Methods for biogenic silicate weathering enhancement

Abstract

Described herein are methods and compositions for sequestering carbon by administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a silicate mineral.

Description

METHODS FOR BIOGENIC SILICATE WEATHERING ENHANCEMENT CROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 514,091, filed on July 17, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.SEQUENCE LISTING

[0002] The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted electronically and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said copy, created on July 15, 2024, is named 54449-71 l_601_SL.xml and is 8,326,679 bytes in size.FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels could dramatically increase the risk of extreme weather events, more frequent and more intense wildfires, rise in sea level, and changes in flood and drought patterns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that emission reduction and building resilience may not be enough to achieve global climate goals, and all pathways that limit warming to 1 ,5°C depend on some amount of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). CDR refers to technologies that remove CO2from the atmosphere, including pathways such as direct air capture, soil carbon sequestration, biomass carbon removal and storage, enhanced mineralization, ocean -based approaches, and afforestation / reforestation.

[0004] The instant disclosure is related of one such CDR pathway which relies on the biogenic accelerated mineral weathering coupled with bio-mineralization of CO2mediated by microorganisms which can perform key chemical reaction to accomplish the later (e.g., carbon dioxide hydrolysis, silicate weathering and carbonate precipitation). This approach may amplify a natural process and lock CO2away for thousands of years, with the potential to reach gigatonne scale CO2removal in years, instead of decades.

[0005] Apart from the known sources of CO2emission, there are some unexplored sources that are not only continuously adding CO2but may become a key source depending on the severity of climate change. Soil is the largest carbon reservoirs as it contains much more carbon (1500 Pg of C to 1 m depth and 2500 Pg of C to 2 m; 1 Pg = 1 x 1015 g) than is present in vegetation and twice as much C as the atmosphere (750 Pg of C). It is estimated that each ton of soil’s organic carbon releases 3.66 tons of CO2. The organic carbon in the soil is added by plants in the following ways: root death, root exudates, or other root -borne organic substances released by rhizosphere and root respiration. During photosynthesis plants use CO2and convert it into sugars, however during respiration a greater amount of unfixed CO2may be released primarily by the roots of the plants. Out of 120 Pg carbon capturedby the plants, 50% may be lost to the atmosphere by respiration of plants. This may be further exacerbated by the fact that the soil inhabiting organisms and microorganisms which lives in a closer proximity to roots (rhizosphere) release CO2during theirrespiration. Production of CO2by the rhizobial community may be 10 times higher than the plants without the rhizosphere. The soil inhabiting microorganisms may be fed by the root exudates or surviving by decomposing complex materials present in the soil. The role of soil microorganisms for climate change has been investigated previously and it is suggested that global warming may likely accelerate the rates of heterotrophic microbial activity leading to increase in the flux of CO2in soil that ultimately will get released into the environment. Because the temperature of soil can increase soil respiration, it is anticipated that global climate change might increase the net transfer of carbon from soil to atmosphere. Though soil is a good source of storing carbon (3.3 times the size of the atmospheric pool (760 gigatons)), however the global warming could exacerbate the depletion of C pool. While it is important to prevent the release of CO2into the atmosphere, permanently storing CO2into soil via effective CO2sequestration is a dire need. The sequestration of carbon in soils used for agricultural, forestry and land reclamation has been recognized as a potential option to mitigate global change.

[0006] CO2fixation, whether biological or abiological, started in the early earth’s history as the levels of CO2were much higher than today. A massive amount of CO2, approximately 150000 x 1012metric tons, was fixed into carbonate minerals such as calcite, aragonite, dolomite and limestone in carbonate rocks and shells of for example marine organisms. Typically, CO2can naturally be converted into solids including carbonate minerals such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, however the hydration of CO2that generates bicarbonate is a very slow process (~1.3 x IO s-1).SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a silicate mineral, wherein the microorganism is present in a concentration of at least about 1 .0E+05 CFU / mL in the formulation. In some embodiments, a soil comprises said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, the method further comprises planting a seed in the soil before administering said formulation. In some embodiments, the soil comprises a seed. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprise a bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a bacteria. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprises a Bacillus species. In some embodiments, the Bacillus species comprises a Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is naturally occurring in said soil. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is artificially administered said soil. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is within a basalt rock.

[0008] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a soil, wherein at least 9.1E+02 CFU of said microorganism is administered per square meter of soil. In some embodiments, said soil comprises a silicate mineral. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprise a bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combination thereof.

[0009] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising: administering a silicate mineral to a soil, and administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, at least 1.0E+02 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, the method further comprises surveying a soil and detecting a threshold amount of total cation - bearing silicates. In some embodiments, the threshold amount of total cation-bearing silicates is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the soil does not comprise a plant or plant part thereof. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation to the silicate material does not comprise contacting a seed with the formulation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises yielding at least about 67 kg C per hectare per year of gross inorganic carbon accrual. In some embodiments, said silicate material meets or exceeds, or was previously determined to meet or exceed, a threshold value. In some embodiments, said threshold value comprises an amount of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, said threshold value is a concentration of said silicate mineral in said soil. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is presentin said soil at a concentration of at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, said silicate material comprises K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate material comprises Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said soil comprises about 0-60% quartz, about 0-20% K Feldspar, and about 0-20% Na-Ca Feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral belongs to the group of nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, tectosilicates, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is feldspar. In some embodiments, said feldspar is a plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises albite, anorthite, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises oligoclase feldspar. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises about 70% to 90% albite and about 10% to 30% anorthite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is olivine. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is wollastonite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is in an andesite rock. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is in a basalt rock. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation increases a base cation compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, said base cation comprises a calcium cation. In some embodiments, said calcium cation is increased by atleast 50 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, said base cation comprises a magnesium cation. In some embodiments, said magnesium cation is increased by at least 10 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, said base cation comprises a potassium cation. In some embodiments, said potassium cation is increased by at least 4 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, said base cation comprises a sodium cation. In some embodiments, said sodium cation is increased by at least 1 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a bacteria present in at least about 1.0E+05 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a bacteria present in at least about 1.0E+06 / mL, at least about 1 .0E+07 / mL, at least about 1.0E+08 / mL, or at least about 1.0E+09 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a bacteria present in at least about 1.0E+10 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a bacteria present in at least about 1 .0E+04 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprises a Bacillus species. In some embodiments, the Bacillus species comprises a Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis comprises a Bacillus subtilis S3C23. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises SEQ ID. NO 1. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis comprises a Bacillus subtilis MP2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises SEQ ID. NO 2. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprises bacteria from a Klebsiella species. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprises bacteria from a Kosakonia species. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprises bacteria from Pseudomonas species. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a fungi. In some embodiments, said fungi is present in at least about 1.0E+02 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, the fungi comprises fungi from a Leptodontidium species. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the formulation to a seed or derivative thereof, and cultivating said seed or derivative thereof in said soil. In some embodiments, administering the formulation to said seed or derivative thereof occurs prior to administering said formulation to said soil. In some embodiments, said seed or derivative thereof comprises a plant or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the method does not include planting of a seed or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises cations. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microorganism increases the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 0.1 as compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase is at least about7 days after said administering measured at about 18 weeks. In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH of the environment then increase the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, said pH is increased by at least about 0.25 points, at least about 0.5 points, at least about 0.75 points, or at least about 1 point. In some embodiments, said pH is increased compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, said microorganism maintains the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration compared to a corresponding administering of a formulation that does not comprise the microorganism or compared to a naturally occurring process of carbon sequestration. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 247 kg of CO2per hectare per year.

[0010] In some embodiments, a rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased as compared to a naturally occurring rate of silicate mineral weathering, or wherein a rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased as compared to a rate of silicate mineral weathering of a corresponding method that does not comprise administering the formulation comprising the microorganism.

[0011] In some embodiments, said administering sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster than a naturally occurring rate carbon sequestration; or wherein said administering sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster than a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism.

[0012] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a formulation comprising a microorganism and soil, wherein at least about 1.0E+03 CFU of said microorganism (e.g., about 1.0E+04, about 1.0E+05, about 1.0E+06, etc.) are present per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments, said soil comprises a silicate mineral. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is olivine. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is wollastonite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is within an andesite rock. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is within a basalt rock. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a plant seed. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least about 250 CFU of said microorganism. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises a bacteria, archaea, fungi, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria is associated with a plant seed. In some embodiments, said bacteria is located between a seed coat and an embryo of said plant seed. In some embodiments, said bacteria is located between a seed coat and an aleurone cell layer of said plant seed. In some embodiments, said bacteria is at least partially coated on said plant seed. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+04 CFU of said bacteria. In some embodiments, said plant seedcomprises at least about 1E+05 CFU of said bacteria. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+06 CFU or at least about 1E+07 CFU of said bacteria. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprise a fungi. In some embodiments, said fungi is associated with a plant seed. In some embodiments, said fungi is at least partially coated on said plant seed. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+02 CFU of said fungi. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+03 CFU, at least about 1E+04 CFU, or at least about 1E+05 CFU of said fungi. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a fertilizer. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a fungicide. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises an insecticide. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a nematicide.

[0013] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a soil, wherein at least about 1E+10 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of said soil. In some embodiments, at least about 1E+10 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of said soil upon said administration. In some embodiments, at least about 1E+10 to about 1E+15 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of said soil. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering an exogenous silicate to said soil. In some embodiments, the exogenous silicate is in a basalt rock. In some embodiments, a bicarbonate level in the soil increases by at least about 10% compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said administering increases a divalent cation in the soil. In some embodiments, the bicarbonate level in the soil increases by at least about 50%, at least about 90%, or at least 97.7%.

[0014] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of sequestering carbon, wherein said method comprises: administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a land, wherein the microorganism is present in a concentration of at least about 1.8E12 CFU / hectare of said land, and wherein said land comprises or was previously determined to comprise: about 0-60% quartz, about 0-20% K Feldspar, and about 0-20% Na-Ca Feldspar.

[0015] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a method of sequestering carbon, wherein said method comprises: testing a composition of a soil sample from a land; identifying the soil sample comprising about40-60% quartz, about 10-15%K Feldspar, about 10-15%Na Feldspar, and about 1 -10% Ca Feldspar; administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to said soil, wherein the microorganism is present in a concentration of 1 ,8xE12 CFU / hectare. In some embodiments, said method enhances silicate weathering rates in said land. In some embodiments, said method enhances soil inorganic carbon accumulation in said land. In some embodiments, said method partially replenishes calcium in said land. In some embodiments, themethod further comprises adding a plurality of seeds to said land. In some embodiments, said plurality of seeds are selected from soybean, corn, wheat, canola, sorghum, barley, rye, alfalfa, millet, oat, cotton, bean, lentil, sunflower, pea, potato, sugar cane, quinoa, lentil, peanut, turf grass, grassland cacao, coffee, rice, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, inorganic carbon, measured as Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE), increases by at least by 0.1% compared to soil that did notreceive the formulation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises yielding approximately 67 kg C / hectare / year of gross inorganic carbon. In some embodiments, a pH of the land is not decreased at end of a growing season. In some embodiments, the method further comprises increasing an average crop yield increase of at least 0.1 ton per hectare compared to land not administered with the formulation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating an eco-system credit representative of an amount of carbon sequestered. In some embodiments, the method further comprises sequestering at least about 247 kg of CO2 per hectare per year. In some embodiments, the method further comprises sequestering about 247 kg of CO2per hectare per year to about 15 tons of CO2per hectare per year. In some embodiments, the soil treated with the formulation has a silicate weathering rate of at least about 10 mmol / kg of soil. In some embodiments, a silicate weathering rate is increased by at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400%, at least about 500%, or at least about 600% compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism or compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the soil treated with the formulation has a silicate weathering rate increase of at least 10% compared to a soil not administered with the formulation. In some embodiments, the soil treated with the formulation comprising said microorganism increases a silicate weathering rate at least 50% in comparison to a soil not administered with the formulation. In some embodiments, the soil treated with the formulation has a silicate weathering rate increase of at least about 90% or at least 97.7% compared to a soil not administered with the formulation. In some embodiments, the soil treated with the formulation has a net CO2capture rate of at least about 5 mmol / kg of soil. In some embodiments, the soil treated with the formulation has a net CO2capture increase of at least about 10%, at least about 50%, at least about 90%, or at least 97.7% compared to a soil that did not receive the formulation. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises more than one species of microorganism. In some embodiments, the more than one species of microorganism comprises more than one species of bacteria. In some embodiments, the more than one species of microorganism comprises more than one species of fungi. In some embodiments, the soil treated with the formulation has a net CO2sequestration rate of at least about 247 kg of CO2per hectare per year.

[0016] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a computer-implemented method of maintaining an ecosystem credit token, comprising: storing an ecosystem credit token in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein said ecosystem credit token is representative of an amount of sequestered carbon from an atmosphere, and wherein said ecosystem credit token is or was previously determined to be measured from of an amount of CO2sequestered in a soil, wherein said soil comprises or was previously determined to comprise one or more microorganisms artificially administered in an amount of at least 1 x 105CFU / acre of said soil. In some embodiments, said ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to any one of the methods of the disclosure.

[0017] In an aspect of the present disclosure is a computer-based system for storing an ecosystem credit, comprising: a processor; a display configured to show a graphical user interface for viewing information related to said ecosystem credit; a non-transitory computer readable storage medium encoded with a computer program that causes said processor to: analyze information related to said ecosystem credit, wherein said ecosystem credit is or was previously determined as being derived from a measure of an CO2sequestered in a soil, wherein said soil comprises one or more microorganisms artificially administered in an amount of at least 1 x 105CFU / acre of said soil. In some embodiments, said ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to any one of the methods of the disclosure.INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0018] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and / or take precedence over any such contradictory material.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0019] The novel features of the methods and compositions described herein are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present methods and compositions described herein will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the methods and compositions described herein are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0020] FIG. 1. shows an exemplary chart of feldspar classification.

[0021] FIG. 2 A. shows a chemical weathering (hydrolysis) process of anorthite and albite.

[0022] FIG. 2B. shows different exemplary mechanisms of biogenic feldspar weathering.

[0023] FIG. 3. depicts an exemplary experimental set up of a soil column assay, sample collection, and analysis schemes.

[0024] FIG. 4A. shows the average concentrations of soluble sodium and calcium in the leachates after eight rainfall events.

[0025] FIG. 4B. shows the average concentration of soluble sodium and calcium in leachates after individual rainfall events.

[0026] FIG. 5A. shows the average concentration of soluble magnesium and potassium in the leachates after eight rainfall events.

[0027] FIG. 5B. shows the average concentration of soluble magnesium and potassium in the leachates after individual rainfall events.

[0028] FIG. 6A. depicts the average concentration of carbonate ion in the leachates after eight rainfall events.

[0029] FIG. 6B. depicts the average concentration of bicarbonate ion in the leachates after eight rainfall events.

[0030] FIG. 6C. shows the average concentration of carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion in the leachates after individual rainfall events.

[0031] FIG. 6D. shows the sums of the average concentration of carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion found in the leachates after eight rainfall events.

[0032] FIG. 7. depicts the average pH levels in the leachates after individual rainfall events.

[0033] FIG. 8 A. depicts the average soil pH from three different soil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm) following a soil column experiment.

[0034] FIG. 8B. depicts the soil pH from three different soil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20- 30 cm) following a soil column experiment.

[0035] FIG. 9A. shows the average concentration of Mg2+, K+, Ca2+andNa+in the soil following a soil column experiment.

[0036] FIG. 9B. depicts the average concentration of Mg2+, K+, Ca2+and Na+in the measured soil at three different soil depths (A = 0-10 cm, B = 10-20 cm, C = 20-30 cm).

[0037] FIG. 10 A. depicts the average concentration of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) in the measured soil at three different soil depths (A = 0-10 cm, B = 10-20 cm, C = 20-30 cm).

[0038] FIG. 10B. depicts the average concentration of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) (0- 10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm).

[0039] FIG. 11. depicts the pH level of a medium during an in-vitro biogenic feldspar weathering and calcite precipitation experiment.

[0040] FIG. 12. depicts soluble calcium levels of a medium during an in-vitro biogenic feldspar weathering and calcite precipitation experiment.

[0041] FIG. 13. depicts the levels of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) following an in-vitro biogenic feldspar weathering (80% albite and 20% anorthite) and a calcite precipitation experiment.

[0042] FIG. 14 A. depicts dynamics of the concentration of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) found in fields treated with strain S3C23 and untreated (UTC) fields during a growing season.

[0043] FIG. 14B. depicts the statistical differences (Bayesian modeling and bootstrapping statistics) between the S3 C23 -treated fields and the UTC fields.

[0044] FIG. 15 A. depicts the dynamics of the concentration of exchangeable calcium in the S3 C23 -treated and the UTC fields through a growing season.

