STEPPING STONES CONTAINING PROCESSED TEA WASTE AND COPPER MINING WASTE.

Abstract

The invention relates to an environmentally sustainable stepping stone, containing processed tea waste and copper mine waste, and its production method, designed to provide safe, stable and comfortable pedestrian movement on different ground surfaces in various outdoor applications including terraces, garden paths and verandas.

Description

1 TARIFF STEPPING STONES CONTAINING PROCESSED TEA WASTE AND COPPER MINING WASTE. Technical Field to Which the Invention Relates 5 The meeting included various outdoor spaces such as terraces, garden paths, and verandas. safe, stable and comfortable pedestrian environment on different ground surfaces in applications environmental and processed tea waste and copper mine waste to facilitate movement It is related to sustainable stepping stones and their production method. State of the Art Stepping stones provide a safe, stable, and comfortable surface on various floor types. structural material used for ground covering, intended to facilitate pedestrian movement. These stones are elements used in various applications, primarily terraces, garden paths, and verandas. It is widely preferred in outdoor applications. It is produced using concrete, 15 While different materials such as wood, steel, and natural stone can be used, long service life is ensured. Due to its long lifespan, high durability and economic advantages, it is used in applications. Concrete-based stepping stones are mostly preferred. Concrete stepping stones Concrete, which is primarily composed of cement, aggregates, sand, and water, is produced using these components. The mixture is used. The prepared fresh concrete is poured into steel stepping stone molds 20 The mold is placed and pressed using pressing machines of different capacities. It is shaped by being compressed inside. The product obtained after the pressing process... stepping stones are manufactured to provide the desired geometric and mechanical properties. It is completing the process. In recent years, in the production of concrete and other cement-based building materials In order to increase sustainability, organic and inorganic wastes are processed into natural aggregates and Its use as a substitute for cement is being widely researched. In this context, agricultural research is also underway. Waste, industrial by-products and mining waste reduce the consumption of natural resources, Structure 30 aims to alleviate waste disposal problems and limit environmental impacts. It is used in materials such as concrete and cement. In the literature, these types of waste are evaluated in materials such as concrete and cement. Although it has been shown that it can be used in certain proportions in products, the majority of studies... The section focuses on a single type of waste or a single substitution mechanism. Research on the use of mining waste in building materials. 2 Upon examination, it was found that most of these wastes were considered as aggregate substitutes. It is observed that sulfurous and metallic mineral wastes are used in cement-based systems [1, 2]. by stabilizing it inside, its environmental risks can be reduced and it can be mechanically It has been reported that acceptable products can be obtained from copper mine waste [3]. In studies where it is used as a substitute for natural aggregate, the pressure is 5 at certain substitution ratios. its strength remains at acceptable levels, but at high substitution rates It has been stated that strength losses occur [4]. Similarly, mining wastes It has been stated that it can be used in road pavements and different infrastructure materials [5]. Studies have shown the potential of using mining waste in concrete. However, durability, long-term performance and the binding system are emphasized. 10 It has been stated that careful optimization is required in terms of compatibility [6]. On the other hand, Due to the high carbon footprint of cement production, alternatives are used in the binder phase. The use of materials has also led to the development of sustainable binding systems in recent years. With the aim of developing it, it has become an important area of ​​research in the literature. In this context, organic materials such as biochar can be used as cement substitutes. 15 Studies in which it is used show positive or neutral effects on mechanical properties. This shows that agricultural and biomass / biochar based wastes can be provided [7, 8]. cement is incorporated into binding systems after controlled processes. reducing fuel consumption while maintaining acceptable mechanical and durability characteristics. It has been shown in various studies that it can retain [9, 10]. Biochar cement-based 20 Studies on the use of substitutions in materials have shown that optimum ratio substitutions It creates a micro-filling effect within the binding matrix and the hydration products are more It has been reported that biochar contributes to the homogeneous distribution of carbon

[11] . In addition, biochar carbon Due to its composition, it offers carbon sequestration potential in cement-based systems and It has been stated that it provides environmental advantages

