by free-radical mechanisms that typically involve radiation activation of one or more photoinitiators, thereby generating radicals that initiate polymerization to harden the coating composition. Depending on the monomers, oligomers, or prepolymers used to prepare the binder comprising the UV-Vis curable coating compositions described herein, different photoinitiators may be used. Those skilled in the art are familiar with suitable examples of free-radical photoinitiators, including, but not limited to, acetophenones, benzophenones, benzyl dimethyl ketals, alpha-aminoketones, alpha-hydroxyketones, phosphine oxides and phosphine oxide derivatives, as well as mixtures of two or more of these.Experts in the field are familiar with suitable examples of cationic photoinitiators, including, but not limited to, onium salts such as organic iodonium salts (e.g., diaryl iodonium salts), oxonium salts (e.g., triaryl oxonium salts), and sulfonium salts (e.g., triaryl sulfonium salts), as well as mixtures of two or more of these. Other examples of useful photoinitiators can be found in conventional textbooks. It may also be advantageous to include a sensitizer along with one or more such photoinitiators to achieve efficient curing. Typical examples of photosensitizers include, without limitation, isopropyl-thioxanthone (ITX), 1-chloro-2-propoxy-thioxanthone (CPTX), 2-chloro-thioxanthone (CTX) and 2,4-diethyl-thioxanthone (DETX) and mixtures of two or more of the same.Said one or more photoinitiators comprising the UV-vis curable coating compositions are preferably present in a total amount of approximately 0.1% by weight to approximately 20% by weight, more preferably from approximately 1% by weight to approximately 15% by weight, the weight percentages being based on the total weight of the UV-vis curable coating compositions. The radiation-curable coating composition described herein may further comprise one or more coloring components selected from the group consisting of organic pigment particles, inorganic pigment particles, and organic colorants, and / or one or more additives. The latter include, without limitation, compounds and materials used to adjust the physical, rheological, and chemical parameters of the coating composition, such as viscosity (e.g., solvents, thickeners, and surfactants), consistency (e.g., anti-settling agents, fillers, and plasticizers), foaming properties (e.g., anti-foaming agents), lubricating properties (waxes, oils), UV stability (photostabilizers), adhesion properties, antistatic properties, storage stability (polymerization inhibitors), etc.The additives described in this document may be present in the coating composition in quantities and forms known in the art, including in the form of so-called nanomaterials, where at least one of the dimensions of the additives is in the range of 1 to 1000 nm. The radiation-curable coating composition described herein may further comprise one or more additives, including, but not limited to, compounds and materials used to adjust the physical, rheological, and chemical parameters of the composition, such as viscosity (e.g., solvents and surfactants), consistency (e.g., anti-settling agents, fillers, and plasticizers), foaming properties (e.g., antifoaming agents), lubricating properties (waxes), UV reactivity and stability (photosensitizers and photostabilizers), and adhesion properties, etc. The additives described herein may be present in the coating compositions described herein in quantities and forms known in the art, including in the form of so-called nanomaterials where at least one of the particle dimensions is in the range of 1 to 1000 nm. The radiation-curable coating composition described herein may further comprise one or more marking substances or labels and / or one or more machine-readable materials selected from the group consisting of magnetic materials (other than the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles described herein), luminescent materials, electrically conductive materials, and infrared-absorbing materials. As used herein, the term "machine-readable material" refers to a material that has at least one distinctive property that can be detected by a device or machine and that can be comprised in a coating for the purpose of providing a means of authenticating such coating or article comprising such coating using equipment specifically designed for its detection and / or authentication. The radiation-curable coating compositions described herein can be prepared by dispersing or mixing the magnetic or magnetizable platelet-shaped pigment particles described herein and one or more additives, when present, in the presence of the binder material described herein, thereby forming liquid compositions. When present, the one or more photoinitiators can be added to the composition during the dispersion or mixing stage of all other ingredients or can be added at a later stage, i.e., after the formation of the liquid coating composition. The present invention provides the printing methods and apparatus described herein for producing optical effect layers (OEL) on the substrates (x20) described herein. The shape of the coating layer (x10) of the optical effect layers (OELs) described herein may be continuous or discontinuous. In one modality, the shape of the coating layer (x10) represents one or more marks, dots, and / or lines. The shape of the coating layer (x10) may