[0045] FIG. 15B. depicts the dynamics of the concentration of exchangeable magnesium in the S3 C23 -treated and the UTC fields through the growing season.

[0046] FIG. 16. depicts the formation of a pellicle biofilm during an in-vitro biogenic feldspar weathering and calcite precipitation experiment.

[0047] FIG. 17. shows a diagram of the biological system that removes atmospheric CO2by the dissolution of silicate minerals.

[0048] FIGS. 18A-18G show the results of silicate weathering of native silicates mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 on a mesocosm study. FIG. 18A. shows an image of a mesocosm study setup with 7-week-old corn plants and soil containing native silicate minerals (e.g., anorthite, albite, etc).

[0049] FIG. 18B. depicts the average concentration of bicarbonate and carbonate ions in the leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0050] FIG. 18C. depicts the average concentration of bicarbonate in the soil from Control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0051] FIG. 18D. depicts the average concentration of total carbon in the soil from Control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0052] FIG. 18E. depicts the average concentration of calcium in the soil and in the leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0053] FIG. 18F. depicts the average concentration of magnesium in the soil and in the leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0054] FIG. 18G. depicts the average concentration of iron in the soil and in the leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0055] FIGS. 19A-19B. demonstrate the proportion of native silicate minerals (e.g., feldspars) present in soils from the field trial sites (soybean fields in North Dakota, USA). FIG. 19A depicts the mineral composition of the soil of control fields. FIG. 19B depicts the mineral composition of the soil of fields treated with strain S3C23.

[0056] FIGS. 20A-20E. depict the results of silicate weathering mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 on soybean fields in North Dakota, USA. The bars from figures 20 A to 20D represent a change between pre-plant and post-harvest on control fields and S3 C23 -treated fields. FIG. 20A demonstrates the change in total carbon. FIG. 20B depicts the change in soil exchangeable calcium. FIG. 20C depicts the change in soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). FIG. 20D depicts the change in soil pH. FIG. 20E depicts the average tonnes per acre of soybean grains of 12 soybean fields.

[0057] FIGS. 21A-21F. show the results of silicate weathering of added silicate minerals mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 on a mesocosm study. FIG. 21A depicts the average concentration of bicarbonate and carbonate ions in the leachate of a mesocosm study with corn plants and added silicates in the form of feldspars, specifically anorthite and albite. FIG. 21B depicts the average concentration of bicarbonate in the soil and leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns. FIG. 21C depicts the average concentration of calcium in the soil and leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns. FIG. 2 ID depicts the average concentration of magnesium in the soil and leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns. FIG. 21E depicts the average concentration of sodium in the soil and leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns. FIG. 21F. depicts the average concentration of potassium in the soil and leachate from Control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0058] FIGS. 22A-22D. showthe results of silicate weathering of added basalt rock mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 on a mesocosm study. FIG. 22 A shows an image of a mesocosms study setup with 7-week-old soybean plants and added silicate minerals in the form of crushed basalt rock. FIG. 22B depicts the average concentration of bicarbonate in the soil from Control, Control plus basalt and S3C23 plus basalt columns. FIG. 22C depicts the average concentration of divalent cations (Ca2+andMg2+) in the soil from Control, Control plus basalt and S3C23 plus basalt columns. FIG. 22D depicts the average concentration of divalent cations (Ca2+and Mg2+) in the leachate from Control, Control plus basalt and S3C23 plus basalt columns.

[0059] FIGS. 23A-23D. showthe results of an in-vitro silicate weathering mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23. FIG. 23A shows the formation of a pellicle biofilm formed during a 7 day in- vitro biogenic weathering experiment with anorthite feldspar. When cultured in the presence of anorthite (flask on the left), strain S3C23 shows the formation of a distinct pellicle biofilm and red pigment. When incubated for the same amount of time without anorthite (flask on the right) strain S3C23 shows sufficient vegetative growth (as judged by eye) but a pellicle biofilm and red pigment is not observed. FIG. 23B depicts the pH level of the medium during an in-vitro biogenic weathering experiment with anorthite feldspar. FIG. 23C depicts soluble calcium and magnesium levels of a medium during an in-vitro biogenic feldspar weathering with anorthitefeldspar. FIG. 23D shows the presence of Bacillus subtilis S3C23 endospores colonizing a rock of anorthite feldspar after 30 days of incubation with the rock.

[0060] FIGS. 24A-24B. depict Ca2+dissolution rates (mM Ca / hr) calculated from an in-vitro biogenic weathering experiment with basalt. FIG. 24A. depicts Ca2+dissolution rates (mM Ca / hr) calculated from in-vitro biogenic weathering experiment with basalt with different bacteria. FIG. 24B. depicts Ca2+dissolution rates (mM Ca / hr) calculated from in-vitro biogenic weathering experiment with basalt with different bacteria and fungi.

[0061] FIG. 25A. depicts Fe2+dissolution rates (mM Fe / hr) calculated from in-vitro biogenic weathering experiment with basalt.

[0062] FIG. 25B. depicts Fe2+dissolution rates (mM Fe / hr) calculated from in-vitro biogenic weathering experiment with basalt.

[0063] FIG. 26A. depicts the formation of biofilm in cultures supplemented with basalt compared to cultures without basalt.

[0064] FIG. 26B. depicts the production of siderophores mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 and Bacillus subtilis MP2.

[0065] FIG. 27. depicts amount of Bacillus subtilis S3C23 colonization on com roots after 9 weeks from inoculation.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0066] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.

[0067] Carbon is exchanged on a global scale within and between four major reservoirs: (1) the atmosphere; (2) the biosphere; (3) soils; (4) the lithosphere. This process, often termed the global carbon cycle, may play a key role in regulating Earth’s climate. Carbon exchange may occur as part of a fast carbon cycle, having relatively rapid exchanges among the ocean, biosphere, and atmosphere, and a slow carbon cycle, involving relatively slow exchanges between geological reservoirs such as deep soils, the deeper ocean, and rocks. In soil carbon may be stored in the form of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC). CO2 in the atmosphere may be one of the largest sources of available carbon and land-dwelling plants fix atmospheric CO2through photosynthesis.

[0068] During photosynthesis plants, algae, and some microorganisms use light energy to convert water and CO2into oxygen and sugars. Part of these sugars are used by the plant togenerate energy and build up plant biomass. This process, often termed plant respiration, releases CO2. In addition, part of the sugars generated through photosynthesis may be exuded through the roots into the soil. In the soil, microorganisms may consume these sugars to catalyze metabolic processes that will also release CO2. The combined respiration processes of plants and microorganisms is often referred to as soil respiration and may result in the CO2concentration in the soil (pCO2) to be 10 to 100 times higher than in the atmosphere. Most of the focus of soil carbon studies has been in relation to SOC rather than SIC, as it is the major component of soil organic matter. The interest is clear as organic matter contributes to nutrient retention and turnover, soil structure, degradation of pollutants, and moisture retention, which overall contributes to plant health.

[0069] Changes in land management practices to increase SOC is an accepted way to help reduce atmospheric CO2, because relatively small increases of SOC over very large areas in agricultural lands may significantly reduce atmospheric CO2. SOC, however, is vulnerable to microbial activity, and the exchange of carbon from the SOC pool with the atmosphere may occur relatively fast, with an estimated turnover time for SOC ranging from 200 to 1,200 years. Consequently, the potential for long-term storage of CO2as SOC may be limited by land management practices and environmental factors, which could accelerate decomposition of SOC (<100 years). In contrast to SOC, carbon may be stably captured as SIC in the form of water- soluble bicarbonate anions and carbonate-containing inorganic minerals (i.e., pedogenic carbonates). These carbonate minerals are naturally formed when CO2dissolves in water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO3) and a hydrogen ion or proton (H+). Bicarbonate anions (i.e., negatively charged ions) react with soluble cations (i.e., positively charged ions) in the soil such as calcium (Ca2+) and precipitate to form solid and stable carbonate minerals. These reactions maybe an essential part of the chemical buffering of soils, rivers, and oceans, and regulate the pH and partial pressure of CO2in these systems. Over time, pedogenic carbonate may move deeper into the soil in successive events of dissolving and reprecipitation of carbonate minerals at greater soil depth.

[0070] In soils with a high buffering capacity (explained by a high content of primary minerals, secondary minerals, and carbonate minerals) as well as a near-neutral to alkaline pH and available exchangeable cations, the carbonate minerals may likely accumulate in deeper horizons. The average turnover time of SIC in these calcium carbonate rich horizons globally may be tens of thousands of years. In some instances, carbonate minerals may eventually be leached out from soils as water-soluble bicarbonate and end up in groundwater, rivers, and oceans, where the estimated residence time for approximately 90% of it is on the order of tens of thousands of years or more. The long-term stability of pedogenic carbonate may allowaugmenting carbonate minerals in the soil to be an effective strategy to reduce atmospheric CO2. Implementing this pathway may be useful for not only helping minimize the effects of climate change, but also improving the long-term health of soils, and plants growth and development.

[0071] Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, or a combination thereof) may play a key role in the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and soils, by releasing CO2through respiration and fixing CO2in organic and inorganic forms. Surprisingly, the microorganism presented and utilized herein (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)) promotes both soil and plant health. When administered to seeds in agricultural soils, the microorganism establishes at the root of plants, utilizing nutrients released by the plant root to generate energy . At the plant root, the microorganism capitalizes on the elevated levels of CO2in the soil due to plant and soil respiration and accelerates generation of SIC. To accomplish this, the microorganism facilitates two steps: hydrolysis of CO2, and weathering of silicate minerals (such as calcium -containing anorthite). These steps are summarized by the following reaction:CaAl2Si2O8+ CO2+ 2H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4+ Ca2++ 2HCO3

[0072] Through this process the microorganism beneficially couples CO2capture and silicate weathering for sustainable CDR, locking CO2away from the atmosphere for thousands of years.

[0073] CO2 hydrolysis

[0074] Carbonic anhydrases are enzymes that catalyze the bidirectional conversion of CO2and water (H2O) into bicarbonate (HCO3) and protons (H+). These enzymes may be found in mammals, plants, algae, and bacteria. To facilitate the first step in the conversion of CO2to minerals, the microorganism discussed herein (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)) produces carbonic anhydrase enzymes which grab CO2from the root environment, and generate HCO3 and H+, according to the following reaction:CO2+ H2O - HCO3- + H+ (1)

[0075] The available level of protons determines the pH of a solution. A low or acidic pH corresponds to a very high concentration of protons. The acidity produced in reaction (1) is consumed in the next step of the process.

[0076] Silicate weathering releases ions such as calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), which contribute to soil fertility and the accumulation of soil inorganic carbon (SIC). The ions become available to plants and other organisms as nutrients in the short term and may be lost from the system, hence becoming unavailable over the long term. Although weathering can deplete soil primary minerals and reduce nutrient availability over time, this process typically occurs over thousands to millions of years.

[0077] Microorganisms such as Bacillus can enhance the rate of silicate weathering by establishing close associations with mineral surfaces and environments and by affecting kinetic parameters (e.g., pH and redox potential). Through this process, microorganisms can contribute to soil development, the biogeochemical cycling of essential elements, and maintenance of soil fertility.

[0078] Feldspar weathering

[0079] Feldspars are aluminosilicate minerals containing varying amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium. Feldspars are the most abundant mineral group, constituting about 60% of the Earth’s crust.

[0080] These minerals do not contain carbon and instead are composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen combined with one or more metal elements, particularly potassium, sodium, or calcium. Natural weathering (i.e., breakdown or dissolving) of feldspar minerals may release important plant nutrients and secondary clay minerals into the soil and may control climate by consuming atmospheric CO2over a geological time scale. The microorganism presented herein (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)) may make use of the protons generated in reaction (1) to weather feldspar and release metal cations (e.g., Ca2+), according to the following reaction:CaAl2Si2O8+ 2H+ + H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4+ Ca2+(2)

[0081] The formulations comprising microorganisms (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)) may promote mineral weathering by producing complex ligands (e.g., siderophores and organic acids), affecting the pH (via organic or inorganic acid production), or performing redox reactions.

[0082] Land used for plant cultivation may provide an ideal location for CO2sequestration due to the significantly elevated CO2levels compared to atmospheric CO2levels as a result of soil respiration (e.g., plant roots, microorganisms, and soil fauna) (FIG. 17).

[0083] The microorganisms described herein may decrease the levels of atmospheric CO2thus increase terrestrial carbon sequestration by trapping CO2in various forms. The microorganisms described herein may employ a variety of mechanisms to capture CO2efficiently into multiple microbial products. One of the prominent products would be bicarbonate.

[0084] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises bacteria, archaea or, fungi, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises a bacteria and a fungi. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a bacterium (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)). In some embodiments, the bacterium is an endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the method comprises inducing endosporulation of the endospore formingbacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria is associated with a seed. In some embodiments, the bacteria incorporated into the seed is an endospore. In some embodiments, the bacteria incorporated outside the seed is an endospore. In some embodiments, the solution comprises one or more ingredients to induce endosporulation. In some embodiments, the solution comprises potassium, ferrous sulfate, calcium, magnesium, manganese, or a combination thereof.

[0085] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a fungi. In some embodiments, said fungi is from a Leptodontidium species.

[0086] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises an additional metal ion. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium, calcium, manganese, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises calcium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium and calcium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium and manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises calcium and manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium, calcium, and manganese.Microorganisms

[0087] The microorganisms thereof provided herein produce or promote the formation of bicarbonate, and liberation of cations from silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the formation of bicarbonate sequesters CO2. In some embodiments, the formed minerals are a product of weathering by administering the microorganism (e.g., a consortium of microorganisms) to a silicate mineral. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a bacterium. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises more than one microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises more than one species of bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises more than one species of fungi. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a bacteria, a fungi, an archaic, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a bacteremia (e.g., one bacteria, or more than one bacteria) and a fungi (e.g., one fungi, or more than one fungi). In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a consortium of microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a consortium of bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a consortium of fungi. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a consortium of bacteria and a consortium of fungi. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of a bacteria. Whenever a microorganism (e.g. a bacterium) referenced herein is capable of forming an endospore, it is intended that any endospore of the microorganism is alsoencompassed. For example, if a silicate mineral treatment formulation comprises a Bacillus sp., the formulation may comprise endospores of the Bacillus sp.

[0088] In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism from the phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism from the phylum Firmicutes. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism from the phylum Proteobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism from the phylum Actinobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a rhizobacterium.

[0089] Because these rhizobacteria are in closer proximity to the roots, these organisms have the ability to utilize root exudates as a carbon and energy source. Many of them have evolved to possess genes that allow them to convert CO2to biomass or any metabolites for their own benefit. In some embodiments, the bacterium is not genetically modified. In some embodiments, the bacterium is selected for its ability to convert CO2to bicarbonate and minerals.

[0090] Rhizobacteria can colonize more aggressively the plant roots. Thus, these form a stable community that is able to survive in changing soil environment, secrete antimicrobial compounds to inhibit growth of pathogens or invaders and can form endospores that give them a selective fitness to survive in harsh environment.

[0091] In some embodiments, rhizobacteria includes an endospore-forming bacteria that enhances the biological nitrogen fixation. In some embodiments, said rhizobacteria comprise Bacillus sp, Paenibacillus sp, or both. In some embodiments, said microorganism (e.g. a consortium of microorganisms) comprise B. amyloliquefaciens, B. laterosporus, B. licheniformis, B. macerans, B. cereus, B. circulans, B. firmus, B. subtilis, B. sphaericus, B. megaterium, B. coagulans, B. brevis, B. thuringiensis, B. mycoides, B. cucumis, B. endophyticus, B. pumilus, B. velezensis, B. mucilaginosus, B. tequilensis, B. methylotrophicus, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprise Bacillus subtilis S3C23, Bacillus subtilis MP2, Bacillus subtilis RO2C15, Bacillus subtilis RO2C22, Bacillus megaterium 6, Bacillus megaterium S3C21, Bacillus megaterium RO2C12 Bacillus cucumis S3C14, Bacillus endophyticus 5, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprise Bacillus subtilis MP2. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis comprises Bacillus subtilis W\ (i . In some embodiments, said microorganism comprise Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus aquimaris or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis N10.

[0092] In some embodiments, said microorganism comprise Bacillus subtilis S3C23. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises SEQ ID NO. 1. In some embodiments,said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 . In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises sequence having at least 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the SEQ ID NO: 1 is chromosomal DNA. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis comprises Bacillus subtilis MP2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises SEQ ID NO. 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 70% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 75% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 80% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 96% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 97% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 98% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, said Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises sequence having at least 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the SEQ ID NO: 2 is chromosomal DNA.

[0093] In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from a Azo spirillum sp., Ensifer sp., Xantobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pantoea sp., Klebsiella sp. , Kosakonia sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp. or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria a Azospirillum species. In some embodiments, saidbacteria comprise Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise Pseudomonas sp. 17 A.