[12] . 25 In current technology, cement and / or concrete-based infrastructure products such as stepping stones are used. Although there are numerous approaches to partial aggregate substitution, each The effect of secondary raw materials on blending performance depends on the type of material and processing. It varies depending on the shape, particle size distribution, and substitution rate. Also 30 In current technology, while aiming for environmental benefits, it also aims for ease of use. manufacturability, target strength, long-term durability, and environmental safety. Meeting these requirements simultaneously is practically challenging. 3 In the known state of the art, excess amounts of tea are produced after tea production, and especially Tea waste, which tea factories struggle to dispose of, is an economic resource. and constitutes a significant environmental problem. Similarly, metal mines that are idle after ore enrichment processes and 5. If not disposed of properly, these pose risks to the environment and human health. Mining waste also poses serious problems and liabilities for businesses. Tea Tea waste, which is generated in large quantities after production, especially during intensive production periods. There is a serious operational challenge in terms of storage and proper disposal at the factories where it is produced. This creates a burden. The high moisture content of these wastes can cause problems in a short time. Due to problems such as decomposition / odor formation and volumetric accumulation, a temporary 10-day period has been declared on site. This makes storage conditions difficult. Regular collection, transportation, and disposal are required. The need to send supplies to suitable facilities increases operating costs and is a recurring issue. This creates a need for logistics planning. If not managed properly, it can lead to environmental problems. Risks such as leaks, visual pollution, and hygiene problems may arise. In addition, seasonal variability of waste necessitates a standard disposal or evaluation method. 15 This makes it difficult to apply the method consistently. Therefore, the technique... In its current state, tea waste is not sustainable and economically feasible. Managing tea production facilities in this way is a significant problem that needs to be solved. It continues to exist as such. In the current state of the art, ore enrichment and processing in metal mines. Large quantities of mining waste generated as a result of mining activities are disposed of in a regulated landfill. and poses a significant burden for businesses in terms of safe disposal. These wastes In most cases, heavy metal content and undesirable ions such as sulfate / chloride. 25 that may contain It has potential. Leaking occurs in storage areas due to the interaction of precipitation and groundwater. Its occurrence increases the risks of environmental spread and pollution, therefore continuous monitoring and Control is required. In addition, the mineralogical structure, particle shape and chemical composition of the wastes must be considered. Since the composition can vary depending on the field / quarry, a uniform management style is not necessary. Implementing the disposal approach is becoming difficult in practice. This situation leads to stabilization 30 and introduces additional processing requirements such as immobilization, increasing costs and process. This can increase its complexity. Therefore, in the current state of the technique, metal ore the safe, sustainable and economical management of waste, both environmentally 4 as a critical problem area in terms of both liabilities and operating costs It stands out. Current technology involves the use of mining waste and organic waste in building materials. Despite the existence of significant accumulated knowledge on the subject, the vast majority of current studies are... the majority rely solely on aggregate substitution or solely on cement substitution. It is observed that waste is concentrated in elements such as stepping stones. where both the binder and aggregate phases are considered together and in an optimized manner. This reveals that holistic approaches have been studied to a limited extent in the literature. The limitations and inadequacies of current technological solutions are fundamental to stepping stone production. for the substitution of cement and aggregates used as raw materials approaches involving the variable chemical composition and grain size of substitute materials Because of its distribution, it requires high precision in the mixture, therefore workability losses, increased water requirements, decreased strength and durability, and surface 15 revealing production problems such as defects in biomass-derived waste organic if used directly or in an inadequately processed form The components absorb water and bind the mixing water, increasing the void ratio, and It weakens the binder-aggregate interface, negatively impacting mechanical performance. It can have an impact, and also, while aiming for environmental benefits in stepping stone production, it is easy to 20 manufacturability, target strength, long-term durability, and the structure in current technology. Environmental concerns due to high CO₂ emissions and carbon footprint in their products. Meeting security requirements simultaneously is practically challenging, and in addition to the large amounts of tea waste and ore generated in tea factories 25 problems encountered in the disposal of mining waste generated after enrichment. due to reasons such as the inability to manage economic / environmental burdens sustainably An improvement in this area has become necessary. Brief Description and Objectives of the Invention The meeting included various outdoor 30s such as terraces, garden paths and verandas. safe, stable and comfortable pedestrian environment on different ground surfaces in applications to facilitate the movement, environmental and It is related to sustainable stepping stones and their production method. One aim of the invention is to reduce the need for primary raw materials such as cement and aggregates. reduced, resulting in a lower carbon footprint and more favorable cost. The invention concerns the production of sustainable stepping stones. The stepping stone in question is made from processed tea waste and Using copper mine waste, cement and aggregates are produced according to the current state of the art. Compared to stepping stones produced using other methods, it has a lower carbon footprint and is 5% more efficient. Sustainable stepping stones are produced at a low cost. In addition, processed By reducing the burden of disposing of tea waste and copper mine waste, these wastes can be recycled. It is being brought into the economy. Another aim of the invention is to reduce the use of cement in stepping stone production. thanks to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and CO₂ from cement production The aim is to reduce emissions, and thus reduce the environmental impact. The subject of the invention... in the stepping stone mortar composition: carbon-rich processed tea waste, copper When used in conjunction with mining waste, it absorbs CO₂ and removes heavy metals. This contributes to its retention. 15 Explanation of the Figures Figure 1. XRD profile of copper ore waste. Figure 2. SEM images of copper mine waste (x2000) Figure 3. Grain size graphs of materials used as binders. 20 Figure 4. XRD profiles of tea wastes (BC and TP). Figure 5. SEM images of tea waste (x2000) a) Biochar (BC), b) Brewed tea waste (TP) Figure 6. 28-day UCS of mixtures prepared with different biochar substitution ratios. results 25 Figure 7. Uniaxial compression of mixtures containing tea waste biochar as a function of curing time. strength (UCS) results Figure 8. 28 of the mixtures prepared with different brewing tea waste substitution ratios. daily UCS results Figure 9. UCS results of mixtures containing brewing tea waste as a function of curing time 30 Figure 10. 28-day XRD results of the mixtures. 6 Figure 11. 28-day thermogravimetry (TG) graphs of the mixtures. Figure 12. 