consist of lines, dots, and / or marks separated from each other by a clear area. The substrate (x20) described herein is preferably selected from the group consisting of papers or other fibrous materials (including woven and non-woven fibrous materials), such as cellulose, paper-containing materials, glass, metals, ceramics, plastics and polymers, metallized plastics or polymers, composite materials, and mixtures or combinations of two or more of the same. Paper-like materials or other typical fibrous materials are made from a variety of fibers, including, but not limited to, abaca, cotton, linen, wood pulp, and mixtures thereof. As those skilled in the art know, cotton and cotton / linen blends are preferred for banknotes, while wood pulp is commonly used in security documents other than banknotes.Typical examples of plastics and polymers include polyolefins, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), including biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), polyamides, polyesters such as poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT), poly(2,6-ethylene naphthoate) (PEN), and polyvinyl chlorides (PVC). Olefin fibers from spunbond nonwoven fabrics, such as those sold under the brand name Tyvek®, can also be used as a substrate. Typical examples of metallized plastics or polymers include the plastic or polymeric materials described above that have a metal continuously or discontinuously deposited on their surface. Typical examples of metals include, but are not limited to, phenol. Ln / zznz / E / YiAi aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), gold (Au), silver (Ag), alloys thereof and combinations of two or more of the metals mentioned above.The metallization of the plastic or polymeric materials described above can be carried out by electrodeposition, high-vacuum coating, or sputtering. Typical examples of composite materials include, but are not limited to, multilayer structures or paper laminates and at least one plastic or polymeric material as described above, as well as plastic and / or polymeric fibers incorporated into a fibrous or paper-like material as described above. The substrate may, of course, contain other additives known to a person skilled in the art, such as fillers, sizing agents, bleaching agents, processing aids, reinforcing agents, wet-hardening agents, etc.When OELs produced according to the present invention are used for decorative or cosmetic purposes, including, for example, nail polish, such OELs can be produced on other types of substrates, including nails, artificial nails, or other parts of an animal or human being. If the OEL produced according to the present invention is applied to a security document and intended to further increase the level of security and resistance against counterfeiting and illegal reproduction of said security document, the substrate may comprise printed, coated, laser-marked, or laser-perforated markings, watermarks, security threads, fibers, plates, luminescent compounds, windows, foils, stickers, and combinations thereof. Also intended to further increase the level of security and resistance against counterfeiting and illegal reproduction of security documents, the substrate may comprise one or more marking substances or labels and / or machine-readable substances (e.g., luminescent substances, UV / visible / IR light-absorbing substances, magnetic substances, and combinations thereof). If desired, a primer coat may be applied to the substrate before step a). This may improve the quality of the OELs described herein or promote adhesion. Examples of such primer coats can be found in WO 2010 / 058026 A2. With the aim of increasing durability against soiling or chemical resistance and ease of cleaning, and thus extending the circulation life of an article, security document, or decorative element or object comprising the OEL obtained by the process described herein, or with the aim of modifying its aesthetic appearance (e.g., optical gloss), one or more protective layers may be applied on top of the OEL. When present, such protective layers are normally made of protective varnishes. The protective varnishes may be radiation-curable compositions, heat-curable compositions, or any combination thereof. Preferably, such protective layers are radiation-curable compositions, and more preferably UV-vis curable compositions. The protective layers are normally applied after the OEL has been formed. The optical effect layer (OEL) or the substrate (x20) comprising said one or more optical effect layers (OEL) described herein may also be embossed, for example, by applying pressure. frilOfr ίΩ / 77Ω7 / Β / ΥΙΛΙ The optical effect layer (OEL) described herein may also be overprinted after the curing stage of at least partially the radiation-curable coating composition described herein with one or more inks or coating compositions, thereby forming one or more printed patterns or security features. The present invention also provides optical effect coatings (OELs) produced by the methods described herein and / or using the printing apparatus described herein. The uses of the OELs described herein as a means of preventing the counterfeiting of documents and articles (in other words, to protect and authenticate documents and articles), as well as for decorative purposes, are also described herein. The optically effective layer (OEL) described herein can be applied directly