Ultra-efficient thermal desalination system

Abstract

An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system, based on confined fuel burning (18) inside an isolated steam generator (10) to combine saline water vapor and combustion exhausts for increasing the yielded water content. It merges between sorption cooling and thermal heating to produce pure water (57) from any grade of saline water (43) using liquid and / or gaseous fuel. The waste brine (44) and exhausted gazes (70) are environmentally-friendly cold products. It can continuously produce fresh water on marine platforms, navy-decks, shores and near hard water resources at extremely high capacity, low cost, reduced size, light weight and high reliability in harsh environments.

Description

ULTRA-EFFICIENT THERMAL DESALINATION SYSTEM

[0001] The present invention is an integrated system for producing fresh aqua from saline water vapor and fuel exhausts.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Water desalination systems play an important role in ensuring water resilience, supporting socioeconomic development and adapting to the challenges of climate changes, especially in arid and coastal regions that face water scarcity.

[0003] There are several types of water desalination systems where the most common are the mechanical reverse osmosis, the thermal multi-stage flash and multi-effect distillation, the electro-dialysis, the solar desalination and the hybrid systems.

[0004] The choice of the suitable system depends on the feed-water salinity levels and contaminants, the required water quality, the available energy, the cost considerations, the environmental impact, and the system efficiency as a function of specific energy consumption (SEC), measured in terms kilowatt-hours per cubic meter of freshwater produced.

[0005] Despite of their modest SEC, which ranges between 10 to 15 kWh / m3relative to that of the reverse osmosis systems, that ranges between 3 to 4 kWh / m3, and knowing that the universal thermodynamic limit to separate water from the solution at zero recovery is 0.78 kWh / m3as given by the Gibbs equations, thermal water desalination systems offer great advantages over most of the current desalination methods in terms of energy diversity and flexibility, scalability, robustness, reliability, high- quality fresh water yield and brine management.

[0006] The percentages of energy losses in industrial thermal water desalination systems based on fuel combustion, such as primary energy source combustion efficiency, heat conversion efficiency associated with feed water heating, heat transfer losses to the surroundings due imperfect insulation or inefficiencies in heat transfer mechanisms, pressure drop losses in valves and pipes, and brine disposal losses, can vary in the range between 40% to 60% of the overall energy, depending on the type of technology employed, the operating conditions, and the maintenance practice.

[0007] Heat transfer losses have a major contribution in such losses in form of fuel gas loss (5% to 15%), radiation losses (2% to 5%), conduction loss (3% to 10%), convection losses (2% to 4%), incomplete combustion (1% to 5%), and startup / shutdown losses (0.1% to 2%).

[0008] Many methods have been adopted to enhance the efficiency of thermal desalination systems, by minimizing these losses, such as using advanced heat exchanger designs, adopting high performance materials, optimizing flow patterns, utilizing multiple stages or effects, cogeneration and integrating desalination with power generation plants, recovery of waste heat, using advanced materials and coatings to improve heat transfer, integration of renewable energy sources, employing zero-liquid discharge or brine crystallization technologies, and optimizing control operation.

[0009] Most of the previously mentioned methods for increasing the efficiency of thermal water desalination systems seem to be slightly efficient in spite of their high cost.

[0010] The present invention enhances the SEC of thermal water desalination systems theoretically to be in the range between 3.7 and 4.2 kWh / m3approximately, by mean of seven methods, where the first method is by eliminating thermal gas / radiation / convection / conduction-losses by confining the combustion flame inside the steam generator, the second method is by eliminating any valves and preventing pressure drops in the steam path, the third method is by increasing the water content of the generated steam prior to condensation as a result of the physical commixing between saline water vapor and combustion water vapor, the fourth method is by merging between combustion flame heating and catalytic conversion to eliminate incomplete oxidization of fuel molecule to yield more heat and water vapor, the fifth method is by merging between sorption cooling system and combustion heating to condensate the produced water, and to preheat burner oxidizer, the sixth method is by preheating the input saline water and fuel using waste brine heat, and finally the seventh method is by minimizing the system startup and shutdown heat losses.[Oi l] The present invention can continuously produce pure aqua on marine platforms where both natural gas and saline water are available, on navy-decks, on shores and near hard water resources at extremely high capacity, low cost, reduced size, light weight and high reliability in harsh environments.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0012] According to the present invention a new category of ultra-efficient thermal desalination systems has been introduce to produce fresh water from hydrocarbon fuel combustion exhausts and saline water vapors.