28-day derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) graphs of the mixtures. Figure 13. FTIR graph of the mixtures after a 28-day curing period. Figure 14. SEM micrographs of the mixtures at 7, 28 and 90 days (x2000) Figure 15. UCS results of concretes with different proportions of mining waste substituted. 5 Figure 16. View of the stepping stone related to the invention. Detailed Description of the Invention The meeting included various outdoor spaces such as terraces, garden paths, and verandas. In its applications, it provides a safe, stable and comfortable pedestrian environment on different ground surfaces. to facilitate the movement, environmental and It is related to sustainable stepping stones and their production method. The invention refers to cement, which are the primary raw materials used in the production of stepping stones. The aggregate's secondary raw material sources include processed tea waste and copper ore 15 producing more environmentally friendly and economical stepping stones by partially replacing their waste. This is achieved by reducing the need for cement and aggregate in the stepping stone that is the subject of the invention. This enables the sustainable disposal of waste and its integration into the circular economy. While this is achieved, cement consumption is reduced, and CO₂ emissions and carbon footprint are decreased. It is being reduced. This invention, a stepping stone, involves using copper mine waste as aggregate instead of 20 Biochar and tea brewing waste are used together in the same system instead of cement. and is based on their use in optimum ratios. In this respect, the invention is superior to existing ones. Unlike other studies, it does not merely offer an alternative raw material suggestion, controlled processing of mineral and organic waste, environmental risks reducing carbon emissions by 25% through a decrease in cement use It proposes a technical solution aimed at reducing this. For various outdoor applications including terraces, garden paths and verandas. To ensure safe, stable and comfortable pedestrian movement on different ground surfaces. 30 the environmental and sustainable stepping stone that is the subject of the invention; 7 - CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, - aggregate, - biochar or brewing tea waste as processed tea waste, - copper mine waste, It includes. The processed tea waste mentioned here is converted into biochar through pyrolysis. 5 particle size regulated by brought or controlled grinding and sieving processes It refers to tea brewing waste. In one application of the invention, the stepping stone in question is 6% by weight of CEM I 42.5R Portland. cement, 91% aggregate by weight, processed tea waste as 1.5% cement by weight. up to 3% of cement by weight of biochar or brewed tea waste and by weight The aggregate contains 5-35% copper mine waste. In one application of the invention, the stepping stone in question is 6% by weight of CEM I 42.5R Portland. cement, 91% aggregate by weight, processed tea waste as 1.5% cement by weight 15 up to 3% of cement by weight of biochar or brewed tea waste and by weight The aggregate contains approximately 25% copper mine waste. The proportions of all components in the mixture will be completed to a total of 100% in the final product. It is prepared in this way. The CEM I 42.5R Portland cement mentioned in the invention, 20 Containing more than 95% clinker and gypsum, providing ultimate strength of 42.5 N / mm². It is a Portland cement of a specific strength class. It conforms to the TS EN 197-1 standard. The invention proposes biochar or brewed tea as a substitute for CEM I 42.5R Portland cement. The waste, in the form of aggregate, is copper mine waste. The mortar mixture also contains 25 It contains 3% water by weight. The water in the mortar mixture after hardening... It is moving away. In an application of the invention, in the prepared concrete mixture The water / cement ratio is 0.45. The amount of water used is based on the weight of the cement. It is calculated and adjusted according to this ratio in the mixture design. Production No processes requiring high temperatures are applied during this process. The water is 30. preparation of the mixture and the occurrence of the hydration reactions of the cement. It is used for this purpose. After the hardening process is complete, some of the water... Hydration products are chemically bound within the body, while free water remains. It evaporates over time. The final product contains no free water. 8 It exists in a bound form within the structure formed only as a result of cement hydration. It is receiving. Within the scope of the invention, processed tea waste is obtained by applying the (1) pyrolysis process. in biochar form and (2) controlled tea waste obtained after brewing 5 It is used in a form with a regulated particle size through grinding and sieving processes. In one application of the invention, the aggregates mentioned are coarse aggregate, medium aggregate and fine aggregate. It contains aggregate. The aggregate content includes coarse aggregate with a size of 11.2–22.4 mm. 10 in size, with medium aggregate 4–11.2 mm and fine aggregate 0–4 mm. They are aggregates. In one application of the invention, the stepping stone in question is processed tea for 1 m³ of stepping stone. In the case where the waste contains biochar, 786 kg of coarse aggregate with a size of 11.2–22.4 mm, 590 kg of medium aggregate with sizes 4–11.2 mm, 391.1 kg of fine aggregate with sizes 0–4 mm, 15 198.9 kg of copper mine waste, 344.75 kg of CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, and 5.3 kg It contains biochar. The final product obtained can be mixed homogeneously and In order to ensure sufficient strength, aggregates with different size ranges (Coarse, medium and fine) must be used taking specific ratios into consideration. Mixture quantities were determined based on the ratios. 20 from laboratory conditions. To minimize potential errors, these values ​​are within a ±1% tolerance. It may vary. In one application of the invention, the stepping stone in question is processed tea for 1 m³ of stepping stone. In the case where the waste includes brewed tea waste, 786 kg of large 25g tea leaves measuring 11.2–22.4 mm. Aggregate: 590 kg medium aggregate with a size of 4–11.2 mm, 391.1 kg fine aggregate with a size of 0–4 mm. 198.9 kg of copper mine waste, 339.5 kg of CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, and 10.5 kg Contains brewing tea residue. The manufacturing method of the stepping stone that is the subject of the invention; 30 i. In the first stage, the aggregate and copper mine waste mix with each other, then... CEM I 42.5R Portland cement and processed tea waste, among themselves. dry first within their own groups, then together mixing, 9 ii. CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, processed tea waste, aggregate and copper mine waste Water should be added to the mixture so that the water / cement ratio is 0.45. mixing, iii. Mixing the resulting mixture in a blender, iv. Pouring the mixture into molds and pressing, 5 v. Allowing the pressed product to complete its setting under curing conditions, It includes the steps involved in the process. The tea waste used in the invention is brewing tea waste (TP) and the product derived from this waste. There are two groups, including biochar (BC). In the method in question, the aforementioned processed 10 Tea waste has been converted into biochar through pyrolysis or controlled grinding and sieving. These are brewing tea wastes whose particle size has been regulated by processing. The method that is the subject of the invention. In one of its applications, the mixer pan type concrete mentioned in step (iii) of the process It's a mixer. In one application of the method described in the invention, step (iii) takes 10–12 minutes. Mixing is carried out for a specified period of time. The mixing time specified in the method is 10–12 minutes. the duration is to ensure that the mixture components are homogeneously distributed. This time interval has been determined. This period ensures the formation of a homogeneous structure in the final product, and mechanically... It contributes to the balanced development of characteristics. However, the aforementioned 20 the duration is reasonable depending on the production conditions and the type of equipment used. replaceable. In one application of the method described in the invention, the processed tea waste mentioned is tea. It is a biochar form obtained from waste through pyrolysis at 600°C in an anaerobic environment. 