onto a substrate where it will remain permanently (e.g., for banknote applications). Alternatively, an optically effective layer can be applied to a temporary substrate for production purposes, from which the OEL is subsequently removed. This can facilitate, for example, the production of the optically effective layer (OEL), especially while the binder is still in its fluid state. After the coating composition for OEL production has hardened, the temporary substrate can then be removed. Alternatively, in another embodiment, there may be an adhesive layer on the OEL or on the substrate comprising the OEL, said adhesive layer being on the side of the substrate opposite the side where the OEL is provided, or on the same side as the OEL and on top of the OEL. Therefore, an adhesive layer may be applied to the OEL or the substrate, said adhesive layer being applied after the curing stage has been completed. Such an article may be affixed to all kinds of documents or other articles or products without printing or other processes involving machinery and considerable effort. Alternatively, the substrate described herein comprising the OEL described herein may be in the form of a transfer sheet, which may be applied to a document or article in a separate transfer stage.For this purpose, the substrate is provided with a release coating, on which the OELs are produced as described herein. One or more adhesive layers may be applied over the optical effect layer thus produced. Also described in this document are substrates comprising more than one, i.e., two, three, four, etc., optical effect layers (OELs) obtained by the method described herein. Also described herein are articles, in particular security documents, elements, or decorative objects, comprising the optical defect layer (OEL) produced according to the present invention. The articles, in particular security documents, elements, or decorative objects, may comprise more than one (e.g., two, three, etc.) OEL produced according to the present invention. As previously mentioned, the OELs produced according to the present invention can be used for decorative purposes, as well as to protect and authenticate a security document. Typical examples of decorative items or objects include, without limitation, luxury cold products, cosmetic packaging, automotive parts, electronic / electrical appliances, furniture, and nail items. Security documents include, but are not limited to, negotiable instruments and commercial goods of value. Typical examples of negotiable instruments include, but are not limited to, banknotes, securities, tickets, checks, coupons, revenue stamps and tax labels, contracts and the like; identity documents such as passports, identity cards, visas, driver's licenses, bank cards, credit cards, transaction cards, access documents or cards, entry tickets, public transport tickets, diplomas or academic degrees and the like, preferably banknotes, identity documents, documents conferring rights, driver's licenses and credit cards.The term "commercial product of value" refers to packaging materials, particularly for cosmetics, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, spirits, tobacco products, beverages or foodstuffs, electrical / electronic goods, textiles, or jewelry—that is, items that must be protected against counterfeiting and / or illegal reproduction to guarantee the contents of the package, such as legitimate medicines. Examples of such packaging materials include, but are not limited to, labels, such as brand authentication labels, tamper-evident tags, and seals. It is noted that the disclosed substrates, documents of value, and commercial goods of value are provided for illustrative purposes only and do not restrict the scope of the invention. Alternatively, the optical effect layer (OEL) described herein may be produced on an auxiliary substrate such as, for example, a security thread, security strip, foil, sticker, window or label and, accordingly, transferred to a security document in a separate step. Persons skilled in the art can foresee various modifications to the specific embodiments described above without departing from the spirit of the present invention. These modifications are encompassed within the present invention. Furthermore, all documents referenced throughout this descriptive report are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, as set out in detail herein. EXAMPLES The examples and comparative examples have been carried out using the UV-vis curable screen printing ink of the formula provided in Table 1 and the first and second magnetic assemblies described below. phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi Table 1 OI Epoxy acrylate rubber (Allnex) 28% by weight Trimethylolpropane triacrylate monomer (Allnex) 19.5% by weight Tripropylene glycol diacrylate monomer (Allnex) 20% by weight Genorad 16 (Rahn) 1% by weight Aerosil 200 (Evonik) 1% by weight Speedcure TPO-L (Lambson) 2% by weight Irgacure® 500 (IGM) 6% by weight Genocure® EPD (Rahn) 2% by weight BYK® 371 (BYK) 2% by weight Tego Foamex N (Evonik) 2% by weight 7-layer optically variable magnetic pigment particles (*) 16.5% by weight phenol? ίη / ζζηζ / E / γίΛΐ (*) Optically variable magnetic pigment particles in the form of 7-layer platelets from gold to green having a flake shape of dso diameter, approximately 9.3 pm and a thickness of approximately 1 pm, obtained at JDS-Unifase, Santa