[0094] CO2 sequestration by these microorganisms can be achieved by their ability to accelerate silicate weathering. These rhizobacteria can colonize roots and can replace other microbial communities in the near vicinity that otherwise could use nutrients from root exudates. CO 2 coming off the roots, from plant respiration, soil fauna, and / or from microbial communities can be captured by carbonic anhydrases through its hydration to bicarbonate. Typically, to form minerals (CaCO3, MgCO3;CaMg(CO3)2), cations are required for the continuation of the process yielding minerals. Soil has a variety of cation present in it already allowing for a sustainable process. The amount of silicate minerals (e.g., Ca2+and Mg2+) in soil can depend upon the geographical location, type of soil and the irrigation pattern. These cations can be further adjusted by the farmers by applying limestone (e.g., a silicate mineral) to maintain the high fertility of soil. A typical well irrigated soil has an average of 850 kg (Ca2+) / acre and 218 kg (Mg2+) / acre considering the first 15 cm depth. As per one prior published study, the amount of CO2 produced in the com rhizosphere is around 7000 kg / acre per com season. Considering the amount of available CO2 and cations, a significant amount of CO2 can be stored as Ca or Mg minerals. Mathematically, 425 kg of CaCO3and 114 kg of MgCO3can be formed while there are many more combinations of forming other minerals such Na2CO3, depending upon the presence of other relevant cations in the soil (Na+, K+). Because the lime treatment is performed by farmers to maintain high fertility of soil, the microorganisms disclosed herein could obviate this requirement by biologically producing limestone (CaCO3). In addition, depending upon the availability of other cations in the silicate mineral or the soil, a variety of mineral can form to store gaseous CO2. These minerals include, without limitations, calcite, aragonite, dolomite, limestone, carbonates, magnesium carbonates, iron carbonates, magnesite, cohenite, diamond, carbonatite, ferrous carbonate, spurrite, and tilleyite.

[0095] In some embodiments, the amount of minerals weathered can be between 50 kg / acre up to 10000 kg / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of minerals weathered can be between about 50 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of minerals weathered can be between about 50 kg / acre to about 100 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 200 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 300 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 400 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 500 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 600 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 700 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about200 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about 300 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about 400 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about 500kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about 600 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about 700 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre to about 300 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre to about 400 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre to about 500 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre to about 600 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre to about 700 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre to about 400 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre to about 500 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre to about 600 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre to about 700 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre to about 500 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre to about 600 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre to about 700 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre to about 600 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre to about 700 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, about 600 kg / acre to about 700 kg / acre, about 600 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 600 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 600 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, about 700 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 700 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 700 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, about 800 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 800 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, or about 900 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of minerals produced can be between about 50 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre, about 600 kg / acre, about 700 kg / acre, about 800 kg / acre, about 900 kg / acre, or about 1,000 kg / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of minerals produced can be between at least about 50 kg / acre, about 100 kg / acre, about200 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre, about 600 kg / acre, about 700 kg / acre, about 800 kg / acre, or about 900 kg / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of minerals produced can be between at most about 100 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre, about 600 kg / acre, about 700 kg / acre, about 800 kg / acre, about 900 kg / acre, or about 1,000 kg / acre.

[0096] In some embodiments, the amount of CO2 sequestered by the administration of the formulation comprising a microorganism is between 0.1 tons of CO2per acre up to 3.2 tons of CO2 / acre. In some embodiments, the microorganisms sequester 2.5 to 5.3 tons of CO2 / acre. In some embodiments, the microorganisms sequester 5.3 to 7.5 tons of CO2 / acre. In some embodiments, the microorganisms sequester 7.5 to 10 tons of CO2 / acre. In some embodiments, the microorganisms sequester 10 to 15 tons of CO2 / acre. In some embodiments, the microorganisms sequester 15 to 20 tons / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of CO2sequestered by the microorganisms is between about 2 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre. In someembodiments, the amount of CO2sequestered by the microorganisms is between about 2 tons / acre to about 4 tons / acre, about 2 tons / acre to about 6 tons / acre, about 2 tons / acre to about 8 tons / acre, about 2 tons / acre to about 10 tons / acre, about 2 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 2 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 2 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 2 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 2 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 6 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 8 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 10 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 8 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 10 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 10 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 12 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 12 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 12 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 12 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 14 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 14 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 14 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 16 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 16 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, or about 18 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of CO2sequestered by the administration of the formulation comprising a microorganism is between about 2 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre, about 12 tons / acre, about 14 tons / acre, about 16 tons / acre, about 18 tons / acre, or about 20 tons / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of CO2sequestered by the administration of the formulation comprising a microorganism is between at least about 2 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre, about 12 tons / acre, about 14 tons / acre, about 16 tons / acre, or about 18 tons / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of CO2sequestered by the administration of the formulation comprising microorganism is between at most about 4 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre, about 12 tons / acre, about 14 tons / acre, about 16 tons / acre, about 18 tons / acre, or about 20 tons / acre.

[0097] In some embodiments, at least about 50 kg of gross inorganic carbon is accrued per hectare per year. In some embodiments, at least about 60 kg of gross inorganic carbon is accrued per hectare per year. In some embodiments, at least about 67 kg of gross inorganic carbon isaccrued per hectare per year. In some embodiments, at least about 70 kg of gross inorganic carbon is accrued per hectare per year.METHODS FOR MINERAL WEATHERING ENHANCEMENT

[0098] In certain aspects, disclosed herein is a method of sequestering carbon, the method comprising: administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a silicate mineral, wherein the microorganism is present in a concentration of at least about 1.0E+5 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU (e.g., 100,000 CFU, 10,000,00 CFU, etc.) of the microorganism (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)). In some embodiments, about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 100,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU to about 100,000, 000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU, or about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000CFU of the microorganism. In some embodiments, about 10,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000,000 CFU, or about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU. In some embodiments, at least about 10,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000,000 CFU, or about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU of the microorganism. In some embodiments, at most about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, or about 10,000,000,000,000 CFU of the microorganism.

[0099] In some embodiments, at least about 30 mL of said formulation is administered per acre of said soil. In some embodiments, at least about 37 mL of said formulation is administered per acre of said soil. In some embodiments, at least about 26 mL, 27 mL, 28 mL, 29 mL, 31 mL, 32 mL, 33 mL, 34 mL, 35 mL, 36 mL, 38 mL, 39 mL, 40 mL of said formulation is administered per acre of said soil. In some embodiments, about 25 to about 39 mL of said formulation is administered per acre of said soil. In some embodiments, about 25 to about 27, about 25 to about 29, about25 to about 31, about25 to about 33, about25 to about 35, about25 to about 37, about 25 to about 39, about 27 to about 29, about 27 to about 31, about 27 to about 33, about 27 to about 35, about 27 to about 37, about27 to about 39, about 29 to about 31, about 29 to about 33, about 29 to about 35, about 29 to about 37, about 29 to about 39, about 31 to about 33, about 31 to about 35, about 31 to about 37, about 31 to about 39, about 33 to about 35, about 33 to about 37, about 33 to about 39, about 35 to about 37, about 35 to about 39, or about 37 to about 39 mL of said formulation is administered per acre of said soil. In some embodiments, about 25, about 27, about 29, about 31, about 33, about 35, about 37, or about 39 mL of said formulation is administered per acre of said soil. In some embodiments, at least about 25, about 27, about 29, about 31, about 33, about 35, or about 37 mL of said formulation is administered per acre of said soil. In some embodiments, at most about 27, about 29, about 31, about 33, about 35, about 37, or about 39 mL of said formulation is administered per acre of said soil.

[0100] In some embodiments, the method comprises administering at least about 1E+10 CFU (e.g., at least about 1E+11 CFU, at least about 1E+12 CFU, at least about 1E+13 CFU, at least about 1E+14 CFU, or at least about 1E+15 CFU) of the microorganism per hectare of said soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering at least about 1E+15 CFU of the microorganism per hectare of said soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering at least about 1E+10 CFU to at least about 1E+15 CFU of the microorganism perhectare of said soil. In some embodiments, said soil comprises quartz (e.g., about 0-60%), K feldspar (e.g., about 0-20%), and Na-Ca feldspar (e.g., about 0-20%).

[0101] In some embodiments, said soil further comprises a seed or derivative thereof (e.g., a plant (e.g., maize or a maize seed, soybean, wheat, wheat seed, or a soybean seed, etc.)). In some embodiments, said seed comprises a soybean, corn, wheat, canola, sorghum, barley, rye, alfalfa, millet, oat, cotton, bean, lentil, sunflower, pea, potato, sugar cane, quinoa, lentil, peanut, turf grass, grassland cacao, coffee, rice, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the seed to a soil.

[0102] In certain aspects, disclosed herein is a method of sequestering carbon, the method comprising: administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to soil, wherein at least 9.1E+02 CFU of said microorganism is administered per square meter of soil. In some embodiments, said soil comprises a silicate mineral. In some embodiments, about 900 CFU to about 9,000,000,000 CFU of said microorganism is administered per square meter of soil. In some embodiments, about 900 CFU to about 9,000 CFU, about 900 CFU to about 90,000 CFU, about 900 CFU to about 900,000 CFU, about 900 CFU to about 9,000,000 CFU, about 900 CFU to about 90,000,000 CFU, about 900 CFU to about 900,000,000 CFU, about 900 CFU to about 9,000,000,000 CFU, about 9,000 CFU to about 90,000 CFU, about 9,000 CFU to about 900,000 CFU, about 9,000 CFU to about 9,000,000 CFU, about 9,000 CFU to about 90,000,000 CFU, about 9,000 CFU to about 900,000,000 CFU, about 9,000 CFU to about 9,000,000,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU to about 900,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU to about 9,000,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU to about 90,000,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU to about 900,000,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU to about 9,000,000,000 CFU, about 900,000 CFU to about 9,000,000 CFU, about 900,000 CFU to about 90,000,000 CFU, about 900,000 CFU to about 900,000,000 CFU, about 900,000 CFU to about 9,000,000,000 CFU, about 9,000,000 CFU to about 90,000,000 CFU, about 9,000,000 CFU to about 900,000,000 CFU, about 9,000,000 CFU to about 9,000,000,000 CFU, about 90,000,000 CFU to about 900,000,000 CFU, about 90,000,000 CFU to about 9,000,000,000 CFU, or about 900,000,000 CFU to about 9,000,000,000 CFU of said microorganism is administered per square meter of soil. In some embodiments, about 900 CFU, about 9,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU, about 900,000 CFU, about 9,000,000 CFU, about 90,000,000 CFU, about 900,000,000 CFU, or about 9,000,000,000 CFU of said microorganism is administered per square meter of soil. In some embodiments, at least about 900 CFU, about 9,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU, about 900,000 CFU, about 9,000,000 CFU, about 90,000,000 CFU, or about 900,000,000 CFU of said microorganism is administered per square meter of soil. In some embodiments, at most about 9,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU, about 900,000 CFU, about9,000,000 CFU, about 90,000,000 CFU, about 900,000,000 CFU, or about 9,000,000,000 CFU of said microorganism is administered per square meter of soil.

[0103] In some embodiments, said microorganism (e.g., a consortium of microorganisms) comprise a bacteria, archaea, fungi, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises one species of said microorganism. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises more than one species of said microorganism (e.g., a consortium of microorganisms (e.g., a consortium of bacterial strains)).

[0104] In some aspects, provided herein is a method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising: administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a soil containing endogenous silicate minerals. In some embodiments, at least 1.0E+02 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral belongs to the group of nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, tectosilicates, or a combination thereof.

[0105] In certain aspects, disclosed herein, is a method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising: administering a silicate mineral to a soil, and administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to said silicate mineral, said soil, or a combination thereof.. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral belongs to the group of nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, tectosilicates, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the formulation to said silicate mineral, and then administering the silicate mineral to said soil.

[0106] In some embodiments, at least 1.0E+02 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, about 50 CFU to about 500 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, about 50 CFU to about 100 CFU, about 50 CFU to about 150 CFU, about 50 CFU to about 200 CFU, about 50 CFU to about 250 CFU, about 50 CFU to about 300 CFU, about 50 CFU to about 400 CFU, about 50 CFU to about 500 CFU, about 100 CFU to about 150 CFU, about 100 CFU to about 200 CFU, about 100 CFU to about 250 CFU, about 100 CFU to about 300 CFU, about 100 CFU to about 400 CFU, about 100 CFU to about 500 CFU, about 150 CFU to about 200 CFU, about 150 CFU to about 250 CFU, about 150 CFU to about 300 CFU, about 150 CFU to about 400 CFU, about 150 CFU to about 500 CFU, about 200 CFU to about 250 CFU, about 200 CFU to about 300 CFU, about 200 CFU to about 400 CFU, about 200 CFU to about 500 CFU, about250 CFU to about300 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 400 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 500 CFU, about 300 CFU to about 400 CFU, about 300 CFU to about 500 CFU, or about 400 CFU to about 500 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, about 50 CFU, about 100 CFU, about 150 CFU, about200 CFU, about 250CFU, about 300 CFU, about 400 CFU, or about 500 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, at least about 50 CFU, about 100 CFU, about 150 CFU, about 200 CFU, about 250 CFU, about 300 CFU, or about 400 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, at most about 100 CFU, about 150 CFU, about200 CFU, about 250 CFU, about 300 CFU, about 400 CFU, or about 500 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral.

[0107] In certain aspects, disclosed herein, is a method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising: administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a silicate mineral; wherein a rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased as compared to a naturally occurring rate of silicate mineral weathering, or wherein a rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased as compared to a rate of silicate mineral weathering of method of administering a corresponding formulation that does not comprise the microorganism. In some embodiments, the rate of silicate mineral weathering is at least about 10 mmol / kg of soil. In some embodiments, the rate of silicate mineral weathering is at least about 15 mmol / kg of soil, at least about 20 mmol / kg of soil, or at least about 25 mmol / kg of soil.

[0108] In some embodiments, the rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 90% (e.g., at least 97.7%), at least about 100%, at least about 200%, or at least about 500% compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, the rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, atleast about20%, atleast about 50%, atleast about 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 500%, or atleast about 600% compared to a baseline (e.g., before administration of a formulation comprising the microorganism).

[0109] In some embodiments, the rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased by at least about 2x compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, the rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased by at least about 3x, at least about 4x, at least about 5x, or at least about 6x compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism (e.g., compared to a formulation that does not comprise strain S3C23). In some embodiments, the rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased by at least about 2x compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased by at least about 3x, at least about 4x, at least about 5x, or at least about 6x compared to baseline.

[0110] In certain aspects, disclosed herein, is a method of sequestering carbon, wherein said method comprises, administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a silicate mineral, and wherein said administering sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster thannaturally occurring rate carbon sequestration; or wherein said administering sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster than a corresponding formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, a soil comprises said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is naturally occurring in said soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the silicate mineral to said soil.

[0111] In some embodiments, the formulation is a solution. In some embodiments, the formulation is an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the formulation comprisesan exudate of a microorganism.

[0112] In some embodiments, said soil comprises a silicate mineral. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is naturally occurring in said soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the silicate mineral to said soil. In some embodiments, an amount of soil comprises an amount of silicate mineral. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral belongs to the group of nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, tectosilicates, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises feldspar, olivine, wollastonite, andesite, basalt, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is olivine. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is wollastonite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is andesite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is contained within a basalt (e.g., basalt rock). In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is contained within basalt rock. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is within fly ash, red mud, slag, cement kiln dust, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said basalt comprises felspar. In some embodiments, said basalt comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said basalt comprises about 2% to 18.1% calcium and about 1.5 to 13.9% magnesium.

[0113] In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is feldspar. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises a plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments said feldspar comprises albite, anorthite, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments said feldspar comprises alkali feldspar. In some embodiments said feldspar comprises anorthite. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises oligoclase feldspar. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises albite and anorthite. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises about 70 to about 90% albite. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises about 80 to about 90% albite. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises about 80 to about 90% albite. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises about 10 to about 30% anorthite. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises about 20 to about 30% anorthite. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises about 10 to about 10% anorthite. In some embodiments, said feldspar comprises about 70 to about 90% albite and about 10 to about 30% anorthite .

[0114] In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is albite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is oligoclase. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is andesine. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is labradorite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is bytownite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is anorthite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is anorthoclase. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is sanidine. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is orthoclase. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is microcline. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises albite, anorthite, alkali feldspar, oligoclase feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 80% albite and about 20% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 70% albite and about 30% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 75% albite and about 25% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 85% albite and about 15% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 90% albite and about 10% anorthite.

[0115] In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.3% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.5% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises 0-20% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 1 - about 20% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 5 - about 20% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 10- about 20% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 1 - about 5% K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 1 - about 10% K feldspar.

