Test of network device
The proposed solution addresses the lack of energy saving verification in 5G network testing by measuring and comparing transmitter ON/OFF times in network devices, enabling effective evaluation of energy efficiency improvements.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/112272
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-13
AI Technical Summary
Current 5G network testing specifications lack a method to verify energy saving features, particularly in the radio access network, which hinders the evaluation of energy efficiency improvements.
An apparatus and method for testing network devices, specifically measuring the time duration of transmitter ON/OFF times based on signal power levels and comparing them to predetermined duration thresholds, to verify energy saving capabilities.
This approach allows for the effective verification of energy saving features in network devices, ensuring that the network switches off transceiver chains and power amplifiers efficiently during sleep durations, thereby achieving energy savings.
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Figure CN2023112272_13022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TEST OF NETWORK DEVICEFIELD
[0001] Various example embodiments relate to the field of communication and in particular, to an apparatus, a method, and a computer readable storage medium for testing a network device.BACKGROUND
[0002] Network energy saving is of great importance for environmental sustainability, to reduce environmental impact (greenhouse gas emissions) , and for operational cost savings. As 5G network is becoming denser, more antennas, larger bandwidths and more frequency bands are required. The environmental impact of 5G needs to stay under control, and novel solutions to improve network energy savings need to be developed.
[0003] Energy consumption has become a key part of the operating expense of the operators. Most of the energy consumption comes from the radio access network and in particular from the Active Antenna Unit (AAU) , with data centers and fiber transport accounting for a smaller share. However, there are still some related problems needs to be studied.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for testing a network device.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive a signal from a network device under test; determine a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; and determine a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a method. The method may comprise: receiving a signal from a network device under test; determining a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; and determining a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise: means for receiving a signal from a network device under test; means for determining a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; and means for determining a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to perform the method as recited according to the second aspect.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: receive a signal from a network device under test; determine a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; and determine a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus may include: a receiving circuitry configured to receive a signal from a network device under test; a first determining circuitry configured to determine a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; and a second determining circuitry configured to determine a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.
[0011] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0013] Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a network environment in which some embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0014] Fig. 2 illustrates an example signaling process for enabling a test for a network device under test in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0015] Fig. 3A illustrates an example illustration of transmitter ON period and transmitter OFF period in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0016] Fig. 3B illustrates another example illustration of transmitter ON period and transmitter OFF period in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] Fig. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at an apparatus in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] Fig. 5 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0019] Fig. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer-readable medium in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0020] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0021] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0022] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0023] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0024] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0025] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes” , “including” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0026] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0027] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0028] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0029] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0030] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0031] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0032] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0033] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the future fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0034] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.
[0035] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0036] Network energy saving (NES) is of great importance for environmental sustainability, to reduce environmental impact (greenhouse gas emissions) , and for operational cost savings. As 5G is becoming pervasive across industries and geographical areas, handling more advanced services and applications requiring very high data rates (e.g. Extended Reality, XR) . As networks are becoming denser, more antennas, larger bandwidths and more frequency bands are required. Energy consumption has become a key part of the operators’ OPEX, the energy cost on mobile networks accounts for about 23%of the total operator cost.
[0037] In the recent radio access network working group (RAN) 1 and RAN2 meetings, it has been agreed that the cell discontinuous transmission (DTX) or discontinuous reception (DRX) can be configured per serving cell with Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling and activated / deactivated with Layer 1 / Layer 2 signaling. One objective of the 3GPP Rel-18 Work Item on NES (RP-230566) is to specify enhancement on cell DTX / DRX mechanism including the alignment of cell DTX / DRX and UE DRX in RRC_CONNECTED mode, and inter-node information exchange on cell DTX / DRX. DRX is a method used to conserve the battery of the User Equipment (UE) . The UE and the network negotiate phases in which data transfer occurs. During other times the UE turns its receiver off and enters a low power state.
[0038] Discontinuous transmission (DTX) on the base station (BS) side enables sleep mode operations at the BS side during the transmission time intervals (TTIs) when there is no traffic. It is also called cell DTX and shall help to reduce energy consumption of the BS. This means the network would operate in active periods and non-active periods alternately, instead of keeping transmitting / receiving all the time. As a result, during non-active periods of cell DTX, the UE is not expected to receive and / or process data or some of the signaling, e.g., Periodic / Semi-persistent channel status information reference signal (CSI-RS) from the BS. While the details of BS / UE behavior are still under discussion, the network needs to switch on / off the transmitter / receivers to enable such Cell DTX operation.
[0039] Most of the energy consumption comes from the radio access network and in particular from the Active Antenna Unit (AAU) , with data centers and fiber transport accounting for a smaller share. The techniques in spatial and power domains mainly aim to reduce the power consumption of the transceiver (TRX) chains and power amplifiers (PAs) . Therefore, in order to verify the energy saving from the base station (BS) side, the energy consumption of the TRX chains, in particular of the AAU and PAs should be measured.