[0013] The present invention comprises three units including, an ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank, a steam-exhaust sorption cooling condenser, and a heat recovery feedback setup, forming an ultra-efficient desalination cycle.

[0014] The role of the first unit is, to generate high mass flow rate of steam by two methods, where the first is by detaining all of the heat liberated from an internal burner having a high turndown ratio, to boil a saline water jacket, being heated around the immersed burner through a central metallic tubular exchanger, comprising an outer surface contacting radiation fins, an internal combustion chamber, and a catalytic converter, the second method is by mixing the generated saline water vapors with the combustion exhausts vapors intercepted and cooled-down by a metallic cap, sprinkled by feed-in water.

[0015] The role of second unit is to condensate the generated steam and cool down the exhausted carbon dioxide and nitrogen by exchanging their heat with a sorption generator tank, then with an evaporation tank to obtain fresh-water and cold exhausts, while the burner feed-air is being heated by a sorption condenser tank, then by a sorption absorber tank to recover the wasted heat in the sorption thermal compression cycle with high coefficient of performance.

[0016] While the role of third unit, is to recover the waste brine heat, by preheating both the feed water and the fuel through heat exchangers, into the ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank again, and to maintain constant brine level and stable steam generation.

[0017] Assuming that a portion of the feed-water is instantly evaporated, the mass flow rate of saline feedwatereed. must be at greater than the mass flow rate of discharged brine mbrine, according to the salinity of feed-water Sfeedand the desired brine waste salinity Sbrinein this invention, which is about 30% by mass, as described by the equation:the waste brine heat recovery process at this level of salinity will be then very efficient, since the of specific heat capacitance of the feed-water and of the brine equals 3.9kJ / kg. K and 3.1kJ / kg. K successively, which enables good thermal exchange between both liquids at this mass flow rate ratio.

[0018] The residence time of the hot brine in the ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank is very small, which prevent recrystallization of salts on the radiation fins and on the surface of the exchanger, and minimizes the startup / shutdown heat loss due to limited volume of the brine jacket captured inside this tank.

[0019] The theory behind this invention is that when hydrocarbon fuel is completely burned, it produces carbon dioxide gas, water vapor and heat AE according to the exothermic equation:(E) CxHy+ ( / ) O2(k) CO2+ (n) / / 2O t + AE (2) this heat is used to evaporate both the sprinkled saline water, and the brine jacket around the immersed burner with almost zero loss, so that every 100 kcal is used evaporate 1kg of saline water from room temperature, leaving 35 g of salts wasted in the brine, knowing that the latent heat of evaporation for water is 0.54 kcal / kg, and the heat needed to increase saline water temperature, is 100 kcal / kg °C, so that the vapor mass yield a, for every 1 kg of fuel, ranges from 45 to 132 kg of vapor, and the brine salts yield a. ranges from 1.5 to 4.6 kg.

[0020] In most applications of equation (2), the water vapor yielded from this reaction is usually considered as a contributing constituent in the exhaust that increases the throughput mass flow rate, rather than a by-product, as in the case of the present invention, where combustion water vapors are mixed withthe boiler vapors at a mass ratio p. that depends on the type of the used fuel and ranges from 1: 15 to 1: 100, and serve as a thermal buffer to induce more steam pressure since it has a greater temperature.

[0021] Similarly, the exhausts contain a quantity of carbon dioxide, nitrogen according to the stoichiometric Air to Fuel Ratio AFR, which serve also as a thermal buffers to induce more steam pressure and more mass flow rate, where the ratio y representing the carbon dioxide mass to the mass of exhaust water, ranges from 1.4 to 2.3.

[0022] According to the fuel type, the exhausts may contain a small quantity of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and soot which is digested again into carbon dioxide and nitrogen by the catalytic converter, to prevent steam contamination by acidic free radicals, and to protect the system from corrosion.