[0116] In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises Na-Ca feldspar and K feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.3% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.5% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises 0 - about 20% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 1- about 20% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 5 - about 20% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 10 - about 20% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 1 - about 5% Na-Ca feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 1 - about 10% Na-Ca feldspar.

[0117] In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises Na-Ca feldspar, K feldspar, and quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.5% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 1% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 5% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 10% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 20% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 30% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 40% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 50% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises at least about 40% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises 0 - about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 1 - about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 10 - about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 20 - about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 30 - about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 40 - about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral comprises about 50 - about 60% quartz.

[0118] In some embodiments, said administering increases a base cation mineral dynamic compared to a method of administering a corresponding formulation without the microorganism (e.g., a formulation with a different microorganism or a formulation without a microorganism). In some embodiments, said base cation dynamic comprises an exchangeable calcium dynamic. In some embodiments, said base cation calcium dynamic is increased by at least 100 ppm (e.g., compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism). In some embodiments, said base cation calcium dynamic is increased by about 50 ppm to about 100 ppm, In some embodiments, said base cation calcium dynamic is increased by about 100 ppm to about 1,500 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation calcium dynamic is increased by about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 800 ppm, about lOO ppmto about 1,000 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about200 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm toabout 1,000 ppm, about400 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, or about 1,000 ppm to about 1,500 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation calcium dynamic is increased by about 50 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 1,000 ppm, or about 1,500 ppm. In some embodiments, saidbase cation calcium dynamic is increased by at least about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, about 300 ppm, about400 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 800 ppm, or about 1,000 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation calcium dynamic is increased by at most about 200 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 1,000 ppm, or about 1,500 ppm.

[0119] In some embodiments, said base cation mineral dynamic comprises a base cation magnesium dynamic. In some embodiments, said base cation magnesium dynamic is increased by at least 10 ppm (e.g., compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism or compared to a corresponding formulation with a different microorganism (e.g., E. coll)). In some embodiments, said base cation magnesium dynamic is increased by about 5 ppm to about 300 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation magnesium dynamic is increased by about 5 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 80 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 80 ppm toabout 200 ppm, about 80 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, or about 200 ppm to about 300 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation magnesium dynamic is increased by about 5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, or about 300 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation magnesium dynamic is increased by at least about 5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 100 ppm, or about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation magnesium dynamic is increased by at most about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, or about 300 ppm.

[0120] In some embodiments, said base cation mineral dynamic comprises a base cation potassium dynamic. In some embodiments, said base cation potassium dynamic is increased by at least 4 ppm (e.g., compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism or compared to a corresponding formulation with a different microorganism). In some embodiments, said base cation potassium dynamic is increased by about 2 ppm to about 30 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation potassium dynamic is increased by about 2 ppm to about 3 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 4 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 4 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 3 ppm to about ? ppm, about 3 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 20 ppm, about ? ppm to about 30 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 15 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 15 ppm to about 30 ppm, or about 20 ppm to about 30 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation potassium dynamic is increased by about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 15 ppm, about 20 ppm, or about 30 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation potassium dynamic is increased by at least about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 15 ppm, or about 20 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation potassium dynamic is increased by at most about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 15 ppm, about 20 ppm, or about 30 ppm.

[0121] In some embodiments, said base cation mineral dynamic comprises a base cation sodium dynamic. In some embodiments, said base cation sodium dynamic is increased by at least 1 ppm (e.g., compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism or compared to a corresponding formulation with a different microorganism (e.g., e. coli)). In some embodiments, said base cation sodium dynamic is increased by about 1 ppm to about 12 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation sodium dynamic is increased by about 1 ppm to about 2 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 3 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 4 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 6 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 1 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 3 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 4 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 6 ppm, about 2 ppm to about ? ppm, about 2 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 2 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 4 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 6 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 3 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 6 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 6 ppm, about 5 ppm to about ? ppm, about 5 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 12 ppm, about ? ppm to about 8 ppm, about ? ppm to about 9 ppm, about ? ppm to about 10 ppm, about ? ppm to about 12 ppm, about 8 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 8 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 8 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 9 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 9 ppm to about 12 ppm, or about 10 ppm to about 12 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation sodium dynamic is increased by about 1 ppm, about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 9 ppm, about 10 ppm, or about 12 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation sodium dynamic is increased by at least about 1 ppm, about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 9 ppm, or about 10 ppm. In some embodiments, said base cation sodium dynamic is increased by at most about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 9 ppm, about 10 ppm, or about 12 ppm.

[0122] In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, or any combinations thereof) present in at least about 1 .0E+5 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in at least about 1.0E+7 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in at least about 1.0E+8 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganismpresent in at least about 1.0E+9 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in at least about 1.0E+10 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in about 10,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in about 10,000 CFU / mL to about 50,000 CFU / mL, about 10,000 CFU / mL to about 100,000 CFU / mL, about 10,000 CFU / mL to about 500,000 CFU / mL, about 10,000 CFU / mL to about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, about 10,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL, about 50,000 CFU / mL to about 100,000 CFU / mL, about 50,000 CFU / mL to about 500,000 CFU / mL, about 50,000 CFU / mL to about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, about 50,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL to about 500,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL to about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL to about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL, or about 1,000,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in about 10,000 CFU / mL, about 50,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL, about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, or about 5,000,000 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in at least about 10,000 CFU / mL, about 50,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL, or about 1,000,000 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in at most about 50,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL, about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, or about 5,000,000 CFU / mL.

[0123] In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism (e.g., fungi) present in at least about 1.0E+2 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism (e.g., fungi) present in at least about 1.0E+3 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism (e.g., fungi) present in at least about l.OE+4 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism (e.g., fungi) present in at least about 1 .0E+5 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism (e.g., bacteria) present in at least about 1.0E+6 CFU / gram. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in about 100,000 CFU / g to about 50,000,000 CFU / g. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in about 100,000 CFU / g to about 500,000 CFU / g, about 100,000 CFU / g to about 1,000,000 CFU / g, about 100,000 CFU / g to about 5,000,000 CFU / g, about 100,000 CFU / g to about 10,000,000 CFU / g, about 100,000 CFU / g to about 50,000,000 CFU / g, about 500,000 CFU / g to about 1,000,000 CFU / g, about 500,000 CFU / g to about 5,000,000 CFU / g, about 500,000 CFU / gto about 10,000,000 CFU / g, about 500,000 CFU / g to about 50,000,000 CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / gto about 5,000,000 CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / gto about 10,000,000CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / g to about 50,000,000 CFU / g, about 5,000,000 CFU / g to about 10,000,000 CFU / g, about 5,000,000 CFU / g to about 50,000,000 CFU / g, or about 10,000,000 CFU / g to about 50,000,000 CFU / g. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in about 100,000 CFU / g, about 500,000 CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / g, about 5,000,000 CFU / g, about 10,000,000 CFU / g, or about 50,000,000 CFU / g. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in at least about 100,000 CFU / g, about 500,000 CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / g, about 5,000,000 CFU / g, or about 10,000,000 CFU / g. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism present in at most about 500,000 CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / g, about 5,000,000 CFU / g, about 10,000,000 CFU / g, or about 50,000,000 CFU / g.

[0124] In some embodiments, said formulation is a liquid. In some embodiments, said formulation is a powder. In some embodiments, said formulation is a reconstituted powder. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microorganism and exudates thereof.

[0125] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises bacteria, archaea or, fungi, or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a bacteria (e.g., a bacterium). In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises one bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises more than one bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprises a consortium of bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprises a Bacillus genus. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprises a Bacillus species. In some embodiments, the Bacillus species comprises a Bacillus subtilis (e.g., a Bacillus subtilis strain). In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis species comprises Bacillus subtilis S3C23. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis species comprises Bacillus subtilis MP2.

[0126] In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises said fungi. In some embodiments, said fungi comprise Ascomycetes. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerosporasp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Azospirillum sp., Bacillus sp., Bradyrhizobium sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp. , Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clonostachys sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., De sulfo sporomusa sp., De sulfo sporo sinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., De sulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Ensifer sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Klebsiella sp., Kosakonia sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Leptodontidium sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Metarhizium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp.,Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Pantoea sp., Paraliobacillussp., Penicillium sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Pseudomonas sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sinorhizobium sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp., and Xanthobacter. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Xanthobacter autotrophicus 7C. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism selected from Acetobacter sp., Actinomyces sp., Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp., Coxiella sp., Ensifer sp. , Glutamicibacter sp., Microbacterium sp., or Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Acetobacter sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Actinomyces sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Chryseobacterium sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Coxiella sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Ensifer sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Glutamicibacter sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Microbacterium sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Pantoea sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms.In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises an Acetobacter cerevisiae, Azospirillum brasilense, Bacilllus aquimaris, Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Chryseobacterium lactis, Clonostachys rosea, Ensifer adhaerens, Glutamicibacter arilaitensis, Glutamicibacter halophytocola, Kosakonia sacchari, Leptodontidium orchidicola, Metarhizium brunneum, Microbacterium chocolatum, Microbacterium yannicii, Pantoea allii, Penicillium bilaiae, Serratia marcescens, Serratia ureilytica, Xantobacter autotrophicus. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises an Acetobacter cerevisiae, Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium lactis, Ensifer adhaerens, Ensifer meliloti, Glutamicibacter halophytocola, Microbacterium chocolatum, Pantoea allii, or Serratia marcescens . In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Acetobacter cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus cucumis. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillusendophyticus. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus megaterium . In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Chryseobacterium lactis. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Ensifer adhaerens . In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Glutamicibacter halophytocola . In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Microbacterium chocolatum . In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Pantoea allii. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Pantoea sp. 17B. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Serratia marcescens. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Penicillium bilaiae. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Kosakonia sacchari SP1. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Penicillium bilaiae. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Clonostachys rosea. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Leptodontidium orchidicola . In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Leptodontidium orchidicola strain F89. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Metarhizium brunneum. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises B. subtilis S3C23, B. subtilis N10, B. subtilis MP2, B. thuringiensis NRS-996, B. aquimaris, B. pumilis N40, A. brasilense Sp7, E. meliloti, P. brassicacearum 10B, Pseudomonas 17A, Pantoea 17B, X. autotrophicus 7C, Klebsiella 365, K. sacchari SP1, Klebsiella 288, Klebsiella 296, C. rosea, L. orchidicola F89, M. brunneum, P. bilaiae, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a B. subtilis strain, a / i. thuringiensis strain, a / f aquimaris strain, & B. pumilis strain, a A. brasilense strain, a E. meliloti strain, a P. brassicacearum strain, a Pseudomonas strain, a Pantoea strain, a X. autotrophicus strain, a Klebsiella strain, a K sacchari strain, a C. rosea strain, a L. orchidicola strain, a M. brunneum strain, a P. bilaiae strain, or any combination thereof.

[0127] In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms.

[0128] In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria is from the genus Bacillus. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria is a Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, o Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus cucumis. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus megaterium . In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus nakamurai. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus subtilis. In someembodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus endophyticus . In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms.

[0129] In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore. In some embodiments, the endospore is from the genus Bacillus. In some embodiments, the endospore is a Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, o Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus cucumis. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus megaterium . In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus nakamurai . In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus endophyticus.

[0130] In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the formulation to a plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof, and cultivating said plant or derivative thereof in said soil. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the formulation to a plant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering the formulation to a plant seed. In some embodiments, administering the formulation to the plant seed occurs prior to administering the formulation to the soil. In some embodiments, administering the formulation to the plant seed occurs prior to administering the plant seed to the soil. In some embodiments, administering the formulation to the plant seed occurs after administering the plant seed to the soil.

[0131] A property of the soil (e.g., the change or amount of a cation or a silicate mineral, etc.) may be measured within 12 inches from the surface of the soil. For example, a soil sample from the soil may be obtained from an area that is within 12 inches from the surface of the soil that is exposed to the atmosphere.

[0132] In some embodiments, the soil contains a silicate mineral is naturally occurring (e.g., in a specified amount or proportion) in said soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the silicate mineral to said soil. In some embodiments, administering the formulation to said plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof, and cultivating said plant, or derivative thereof in said soil occurs prior to administering said formulation to said soil. In some embodiments, administering the formulation to said plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof, occurs before said plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof is administered to said soil. In some embodiments, administering the formulation to said plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof, occurs after said plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof is administered to said soil. In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the silicate minerals without a plant or part thereof (e.g., a plant seed). In some embodiments, the formulation is administered to the soil(e.g., containing the silicate mineral), wherein the soil does not contain a plant or part thereof (e.g., a plant seed). In some embodiments, said formulation is not administered to a coating of a plant or part thereof. In some embodiments, said formulation is not administered to a plant seed. In some embodiments, said formulation is not essentially coating a plant seed.

[0133] In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises cations. In some embodiments, administering the formulation increases a cation (e.g., a base cation). In some embodiments, administering the formulation increases a cation (e.g., a base cation) compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not comprises the microorganism. In some embodiments, said cation is a base cation. In some embodiments, the base cation comprises a calcium cation. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, sodium, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises calcium. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises magnesium. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises potassium. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises manganese. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises sodium.

[0134] In some embodiments, the amount of a cation (e.g., calcium cation, magnesium cation, sodium cation, or a combination thereof) is increased (e.g., in the soil) as compared to baseline or as compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the amount of cation is measured within twelve inches from a surface of a soil is increased. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., calcium cation) is increased by at least 50 ppm (e.g., compared to baseline or compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., calcium cation) is increased by at least 100 ppm . In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., calcium cation) is increased by at least 150 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., calcium cation) is increased by at least 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation is a soil cation. In some embodiments, the cation is a magnesium cation. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., magnesium cation) is increased by at least 10 ppm (e.g., compared to baseline or compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., magnesium cation) is increased by at least 20 ppm (e.g., in an area within 12 inches from a surface of the soil). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., magnesium cation) is increased by at least 50 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., magnesium cation) is increased by at least 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) is increased by at least 1 ppm (e.g., compared to baseline or compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) is increasedby at least 4 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) is increased by at least 10 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) is increased by at least 20 ppm (e.g., in an area within 12 inches from a surface of the soil). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) is increased by at least 50 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) is increased by at least 100 ppm.

[0135] In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) is increased by at least 4 ppm (e.g., compared to baseline or compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) is increased by at least 10 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) is increased by atleast20 ppm (e.g., in an area within 12 inches from a surface of the soil). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) is increased by at least 50 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) is increased by at least 100 ppm.

[0136] In some embodiments, the method comprises identifying a land or soil meeting or exceeding a threshold value. Identification of the land or soil may be accomplished through the use of a soil sample (e.g., a soil sample coming from within twelve inches from the surface of the soil or land). In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the formulation to a soil that is or has previously been determined to meet or exceed a threshold value (e.g., a threshold value of amount of total cation -bearing silicates or an amount or concentration of a silicate mineral). In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein comprise surveying a soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises surveying the soil before administering the formulation to the silicate mineral or the soil (e.g., to determine if the soil meet or exceed a threshold value). In some embodiments, the soil is surveyed after administering the formulation. In some embodiments, the amount of total cation-bearing silicates is measured in the first 12 inches of the soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the formulation when a threshold amount of total cation -bearing silicates (e.g., mineral silicates) is detected. In some embodiments, the amount of total cation-bearing silicates is or was previously determined to be at least about 0.1% (e.g., in the first 12 inches from the surface of the soil). In some embodiments, the amount of total cation-bearing silicates is or was previously determined to be at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the amount of total cation -bearing silicates is or was previously determined to be at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the amount of total cationbearing silicates is or was previously determined to be at least about 2%. In some embodiments, said soil comprises a plant or part thereof (e.g., a plant seed). In some embodiments, said soil comprises a plant or part thereof (e.g., a plant seed) within at least about 6 inches of the soil (e.g., at least about 12 inches, at least about 18 inches, or at least about twenty -four inches). In some embodiments, said soil does not comprise a plant or part thereof (e.g., a plant seed). Insome embodiments, said soil comprises does not comprise a plant or part thereof (e.g., a plant seed) within at least about 6 inches of the soil (e.g., at least about 12 inches from the soil, at least about 18 inches from the soil, or at least about twenty -four inches from the soil).In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the formulation to a soil that is or has previously been determined to meet or exceed a threshold value. In some embodiments, the threshold value is an amount or concentration of a silicate mineral (e.g., at least one, at least two, at least three, etc. silicate minerals). In some embodiments, the amount or concentration of said silicate mineral is determined within the 12 inches from a surface of the soil. In some embodiments, the amount or concentration of said silicate mineral is determined within the 30 cm from a surface of the soil. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is present in said soil at a concentration of at least 0.1% w / w (e.g., silicate mineral to soil). In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is present in said soil at a concentration of at least 0. 5% w / w. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is present in said soil at a concentration of at least 1% w / w. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is present in said soil at a concentration of at least 1.5% w / w. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is present in said soil at a concentration of at least 2% w / w. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is present in said soil at a concentration of at least 5% w / w.