25 Another application of the method described in the invention involves the aforementioned processed tea waste; These are ground or sifted brewing tea wastes, filtered through a 500 µm sieve. In one application of the method described in the invention, the aforementioned processed tea waste is heated to 600°C for 30 minutes. Biochar obtained by pyrolysis process or ground or under a 500 µm sieve It is sifted brewed tea waste. The tea brewing waste has not undergone any calcination process. After drying, the samples were prepared in two different ways: (i) in a ball mill (ii) no grinding and ground for 60 minutes (TP-G30 and TP-G60), The fraction was sieved to obtain a fraction below 500 µm (TP-S500) without further processing. It has been used directly. Brewing tea waste is included in the invention both in ground form and as 5 It has also been used in sifted (unground) forms. Therefore, the method is only It is not limited to the grinding process. These different preparation methods are practical in terms of application. in order to determine the most suitable (optimum) usage conditions It has been evaluated. Biochar (BC) is sourced from a facility operating in Rize. During the production process, tea waste is pyrolyzed in an oxygen-free environment at temperatures up to 600°C. It has undergone a process called carbonization (biochar production), not calcination. This was carried out. After industrial production, samples were tested in the laboratory using ball bearings. It is ground in the mill for 30 and 60 minutes (BC-G30 and BC-G60) and used as a cement substitute. was used. The process was carried out under pyrolysis conditions (oxygen-free atmosphere). In the invention... The term "processed tea waste" refers to tea waste from brewing processes that has undergone pyrolysis alone. from the process, from mechanical size reduction alone, or from both pyrolysis and These are forms of tea waste that have undergone mechanical size reduction processes. The invention is a In this application, tea waste biochar is produced by heating tea waste to 600°C in an anaerobic environment. It is obtained as a result of the pyrolysis process. The biochar produced after pyrolysis, Before being used in mixtures, 20 are ground in a ball mill for 30 minutes and then for 60 minutes. It has been ground. Brewing tea waste has been incorporated into the mixtures in two different ways. In one application of the invention, ball bearings are used in the same way as biochar for 30 and 60 minutes. It was used after being ground in a mill. In another application of the invention, any It has only undergone a sieving process, without any grinding or heat treatment. Therefore, processed tea waste is converted into biochar through pyrolysis or controlled 25 refers to brewing tea waste whose particle size has been adjusted through grinding and sieving processes. The results of the analysis are presented in Figures 3, 4, 5 and Table 2. It has been given. In the invention, processed tea waste is not reduced to a single process, but brewed tea wastes processed (i) only by pyrolysis, (ii) only by mechanical size reduction (i) processing by (ball milling) or (iii) pyrolysis + mechanical size reduction 30 all forms of tea waste obtained as a result of processing with a combination of these methods. It includes. 11 The stepping stone that is the subject of the invention contains tea waste whose primary intended use is cement. It is used as a substitute. The tea waste in question is used in Portland cement at a specified rate. It replaces cement and forms part of the binding system. In addition, thanks to its ground or biochar form, it exhibits a filler effect. It contributes to microstructural regulation and, due to its carbon content, 5 It contributes to the carbonation / CO₂ binding process. The copper ore waste used in the invention is processed in ore enrichment plants. These are flotation tailings that are formed after the flotation process. The subject is copper mine waste, crushing-grinding-flotation of copper (Cu) ore 10 after the economically valuable concentrated phase is separated by passing it through the processes It contains the remaining fine-grained mineral residues. The mineralogy and chemical analysis of the waste... Detailed data regarding its composition are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. This analysis According to the results, the main oxide components and dominant mineral phases of the waste are shown in the relevant table and This is shown in the XRD pattern. Any additional pre-treatment to the copper ore waste in question... No processing is applied. Waste is processed through dewatering and processing at the ore enrichment plant. It is supplied in its pre-processed form, as required by the process, and It is used directly in mixtures. Based on the experimental data obtained for the invention, tea waste and mining waste 20 When the mixtures containing these ingredients are used in appropriate proportions, they will be compared with reference samples. It has been determined that they provide comparable compressive strength values. This situation indicates that both the type of waste does not disrupt the structural integrity within the binding system and technically This shows that performance can be maintained. In micro-structure evaluations, tea... the distribution of waste and mining waste within the matrix, the void structure 25 it can create a regulatory effect and contribute to the development of hydration products. It has been observed that it offers surface properties at a level that can provide this, especially fine-grained. It has been assessed that matrix continuity is supported thanks to the structure. The invention Within this context, the term partial substitution refers to the complete replacement of cement and aggregate with new materials. This does not mean removal. The mixture contains both cement and aggregate 30. They continue to be found, but a specific portion of them are processed tea waste and copper. It is replaced by weight with mining waste. Processed tea waste in cement phase, a certain percentage (by weight) of the total cement amount is substituted and the remaining part is Portland cement in the mixture. Similarly 12 In this way, copper mine waste can also be used as a partial substitute in proportion to a certain percentage of the aggregate. It is used for this purpose, and not all of the aggregate is removed from the system. The aforementioned the substitution ratios in the stepping stone and optimum mechanical performance The ranges of ratios within which this is achieved have been defined through experimental studies. With this invention... The resulting final mixture is defined as concrete. When preparing the mixture, the first 5... In this stage, aggregate and copper mine waste interact with each other, and cement with processed tea waste. The other two dry mixtures are mixed separately as a group. Both dry mixtures are homogeneous. After being processed, they are mixed together to obtain a single dry mixture. This After this step, water is added all at once and the mixing process continues. A pre-soaking process is also required for tea waste or copper mine waste. 