[0023] Theoretically, the total steam mixture output mass flow rate m-rotai,as afunction of the fuel input mass flow rate rhfUeLand fuel parameters, can be obtained from the equation: m-rotai = mfuei[a(l + p(l + y)) + 0.78 AFR] (3)

[0024] Practically, m-rotai is less sensitive to other parameters such as, the initial steam temperature Tswhich ranges between 130 to 150 °C, and the flame temperature Tf which determine the exhausts temperature prior to mixing with yielded vapors.

[0025] The percent in increase the total steam mixture output mass flow rate g due to combustion exhaust mixing, as a function of fuel parameters is given by the equation: looo / o (4)

[0026] The mass flow rate of the fresh water as a function of fuel parameters is given by the equation:

[0027] In the present invention, the fuel type and the fuel parameters are the key elements for determining the fresh water cost and yield, according to its calorific value and exhausts masses as shown in table 1.Table 1.Fuel methane propane butane ethanol gasoline diesel kerosene Formula CH4C3H8C4 / / io C2H5OH ^8^18 ^12^23 ^12^26 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 0.5 0.25 0.2 0.33 0.11 0.086 0.076 j 1 1.25 1.3 1 1.38 1.54 1.42 k 0.5 0.75 0.8 0.66 0.88 0.95 0.92AE * 13289 12700 12500 5400 4500 10200 11000 a 132kg 127kg 125kg 54kg 45 kg 102kg 110kgP 0.0179 0.0129 0.0124 0.041 0.0314 0.011 0.026Y 1.22 1.83 1.95 1.62 2.2 2.66 1.086 a 4.7 kg 4.5kg 4.5kg 1.9kg 1.6kg 3.7 kg 4.7 kgAFR 17.2 : 1 23.9 : 1 31.4 : 1 9 : 1 14.7 : 1 15 : 1 16.5 : 1 flame 1950°C 1980°C 1970°C 1900°C 1950°C 2200°C 2390°C / / 13.9% 18.3% 22% 23.9% 35.5% 15.4% 17.1%*kcal / kg

[0028] In the present invention, TRF is the thermal recovery factor defined as the ratio of the recovered heat to the total heat is expressed in terms of Tfeed, Taquaand Tsource, representing preheated feed water, fresh water and vapor temperatures successively, and given by the equation: ioox68~20xioox90% (6)68 120

[0029] In the present invention, the relation between the TRF and the water recovery efficiency WRE is described by the equation:

[0030] In the present invention, W is the work delivered to the pump of the system and is less than 2.5 kWh / m3, s is the conversion factor from kcal to kWh and equals 1.16222 x 10-3, t9 is the number of kilograms in Im3of water and equals 1000, and TRF of the system and equals 90%, then the specific energy consumption is given by the equation: 3.8 kWh / m3(8)This value is only five times greater than the universal thermodynamic limit which is almost the same as in the case of the current reverse osmosis systems.OBJECTIVES AND ADVANTAGES

[0031] The present invention compromises between the need for high yield fresh water production, and the low cost operation of combustion heating using gaseous and / or liquid fuel in thermal desalination systems, in one cost effective and environmentally friendly solution.

[0032] By deploying the present invention near arid and coastal regions to make use of the seawater and of the flared natural gas on petroleum platforms and wells around the world, it will be possible to produce around 650 billion cubic meters of fresh water from 140 billion cubic meters of methane being flared annually, with low environmental impact on marine life and high yield.

[0033] The present invention can help in phasing-out internal engine technology in favor of electric vehicle technology by transforming a large amount gasoline into fresh water to avoid future global crises concerning the increase in prices of kerosene, diesel and petrochemicals due the decrease in crude oil refining rates.

[0034] The present invention helps in ensuring water security, promoting sustainable development, and enhancing resilience to water related challenges around the world, as a result of continuous population growth and climate changes.

[0035] The present invention can be realized at different scales ranging from light- weight, compact-size and low-cost units suitable for domestic use, navy -decks and portable mobile units, to industrial scale for supplying villages and cities.

[0036] The present invention is immune against structural stability hazards such as the risk of steam over pressure explosions, and against calcium phosphate precipitation.