Rosa, California. Magnetic assembly according to the invention (Figure 2A) A magnetic assembly (200) configured to receive a substrate (220), in an orientation substantially parallel to a foreground plane, was used to biaxially orient the pigment particles according to the invention. The magnetic assembly (200) comprised a) a first set (S1) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (231) and two second dipole bar magnets (232a and 232b) and a second set (S2) comprising a first dipole bar magnet (231) and two second dipole bar magnets (232a and 232b) and b) a first pair (P1) of third dipole bar magnets (233a and 233b). The top surface of the first dipole bar magnet (231) of the first and second sets (S1, S2), of the second dipole bar magnets (232ay and 232b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and of the third dipole bar magnets (233a and 233b) of the first pair (P1) were level with each other. The third bar dipole magnet (233a) was aligned with the second bar dipole magnet (232a) of the first set (S1) and with the second bar dipole magnet (232a) of the second set (S2) to form a line. The third bar dipole magnet (233b) was aligned with the second bar dipole magnet (232b) of the first set (S1) and with the second bar dipole magnet (232b) of the second set (S2) to form a line. In each line described herein, the third bar dipole magnets (233a and 233b) and the two second bar dipole magnets (232a) were separated by a third distance (d3) of 2 mm. The first dipole bar magnets (231) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) had the following dimensions: first thickness (L1) of 5 mm, first length (L4) of 60 mm, and first width (L5) of 40 mm. Each of the second dipole bar magnets (232ay, 232b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) had the following dimensions: second thickness (L2) of 10 mm, second length (L6) of 40 mm, and second width (L7) of 10 mm. Each of the third dipole bar magnets (233ay, 233b) of the first pair (P1) had the following dimensions: third thickness (L3) of 10 mm, third length (L8) of 20 mm, and third width (L9) of 10 mm. The first dipole bar magnet (231) of the first set (S1) and the second dipole bar magnets (232ay 232b) of the first set (S1) were aligned to form a column, and the first dipole bar magnet (231) of the second set (S2) and the second dipole bar magnets (232ay 232b) of the second set (S2) were aligned to form a column. In each set (S1, S2) and each column described herein, the first dipole bar magnets (231) and the two second dipole bar magnets (232ay 232b) were separated by a second distance (d2) of 2 mm. The first dipolar bar magnets (231) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) had their magnetic axis oriented so that it was substantially parallel to the foreground and substantially parallel to the substrate (220), wherein the first dipolar bar magnet (231) of the first set (S1) had its magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first dipolar bar magnet (231) of the second set (S2), and were separated by a first distance (d1) of 24 mm (corresponding to the sum of the third length (L8) and the two third distances (d3)). The second two dipole bar magnets (232a and 232b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) had their magnetic axis oriented so that it was substantially perpendicular to the foreground and substantially perpendicular to the substrate (220). The south pole of the second dipole bar magnet (232a) of the first set (S1) pointed towards the foreground and towards the substrate (220), the north pole of the second dipole bar magnet (232b) of the first set (S1) pointed towards the foreground and towards the substrate (220), and the north pole of the first dipole bar magnets (231) of the first set (S1) pointed towards the second dipole bar magnet (232b) of the first set (S1).The north pole of the second dipolar bar magnet (232a) of the second set (S2) pointed towards the foreground and the substrate (220), the south pole of the second dipolar bar magnet (232b) of the second set (S2) pointed towards the foreground and the substrate (220), the north pole of the first dipolar bar magnets (231) of the second set (S2) pointed towards the second dipolar bar magnet (232a) of the second set (S2). The south pole of the third dipole bar magnet (233a) pointed towards the second dipole bar magnet (232a) of the first set (S1), said second dipole bar magnet (232a) having its south pole pointing towards the substrate (220); and the north pole of the third dipole bar magnet (233b) pointed towards the second dipole bar magnet (232b) of the first set (S1), said second dipole bar magnet (232b) having its north pole pointing towards the substrate (220). The first dipole bar magnets (231) of the first and second sets (S1, S2), the second dipole bar magnets (232ay 232b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the third dipole bar magnets (233ay 233b) of the first pair (P1) were made of NdFeB N42 and were integrated into a non-magnetic support array (not shown) made of polyoxymethylene (POM) with the following dimensions: 115mm x 115mm x 12mm. The first dipolar bar magnets (231) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) had their magnetic axis oriented so that it was substantially parallel to the foreground and substantially parallel to the substrate (220), wherein the first dipolar bar magnet (231) of the first set (S1) had its magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first dipolar bar magnet (231) of the second set (S2) and were separated by a first distance (d1) of 24 mm. Magnetic assembly according to the state of the art (Figure 6A) A comparative magnetic assembly (600) configured to receive a substrate (620) in an orientation substantially parallel to a foreground plane was used to biaxially orient the pigment particles. This comparative magnetic assembly (600) comprised four phenolic dipole bar magnets (632a-d) arranged in a staggered pattern as shown in Figure 5 of EP 2 157 141 A. The four dipole bar magnets (632a-d) were identical to the second dipole bar magnets (232a and 232b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) described above, and were arranged in a staggered pattern, with the distance (e1) being 60 mm and the distance (e2) being approximately 40 mm. Sample E1 and comparative sample C1 (Figure 7A) In each sample, the UV-vis curable screen printing ink from Table 1 was applied onto a piece of fiduciary paper (Louisenthal BNP paper, 100g / m2, 60 mm x 60 mm) to form a coating layer (40 mm x 40 mm), where this application step was carried out using a laboratory screen printing device with a 90T screen to form a coating layer that was approximately 20 pm thick. While the coating layer was still in a wet, uncured state, the substrate (220, 620) was placed on top of the center of a support plate (100 mm x 100 mm) made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The support plate carrying the substrate (220, 620) and the coating layer were moved independently at a speed of approximately 50 cm / s or more. i) the magnetic assembly (200) illustrated in Figure 2A for sample E1 ii) the magnetic assembly (600) illustrated in Figure 6A for comparative sample C1, wherein the substrate (220, 620) faced the magnetic assembly (200, 600) and the distance (h) between the top surface of the magnetic assembly (200, 600) and the substrate (220, 620) was 2 mm. After moving the support plate carrying the substrate (220, 620) and the coating layer to a distance (ds) of approximately 20 cm from the magnetic assembly (200, 600), the coating layer cured independently after exposure, for approximately 0.5 seconds, to a Phoseon UV-LED lamp (250, 650) (FireFlex Type 50x75mm, 395 nm, 8W / cm2). The resulting optical effect layer obtained with the magnetic assembly (200) according to the invention is shown in Figure 7A (left), and the resulting optical effect layer obtained with the comparative magnetic assembly (600) is shown in Figure 7A (right). As shown in Figure 7A, the sample prepared according to the process of the invention consisted of a homogeneous layer, whereas the comparative sample exhibited a lighter and a darker band (area within the dashed rectangle) along the edge of the sample parallel to the movement of the substrate (620). Sample E2 and comparative sample C2 (Figure 7B) Sample E2 and comparative sample C2 were prepared according to the method described above for E1 and C1, except that the support plate carrying the substrate (220, 620) and the coating layer were moved three times over the magnetic assembly (200, 600) (forward / backward / forward before the curing stage). The resulting optical effect layer obtained with the magnetic assembly (200) according to the invention is shown in Figure 7B (left), and the resulting optical effect layer obtained with the comparative magnetic assembly (600) is shown in Figure 7B (right). As shown in Figure 7B, the sample prepared according to the process of the invention consisted of a homogeneous layer, whereas the comparative sample exhibited a lighter and a darker band (area within the discontinuous rectangle) along the edge of the sample parallel to the movement of the substrate (620). Sample E3 and comparative sample C3 (Figure 7C) Sample E3 and comparative sample C3 were prepared according to the method described above for E2 and C2, except that the distance (h) between the top surface of the magnetic assembly (200, 600) and the substrate (220, 620) was 5 mm instead of 2 mm. The increased distance (h) was used to mimic an industrial process where clamps were conventionally used to hold the sheets or substrate strip in place during that industrial process. The resulting optical effect layer obtained with the magnetic assembly (200) according to the invention is shown in Figure 7C (left), and the resulting optical effect layer obtained with the comparative magnetic assembly (600) is shown in Figure 7C (right). As shown in Figure 7C, the sample prepared according to the process of the invention consisted of a homogeneous layer, whereas the comparative sample exhibited two lighter and two darker bands (areas within the dashed rectangle) along the edges of the sample parallel to the movement of the substrate (620). As shown in Figures 7A to 7C (left), optical effect layers (OELs) prepared according to the method of the present invention (E1-E3) with a magnetic assembly (200) according to the invention exhibited a homogeneous appearance due to the optimal biaxial orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles. Specifically, the improved biaxial orientation of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, such that their X and Y axes were substantially parallel to the substrate surface, enabled the production of optical effect layers that exhibited a sheet-like surface over the entire area. As