10 It is not applicable. In one application of the invention, the mixing process is of the standard pan type. This is done in a concrete mixer, and the total mixing time is 10–12 minutes. It is held among them. The type of cement mentioned in the invention is CEM I 42.5R Portland. It is cement. The aggregates used in one application of the invention are obtained from a quarry. The aggregate produced is crushed stone, and the particle size range is 0-4 mm for fine aggregates and 15 mm for medium aggregates. The thickness is 4-11.2 mm for sized aggregates and 11.2 / 22.4 mm for coarse aggregates. The invention describes a composite step product consisting of a binder phase and an aggregate phase. It is a binder phase, Portland cement, and cement used as a partial substitute. It consists of processed tea waste. The aggregate phase is 20% obtained from the quarry. from crushed stone aggregate and copper flotation waste used as a partial substitute for the aggregate It consists of: the components found in the final product are; Portland cement, quarry material. The supplied crushed stone aggregate, processed tea waste, and copper ore are enriched. It is copper mine waste resulting from the process. Water is only used during the production phase. It is used for hydration purposes and is present in free form in the final product at 25. It is not available. The metal mentioned in the invention is copper (Cu) ore, which is a waste metal from mining, processed by flotation method. It is flotation waste formed after enrichment. This waste is produced after enrichment. It is obtained from the facility in a dehydrated state and is processed without further treatment. 30 It is used in mixtures. Processed tea waste is used in cement, copper flotation. The partial substitution of waste into aggregate was determined by weight values ​​obtained from experimental data. It is determined accordingly. 13 The tea waste used in the invention is brewing tea waste (TP) and the product derived from this waste. There are two groups: biochar (BC) and brewing tea waste. Any calcination is necessary. The samples were not subjected to any processing. After drying, they were processed in two different ways. prepared: (i) ground in a ball mill for 30 and 60 minutes (TP-G30 and (i) obtaining fractions below 500 µm without any grinding (TP-G60), It was screened (TP-S500) and used directly. Biochar (BC) operates in Rize. It was sourced from a facility that demonstrates this. During the production process, tea waste is heated up to 600°C. It was subjected to pyrolysis in an oxygen-free environment, meaning it wasn't calcination. Carbonization (biochar production) has been carried out. After industrial production. The samples were ground in a ball mill in the laboratory for 30 and 60 minutes (BC-G30 and 10). BC-G60 was used as a cement substitute. The process was carried out under pyrolysis conditions (anaerobic). (atmosphere) was created. According to the physical characterization results, the specific surface area (Ss) for BC-G30 is 4.49. m² / g, 4.70 m² / g for BC-G60, 1.24 m² / g for TP-G30, 1.50 m² / g for TP-G60 and TP-15 For S500, it is 1.05 m² / g. The specific gravity (Gs) is 1.49 for BC and 1.42 for TP. The particle size distribution graphs have been determined. The graphs are given in Figure 3. Additionally, BC The carbon content of the (biochar) sample was determined to be 71%. Water absorption. Their capacities after 24 hours are 6.9 g / g for TP-S500, 4.9 g / g for BC-G60, and 3.8 g / g for BC-G30. It reached its value. In all samples, 90% of the total water absorption occurred within the first hour. It has happened. This invention combines mining waste and tea industry waste in the production of concrete and paving stones. tea is used not only as a secondary raw material in production; it is especially used in tea production. 25 from carbonization, biocharization and controlled grinding processes of wastes by processing it and turning it into an additive suitable for cement substitution. The focus is on this approach, where waste is used solely for volumetric filling or reinforcement. It is considered as an element of existing practices that are distinctly different. It is separated. Tea waste in biochar form obtained within the scope of the invention has Thanks to their porous structure and high specific surface area, cement-based matrix 30 It exhibits a micro-scale void-filling effect within; this is binding. This contributes to the development of a more homogeneous and denser structure in the phase. Microstructural improvement leads to positive results in the mechanical performance of the material. It gives rise to copper mine waste, biochar, and brewed tea waste with the same structure. 14 Using the materials together within the system is not just about a new product. not only the development of waste, but also its controlled utilization, reducing environmental risks associated with waste disposal and sustainable building materials It presents a technical approach aimed at production. One of the key technical advantages of the invention is that the biochar's natural carbon structure is 5 Thanks to this, a homogeneous and permanent black coloration is obtained on the stepping stone. This feature allows for the use of additional pigments or chemical colorants. making it unnecessary, thus reducing costs in the production process and improving the environment. It contributes to reducing the burden. The results of the chemical analysis of copper mine waste are given in Table 1, and As seen, the main oxide components of the waste are iron oxide (Fe2O3) and silicon dioxide. (SiO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) were identified. These results indicate that in mining wastes... XRD (X-ray diffraction) results showed pyrite and quartz as the dominant peaks. It was found to be largely compatible (Figure 1). In particular, 19.9% ​​in copper mine waste. SiO₂ present in this ratio reacts with calcium hydroxide via pozzolanic reactions. It interacts with and promotes the formation of additional C–S–H gel, which is mechanical. By increasing strength and durability while reducing impermeability, it positively contributes to performance. It provides. Table 1. Chemical properties of the components of mining waste. Chemical Contents (%) Na2O Mg HE Al2O3 SiO2 SO3 K2O CaO TiO2 Fe2O3 CuO ZnO Other Copper mine Waste (BA) 0.1 2.7 6.4 19.9 29.3 0.3 3.4 0.5 36.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 SEM scans were taken to observe the morphological structure of copper mine waste. The micrographs are given in Figure 2. As can be seen from this figure, the wastes are variable. It contains fine grains of varying sizes and has a relatively porous structure. In the invention, 25 CEM I 42.5R (C1) type cement was used. In addition, it was obtained from tea waste. Biochar and brewed tea waste were also used as cement substitutes in the experiments. Tea waste biochar (BC) has been evaluated. It is a biochar obtained as a result of pyrolysis processes. The product is processed in a ball mill for periods of 30 (BC-G30) and 60 (BC-G60) minutes. After being ground, it is used in blends. In addition, tea brewing waste is also used. (TP) is added to the mixtures both by grinding at the same time as the biochar and without any grinding. or included by direct elimination without any pre-processing. TP-S500, 500 It refers to the tea waste from brewing that passes through a µm sieve. Cement and tea. The particle size distributions of the wastes are presented in Figure 3. When the figure is examined, it can be seen that 5 copper mine waste, cement and obtained depending on grinding times The particle size distributions of the samples were found to be significantly different. The brewing process results in tea waste exhibiting a relatively coarser grain distribution. As the application progresses, the distribution curves shift to the left and the characteristic grain sizes (D₅₀) It appears that the levels have decreased significantly, especially for TP and BC 10 ground for 30 and 60 minutes. The samples showed significant grain refinement, with an initial size of 500 µm. In the samples, a much wider and more continuous pattern was observed with increasing grinding time. It has been observed that a granulometry of fine grain size was obtained for CEM I 42.5R cement. Its structure approaches a distribution similar to that of tea waste samples that have been ground for a long time. This indicates that the waste is suitable for the binding system. General 15 The results show that increasing the grinding time increases the specific surface area of ​​the cementitious material. a granulometry that can improve mechanical and microstructural performance in mixtures It shows that it provides. Table 2. Chemical properties of cement and tea waste. 