[0037] The present invention enhances the heat recovery of thermal water desalination systems to compete with other technologies, in terms of operation cost, operation time, energy diversity, flexibility, scalability, robustness, reliability, durability, ease of maintenance, high-quality fresh water yield and brine management.

[0038] The present invention produces concentrated brine suitable for industrial extraction of barium, iodine and table salt.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0039] The present invention is explained more closely by means of different embodiments and with reference to the attached drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

[0040] FIG. 1 illustrates the different elements contributing in an ultra-efficient thermal water desalination system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0041] FIG.2 illustrates the block diagram of an ultra-efficient thermal water desalination system according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0042] Drawings reference numerals10 Ultra high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank11 Steam generator double wall isolation12 Hot saline water feeding pipe13 Hot Steam collection pipe14 Hot brine discharge pipe15 Hot air supply pipe16 Hot fuel supply pipe17 Burner18 Flame19 Combustion chamber20 Heat exchange tube21 Radiator fins22 Catalytic converter23 Exhaust tube24 Refractory cap25 Hot saline water sprinkler26 Hot saline water shower27 Hot steam temperature sensor28 Low concentration hot brine temperature sensor29 High concentration hot brine temperature sensorHot brine maximum level sensorHot brine minimum level sensorHot brine jacketFlame detectorIgnition probeHot brine solution stirrerHot fuel control valveCold fuel feeding sourceFuel heating coilWaste brine cooling tankHot brine feeding pipeHot brine discharge valveCold saline water pumpCold saline water sourceCold brine discharge pipeCold brine wasteSaline water heating coilHot air mixing chamberHot air control valveHot air rectifier valve (Condenser side)Hot air rectifier valve (Absorber side)Strong absorbent solutionCold air heating coil (Absorber side)Absorber tankLow pressure strong absorbent solution feedback pipeRefrigerant drain pipeStrong absorbent solution pumpFresh water dischargeFresh water discharge control valveVapor condensation coil (evaporator side)Fresh water tankFresh water discharge pipeFresh water level detectorLow pressure weak absorbent solution pipeWeak absorbent solution pressure reducing valveEvaporator tankWeekend temperature steam pipeHigh pressure weak absorbent solution pipeHot Steam refrigeration coilCold Nitrogen and carbon dioxide waste gas mixture exhaust pipeCold Nitrogen and carbon dioxide waste gas mixtureHigh pressure refrigerant pipeWeak refrigerant solutionHigh pressure refrigerant vaporGenerator tankCondenser tankLiquid refrigerantCold air heating coil (Condenser side)Refrigerant pumpRefrigerant expansion valveLow pressure refrigerant vaporPressurized cold air supply tube (Absorber side)82 High pressure strong absorbent solution feedback pipe83 Cold air regulator valve (Absorber side)84 Pressurized cold air supply tube (Condenser side)85 Cold air (Atmospheric air)86 Cold air blower or compressor87 Cold air regulator valve (Condenser side)88 Hot air89 Optional hot air additional output control valve90 Optional hot air additional output91 Thermal pump work input m Number of water molecules generated from the saline water and hot brine n Number of water molecules generated from the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon fuelDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0043] According to an embodiment of the present invention, figure 1 illustrates the physical elements contributing in the present invention where ultra-efficient hybrid steam generator tank (10) with a double wall thermal isolation (11) is used to cogenerate a mix vapors from hot saline water and combustion exhausts in order to increase the throughput water content and vapor mass flow rate, it comprises a hot saline water feeding pipe (12) supplying a sprinkler (25), showering hot saline water (26) on a hemispherical refractory metallic cap (24) heated by a stream of hot exhausts emitted from an exhaust tube (23) supplied through a catalytic filter (22) and a heat exchange tube (20), from a combustion chamber (19) where a combustion flame (18) is issued from a high turn-down ratio burner (17) supplied by a preheated air stream through a hot air supply pipe (15) and a hot air control valve, (48) and supplied also by a preheated fuel flow through a hot fuel supply pipe (16) and a preheated fuel control valve (36) to regulate the combustion process in conjunction with a flame detector (33) and an ignition probe (34) to control the fire sequence, noting that all of the combustion set are imbedded in one central core covered by thermal radiation fins (21) and immersed in a hot brine jacket (32) such that its upper surface is kept between two levels via two corresponding liquid level detectors (30) and (31), and stirred with a number of stirrers (35) to maintain brine temperature and salinity at certain level before being discharged via a hot brine discharge pipe (14) through a discharge valve (41) with a mass flow rate proportional to that of the escaped steam throughput at the hot steam collection pipe (13) and proportional to the signals of hot steam temperature detector (27), brine upper level (28) and lower level (29) temperature detectors which detects thermal inhomogeneity and control stirrers (35) speed.