shown in Figures 7A to 7C (right), optical effect layers prepared according to the comparative method of the prior art (C1-C3) with a comparative magnetic assembly (600) exhibited a non-homogeneous appearance. As shown in Figure 7A (left), a single pass over the magnetic assembly (200) of the present invention allowed the preparation of a homogeneous optical effect layer. As shown in Figure 7B (left), increasing the number of passes over the magnetic assembly (200) of the present invention also allowed the preparation of a homogeneous optical effect layer. As shown in Figure 7C (left), increasing the distance (h) between the magnetic assembly (200) and the substrate (220) continued to allow the preparation of a homogeneous optical effect layer, whereas the same increase in distance (h) negatively affected the optical appearance of the optical effect layer obtained with the comparative method using a comparative magnetic assembly.

Claims

1. A magnetic assembly (xOO) for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x20), said magnetic assembly (xOO) being configured to receive the substrate (x20) in an orientation substantially parallel to and above a foreground plane, characterized in that it comprises: a) at least one first set (S1) and one second set (S2), each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) comprising: i. a first dipole bar magnet (x31) having a first thickness (L1), a first length (L4) and a first width (L5), and having its magnetic axis oriented to be substantially parallel to the foreground plane, ii. two second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) having a second thickness (L2), a second length (L6) and a second width (L7), the two second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) having their upper surfaces level with each other,and having their magnetic axes oriented so as to be substantially perpendicular to the first plane, the first plane being situated on the upper surface of the two second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b), the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the first set (S1) having a magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the second set (S2), the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) being separated by a first distance (d1), the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the first set (S1) having substantially the same first length (L4) and first width (L5) as the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the second set (S2), and the two second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) of the first set (S1) having substantially the same second lengths (L6) and second widths (L7) as the two second magnets bar dipoles (x32a and x32b) of the second set (S2),with the first dipole bar magnet (x31) and the second dipole bar magnet (x32a and x32b) of each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) aligned to form a column, wherein the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is respectively positioned between the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) and separated from them by a second distance (d2), the first width (L5) and the second length (L6) being substantially equal, the north pole of one second dipole bar magnet (x32a and x32b) of each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) pointing towards the first plane, while the north pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) points towards said one, and the south pole of the other second dipole bar magnet (x32a and x32b) of each of the first and second sets (S1, S2) pointing towards the first plane and pointing the south pole of the first dipolar bar magnet (x31) towards said other, and comprising,Also: phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi b) a first pair (P1) of third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) having a third thickness (L3), a third length (L8) and a third width (L9) and having their magnetic axes oriented so that they are substantially parallel to the first plane, the second width (L7) of the two second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) having substantially the same value as the third width (L9) of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b), each of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) being aligned with a second bar dipole magnet (x32a and x32b) of the first set (S1) and a second bar dipole magnet (x32a and x32b) of the second set (S2), so as to form two lines, the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) between and separated from the respective second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) by a third distance (d3),pointing the north poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b), respectively, towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) and pointing the north poles of said second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) towards the foreground or pointing the south poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b), respectively, towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) and pointing the south poles of said second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) towards the foreground, wherein the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2), the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) They are at least partially integrated into a non-magnetic support matrix.