20 Chemical Contents (%) Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl K2O CaO MnO Fe2O3 Other CEM I 42.5R (C1) 0.35 0.91 3.43 14.04 0.25 4.42 0.05 0.89 70.87 0.10 4.06 0.64 Brewed tea waste (TP) 0.12 1.63 3.32 5.42 4.91 6.89 0.71 25.04 32.24 13.51 5.60 0.62 Biochar (BC) 0.12 2.84 3.91 3.84 5.93 4.75 1.27 43.21 21.26 5.43 6.55 0.89 Chemical components of cement and cement substitute tea waste materials. This was determined using the XRF method, and the analysis results are shown in Table 2. It has been presented. CEM I 42.5R cement, thanks to its high CaO content, forms a C–S–H gel. It forms the main source and provides the fundamental binding force of the system. Brewing 25 Tea waste (TP) and biochar (BC) are rich in pozzolanic oxides such as SiO₂. With their structures, when used in appropriate fineness and proportions, calcium hydroxide 16 Co-linker that reacts to support secondary C–S–H formation. These materials can be evaluated accordingly. Figure 4 shows the XRD of tea waste (BC and TP). This shows the results. Figure 4 shows the 2θ in the XRD pattern of brewing tea waste. A main peak is observed at approximately 15°, and this peak is also... It reflects an amorphous carbon structure corresponding to cellulose. Tea waste biochar 5 (BC) is between 20°-30°, reflecting the irregular structures of amorphous carbonaceous materials. It exhibited a mound. In addition, there is another peak where 2θ is around 29°. A certain point has been identified, indicating the presence of calcite. Figure 5 shows the SEM images of TP and BC. From Figure 5, 10 As can be seen, BC samples have a flatter and smoother morphology, TP samples have a porous structure. These structures allow water to escape during the hydration process. and by ensuring a more homogeneous distribution of reaction products within the microstructure. It creates an internal curing effect. This reduces early shrinkage cracks in the concrete. By minimizing it, it supports the formation of a more robust matrix. 15 After the material characterization processes are completed, the mixture The preparation of the samples has begun. The mixtures have a constant solid content (by weight). Prepared taking into account a binding ratio of 73%) and 6%. Type CEM I 42.5R (C1). Mixtures prepared using cement can be replaced with cement in varying proportions (20 by weight) 0%, 1%, 1.5%, 3%, 5% and 10%) tea waste biochars (BC-G30 and BC-G60) and Brewing tea waste (TP-G30, TP-G60 and TP-S500) has been substituted. Prepared Samples are cured for varying durations (from 3 days to 180 days) for various tests. It has been subjected to this process. Figure 6 shows different substitutions for CEM I 42.5R cement. Tea waste biochars (BC-G30 and BC-25) at percentages (0%, 1%, 1.5%, 3%, 5%, and 10%) Mixtures prepared using G60) with 6% cement content for 28 days It shows the axial compressive strength results. When mixtures using BC-G30 and BC-G60 were examined, it was observed that at the same substitution ratios... BC-G60 exhibits higher durability performance compared to BC-G30. This has been observed. The reason for this is the reduced particle size resulting from the grinding of the biochar and Consequently, thanks to the increased surface area, the voids within the fill are filled better. It can be said that it replenishes and contributes to hydration. Additionally, the biochar used and... Regardless of cement type, an optimum substitution rate of 1.5% is achieved in the mixtures. 17 that it has reached a certain strength and that increasing this ratio negatively affects mixture performance. This shows that it has been affected. Figure 7 shows the different treatment of samples with the optimum biochar substitution ratio (1.5%). The compressive strength results vary depending on the duration. Figure 7, paragraph 5 shows the results. As can be seen, regardless of the type of biochar and cement used, it takes 56 days. While there was an increase in UCS values ​​in all filler samples until this curing period... Then noticeable decreases occur. This is due to copper. sulfide minerals, which constitute the chemical composition of mining waste, remain in the fills for a long time. It reduces period performance. 10 Figure 8 shows CEM I 42.5R cement with different substitution ratios (%0, %1, %1.5, %3, using 5% and 10% (TP-G30, TP-G60 and TP-S500) brewing tea waste. 28-day uniaxial compressive strength of the prepared mixtures at 6% cement content This shows the results. Regardless of the type of TP used, the mixtures have the same 15 Their resistance during curing periods increases up to a certain substitution rate (3%) and As this ratio increases, strengths decrease. This result is related to brewing. Tea waste (TP-G30, TP-G60 and TP-S500) is used as a substitute at a rate of 3% in the mixtures. that optimum strength has been reached and that the mixture performance improves with increasing this ratio. This shows that it has been negatively affected. The reason for this is the excessive use of 20. and the organic components of unprocessed brewing tea waste Its low alkalinity content can be demonstrated. Figure 9 shows the different samples with the optimum brewing tea waste substitution ratio (3%). The compressive strength results vary depending on the curing times. Figure 25 As seen in section 9, regardless of the type of TP and cement used, it takes 56 days. While there was an increase in UCS values ​​in all samples up to this point, after this curing period... Noticeable reductions are occurring. At the optimum substitution ratios determined for biochar (1.5%) and brewing tea waste (3%), 30 Hydration products formed after a 28-day curing period of the prepared samples. The samples were analyzed using the XRD method. The XRD patterns presented in Figure 10 show ettringite. The formation of key hydration products such as portlandite, gypsum, and CSH is clearly evident. This shows that the ettringite peak was controlled in samples containing optimal levels of tea waste. 18 The higher yield compared to the example is due to the hydration of the tea waste used. It shows that it increases the porous structure of the biochar, hydration products. It is known to have a significant effect on the high surface area of ​​biochar. and its porous structure provides additional nucleation sites for hydration products. This increased the formation of compounds such as ettringite and CSH. This resulted in 5 changes in XRD patterns. Biochar-containing fillers showed a higher peak of hydration products compared to the control sample. It explains the exhibition. Figures 11 and 12 show samples prepared at optimum cement and tea waste substitution ratios. This shows the TG / DTG graphs after 28 days. TG / DTG analyses, especially for 10 Basic hydration compounds such as calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) and portlandite (Ca(OH)2). In determining the formation and transformation of cement products, cement hydration... It provides critical information about the progression. The TG graph shows what is happening in the samples. The quantitative variation of mass losses is shown in the DTG graph, which shows the strongest loss amounts. It represents the range in which it changes. 15 When the TG graphs given in Figure 11 are examined in detail, the largest mass is seen. in samples containing brewing tea waste (TP-S500) with a loss rate of 3% It is observed that this occurs. This situation affects both compressive strengths and XRD. This supports the results and further conversion of hydration products is recommended. This shows that it occurred. In addition, from the DTG graphs, as a cement substitute samples containing waste tea biochar (BC-G60) that are used and have a high carbon content The ranges where calcium carbonate decomposition is most concentrated (700-900°C) are higher. It is observed that peaks are exhibited. This is due to the pyrolysis process releasing substances. The high carbon content of the resulting tea waste biochar can be demonstrated. This 25 The situation is also that in the examples, carbonates are formed through carbonation during curing. This clearly demonstrates the separation. The samples show a 28-day treatment period. Hydration products were analyzed using the FTIR method, and the resulting spectrum is shown in Figure 13. FTIR analyses have been presented. ettringite is detected at 1100 cm⁻¹, and at 875 and 1415 cm⁻¹. 30 characteristic bands corresponding to CO₃²⁻ phases formed as a result of carbonation It has revealed the existence of these carbonate bands containing tea waste and biochar. The higher density in the mixtures is due to the organic origin of these additives. This is associated with their high carbon content. 