[0137] In some embodiments, said microorganism (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, or a combination thereof) decreases a pH of an environment (e.g., the soil). In some embodiments, said decrease in pH is a decrease of at least about 0. 1 pH as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said decrease is at about 20 hours after said administering.

[0138] In some embodiments, said microorganism increases a pH of an environment (e.g., the soil). In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 0. 1 point as compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 0.5 point as compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 0.75 point as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 1 point as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said pH is measured at about 120 hours after administering said formulation. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 0.1 as compared to a corresponding formulation without said bacteria.

[0139] In some embodiments, said microorganism accelerates silicate mineral weathering without decreasing the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, said administering of theformulation comprising the microorganism maintains pH of an environment (e.g., the soil). In some embodiments, said administering of the formulation comprising the microorganism maintains * pH of an environment compared to prior to administration. In some embodiments, the pH of an environment (e.g., the soil) is not decreased (e.g., through a growing season).

[0140] In some embodiments, said pH is measured at about 2 days (e.g., 5 days) after administering said formulation. In some embodiments, said pH is increased at about 7 days after administering said formulation. In some embodiments, said pH is increased at about 2 weeks after administering said formulation. In some embodiments, said pH is measured at least about 7 days after administering said formulation. In some embodiments, said pH is measured at about 9 weeks after administering said formulation. In some embodiments, said pH is measured at about 18 weeks after administering said formulation. In some embodiments, said pH is measured at about 7 days to about 18 weeks after administering said formulation. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 1.5 as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about 18 weeks after administering. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about 9 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about 9 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 15 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 15 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 15 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 15 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 15 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 22 weeks, or about 20 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about 9 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 20 weeks, or about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured atleast about 9 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 20 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at most about 12 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 20 weeks, or about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, said microorganism decrease the pH of the soil then increases the pH of the soil.

[0141] In some embodiments, said microorganism increases the pH of the environment. The environment may include the soil, and may be measured in an area of up to 12 inches or 6 inches away from the location of the administered formulation. In some embodiments, the environment is soil. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 0.1 as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is about 0.1 to about 2 as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is about 0.1 to about 0.25, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.1 to about 0.75, about 0.1 to about 1, about 0.1 to about 1.25, about 0.1 toabout 1.5, about 0.1 to about 1.75, about 0.1 to about 2, about 0.25 to about 0.5, about 0.25 to about 0.75, about 0.25 to about 1, about 0.25 to about 1.25, about 0.25 to about 1.5, about 0.25 to about 1.75, about 0.25 to about 2, about 0.5 to about 0.75, about 0.5 to about 1, about 0.5 to about 1.25, about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 1.75, about 0.5 to about 2, about 0.75 to about 1, about 0.75 to about 1.25, about 0.75 to about 1.5, about 0.75 to about 1.75, about 0.75 to about 2, about 1 to about 1 .25, about 1 to about 1.5, about 1 to about 1 .75, about 1 to about 2, about 1.25 to about 1.5, about 1.25 to about 1.75, about 1.25 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 1.75, about 1.5 to about 2, or about 1.75 to about 2 as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is about 0.1, about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, or about 2 as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. In some embodiments, said increase in pH is at least about 0.1, about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, or about 1.75 as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism . In some embodiments, saidincrease in pH is at most about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1 .25, about 1.5, about 1 .75, or about 2 as compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganism. The increase in the pH of the environment may take place after said administering of said formulation (e.g., about 20 hours, about 24 hours, about 48 hours, about 72 hours, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 2 months, about 3 months, about 4 months, etc.).

[0142] In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH of the environment then increases the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH by about 1. In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH by about 0.1 to about 2. In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH by about 0.1 to about 0.25, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.1 to about 0.75, about 0.1 to about 1, about 0.1 to about 1.25, about 0.1 to about 1.5, about 0.1 to about 1.75, about 0.1 to about 2, about 0.25 to about 0.5, about 0.25 to about 0.75, about 0.25 to about 1, about 0.25 to about 1.25, about 0.25 to about 1.5, about 0.25 to about 1.75, about 0.25 to about 2, about 0.5 to about 0.75, about 0.5 to about 1, about 0.5 to about 1.25, about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 1.75, about 0.5 to about 2, about 0.75 to about 1, about 0.75 to about 1.25, about 0.75 to about 1.5, about 0.75 to about 1.75, about 0.75 to about2, about 1 to about 1.25, about 1 to about 1.5, about 1 to about 1.75, about 1 to about 2, about 1.25 to about 1.5, about 1.25 to about 1.75, about 1.25 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 1.75, about 1.5 to about 2, or about 1.75 to about 2. In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH by about 0. 1, about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, or about 2. In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH by atleast about 0.1, about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25,about 1.5, or about 1 .75. In some embodiments, said microorganism decreases the pH by at most about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, or about 2.

[0143] In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about 18 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about the end of an entire agricultural season. In some embodiments, said increase is measured during an entire agricultural season. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is 18 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is about 12 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is about 12 weeks to about 15 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 12 weeks to about20 weeks, about 12 weeks to about22 weeks, about 15 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 15 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 15 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 22 weeks, or about 20 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is about 12 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 20 weeks, or about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is at least about 12 weeks, about 15 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 20 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is at most about 15 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 20 weeks, or about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about 9 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about 9 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 22 weeks, or about 20 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at about 9 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 20 weeks, or about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at least about 9 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 20 weeks. In some embodiments, said increase is measured at most about 12 weeks, about 14 weeks, about 16 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 20 weeks, or about 22 weeks.

[0144] In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration (e.g., amount of carbon sequestered, rate of carbon sequestration, or a combination thereof) compared to an administering of a formulation that does not comprise the microorganism or compared to a naturally occurring process of carbon sequestration. In some embodiments, the amount of CO2per hectare per year is increasedcompared to baseline. In some embodiments, the amount of CO2per hectare per year is increased compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, at least 247 kg of CO2per hectare per year is sequestered. In some embodiments, at least about 250 kg of CO2per hectare per year is sequestered. In some embodiments, at least about 500 kg of CO2per hectare per year is sequestered. In some embodiments, at least about 1 ton of CO2per hectare per year is sequestered. In some embodiments, at least about 5 tons, at least about 10 tons, or at least about 15 tons of CO2per hectare per year is sequestered. In some embodiments, about 247 kg of CO2 per hectare per year to about 15 tons of CO2per hectare per year are sequestered.

[0145] In some embodiments, the administering of the formulation disclosed herein provides a net CO2capture rate that is improved compared to baseline. In some embodiments, the administering of the formulation disclosed herein provides a net CO2capture rate that is improved compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not comprise the microorganism. In some embodiments the CO2capture rate is improved by at least about 10%, atleast about20%, atleast about 50%, or at least about 90% (e.g., at least 97.7%),

[0146] In some embodiments, the administering of the formulation disclosed herein provides a net CO2capture rate of at least about 5 mmol / kg of soil, atleast about 10 mmol / kg of soil, or at least about 15 mmol / kg of soil.

[0147] In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of CO2per acre per year (e.g., compared to a corresponding administration without said microorganism or as compared to a naturally occurring process). In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by atleast 100 kg of CO2 per acre per about 9 weeks to about 52 weeks. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of CO2 per acre about 9 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 24 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 30 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 40 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 46 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 24 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 30 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 40 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 46 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 24 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 30 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 40 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 46 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 24 weeks to about 30 weeks, about 24 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 24 weeks to about 40 weeks, about 24 weeks to about 46 weeks, about 24 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 30 weeks to about36 weeks, about 30 weeks to about 40 weeks, about 30 weeks to about 46 weeks, about 30 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 36 weeks to about 40 weeks, about 36 weeks to about 46 weeks, about 36 weeks to about 52 weeks, about 40 weeks to about 46 weeks, about 40 weeks to about 52 weeks, or about 46 weeks to about 52 weeks. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of CO2 per acre per about 9 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 24 weeks, about 30 weeks, about 36 weeks, about 40 weeks, about 46 weeks, or about 52 weeks. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of CO2per acre per at least about 9 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 18 weeks, about24 weeks, about 30 weeks, about 36 weeks, about 40 weeks, or about 46 weeks. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of CO2per acre per at most about 12 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 24 weeks, about 30 weeks, about 36 weeks, about 40 weeks, about 46 weeks, or about 52 weeks.

[0148] In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least one ton (e.g., two tons, three tons, etc.) of CO2per growing season (e.g., about 18 weeks on average (e.g., about 9 weeks to about 52 weeks)).

[0149] In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of CO2per hectare per year. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 200 kg of CO2per hectare per year. In some embodiments, said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least about 250 kg of CO2per hectare per year.

[0150] In certain aspects of this instant disclosure is a formulation comprising a microorganism and soil (e.g., soil comprising a silicate mineral), wherein at least about 1.0E+03 CFU of said microorganism are present per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments about 1,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU of said microorganism are present per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments about 1,000 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, or about 1,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU of said microorganism are present per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments about 1 ,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, or about 10,000,000 CFU of said microorganism arepresent per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments at least about 1,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU, or about 1,000,000 CFU of said microorganism are present per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments at most about 10,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, or about 10,000,000 CFU of said microorganism are present per 1 gram of soil. The microorganism may include exudates thereof.

[0151] In some embodiments, said soil comprises a silicate mineral (e.g., one or more silicate minerals). In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is exogenous to said soil. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is natural to said soil. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is administered to said soil. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is already present in said soil. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, said silicate minerals is feldspar. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is olivine. In some embodiments, said silicate minerals is wollastonite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is andesite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is (e.g., contained in) basalt. In some embodiments, said feldspar is a plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is albite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is oligoclase. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is andesine. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is labradorite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is bytownite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is anorthite. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is anorthoclase. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is sanidine. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is orthoclase. In some embodiments, said silicate mineral is microcline. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises albite, anorthite, alkali feldspar, oligoclase feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 80% albite and about 20% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 70% albite and about 30% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 75% albite and about 25% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 85% albite and about 15% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 90% albite and about 10% anorthite.

[0152] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a plant seed. In some embodiments, said plant seed is associated with at least about 250 CFU of said microorganism (e.g., about 1,000 CFU, about 2,500 CFU, about 5,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU, etc). In some embodiments, said microorganism is located outside the plant seed. In some embodiments, said microorganism is coating (e.g., at least partially coating) the plant seed. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises about 250 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU.

[0153] In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises about 250 CFU to about 100,000 CFU. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises about 250 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises about 250 CFU to about 10,000 CFU. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises about 250 CFU to about 500 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 1,000 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 2,500 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 7,500 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 1,000 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 2,500 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 7,500 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about2,500 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 7,500 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, about2,500 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about2,500 CFU to about 7,500 CFU, about 2,500 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, about 5,000 CFU to about 7,500 CFU, about 5,000 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, or about 7,500 CFU to about 10,000 CFU. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises about 250 CFU, about 500 CFU, about 1,000 CFU, about 2,500 CFU, about 5,000 CFU, about 7,500 CFU, or about 10,000 CFU. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least about 250 CFU, about 500 CFU, about 1,000 CFU, about 2,500 CFU, about 5,000 CFU, or about 7,500 CFU. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at most about 500 CFU, about 1,000 CFU, about 2,500 CFU, about 5,000 CFU, about 7,500 CFU, or about 10,000 CFU. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least 10,000 CFU of said microorganism. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises a bacteria, archaea, fungi, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises a bacteria. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least 1E+04 CFU, at least 1E+05 CFU, at least about 1E+06 CFU, or at least about 1E+07 CFU of said bacteria. In some embodiments, said microorganism comprises a fungi. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least 1E+02 CFU, at least 1E+03 CFU, at least about 1E+04 CFU, or at least about 1E+05 CFU of said fungi.

[0154] In some embodiments, said microorganism is located between a seed coat and an embryo of said plant seed. In some embodiments, said microorganism is located between a seed coat and an aleurone cell layer of said plant seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism is incorporated into the interior of the plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism is incorporated into the plantbeneath the pericarp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is incorporated into the plant between the pericarp and the aleurone cell layer. In some embodiments, the microorganism contacts the embryo of the plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism does not contact the embryo of the plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism contacts the endosperm of the plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism does not contact the endosperm of the plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism is incorporated into the plant in an interspace between aplant coat and a plant embryo. In some embodiments, the microorganism is incorporated into an interspace between a plant pericarp and a plant aleurone cell layer. In some embodiments, said microorganism (e.g., bacteria) is at least partially coated on said plant seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism includes exudates thereof.

[0155] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a fertilizer. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a fungicide. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises an insecticide. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a nematicide.

[0156] The microorganism thereof incorporated into a soil or associated with a silicate mineral may be any of the microorganisms provided herein, or any other microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria or an endospore thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of a microorganism provided herein. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria or an endospore thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a fungus. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a fungus spore. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a consortium of microorganisms. In some embodiments, the consortium of microorganisms comprises bacteria. In some embodiments, the consortium of microorganisms comprises fungi. In some embodiments, the consortium of microorganisms comprises bacteria and fungi. In some embodiments, the consortium of microorganisms comprises bacteria of the same genus. In some embodiments, the consortium of microorganisms comprises bacteria of different genera. In some embodiments, the consortium of microorganisms comprises fungi of the same genus. In some embodiments, the consortium of microorganisms comprises fungi of different genera.

[0157] In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Azo spirillum sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clonostachys sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Ensifer sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Klebsiella sp., Kosakonia sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Leptodontidium sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Metarhizium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp.,Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Pantoea sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pseudomonas sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillussp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermove nabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbe selected from Acetobacter sp., Actinomyces sp., Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp., Coxiella sp., Ensifer sp. , Glutamicibacter sp., Microbacterium sp., or Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Acetobacter sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Actinomyces sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Chryseobacterium sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Coxiella sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Ensifer sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Glutamicibacter sp . In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Microbacterium sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Pantoea sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Klebsiella sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a Kosakonia sacchari SP1. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms.

[0158] In some embodiments, a microorganism is selected for one or more properties associated with the microorganism’s ability to interact with the soil. In some embodiments, a microorganism is selected for one or more properties associated with the microorganism’s ability to interact with silicate minerals (e.g., an ability to quickly weather said silicate minerals). In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for compatibility. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected to ensure no predatory or antagonistic effects will develop. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for stability during storage. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for optimal incorporation into soil (e.g., ability of the microorganism to survive in the soil or to optimally operate within the conditions of the soil (e.g., temperature, moisture, pH etc.)). In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for optimal compatibility with silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for optimal compatibility with a crushed silicate mineral. Crushed silicate materials may include crush feldspar (e.g., any suitable feldspar, such as those discussedherein), crushed rock (e.g., crushed basalt rock), etc. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for optimal colonization into the one or more plants. In some embodiments, the microorganism remains present throughout the plant life cycle.

[0159] The methods and compositions disclosed herein may be useful for creating tradable carbon credits. In some embodiments, the methods of this instant disclosure further comprise selling, trading, or transferring carbon credits to a third party. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating carbon credits. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating carbon credits which are monetized on a carbon credit trading market. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating carbon credits which are used to offset other greenhouse gases emissions.

[0160] The methods and compositions disclosed herein are able to beneficially utilize biogenic mineral weathering to permanently remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These pathways (e.g., carbon dioxide hydrolysis and silicate weathering) involve the application of microorganisms to silicate minerals (e.g., either administered to a soil or naturally occurring in a soil) to accelerate the generation of alkalinity, specifically bicarbonate and carbonate ions. The methods and compositions disclosed herein may be usedin collaboration with farmers who may apply the microorganism during planting (e.g., administering the formulation with the seed) or shortly after planting (e.g., within about 5 minutes, within about 30 minutes, within about one hour, within about24 hours, within about48 hours, orwithin about? days) afterplantingthe seed, a process that seamlessly integrates with existing agricultural practices. The resulting alkalinity generation may occur over the course of an agricultural season and may be directly measured through high -intensity soil sampling and / or soil porewater sampling. By leveraging the power of biology and the existing land and / or installed capacity of agriculture, the compositions and methods disclosed herein have the potential to be deployed at an exceptional speed, scale, and price point.

[0161] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein enhance SIC accumulation (e.g., in a soil). In some embodiments, a bicarbonate level in the soil is increased (e.g., compared to baseline). In some embodiments, a bicarbonate level in the soil is increased compared to corresponding administration of a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiment, the bicarbonate level in the soil is increased by atleast about 10% (e.g., atleast about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 90%). In some embodiment, the bicarbonate level in the soil is increased by at least about 95%. In some embodiment, the bicarbonate level in the soil is increased by at least 97.7%.