2. The magnetic assembly (xOO) according to claim 1, further characterized in that the first thickness (L1) of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is preferably equal to or less than the second thickness (L2) of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2); preferably wherein the ratio between the second thickness (L2) of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) and the first thickness (L1) of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) (L2 / L1) is equal to or less than 3 and greater than or equal to 1 (i.e., 1 < L2 / L1 < 3); the first thickness (L1) of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is preferably equal to or less than the third thickness (L3) of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) of the first pair (P1);preferably where the ratio between the third thickness (L3) of the third dipole bar magnets (x33a and x33b) of the first pair (P1) and the first thickness (L1) of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) (L3 / L1) is equal to or less than 3 and greater than or equal to 1 (1 < L3 / L1 < 3); where the second distance (d2) between the first dipole bar magnet (x31) and the second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1 / 3 of the first thickness (L1) of the first dipole bar magnets (x31) (0 < d2 < 1 / 3 L1); and where the third distance (d3) between the third dipole bar magnets (x33a and x33b) of the phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi first pair (P1) and the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to % of the first thickness (L1) of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) (0 < d3 < % L1).; 3. The magnetic assembly (xOO) according to claim 1 or 2, further characterized in that the upper surface of the second dipolar bar magnets (x32a and x32b) is level with the upper surfaces of the third dipolar bar magnets (x33a and x33b).

4. The magnetic assembly (xOO) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, further characterized in that the first distance (d1) between the first dipolar bar magnets (x31) of the first and second sets (S1, S2) is greater than or equal to 15% of the first length (L4) and less than or equal to 150% of the first length (L4) (i.e., 0.15*L4 < d1 1.5*L4), preferably greater than or equal to 25% of the first length (L4) and less than or equal to 120% of the first length (L4) (i.e., 0.25*L4 <d1 < 1.2*L4), incluso más preferentemente, mayor que o igual al 25% de la primera longitud (L4) y menor que o igual al 80 % de la primera longitud (L4) (es decir, 0.25*L4<d1 < 0.8*L4).

5. The magnetic assembly (xOO) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, further characterized in that it additionally comprises one or more combinations comprising: i) a (2+i)th set (S<2+i)) (i = 1, 2, etc.) comprising: another first dipole bar magnet (x31) having first thickness (L1), first length (L4) and first width (L5), and having its magnetic axis oriented so as to be substantially parallel to the first plane, and two other second dipole bar magnets (x32a and x32b) having second thickness (L2), second length (L6) and second width (L7), the two second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) having their upper surfaces level with each other and having their magnetic axes oriented so as to be substantially perpendicular to the first plane,having the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+i)th set (S2+1) a magnetic direction opposite to the magnetic direction of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+i-1) set (S2+11), the first dipole bar magnets (x31) of the (2+i)th and (2+i-1)th sets (S2+1, S2+1-1) being separated by the first distance (d1), the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+i)th set (S2+1) having substantially the same length (L5) and width (L4) as the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+i-1)th set (S2+i-1), and the second two dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the (S2+i)th set (S2+i) having substantially the same lengths (L6) and widths (L7) that the second two dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32b) of the (2+¡-1)th set (S2+¡-i), the first dipole bar magnet (x31) and the second dipole bar magnet (x32a and x32b) being aligned to form a column,wherein the first dipole bar magnet (x31) of the (2+1)th set (S2+1) is located between the second dipole bar magnets and separated from them (x32a, x32b) by the second distance (d2), phenol? Ln / zznz / E / YiAi the first and second lengths (L4 and L6) being substantially equal, the north pole of one of the second dipole bar magnets (x32a, x32t>) of the (2+i)th set (S2+1) pointing towards the foreground and the north pole of the first dipole bar magnet (x31) pointing towards that second dipole bar magnet, and ii) having a (1+i)th pair (P1+i) of third dipole bar magnets (x33a and x33t>) the third thickness (L3), the third length (L9) and the third width (L8) and having their magnetic axes oriented so as to be substantially parallel to the magnetic axes of the third dipole bar magnets (x33a and x33b) of the (1+i-1)th pair (P1-H-1),with each of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) aligned with a second bar dipole magnet (x32a and x32b) of the (2+i)th set (S2+i) and a second bar dipole magnet (x32a and x32b) of the (2+1-1)th set (S2-H-1), thus forming two lines, the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) being situated between and separated from the respective second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) by the third distance (d3), the north poles of the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) pointing respectively towards one of the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) of the (2+i)th and (2+i1)th sets (S2+1, S2+i-i) and the north poles of said second dipolar bar magnets (x32a and x32b) towards the foreground or pointing respectively the south poles of the third dipolar bar magnets (x33a and x33b) towards one of the second dipolar bar magnets (x32a and x32b) of the (2+i)th and (2+i-1)th sets (S2+1,S2+1-1) and pointing the south poles of said second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) towards the foreground, wherein the first bar dipole magnets (x31) of the (2+i)th set (S2+1), the second bar dipole magnets (x32a and x32b) of the (2+i)th set (S(2+i)j) and the third bar dipole magnets (x33a and x33b) of the (1+i)th pair (Pi+i) are at least partially integrated into the non-magnetic support matrix.