775 and 970 Si–O and Si–O–Si vibrations observed at cm⁻¹ wave numbers are C– throughout the curing periods. 19 It shows that S-H gel formation is dominant. Containing brewing tea waste. The decrease in transmittance in the samples at the same curing ages indicates a denser C–S–H gel. This indicates that its structure has improved, and this is consistent with increased compressive strength. Figure 14 shows the results after different treatment periods (7, 28, and 90 days, respectively). The observed SEM micrographs are given. 7-day SEM micrographs, especially 5 Containing brewing tea waste (3TP-S500) and finer ground biochar (1,5BC-G60) The samples showed a higher concentration of ettringite and C-S-H formation, and this was observed earlier. It has been shown to have a positive contribution to age resistance. At the end of the 28-day course, all Samples with added waste tea showed a more compact microstructure compared to the control sample. advanced; ettringites largely transformed into portlandite and C–S–H gels, and this 10 It has been observed to be consistent with higher UCS values. The biochar's network-like and Its porous structure creates a micro-filling and internal curing effect on the matrix. It contributed to its concentration. In some samples, during the long course of treatment (90 days) Increased cracking and voiding are observed due to expanding ettringites, while brewing tea residue remains. The fact that the 3TP-S500 sample containing [the missing element] exhibited a less porous morphology suggests that this contribution is 15%. Experimental studies have shown that it has a long-term protective effect on microstructural integrity. Studies initially focus on tea as a cement substitute in systems containing mining waste. It has focused on the use of waste. At this stage, biochar and brewed tea The usability of tea waste as a substitute for cement has been investigated, and it has been determined that the tea waste in question... Optimal cement substitution ratios are determined by considering their effects on the binding system. It has been determined that tea-derived waste forms within the cement matrix. Microstructural and mechanical effects have been clearly demonstrated. Cement substitution. After determining the optimum tea waste rates, the next stage of the study will be... In this phase, the substitution of mining waste for aggregates was discussed. This Accordingly, copper mine waste is used in different proportions as fine aggregate in the concrete mix. 25 Experimental studies have been conducted in which it is used instead of stepping stone production. The optimum aggregate substitution ratio, which is suitable in this respect, has been determined. In this context, Substitution of natural aggregate with copper mine waste at rates of 5%, 15%, 25% or 35%. Samples were prepared and these samples were subjected to uniaxial compressive strength tests. They were subjected to experiments. In Figure 15, 30 different copper ore waste substitution ratios were shown. The uniaxial compressive strength results of the obtained samples are presented. When the results were examined, it was observed that the strength increased with increasing copper mine waste substitution rate. Significant changes in values ​​have been observed with 25% copper mine waste substitution. the produced samples exhibited optimal behavior in terms of mechanical performance It has been determined that copper will be used instead of aggregate in stepping stone production. The optimum substitution rate for mining waste was selected as 25%. In the previous stages... As a result of the optimization studies carried out, 1.5% cement substitution was determined. Using biochar at a certain percentage and brewing tea waste at a certain percentage for different curing durations. In the uniaxial compressive strength tests performed throughout, stable and sufficient results were obtained. 5 It has been determined that it provides mechanical performance. These ratios are within the binder matrix. it preserves microstructural integrity and does not negatively affect strength development. It has been observed. All experimental studies conducted for cement and aggregate substitution, When mechanical and microstructural studies are evaluated together, it is seen that waste materials Its usability in the production of structural elements has been clearly demonstrated by preliminary studies. It is understood that it was placed there. In this context, in line with the findings obtained... The determined optimum substitution ratios can be safely incorporated into mixtures in stepping stone production. where applicable and a technically feasible solution for the waste in question It has been concluded that it offers... The curves given in Figure 10 show the optimum rates of tea waste after 28 days. These curves show the mineralogical peaks of the prepared mixtures. These curves are, respectively Control (tea residue-free), ground for 30 min (BC30) and 60 min (BC60). mixtures containing optimum ratio of biochar (1.5BC) as cement substitute It refers to mixtures. In addition, the last sample is 20 sieved to 500 microns. (S500) refers to the sample containing optimum brewing tea waste (3TP). Additionally, the numbers given on these curves represent the peaks of different mineralogical structures. is doing. In Figure 15, P represents the product, and BA represents copper waste. 25 5, 15, 25 and 35% by volume of copper mine waste used as aggregate replacement. For example, P-BA / 25-1.5BC; copper that is replaced by 25% by volume in place of aggregate. 1.5BC refers to mining waste, while 1.5BC refers to 1.5% by weight of biochar substituted for cement. is doing. 21 REFERENCES [1] Preethi, A. V., Rajendra, S., & Navneeth, P. K. L. (2017). Studies on gold ore tailings as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Int. J. Latest. Technol. Eng. Manag. Appl. Sci, 6(IV), 30-33. 5 [2] Padin, J. M. B., Balayo, K. L. P., & Rapanot, E. M. S. (2025). Material reusability in mine waste: A review on utilization of Gold Ore Tailings in concrete production. Sustainable Chemistry One World, 100159. [3] Martins, N. P., Srivastava, S., Simão, F. V., Niu, H., Perumal, P., Snellings, R., Illikainen, M., Chambart, H., Habert, G. (2021). Exploring the potential for utilization 10 of medium and highly sulfidic mine tailings in construction materials: A review. Sustainability, 13(21), 12150. [4] Singh, N., Gupta, A., & Haque, M. M. (2022). A review on the influence of copper slag as a natural fine aggregate replacement on the mechanical properties of concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62, 3624-3637. 15 [5] Segui, P., Safhi, A. E. M., Amrani, M., & Benzaazoua, M. (2023). Mining wastes as road construction material: A review. Minerals, 13(1), 90. [6] Iqbal, A., Mashaan, N. S., & Paraskeva, T. (2025). Mining Waste in Asphalt Pavements: A Critical Review of Waste Rock and Tailings Applications. Journal of Composites Science, 9(8), 402. 20 [7] Mensah, R. A., Shanmugam, V., Narayanan, S., Razavi, N., Ulfberg, A., Blanksvärd, T., Sayahi, F., Simonsson, P., Reinke, B., Das, O. (2021). Biochar- added cementitious materials—a review on mechanical, thermal, and environmental properties. Sustainability, 13(16), 9336. [8] Suarez-Riera, D., Restuccia, L., & Ferro, G. A. (2020). The use of Biochar to 25 reduce the carbon footprint of cement-based materials. Procedia Structural Integrity, 26, 199-210. [9] Singhal, S. (2023). Biochar as a cost-effective and eco-friendly substitute for binder in concrete: a review. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 27(2), 984-1009. 30