[0162] In some embodiments, a divalent cation level in the soil, a leachate, or a porewater is increased (e.g., compared to baseline). In some embodiments, a divalent cation level in the soil, aleachate, or a porewater is increased compared to corresponding administration of a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiment, the divalent cation level (e.g., in the soil) is increased by at least about 10% (e.g., at least about 20%). In some embodiment, the divalent cation level is increased by at least about 95%. In some embodiment, the divalent cation level is increased by at least 97.7%. In some embodiment, the divalent cation level is increased after two weeks. In some embodiment, the divalent cation level is increased after three weeks. In some embodiments, the divalent cation comprises calcium. In some embodiments, the divalent cation comprises magnesium. In some embodiments, the divalent cation comprises calcium and magnesium.

[0163] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein increase an inorganic carbon level. The level of inorganic carbon maybe measured through the use of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE). In some embodiments, CCE is increased in a soil. In some embodiments, CCE in a soil is increased by at least 0.1% (e.g., compared to baseline or compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism). In some embodiments, CCE in in a soil is increased by at least about 0.15%, at least about .2%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, or at least 1% compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism

[0164] Further provided herein, in some embodiments, are methods of sequestering carbon, said method comprising administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a soil, wherein at least about 1E+10 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of said soil.

[0165] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein increase a crop yield (e.g., an average crop yield) in a hectare of soil compared to baseline or compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the methods increases a crop yield by at least about 0.1 ton per hectare. In some embodiments, the methods increases a crop yield by at least about 0.2 ton per hectare, at least about 0.3 ton per hectare, at least about 0.4 ton per hectare, or at least about 0.5 ton per hectare, at least about 0.2 ton per hectare.

[0166] Further provided herein, in some embodiments, are methods of generating an eco-system credit. The eco-system credit may be representative of an amount of carbon sequestered. The generation of the eco-system credit may be a result of administering the formulation presented herein (e.g., to a soil comprising a silicate mineral).In some embodiments, the computer-implemented method of maintaining an ecosystem credit token, comprises storing an ecosystem credit token in a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. In some embodiments, said ecosystem credit token is representative of an amount of sequestered carbon from an atmosphere (e.g., an atmosphere adjacent to a soil). In someembodiments, said ecosystem credit token is or was previously determined to be measured from of an amount of CO2sequestered in a soil. In some embodiments, said soil comprises or was previously determined to comprise a microorganism administered (e.g., artificially administered) to said soil. In some embodiments, said microorganism is present in an amount of at least 1 x 105CFU / acre of said soil. In some embodiments, said ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to any one of the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, further provided herein, are computer-based systems for storing an ecosystem credit, comprising: a processor; a display configured to show a graphical user interface for viewing information related to said ecosystem credit; and a non-transitory computer readable storage medium encoded with a computer program that causes said processorto: analyze information related to said ecosystem credit. In some embodiments, said ecosystem credit is or was previously determined as being derived from a measure of an CO2sequestered in a soil. In some embodiments, said soil comprises said microorganism artificially administered to said soil. In some embodiments, said microorganism is administered in an amount of at least 1 x 105CFU / acre of said soil. In some embodiments, said ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to any one of the methods disclosed herein.DEFINITIONS

[0167] Whenever the term “at least,” “greater than,” or “greater than or equal to” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “at least,” “greater than” or “greater than or equal to” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, greater than or equal to 1 , 2, or 3 is equivalent to greater than or equal to 1 , greater than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 3.

[0168] Whenever the term “no more than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “no more than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, less than or equal to 3, 2, or 1 is equivalent to less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, or less than or equal to 1.

[0169] Use of absolute or sequential terms, for example, “will,” “will not,” “shall,” “shall not,” “must,” “must not,” “first,” “initially,” “next,” “subsequently,” “before,” “after,” “lastly,” and “finally,” are not meant to limit scope of the present embodiments disclosed herein but as exemplary.

[0170] As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either thedetailed description and / or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”

[0171] The term “irrigation system,” as described herein, may be the artificial process of applying controlled amounts of water to assist in the production of crops, but also to grow plants, where it may be known as “watering.” In some embodiments the term “irrigation system” may include spraying foliage, in-furrow fertilizer treatment, sprinkler system, humidifier, or a misting system.

[0172] As used herein, the phrases “at least one”, “one or more”, and “and / or” are open-ended expressions that are both conjunctive and disjunctive in operation. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B and C”, “at least one of A, B, or C”, “one or more of A, B, and C”, “one or more of A, B, or C” and “A, B, and / or C” means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B and C together.

[0173] As used herein, “or” may refer to “and”, “or,” or “and / or” and may be used both exclusively and inclusively. For example, the term “A or B” may referto “A or B”, “A but not B”, “B but not A”, and “A and B”. In some cases, context may dictate a particular meaning.

[0174] Any systems, methods, software, and platforms described herein are modular. Accordingly, terms such as “first” and “second” do not necessarily imply priority, order of importance, or order of acts.

[0175] The term “about” when referring to a number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical range referred to is an approximation within experimental variability (or within statistical experimental error), and the number or numerical range may vary from, for example, from 1% to 15% of the stated number or numerical range. In some examples, the term “about’ refers to ±10% of a stated number or value.

[0176] The terms “increased”, “increasing”, or “increase” are used herein to generally mean an increase by a statically significant amount. In some aspects, the terms “increased,” or “increase,” mean an increase of at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example an increase of at least about 10%, at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% increase or any increase between 10-100% as compared to a reference level, standard, or control. Other examples of “increase” include an increase of at least 2 -fold, at least 5-fold, atleast 10-fold, at least 20-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, at least 1000-fold or more as compared to a reference level.

[0177] The terms, “decreased”, “decreasing”, or “decrease” are used herein generally to mean a decrease by a statistically significant amount. In some aspects, “decreased” or “decrease” means a reduction by at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example a decrease by at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about60%, or at least about 70%, or atleast about 80%, or at least about 90% orup to and including a 100% decrease (e.g., absent level or non-detectable level as compared to a reference level), or any decrease between 10-100% as compared to a reference level. In the context of a marker or symptom, by these terms is meant a statistically significant decrease in such level. The decrease can be, for example, atleast 10%, atleast20%, atleast30%, atleast40% or more, and is preferably down to a level accepted as within the range of normal for an individual without a given disease.

[0178] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meantto be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.EXAMPLES

[0179] Example 1. Soil column experiment for biogenic weathering and coupling to carbonate mineral precipitation by microbes for carbon capture

[0180] Microorganisms may play a key role in the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and soils, both releasing CO2through respiration and fixing CO2in organic and inorganic forms. When applied to seeds in agricultural soils, microbes disclosed herein establish at the root of plants, utilizing nutrients released by the plant root to generate energy. The microbes disclosed herein facilitate three steps: hydrolysis of CO2, weathering of silicate minerals, and the precipitation of carbonates (FIG. 17).

[0181] Feldspars are the most abundant minerals in Earth’s crust. These minerals do not contain carbon and instead are composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen combined with one or more metal elements, particularly potassium, sodium, or calcium (FIG. 1A). Natural weathering (e.g. breakdown or dissolving) of feldspar minerals releases important plant nutrients (FIGS. 2A, 2B)and secondary clay minerals into the soil and is believed to control climate by consuming atmospheric CO2over a geological time scale. When feldspar minerals are present in soil, an increase of base exchangeable cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+) is found.

[0182] Experimental Detail

[0183] Soil columns (FIG. 3) were assembled with feldspar (e.g. 3.1 kg of soil per column with 8% feldspar by weight). Two study groups were setup (e.g. one control group without microbe and one sample group with S3C23). In some cases, two types of plagioclase feldspar were used (e.g. albite and anorthite) with varying ratios (e.g. 4: 1). Two groups of particles sizes were used (e.g. smaller than 2,000 pm and larger than 2,000 pm). Over the course of two weeks, the soil columns experienced rainfall events (e.g. 8 rainfall events with distilled water with a total volume of 1.75 L per column). Intervals of the rainfall events were staggered (e.g. days 1,2,5,6,9,10,13, and 14) during the course of the experiment.

[0184] To assess the results of this experiment, a multitude of parameters were measured and analyzed. For the plant, parameters such as chlorophyll, aerial length of plant, and aerial fresh weight of plant were measured. For the roots, parameters such as viable cell count was measured. For the soil, parameters such as pH, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), CEC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Al3+, Fe2+ / 3+, total Ca, total Na, total K, total Mg, total Al, total Fe, total C, total organic C, organic matter, ammonium, and nitrates level were measured. For the leachate, parameters such as pH, HCO3_, CO32', CCE, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe2+ / 3+, electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were measured.

[0185] Results and Discussion

[0186] Sodium and calcium levels in the leachates were measured and analyzed (FIGS. 4A-4B). The control group (e.g. DI-UTC) showed 378 mg / L and 355 mg / L for Ca2+and Na+levels, respectively, while the sample group (e.g. DI-S3C23) showed 423 mg / L and 400 mg / L (p < 0.05, Dunnetf s multiple comparison test) for Ca2+and Na+levels, respectively.

[0187] Magnesium, potassium and iron levels in the leachates were measured and analyzed (FIGS. 5A-5B). The control group (e.g. DI-UTC) showed 5 mg / L, 206 mg / L, and 635 mg / L for Fe2+ / 3+, Mg2+, and K+levels, respectively. The sample group (e.g. DLS3C23) showed 2 mg / L (p < 0.05, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test) for Fe2+ / 3+, Mg2+, and K+levels, respectively.

[0188] HCO3' and CO32-levels in the leachates were measured and analyzed. A statistically significant different is observed in carbonate ion levels (FIG. 6A) but not bicarbonate ion levels (FIG. 6B) (p < 0.05, Tukey -Kramer test). The average of the sums of carbonate ion and bicarbonate (FIGS. 6C-6D) found in all the leachates are 16.0 and 16.8 CO32' + HCO3' mmol / L for the control group (e.g. DI-UTC) and sample group (e.g. DLS3C23), respectively.

[0189] pH of the leachates was measured (FIG. 7). Results support the alkalinizing role of S3C23 in soils.

[0190] pH of the soil was measured (FIGS. 8A-8B) by taking a pH reading by dissolved method (e.g. soikwater (v / v) = 1 :2). Soil was dried and ground prior to measurement. Three different soil depths were analyzed: 0, 10, and 20 cm.

[0191] Base exchangeable cations in the soil were measured (FIGS. 9A-9B) and are higher in the sample group (e.g. DI-UTC) than in the control group (e.g. DI-S3C23). Soil CCE was measured (FIGS. 10A-10B) and is higher in the sample group (DI-UTC) than in the control group (e.g. DI-S3C23). Increased sodium and calcium release can increase weathering.

[0192] Example 2: Biogenic feldspar weathering and calcite precipitation in-vitro mediated by microbes

[0193] Microbes of this disclosure respond to the presence of feldspar minerals and can positively modify parameters of interest such as pH of soil, timing of pH change of soil, cation release, and carbonate precipitation.

[0194] Experimental Detail

[0195] Feldspar minerals were prepared as solutions (e.g. n=3). Different feldspar minerals were investigated including albite, anorthite, and a mixture of albite and anorthite (e.g. 4:1 ratio). A control group was setup as a solution without feldspar. Three microbes (e.g. S3C23, MP2, and microbe 3) were prepared for inoculation of the feldspar and control groups. A microbe was added to a solution of feldspar so that each microbe and each solution of feldspar were tested individually. Microbe 3 (e.g. HB101 E. Coli strain) served as a negative control.

[0196] Results and Discussion

[0197] Solutions containing feldspar and strain S3C23 induced the formation of a robust pellicle biofilm which floats on top of the medium (FIG. 16). This demonstrates the ability of B. subtilis S3C23 to detect the presence of feldspar minerals.

[0198] Solutions containing feldspar and strain S3C23 demonstrated the decrease of pH of the medium during the first 20 hours after which an increase of pH was demonstrated (FIG. 11). This promotes carbonate precipitation. Solutions containing S3C23 without feldspar also demonstrated a decrease of pH of the medium during a first time period after which an increase of pH was demonstrated at a later time point (e.g. about 70 hours). Negative control solutions (microbe 3) demonstrated a sharp decrease of pH of the medium during the first 20 hours followed by a gradual decrease and eventual plateau during the rest of the study.

[0199] Soluble calcium levels were measured at multiple timepoints during the course of the study (FIG. 12). Solutions without feldspar demonstrated little increase of soluble calcium levels. A solution of microbe 3 without feldspar demonstrated a decrease of soluble calciumlevels. Solutions with feldspar demonstrated an increase of soluble calcium levels. Solution containingboth feldspar and S3C23 demonstrated a peak in soluble calcium levels (e.g. from 0 mM att=O to about0.9 mMat72 hours) followed by a decrease in soluble calcium levels as the calcium cations are consumed during the precipitation of calcium carbonates.

[0200] Inorganic carbon signals (e.g. bicarbonate and carbonate minerals) were measured via CO2 measurements by gas chromatography (FIG. 13). Solutions containing feldspar and either S3C23 or MP2 demonstrated the enhancement of precipitation of carbonate materials such as calcium carbonate. This is added by the enhance pH, bicarbonate generation, and nucleation of mineral crystals. In the presence of feldspar minerals, the inorganic carbon signal is higher due to the release of cations such as calcium as a result of the biogenic weathering induced by the microbes.

[0201] Microbes of this disclosure induce biogenic weathering through the production of organic or inorganic acids, chelators, biofilm production, and more. Alternatively, or in addition, microbes of this disclosure also couple biogenic weathering with carbon capture by promoting the precipitation of stable carbonate minerals such as calcium carbonate.

[0202] Example 3: Field microbe program

[0203] A large area (e.g. 27,695 acres) across 200 fields in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin were tested. Crops planted in those fields include com (43%), soybean (50%), wheat (5%), and sunflower (2%). Approximately 10% of fields are untreated controls (UTC). Approximately 90% of fields are treated with S3C23. Field had relatively high content of feldspar (18 - 38 wt. %) and near-neutral to alkaline soil pH. Fields were stratified based on soil texture. Three to five sample locations per stratum were determined randomly. The same locations were kept for each sampling event.

[0204] Soil samples were collected at pre-planting (e.g. 0 weeks), mid-season (e.g. about 9 weeks), and post-harvest (e.g. about 18 weeks). An average season is 18 weeks. Soil sampling was performed at 12 inches of depth. Samples are soil composites consisting of 8-12 cores.

[0205] Soil samples were analyzed for soil inorganic carbon (measured as Calcium Carbonate Equivalent or CCE), organic matter, total carbon, cation exchange capacity, pH and several more factors.

[0206] A statistically significant increase in soil inorganic carbon (SIC, measured as CCE) was observed with S3C23 treatmentfrom pre-planting to mid-season or post-harvest. Dynamics of the concentration of Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE) found in fields treated with strain S3C23 and untreated (UTC) fields during the 2022 growing season in the US Midwest are shown in FIGS 14A-14B. A statistically significant difference is observed within the S3C23 group between the beginning of the season (0 weeks after planting) and 9 weeks and 18 weeksafter (p < 0.0001, Dunn’s multiple comparison test). No statistically significant differences were found in the control (UTC) group. A smaller, non-significant increase was observed for untreated controls (UTC). Within each group, Kruskal -Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test were performed. Bayesian modeling and bootstrapping statistics showed a significant improvement in CCE for S3C23compared to UTC, with an average gain of 0.246% CCE (approximately 1.7 tons CO2 / acre / season depending on bulk density). A significant increase of CCE found in fields treated with strain S3C23 supports the role of the microbe on carbonate minerals formation.

[0207] Exchangeable calcium (FIG. 15A) and magnesium (FIG. 15B) dynamics were measured through the growing season. At the end of the season, a higher concentration of exchangeable calcium and magnesium cations was observed with S3C23 treatment compared to UTC. These results suggest that the microbe may be replenishing the soils with calcium and magnesium originating from non-carbonate minerals (e.g. silicate minerals). Exchangeable calcium and magnesium that were found in greater abundance on soils treated with S3 C23 support the role of the microbe in silicate weathering.

[0208] Example 4. Mesocosm experiment for biogenic weathering with native silicate minerals present in the soil.

[0209] Microorganisms may play a key role in the exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and soils, both releasing CO2through respiration and fixing CO2in organic and inorganic forms. When applied to seeds in agricultural soils, microbes disclosed herein establish at the root of plants, utilizing nutrients released by the plant root to generate energy. The microbes disclosed herein facilitate three steps: hydrolysis of CO2and weathering of silicate minerals. Both reactions increase alkalinity (e.g., through bicarbonate and carbonate ions) while the second reaction (e.g., silicate weathering) also releases base cations to the soil.

[0210] Feldspars are the most abundant minerals in Earth’s crust. These minerals do not contain carbon and instead are composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen combined with one or more metal elements, particularly potassium, sodium, or calcium (FIG. 1). Natural weathering (e.g. breakdown or dissolving) of feldspar minerals releases important plant nutrients (FIGS. 2A, 2B) and secondary clay minerals into the soil and is believed to control climate by consuming atmospheric CO2over a geological time scale. When feldspar minerals are present in the soil, an increase of base exchangeable cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+) is found.