6. A printing apparatus characterized in that it comprises the magnetic assembly (xOO) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, which is mounted near a transfer device preferably selected from the group consisting of chains, belts, cylinders and combinations thereof.

7. A method for producing an optical effect layer (OEL) on a substrate (x20), characterized in that it comprises the steps of: i) applying onto the surface of a substrate (x20) a radiation-curable coating composition comprising platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, wherein an X-axis and a Y-axis define a predominant plane of particle extension, said radiation-curable coating composition being in a first liquid state, thereby forming a coating layer (x10); ii) exposing the coating layer (x10) to a magnetic field of the magnetic assembly (xOO) mentioned in any one of claims 1 to 5, thereby biaxially orienting at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles;iii) at least partially cure the radiation-curable coating composition of the frílOfr ίΩ / 77Ω7 / B / YILI stage i) and that it passes into a second solid state, so as to fix the magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles in platelet form in their adopted positions and orientations.; 8. The method according to claim 7, further characterized in that it further comprises an additional step in which the coating layer (x10) is exposed to a magnetic field from a magnetic field generating device, in order to reorient at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles, said additional step being carried out after step i).

9. The method according to claim 8, further characterized in that a step is carried out in which one or more first areas of the coating layer (x10) of the radiation-curable coating composition of step i) are selectively cured, at least partially, to fix at least a portion of the platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles in their adopted positions and orientations, so that one or more second areas of the coating layer (x10) remain unexposed to irradiation, said step being carried out before, partially at the same time as, or after the step of claim 8 in which the coating layer (x10) is further exposed to the magnetic field of the magnetic field generating device.

10. The method according to claim 7, further characterized in that the coating layer (x10) is exposed, in a single step, to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (xOO) mentioned in any one of claims 1 to 5 and a magnetic field generating device comprising one or more hard magnetic magnets, the magnetic field generating device being mounted on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) or being a movable magnetic field generating device.

11. The method according to claim 7, further characterized in that the coating layer (x10) is exposed, in a single step, to the interaction of the magnetic fields of the magnetic assembly (xOO) mentioned in any one of claims 1 to 5 and one or more soft magnetic plates bearing one or more markings in the form of hollows and / or notches and / or protrusions, said one or more soft magnetic plates being placed on a rotating magnetic cylinder (x60) or placed on a movable device under the substrate (x20).

12. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 11, further characterized in that a distance (h) between the upper surface of the first bar dipole magnets (x31) and the substrate is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 20 mm, preferably less than or equal to approximately 10 mm and greater than 2 mm.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, further characterized in that step i¡¡) is carried out by UV-vis light radiation curing.

14. The method according to any one of claims 7 to 13, further characterized in that at least a portion of the plurality of platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable particles is constituted by optically variable platelet-shaped magnetic or magnetizable pigment particles, preferably selected from the group consisting of thin-film magnetic interference pigments, cholesteric liquid crystal magnetic pigments, and mixtures thereof.

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