[0044] According to the same embodiment of the present invention, figure 1 illustrates other physical elements contributing in the present invention where a prior art sorption cooling system is used as steam condenser, so that the generated steam exhaust mix yielded from the ultra-efficient hybrid steam generator tank (10) is used to heat the weak refrigerant solution (72) in a continuous sorption generator tank (74) through hot steam refrigeration coil (68) to generate high pressure refrigerant vapors (73) feeding a sorption condenser tank (75) to liquefy the refrigerant (76) using a compressed air cooling heatexchanger coil (77) and feeding a sorption evaporation tank (65) through a refrigerant pump (78) and an expansion valve (79) with low pressure refrigerant vapors (80) used to cool down and condensate the weakened temperature steam exhaust mix supplied by a steam pipe (66) from the sorption generator tank (74) using a vapor condensation heat exchanger coil (59) feeding an internal fresh water tank (60) comprising a cold nitrogen and carbon dioxide waste gas mixture (70) exhaust pipe (69) a fresh water discharge (57) tube (61) and a fresh water level detector (62) controlling a fresh water valve (58) then the refrigerant vapors (80) are fed to a sorption absorber tank (53) through a refrigerant drain pipe (55) to recondensate into a strong absorbent solution (51) and re-pumped to the sorption generator tank (74) through a low pressure feedback pipe (54) to a strong absorbent solution pump (56) feeding a high pressure strong absorbent solution feedback pipe (82) in equilibrium with a reverse cycle, where the weak refrigerant solution is transferred by a high pressure pipe (67) through a pressure reducing valve (64) to the sorption absorber tank (53) again by a low pressure pipe (63) where the weak absorbent solution is cooled down using another compressed air cooling heat exchanger coil (52).

[0045] According to yet the same embodiment of the present invention, figure 1 illustrates additional physical elements contributing in the present invention where a heat recovery feedback setup is used to recover waste heat from a waste brine cooling tank (39) discharged through a hot brine feeding tube (40) by mean of a fuel (37) preheating coil (38) and a feed-water (43) preheating coil (46) fed from feed-water pump (42), at the same time, a high throughput air compressor pump (86) is used to pump air in parallel to the heat exchanging coil (77) in the sorption condenser (75) through a regulating valve (87) and the heat exchanging coil (52) in the sorption absorber tank (53) through a regulating valve (83) where both hot air streams are being mixed in a mixing chamber through non-retum valves (49) and (50) to feed the burner (17) with preheated air (88) while an optional portion of the preheated air (90) regulated by a control valve (89) can be used for further industrial stages.

[0040] According to another embodiment of the present invention, figure 2 illustrates the block diagram of the system, and showing the cogeneration process of water molecules from mixing a number (m) of water molecules generated from the saline water and hot brine, with another number (n) of water molecules and exhaust gases, generated from the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel, to increase the mass flow rate of the yielded steam, and indicating the external work input (91) consumed by the thermal compressor and by the systems pumps.SUMMARY, RAMIFICATION AND SCOPE