[0211] Experimental Detail

[0212] A 9-week mesocosm study with corn seeds was carried out. Soil columns (FIG. 18A) were assembled with 3. 1 kg of soil per column and corn seeds. The soil used in this experiment was a sandy soil with an average pH of 8.2 and an approximate feldspar content determined byX-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) of 40-45% (Table 1). Two study groups were set up (e.g. one control group without microbe named Control) and one treatment group with Bacillus sub tills S3C23). In some cases, 1E+07 CFU of strain S3C23 was applied per seed. Over the course of two weeks, the soil columns experienced rainfall events (e.g., 8 rainfall events with distilled water with a total volume of 1 .75 L per column were carried out from weeks 6 to 8).

[0213] To assess the results of this experiment, key parameters in the soil and leachates were measured and analyzed. For the soil and the leachate, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, total carbon calcium, magnesium, and iron were measured at the end of the experiment (63 days after planting).

[0214] Table 1. Soil characteristics

[0215] Results and Discussion

[0216] The levels of alkalinity in the soil and leachate measured as bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonate ion (CO32) concentration were determined by titration and then analyzed (FIGS. 18B- 18C). The results represent the average of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) per group. A statistically significant increase of 22.8% is observed in bicarbonate concentration in the soil from S3C23-treated columns in comparison to the control columns (p-value <0.0001, unpaired t-test).

[0217] Importantly, the soil total carbon increased in S3 C23 -treated columns in comparison to the control columns (FIG. 18D). This increase translates into 12.7% more carbon stored in soils where strain S3C23 was present.

[0218] The concentration of the base cations calcium, magnesium, and iron in the soil and leachates were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP- AES) and then analyzed (FIGS. 18E-18G). The results represent the average of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) per group. A statistically significant increase is observed in calcium, magnesium and iron concentration in the soil from S3 C23 -treated columns in comparison to the control columns (p < 0.05, unpaired t-test).

[0219] Finally, silicate weathering rates were calculated for S3C23 and Control over the course of the experiment (63 days). For the calculations the measurements for exchangeable calcium, total inorganic carbon (12% Calcium Carbonate Equivalent, CCE), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, in this case, bicarbonate and carbonate ions) content in soil and leachate fractions were used. Calculations showed that S3 C23 -treated soils had a notably higher silicate weathering rate (13.24 ± 4.34 mmol / kg soil versus 1.96 ± 4.31 mmol / kg soil) as compared to control soils (Table 2). Assuming an average specific surface area of 1.13 m2 / g anorthite, the specific weathering rate of anorthite particles estimated for S3 C23 -treated soil is 5.0E-12 mol / m2 / sec.

[0220] Consequently, S3C23 is estimated to have a net CO2 capture rate of 7.60 ± 1.22 mmol / kg soil higher than the control over the course of the experiment, which translates to a net CO2 sequestration of 1.43 ± 0.22 tonnes CO2 / hectare.

[0221] Table 2. Silicate weathering rate and Net CO2sequestration rate

[0222] Example 5. Field trials for biogenic weathering with native silicate minerals present in the soil.

[0223] Soybean seeds were overcoated with a formulation that contains fungicides, insecticides, and Bacillus sub tills strain S3C23. For4.05 hectares (lO acres) of soybean, 147.9ml (5 fl oz) of a 10,000x concentrated stock of S3C23 at a concentration of 5.0E+10 CFU / ml was used. Each seed was covered with approximately 5.0E+06 CFU of strain S3C23.

[0224] The field study was conducted in Stutsman County, North Dakota (USA) in 2022 on 14 soybean fields, eight S3 C23 -treated fields and six untreated control (UTC) fields. All the fields were located within a radius of 18.15 km of each other. They were all watered by rainfall, without additional ground or surface water irrigation, with a mean accumulated 2022 precipitation of 472.9 mm (NOAA). The mineral composition of these fields was determined byX-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) (FIGS. 19A-19B). The average soil pH of the fields was 6.7.

[0225] Fields were stratified based on soil texture. Three to five sample locations per stratum were determined randomly. The same locations were kept for each sampling event.

[0226] Soil samples were collected at pre-planting (e.g. 0 weeks) and post-harvest (e.g. about 18 weeks). The average season for the crop used in this study is 18 weeks. Soil sampling was performed at 12 inches of depth. Samples are soil composites consisting of 8-12 cores.

[0227] Soil samples were analyzed for total carbon, exchangeable calcium, cation exchange capacity, and pH.

[0228] The crop yield was also measured as the weight of grains (e.g. tonnes per hectare).

[0229] A statistically significant increase in the delta pH (e.g. the change between pre-planting and post-harvest) was observed in S3 C23 -treated fields in comparison to untreated control fields (FIG. 20D, p-value < 0.05, unpaired t-test).

[0230] Exchangeable calcium and the overall cation exchange capacity increased in S3C23- treated fields (FIGS. 20B, 20C) in comparison to the untreated control fields. These results suggest that the microbe may be replenishing the soils with calcium originating from non- carbonate minerals (e.g. silicate minerals). Exchangeable calcium that was found in greater abundance on soils treated with strain S3C23 supports the role of the microbe in silicate weathering.

[0231] Importantly and as expected, the soil total carbon increased in S3C23-treated fields in comparison to the untreated control fields (FIG. 20A). This increase translates into 61.5% more carbon stored in soils where strain S3C23 was present.

[0232] Example 6. Mesocosm experiment for biogenic weathering with exogenously added silicate minerals (feldspar) to the soil.

[0233] Feldspars are the most abundant minerals in Earth’ s crust. These minerals do not contain carbon and instead are composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen combined with one or more metal elements, particularly potassium, sodium, or calcium (FIG. 1). Natural weathering (e.g. breakdown or dissolving) of feldspar minerals releases important plant nutrients (FIGS. 2A, 2B) and secondary clay minerals into the soil and is believed to control climate by consuming atmospheric CO2 over a geological time scale. When feldspar minerals are present in the soil, an increase of base exchangeable cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+) is found.

[0234] Experimental Detail

[0235] A 9-week mesocosm study with corn seeds and added feldspar was caried out. Soil columns were assembled with feldspar (e.g. 3.1 kg of soil per column with 8% feldspar by weight) and corn seeds. The soil usedin this experiment was a sandy soil with an average pH of8.2 and an approximate feldspar content determined by XRD and SEM of 40-45% (Table 1). Two study groups were setup (e.g. one control group without microbe named control and one sample group with Bacillus subtilis S3C23). In some cases, 1E+07 CFU of strain S3C23 was applied per seed. In some cases, two types of plagioclase feldspar were used (e.g. albite and anorthite) with varying ratios (e.g. 4:1). Two groups of particle sizes were used (e.g. smaller than 2,000 pm and larger than 2,000 pm). Over the course of two weeks, the soil columns experiencedrainfall events (e.g. 8 rainfall events with distilled water with a total volume of 1 .75 L per column were carried out from week 6 to 8).

[0236] To assess the results of this experiment, key parameters in the soil and leachates were measured and analyzed. For the soil, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and base cations were measured at the end of the experiment (63 days after planting). For the leachate, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and base cations were measured during the course of the experiment.

[0237] Results and Discussion

[0238] The levels of alkalinity in the soil and leachate measured as bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonate ion (CO32) concentration were determined by titration and then analyzed (FIGS. 21A-21B). The results represent the average of six biological replicates (e.g., six soil columns) per group. A statistically significant increase of 8.2% is observed in bicarbonate and carbonate ion concentration in the leachate from S3 C23 -treated columns in comparison to the control columns (p-value <0.01, Mann-Whitney test). An increase of 10.2% in bicarbonate concentration is observed in S3C23-treated soils in comparison to control soils.

[0239] The concentration of the base cations calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium in the soil and leachate were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and then analyzed (FIGS. 21C-21F). The results represent the average of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) per group. A statistically significant increase is observed in calcium, magnesium and sodium concentration in the leachate from S3C23-treated columns in comparison to the control columns (p < 0.05, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). An increase in the four base cations is observed in the soils treated with S3C23, however, the differences with the control group were not statistically significant.

[0240] Example 7. Mesocosms experiment for biogenic weathering with exogenously added silicate minerals (basalt) to the soil.

[0241] Basalt is a dark-colored, fine-grained, igneous rock primarily composed of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. It forms from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava at or near the Earth's surface. Basalt is the most common rock type in the Earth's crust (the outer 10 to 50 km), often found in oceanic crust and volcanic islands. Basalt, with its high reactivity and abundance, is anideal candidate for enhanced rock weathering applications with the purpose of removing atmospheric CO2. Additionally, the minerals released during basalt weathering improve soil structure, water retention, and fertility, promoting healthier plant growth.

[0242] A limitation of ERW as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy is the slow weathering rates that, depending on the rock type, particle size, and on the environmental conditions (soil and climate), can take decades to fully dissolve. Accelerating the weathering of basalt and other more pure minerals through biological processes, for example, by administrating certain microorganisms in a soil, has the potential to increase the efficiency of enhanced rock weathering projects.

[0243] Experimental Detail

[0244] A 12-week mesocosm study with soybean seeds and basalt was caried out. Soil columns (FIG. 22A) were assembled with basalt rock (e.g. 3 kg of soil per column with 2.5% basalt by weight) and soybean seeds. This basalt quantity translated into 100 tonnes of basalt per hectare. The particle size of the crushed basalt rock used for this experiment was smaller or equal than 125 pm. The soil used in this experiment was a silty clay soil with an average pH of 6.6. Three study groups were set up (e.g. one control group without microbe and without added basalt named Control, one control group without microbe but with added basalt named Control+basalt, and one sample group with Bacillus subtilis S3C23 and added basalt named S3C23+basalt). In some cases, 1E+07 CFU of strain S3C23 was applied per seed. Over the course of two weeks, the soil columns experienced rainfall events (e.g. 6 rainfall events with distilled water with a total volume of 2.93 L per column were carried out from week 6 to 8).

[0245] To assess the results of this experiment, key parameters in the soil and leachates were measured and analyzed. For the soil, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and base cations were measured at the end of the experiment (90 days after planting). For the leachate, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and base cations were measured during the course of the experiment.

[0246] Results and Discussion

[0247] The levels of alkalinity in the soil measured as bicarbonate (HCO3 ) and carbonate ion (CO32) concentration were determined by titration and then analyzed (FIG. 22B). The results representthe average of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) per group. A statistically significant increase of 97.7% is observed in bicarbonate in the soils from S3 C23+basalt columns in comparison to the Control+basalt columns (One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), p-value < 0.0001 and Tukey’s multiple comparison test, p-value < 0.05).

[0248] The concentration of the base divalent cations, calcium and magnesium, in the soil and in the leachate was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and then analyzed. The results represent the average of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) per group.

[0249] An increase of 18.7% and 20.3% in the concentration of divalent cations was observed in the soil and leachate, respectively, when S3C23 is present in soils with added basalt (S3C23+basalt) in comparison with the soils without S3C23 (Control+basalt) (FIGS. 22C, 22D). Even though this increase was not statistically significant, is important to highlight that these results were obtained after a short mesocosm study of just 90 days. In accordance with previous experimental observations, it is expected these differences to increase with longer experimental times.

[0250] Example 8: In-vitro biogenic weathering of anorthite feldspar mediated by microbes

[0251] Microbes of this disclosure respond to the presence of feldspar minerals and can positively modify parameters of interest such as pH of soil, timing of pH change of soil, cation release, and carbonate precipitation.

[0252] Experimental Detail

[0253] Feldspar minerals were prepared as solutions (e.g. n=3). Different feldspar minerals were investigated including albite, anorthite, and a mixture of albite and anorthite (e.g. 4:1 ratio). A control group was setup as a solution without feldspar. Bacillus subtilis S3C23 was prepared for inoculation of the feldspar and control group. A microbe was added to the solution of feldspar and incubated for 7 days.

[0254] Results and Discussion

[0255] Solutions containing feldspar and strain S3C23 induced the formation of a robust pellicle biofilm which floats on top of the medium and the production of a red pigment (FIG. 23 A). A biofilm and red pigment were not observed in the absence of feldspar. This demonstrates the ability of this strain to detect the presence of feldspar minerals.

[0256] Solutions containing feldspar and strain S3C23 demonstrated the decrease of pH of the medium during the first 20 hours after which an increase of pH was demonstrated (FIG. 23B). Solutions containing strain S3C23 without feldspar also demonstrated a decrease of pH of the medium during a first time period after which an increase of pH was demonstrated at a later time point (e.g. about 70 hours).

[0257] Soluble calcium levels were measured at multiple timepoints during the course of the study (FIG. 23C). Solutions without feldspar demonstrated little increase of soluble calcium levels. Solutions with feldspar demonstrated an increase of soluble calcium levels. Solution containing both feldspar and strain S3C23 demonstrated a peak in soluble calcium levels (e.g.from 0 mM att=0 to about 0.9 mM at 72 hours) followed by a decrease in soluble calcium levels as the calcium cations are consumed during the precipitation of calcium carbonates.

[0258] Strain S3C23 and anorthite feldspar rocks were incubated in a flask for 30 days in 50 ml nutrient broth. The flask was incubated at 27 °C and 100 rpm. The anorthite rock pieces were approximately 18 mm in diameter. Pieces of the anorthite rock were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). After the incubation period, an important number of S3C23 endospores was observed colonizing the mineral through pits and cracks (FIG. 23D). S3C23 endospores were digitally highlighted by painting it with a purple color. The purple coloring was applied to enhance the visibility of the endospore.

[0259] Microbes of this disclosure may induce biogenic weathering through the production of organic or inorganic acids, chelators, biofilm production, and more.

[0260] Example 9: In-vitro biogenic weathering of basalt mediated by microbes

[0261] Microbes of this disclosure respond to the presence of fine basalt rock and mediate mineral weathering and the dissolution of Ca2+and Mg2+from the basalt.

[0262] Experimental Detail

[0263] Strains were cultured for 7 days at 30°C with no shaking in a medium containing 100 mg basalt, either without buffer or with 100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.2) added. Samples were collected at O, 4, 24, 48, 120, and 168 hr post-inoculation, spun down, and the supernatant was assayed for pH, Ca2+levels, and Fe2+levels. Ca2+levels were measured in the medium at set time points during the 7-day culturing period using the QuantiChrom Calcium Assay Kit (BioAssay Systems).

[0264] Endospore-forming bacteria (i.e. Bacillus spp.) are known to take up a significant amount of Ca2+. It was observed that this led to a drop in the Ca2+signal for these strains. To compare strains to each other, therefore, for bacterial strains a linear regression of the Ca2+concentration was performed for the first 24 hours, and the slope of the fit was used to calculate the Ca2+dissolution rates. For fungal strains, which tended to grow slower in these experiments, the regression was performed over the first 48 hours to calculate the Ca2+dissolution rates.

[0265] Fe2+levels were measured in the medium at set time points during the 7-day culturing period using a Ferene assay according to Abbasi et al (2021). While culturing strains in the medium without potassium phosphate buffer, many strains ultimately increase the pH of the culture medium to pH >8 day 3, 5, or 7. It was observed that the soluble Fe2+signal is sensitive to culture pH, with the signal typically dropping down to baseline when the culture pH exceeded pH 8. To calculate the Fe2+dissolution rates, therefore, for each strain the linear regression was performed over the time period where the pH of the culture was below 8.

[0266] To study the response of different bacteria to the presence of basalt the microorganisms were grown for four days at 30 °C without incubation in flasks with liquid B4+ medium (4 g / L yeast extract, 5 g / L dextrose, 5 g / L tryptone, pH 8.2) supplemented or not with 200 mg of basalt rock.

[0267] To determine the production of chelators an in-vitro experiment using CAS agar was conducted. Bacillus subtilis strains S3C23 and MP2 were streaked onto LB agar and incubated at 30 °C for 3 days. 12 mL CAS agar (100 pM chrome azure S (CAS), 200 pM hexadecyltrimetyl ammonium bromide (HDTMA), 10 pMFeC13, 100 mMPiperazine-l,4-bis(2- ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), 0.8% agar) was overlaid onto the plates, allowed to solidify, and incubated at room temperature for 24 h prior to imaging.

[0268] Results and Discussion

[0269] Microorganisms including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi were evaluated (Table 3) fortheir ability to promote biogenic weathering of basalt and release Ca2+and Fe2+into the medium. In a medium with no buffer added in the presence of basalt, many of the tested strains were able to alter the pH by producing acidity (dropping the pH) and subsequently increasing the culture pH to 8 or higher. This resulted in a significant number of strains releasing Ca2+and Fe2+into the culture medium by promoting basalt weathering (FIG. 24A and 25A; Table 4 and 6) This experiment mimics a soil with low buffering capacity, allowing strains to readily weather basalt primarily through the production of organic and inorganic acids.