[10] Javed, M. H., Sikandar, M. A., Ahmad, W., Bashir, M. T., Alrowais, R., & Wadud, M. B. (2022). Effect of various biochars on physical, mechanical, and microstructural characteristics of cement pastes and mortars. Journal of Building Engineering, 57, 104850. 22

[11] Aman, A. M. N., Selvarajoo, A., Lau, T. L.H. (2022). Biochar as cement replacement to enhance concrete composite properties: a review. Energies, 15(20), 7662.

[12] . Patel, R., Stobbs, J., & Acharya, B. (2025). Study of biochar in cementitious materials for developing green concrete composites. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 22192. 5 15 25

Claims

23 REQUESTS 1. Various outdoor spaces including terraces, garden paths and verandas. safe, stable and comfortable on different floor surfaces in its applications It is an environmental and sustainable stepping stone to ensure pedestrian movement 5 feature; - CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, - aggregate, - biochar or brewing tea waste as processed tea waste, - copper mine waste, 10 It includes.

2. It is a stepping stone according to Claim 1, and its characteristic is that the aggregate in question is coarse aggregate, It contains medium aggregate and fine aggregate.

3. A stepping stone according to Claim 1, with the characteristic of being; 6% by weight CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, 91% aggregate by weight, processed tea waste, 15% of cement by weight. 1.5% biochar or 3% brewed tea by weight of cement It contains copper ore waste in an amount of 5-35% by weight of aggregate.

4. A stepping stone according to Claim 1, with the characteristic of; 6% by weight CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, 91% aggregate by weight, processed tea waste as cement by weight. 1.5% biochar or 3% brewed tea by weight of cement 20 It contains copper ore waste amounting to 25% of the aggregate by weight.

5. A stepping stone according to Claim 2, its characteristic is; processed tea waste for 1 m³ of stepping stone. In the case where it contains biochar, 786 kg of coarse aggregate with a size of 11.2–22.4 mm, 590 kg of medium aggregate with a size of 4–11.2 mm, 391.1 kg of fine aggregate with a size of 0–4 mm. Aggregate, 198.9 kg copper mine waste, 344.75 kg CEM I 42.5R Portland cement 25 and it contains 5.3 kg of biochar.

6. According to Claim 2, it is a stepping stone and its characteristic is; processed tea waste for 1 m³ of stepping stone. In the case where it contains brewing tea waste, 786 kg of tea leaves measuring 11.2–22.4 mm. coarse aggregate 590 kg, 4–11.2 mm size; medium aggregate 391.1 kg, 0–4 mm fine aggregate Aggregate, 198.9 kg copper mine waste, 339.5 kg CEM I 42.5R Portland cement 30 and contains 10.5 kg of brewing tea waste.

7. The method of producing a stepping stone according to any of claims 1-6. feature; 24 i. In the first stage, aggregate and copper mine waste mix with each other, then then the tea waste was processed with CEM I 42.5R Portland cement. among themselves, initially in a dry state, within their own groups, then mixed together, ii. CEM I 42.5R Portland cement, processed tea waste, aggregate and copper 5 Water is added to the mining waste mixture so that the water / cement ratio is 0.

45. and mixing, iii. Mixing the resulting mixture in a blender, iv. Pouring the mixture into molds and pressing it, v. 10 days for the pressed product to complete its setting under curing conditions. waiting, It includes the steps of the process.

8. It is a method according to claim 7 and its characteristic is; in step (iii) of the process 10–12 Mixing should be done for 15 minutes.

9. It is a method according to Claim 7, the characteristic of which is that the aforementioned processed tea waste is processed into tea. biochar obtained by pyrolysis of waste in an anaerobic environment at 600°C It is the form that matters.

10. It is a method according to Claim 7, and its characteristic is that the aforementioned processed tea waste... It consists of ground or sifted brewing tea waste through a 500 µm sieve. 20 30

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