[0046] From the preceding illustration, it will be seen that the described invention is a layout of an ultraefficient thermal water-desalination system, which combines saline water vapor and combustion exhausts to increase the yielded water content. It merges between sorption cooling and thermal heating to produce pure water from almost any grade of saline water, using liquid and / or gaseous fuel. It comprises three units including, an ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank, a sorption cooling condenser, and a heat recovery exchanger, forming an ultra-efficient desalination cycle. The present invention compromises between the need for high efficiency fresh water production, and the low cost operation of combustion heating using gaseous and / or liquid fuel in thermal desalination systems, in one cost effective and environmentally friendly solution. The present invention enhances the heat recovery of thermal water desalination systems to compete with other technologies, in terms of operation cost, operation time, energy diversity, flexibility, scalability, robustness, reliability, durability, ease of maintenance, high-quality aqua yield and brine management. It can continuously produce pure aqua on marine platforms where both natural gas and saline water are available, navy -decks, shores and near hard water resources at extremely high capacity, low cost, reduced size, light weight and high reliability in harsh environments. Basing on the previous description, the scope of the invention shall not be limited on the given design example that is subject of changes by skilled artisans, but rather on the scientific methodology behind this embodiment.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system for producing fresh water from saline water, said ultra-efficient thermal desalination system comprising: an ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank with an internal burner, a combustion chamber, a heat exchange tube, a catalytic converter, a combustion exhaust tube, a plurality of radiation fins, a preheated feed-water inlet, a feed water sprinkler, a refractory cap, a brine jacket, a plurality of level detectors, a plurality of stirrers, a plurality of temperature detectors, a steam-exhaust mix outlet, a brine discharge outlet, a plurality of control valves, a preheated air inlet, a preheated fuel inlet, a steam-exhaust mix sorption cooling condenser, with a sorption generator tank heated by said steam-exhaust mix, a sorption condenser tank cooled by air stream prior to combustion, a sorption evaporator tank heated by said steam-exhaust mix, a fresh water tank inside said sorption generator tank with both said exhaust gases escape and said fresh water pipes, a sorption absorber tank cooled by said air stream prior to combustion, a refrigerant expansion valve, a weak absorbent solution restriction valve, a refrigerant pump, a strong absorbent solution pump, a said fresh water drain valve, a said fresh water level detector, a heat recovery setup, with a hot brine cooling tank, a fuel preheating coil, a preheated fuel control valve, a feed-water preheating coil, a feed-water pump, a preheated feed-water valve, a preheated air valve, an air feed compressor pump, a plurality of preheated air rectifier valves, a plurality of air control valves, an air preheating coil in the said sorption condenser tank, an air preheating coil in the said sorption absorber tank, a preheated air mixing chamber, wherein said ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank cogenerates a mass flow rate of said steam-exhaust mix, to feed said steam-exhaust mix sorption cooling condenser to produce said fresh water, with the aid of said heat recovery feedback setup to form an ultra-efficient thermal desalination cycle.2 An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system according to claim 1 wherein the cogenerations of said steamcombustion exhaust mix, providing high mass flow rate throughput to prevent steam condensation pressure drop loss.3 An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system according to claim 1 wherein the merge between thermal desalination and sorption cooling via thermal feedback heat recovery providing an ultra-efficient desalination cycle.4 An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system according to claim 1 wherein the cogenerations of said steamcombustion exhaust mix, by confining the combustion flame inside said ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank, providing very low thermal conduction and / or convection and / or radiation losses.5 An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system observations according to claim 1 wherein the merge between said catalytic converter and cogeneration of said steam-combustion exhaust mix producing low acidity and high quality said fresh water with low combustion loss6 An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system according to claim 1 wherein the feed-water mass flow rate is more than 8 fold the brine mass flow rate, with high said fresh water production rate.7 An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system according to claim 1 wherein the residence time of brine is very small due to the low volume and / or evaporation surface area of said brine jacket inside said ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank providing low salt precipitation probability, light weight, compact size and low cost.8 An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system according to claim 1 wherein the salinity of said brine waste approaching the saturation limit providing suitable concentration for industrial extraction of table salt, barium, iodine and heavy elements from sea water.9 An ultra-efficient thermal desalination system according to claim 1 wherein the exclusion of steam pressure valves in said ultra-high efficiency hybrid steam generator tank, providing immunity against structural stability hazards such as the risk of steam over pressure explosions and decreases friction loss and pressure drop.10 The method of cogenerating steam and combustion exhaust mix for increasing the overall efficiency of thermal systems, using any type of hydrocarbon liquid and / or gas fuels.

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