[0270] In a medium with 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) added in the presence of basalt, several of the tested strains no longer showed the ability to weather basalt. In contrast, strains S3C23, MP2, B. ihuringiensis. r Pseudomonas sp. still showed statistically significant release of Ca2+or Fe2+into the culture medium (FIG. 24B and 25B; Table 5 and 7). This experiment mimics a soil with high buffering capacity, due to the presence of silicate and carbonate minerals. Under these conditions some strains can mediate mineral weathering through the production chelators and other weathering agents.

[0271] In response to the addition of basalt to the culture medium, some strains form a robust biofilm and produce pigments compared to medium without basalt (FIG. 26A). Biofilm formation was only observed with Bacillus spp.. In addition, the production of a brown-red pigment was observed by S3C23 in the presence of basalt but not without basalt. This pigment may be indicative of a siderophore, thus, an experiment was performed to determine whether strains S3C23 and MP2 produced siderophores in presence of iron.

[0272] In addition to a robust biofilm production that is observed in the presence of basalt, especially with Bacillus subtilis strains, the production of siderophores mediated by B. subtilisS3C23 and MP2 was also confirmed (FIG. 26B). CAS agar plates that normally are blue due to the indicator dye, turned into yellow when chelators are released into the medium (FIG. 26B).

[0273] The above-mentioned results indicate that certain strains, in particular Bacillus spp. , have the ability to sense the presence of basalt, form a robust biofilm attached to the rocks and produce chelators in order to mediate mineral weathering.

[0274] Microbes of this disclosure may induce biogenic weathering through the production of organic or inorganic acids, chelators, biofilm production, and more.Table 3. Microorganisms evaluated in in-vitro basalt weathering experimentsTable 4. In-vitro basalt weathering in unbuffered B4+ mediumTable 5. In-vitro basalt weathering in potassium phosphate buffered B4+ mediumTable 6. In-vitro basalt weathering in unbuffered B4+ mediumTable 7. In-vitro basalt weathering in potassium phosphate buffered B4+ medium

[0275] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meantto be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions,configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:1 . A method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a silicate mineral, wherein the microorganism is present in a concentration of at least about 1 .0E+05 CFU / mL in the formulation.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein a soil comprises said silicate mineral.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising planting a seed in the soil before administering said formulation.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the soil comprises a seed.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said microorganism comprise a bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the microorganism comprises a bacteria.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein said bacteria comprises a Bacillus species.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the Bacillus species comprises a Bacillus subtilis.

9. The method of claim 2, wherein said silicate mineral is naturally occurring in said soil.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein said silicate mineral is artificially administered in said soil.11 . The method of claim 2, wherein said silicate mineral is in a basalt rock.

12. A method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a soil, wherein atleast 9.1E+02 CFU of said microorganism is administered per square meter of soil.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said soil comprises a silicate mineral.

14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein said microorganism comprise a bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combination thereof.

15. A method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising: a. administering a silicate mineral to a soil, and b. administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to said silicate mineral.

16. The method of claim 2 or 15, wherein at least 1.0E+02 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of said silicate mineral.

17. The method of any one of claims 1-16, further comprising surveying a soil and detecting a threshold amount of total cation -bearing silicates.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the threshold amount of total cation-bearing silicates is at least about 0.1%.

19. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the soil does not comprise a plant or plant part thereof.

20. The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein said administering of said formulation to the silicate material does not comprise contacting a seed with the formulation.

21. The method of any one of claims 1-19, further comprising yielding at least about 67 kgC per hectare per year of gross inorganic carbon accrual.

22. The method of any one of claims 1 -21, wherein said silicate material meets or exceeds, or was previously determined to meet or exceed, a threshold value.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein said threshold value comprises an amount of said silicate mineral.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein said threshold value is a concentration of said silicate mineral in said soil.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein said silicate mineral is present in said soil at a concentration of at least about 0.1%.

26. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein said silicate material comprises K feldspar.

27. The method of any one of claims 1 -25, wherein said silicate material comprises Na-Ca feldspar28. The method of claim 25, wherein said soil comprises about 0-60% quartz, about 0-20% K Feldspar, and about 0-20% Na-Ca Feldspar.

29. The method of any one of claims 1-28, the silicate mineral belongs to the group of nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, tectosilicates, or a combination thereof.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein said silicate mineral is feldspar.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein said feldspar is a plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein said feldspar comprises albite, anorthite, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof.

33. The method of claim 30, wherein said feldspar comprises oligoclase feldspar.

34. The method of claim 31, wherein said feldspar comprises about 70 to 90% albite and about 10 to 30% anorthite.

35. The method of claim 29, wherein said silicate mineral is olivine.

36. The method of claim 29, wherein said silicate mineral is wollastonite.

37. The method of claim 29, wherein said silicate mineral is in an andesite rock.

38. The method of claim 29, wherein said silicate mineral is in a basalt rock.

39. The method of any one of claims 1 -38, wherein said administering of said formulation increases a base cation compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism.

40. The method of the claim 39, wherein said base cation comprises a calcium cation.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein said calcium cation is increased by at least 50 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism.

42. The method of claim 39, wherein said base cation comprises a magnesium cation.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein said magnesium cation is increased by at least 10 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism.

44. The method of claim 39, wherein said base cation comprises a potassium cation.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein said potassium cation is increased by at least 4 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism.

46. The method of claim 39, wherein said base cation comprises a sodium cation.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein said sodium cation is increased by at least 1 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism.

48. The method of any one of claims 1 -47, wherein said formulation comprises a bacteria present in at least about 1 .0E+05 CFU / mL.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein said formulation comprises a bacteria present in at least about 1 .0E+06 / mL, at least about 1 .0E+07 / mL, at least about 1.0E+08 / mL, or at least about 1.0E+09 CFU / mL.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein said formulation comprises a bacteria present in at least about 1.0E+10 CFU / mL.

51. The method of any one of claims 1-47, wherein said formulation comprises a bacteria present in at least about 1 .0E+04 CFU / mL.

52. The method of any one of claims 48-51, wherein the bacteria comprises a Bacillus species.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the Bacillus species comprises a Bacillus subtilis.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the Bacillus subtilis comprises a Bacillus subtilis S3C23.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises SEQ ID. NO 1.

56. The method of claim 53, wherein the Bacillus subtilis comprises a Bacillus subtilis MP2.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises SEQ ID. NO 2.

58. The method of any one of claims 47-51, wherein the bacteria comprises bacteria from a Klebsiella species.

59. The method of any one of claims 47-51, wherein the bacteria comprises bacteria from a Kosakonia species.

60. The method of any one of claims 47-51, wherein the bacteria comprises bacteria from a Pseudomonas species.

61. The method of any one of claims 1-60, wherein said formulation comprises a fungi.

62. The method of claim 62, wherein said fungi is present in at least about 1 .0E+02 CFU / gram.

63. The method of claim 61, wherein the fungi comprises fungi from a Leptodontidium species.

64. The method of any one of claims 1-63, wherein the method further comprises administering the formulation to a seed or derivative thereof, and cultivating said seed or derivative thereof in said soil.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein administering the formulation to said seed or derivative thereof occurs prior to administering said formulation to said soil.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein said seed or derivative thereof comprises a plant or a derivative thereof.

67. The method of any one of claims 1-63, wherein the method does not include planting of a seed or a derivative thereof.

68. The method of any one of claims 1 -66, wherein the silicate mineral comprises cations.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein the silicate mineral comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or a combination thereof.

70. The method of any one of claims 1 -69, wherein said microorganism increases the pH of the environment.

71. The method of claim 70, wherein said increase in pH is at least about 0.1 as compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without said microorganism.

72. The method of any one of claims 70-71, wherein said increase is at least at about 7 days after said administering.

73. The method of any one of claims 70-72, wherein said microorganism decreases the pH of the environment then increase the pH of the environment.

74. The method of claim 70, wherein said pH is increased by at least about 0.25 points, at least about 0.5 points, at least about 0.75 points, or at least about 1 point.

75. The method of claim 74, wherein said pH is increased compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism.

76. The method of any one of claims 1 -69, wherein said microorganism decreases the pH of the environment.

77. The method of any one of claims 1 -69, wherein said microorganism maintains the pH of the environment.

78. The method of any one of claims 1-77, wherein said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration compared to a corresponding administering of a formulation that does not comprise the microorganism or compared to a naturally occurring process of carbon sequestration.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein said administering of said formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 247 kg of CO 2 per hectare per year.

80. The method of any one of claims 1 -79, wherein a rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased as compared to a naturally occurring rate of silicate mineral weathering, or wherein a rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased as compared to a rate of silicate mineral weathering of a corresponding method that does not comprise administering the formulation comprising the microorganism.

81. The method of any one of claims 1 -80, wherein said administering sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster than a naturally occurring rate carbon sequestration; or wherein said administering sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster than a corresponding method of administering a formulation without the microorganism.

82. A formulation comprising a microorganism and soil, wherein at least about 1.0E+03 CFU of said microorganism (e.g., about 1.0E+04, about 1.0E+05, about 1.0E+06, etc.) are present per 1 gram of soil.

83. The formulation of claim 82, wherein said soil comprises a silicate mineral.

84. The formulation of claim 83, wherein said silicate mineral is feldspar.

85. The formulation of claim 83, wherein said silicate mineral is olivine.

86. The formulation of claim 83, wherein said silicate mineral is wollastonite.

87. The formulation of claim 83, wherein said silicate mineral is in an andesite rock.

88. The formulation of claim 83, wherein said silicate mineral is in a basalt rock.

89. The formulation of any one of claims 82-88, further comprising a plant seed.

90. The formulation of claim 89, wherein said plant seed comprises at least about 250 CFU of said microorganism.91 . The formulation of claim 82, wherein said microorganism comprises a bacteria, archaea, fungi, or a combination thereof.

92. The formulation of claim 91, wherein said bacteria is associated with a plant seed.

93. The formulation of claim 92, wherein said bacteria is located between a seed coat and an embryo of said plant seed.

94. The formulation of claim 92, wherein said bacteria is located between a seed coat and an aleurone cell layer of said plant seed.

95. The formulation of claim 92, wherein said bacteria is at least partially coated on said plant seed.

96. The formulation of claim 92, wherein said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+04 CFU of said bacteria.

97. The formulation of any one of claims 92-95, wherein said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+05 CFU of said bacteria.

98. The formulation of claim 97, wherein said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+06 CFU or at least about 1E+07 CFU of said bacteria.

99. The formulation of claim 91, wherein said microorganism comprise a fungi.

100. The formulation of claim 99, wherein said fungi is associated with a plant seed.

101. The formulation of claim 100, wherein said fungi is at least partially coated on said plant seed.

102. The formulation of claim 100, wherein said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+02 CFU of said fungi.

103. The formulation of claim 100, wherein said plant seed comprises at least about 1E+03 CFU, at least about 1E+04 CFU, or at least about 1E+05 CFU of said fungi.

104. The formulation of any one of claims 82-103, further comprising a fertilizer.

105. The formulation of any one of claims 82-104, further comprising a fungicide.

106. The formulation of any one of claims 82-105, further comprising an insecticide.

107. The formulation of any one of claims 82-106, further comprising a nematicide.

108. A method of sequestering carbon, said method comprising administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a soil, wherein at least about 1E+10 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of said soil.

109. The method of claim 108, wherein at least about 1E+10 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of said soil upon said administration.

110. The method of claim 108, wherein at least about 1E+10 to about 1E+15 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of said soil.

111. The method of any one of claims 108-110, further comprising administering an exogenous silicate to said soil.

112. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is in a basalt rock.

113. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is olivine.

114. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is wollastonite.

115. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is feldspar.

116. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is in an andesite rock.

117. The method of claim 111-112, wherein a bicarbonate level in the soil increases by at least about 10% compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation without said microorganism.

118. The method of any one of claims 108-117, wherein said administering increases a divalent cation in the soil119. The method of claim 117, wherein the bicarbonate level in the soil increases by at least about 50%, at least about 90%, or at least 97.7%.

120. A method of sequestering carbon, wherein said method comprises: administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to a land, wherein the microorganism is present in a concentration of at least about 1.8E12 CFU / hectare of said land, and wherein said land comprises or was previously determined to comprise: about 0-60% quartz, about 0-20% K Feldspar, and about 0-20% Na-Ca Feldspar.

121. A method of sequestering carbon, wherein said method comprises: testing a composition of a soil sample from a land; identifying the soil sample comprising about 40-60% quartz, about 10- 15% K Feldspar, about 10-15% Na Feldspar, and about 1 -10% Ca Feldspar; administering a formulation comprising a microorganism to said soil, wherein the microorganism is present in a concentration of 1.8xE 12 CFU / hectare.

122. The method of any one of claims 108-121, wherein said method accelerates silicate weathering rates in said land.

123. The method of any one of claims 108-122, wherein said method enhances soil inorganic carbon generation in said land.

124. The method of any one of claims 108-123, wherein said method partially replenishes calcium in said land.

125. The method of any one of claims 108-124, wherein the method further comprises adding a plurality of seeds to said land.

126. The method of claim 125, wherein said plurality of seeds are selected from soybean, corn, wheat, canola, sorghum, barley, rye, alfalfa, millet, oat, cotton, bean,lentil, sunflower, pea, potato, sugar cane, quinoa, lentil, peanut, turfgrass, grassland cacao, coffee, rice, or a combination thereof.

127. The method of any one of claims 108-125, wherein inorganic carbon, measured as Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (CCE), Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), and / or alkalinity increases by at least by 0.1% compared to soil that did not receive the formulation.

128. The method of any one of claims 108-127, further comprising yielding approximately 67 kg C / hectare / year of gross inorganic carbon.

129. The method of any one of claims 108-128, wherein a pH of the land is not decreased at end of a growing season.

130. The method of any one of claims 108-129, further comprising increasing an average crop yield increase of at least 0.1 ton per hectare compared to land not administered with the formulation.

131. The method of any one of claims 1-130, further comprising generating an ecosystem credit representative of an amount of carbon sequestered.

132. The method of any of the preceding claims, further comprising sequestering at least about 247 kg of CO2 per hectare per year.

133. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising sequestering about 247 kg of CO2per hectare per year to about 15 tons of CO2per hectare per year.

134. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the soil treated with the formulation has a silicate weathering rate of at least about 10 mmol / kg of soil.

135. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a silicate weathering rate is increased by at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400%, at least about 500%, or at least about 600% compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism or compared to baseline.

136. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the soil treated with the formulation has a silicate weathering rate increase of at least 10% compared to a soil not administered with the formulation.

137. The method of claim 136, wherein the soil treated with the formulation comprising said microorganism increases a silicate weathering rate at least 50% in comparison to a soil not administered with the formulation.

138. The method of claim 136, wherein the soil treated with the formulation has a silicate weathering rate increase of at least about 90% or at least 97.7% compared to a soil not administered with the formulation.

139. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the soil treated with the formulation has a net CO2capture rate of at least about 5 mmol / kg of soil.

140. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the soil treated with the formulation has a net CO2capture increase of at least about 10%, at least about 50%, at least about 90%, or at least 97.7% compared to a soil that did not receive the formulation.

141. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the microorganism comprises more than one species of microorganism.

142. The method of claim 141, wherein the more than one species of microorganism comprises more than one species of bacteria.

143. The method of 141 or 142, wherein the more than one species of microorganism comprises more than one species of fungi.

144. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the soil treated with the formulation has a net CO2sequestration rate of at least about 247 kg of CO2per hectare per year.

145. A computer-implemented method of maintaining an ecosystem credit token, comprising: storing an ecosystem credit token in a non -transitory computer readable storage medium, wherein said ecosystem credit token is representative of an amount of sequestered carbon from an atmosphere, and wherein said ecosystem credit token is or was previously determined to be measured from of an amount of CO2sequestered in a soil, wherein said soil comprises or was previously determined to comprise one or more microorganisms artificially administered in an amount of at least 1 x 105CFU / acre of said soil.

146. The computer-implemented method of claim 145, wherein said ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to any one of the methods of claims 1 -79 or 108-131.

147. A computer-based system for storing an ecosystem credit, comprising: a) a processor; b) a display configured to show a graphical user interface for viewing information related to said ecosystem credit; c) a non-transitory computer readable storage medium encoded with a computer program that causes said processor to:i) analyze information related to said ecosystem credit, wherein said ecosystem credit is or was previously determined as being derived from a measure of an CO2sequestered in a soil, wherein said soil comprises one or more microorganisms artificially administered in an amount of at least 1 x 105CFU / acre of said soil.

148. The computer-implemented method of claim 147, wherein said ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to any one of the methods of claims 1 -79 or 108-131.

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