[0040] Currently, in 3GPP RAN4 there is ongoing discussion on core part for radio frequency (RF) and radio resource management (RRM) requirements, with completion target on RAN#102. Performance part will start in RAN4 after that with completion target on RAN#104. Objective of performance part work item comprises specifying corresponding RRM performance requirements and test cases for the network energy saving techniques [RAN4] , specifying the necessary demodulation performance and CSI reporting requirements [RAN4] ; and specifying the BS conformance tests, if necessary [RAN4] .
[0041] As outcome of NES feature, the power consumed for BS transmitter should be lowered to receive energy saving benefits. When BS functionality with switching ON / OFF is introduced to assist cell DTX, the energy saving consumed at the BS needs to be verified. However, in NR BS test specifications (such as, TS 38.141-1 and TS 38.141-2) , there is no any type of test that would allow to verify energy saving.
[0042] In view of above discussions and analysis, there is provided a solution for testing a network device, especially for verifying energy saving at the BS side. In some example embodiments of the present disclosure, the time duration (for example, time duration about the transmitter ON / OFF time) is measured by an apparatus (such as a test equipment or a user equipment communicating with the network device under test) based on two power levels of the signal received from the network device under test, and then the measured time duration is compared with a duration threshold. The duration threshold is predetermined or configured by a network (for example, a core network device) or the test equipment or terminal device. Based on the comparison, it is possible to verify energy saving at the network device under test side.
[0043] For illustrative purposes, principle and example embodiments of the present disclosure for testing a network device will be described below with reference to Figs. 1-6. However, it is to be noted that these embodiments are given to enable the skilled in the art to understand inventive concepts of the present disclosure and implement the solution as proposed herein, and not intended to limit scope of the present disclosure in any way.
[0044] Fig. 1 illustrates an example of a network environment 100 in which some embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. In the descriptions of the example embodiments of the present disclosure, the network environment 100 may also be referred to as a communication system 100 (for example, a portion of a communication network) . For illustrative purposes only, various aspects of example embodiments will be described in the context of one or more terminal devices and network devices that communicate with one another. It should be appreciated, however, that the description herein may be applicable to other types of apparatus or other similar apparatuses that are referenced using other terminology.
[0045] The network device 120 under test may provide services to the apparatus 110, and the network device 120 and the apparatus 110 may communicate data and control information with each other. In some embodiments, the network device 120 and the apparatus 110 may communicate with direct links / channels. The network device 120 can be a base station under test. The network device 120 may be the base station of type 1-C, of type 1-H, or of type 1-O as specified in the NR specification, and the network device 120 comprises transceiver (TRX) chains, which comprise transmitters and receivers, and the network device 120 under test is configured to transmit signal to the apparatus 11-via this TRX chains, for example, via the transmitter. The network device 120 is configured to be operate in cell DTX configuration. This means the network device 120 would operate in active periods and non-active periods alternately, instead of keeping transmitting / receiving all the time. As a result, during non-active periods of cell DTX, the apparatus 110 is not expected to receive and / or process data or some of the signaling. The apparatus 110 may be a terminal device or a specific test equipment with high measurement accuracy.
[0046] In the communication system 100, a link from the network device 120 to the apparatus 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the apparatus 110 to the network device 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . In downlink, the network device 120 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the apparatus 110 is a receiving (RX) device (or a receiver) . In uplink, the apparatus 110 is a transmitting (TX) device (or a transmitter) and the network device 120 is a RX device (or a receiver) .
[0047] It is to be understood that the number of network devices and terminal devices is given only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The system 100 may include any suitable number of network devices and / or terminal devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more terminal devices may be located in the environment 100.
[0048] Communications in the network environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , the fifth generation (5G) or beyond, wireless local network communication protocols such as institute for electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , time division multiplexing (TDM) , frequency division multiplexing (FDM) , code division multiplexing (CDM) , Bluetooth, ZigBee, and machine type communication (MTC) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communication (mMTC) , ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) , carrier aggregation (CA) , dual connection (DC) , and new radio unlicensed (NR-U) technologies.
[0049] In the current NR BS test specification, such as TS 38.141-1 and TS 38.141-2, there is not exist any type of test that would allow to verify energy saving. The BS RF (radio frequency) transmitter tests in the current NR BS specification aim for measuring the transmitted signal quality (e.g., unwanted emission and error vector magnitude (EVM) measurement) . Hence the test models (test signals) in the BS RF transmitter tests are configured to be transmitted either with minimum or maximum BS output power, for example, the OFF power level and the ON power level. For example, the maximum output power is measured for the ON power level, and the minimum output power is measured for the OFF power level so as to determine whether the ON power level and the OFF power level are in conformity with the specified power level.
[0050] The only RF or RRM tests that include BS time measurements are the transmitter ON / OFF power test (which measures the transmitter OFF power and the transmitter transient period between transmitter ON period and the transmitter OFF periods) and the time alignment error (TAE) test (which measures the frame timing between the transmitted signals towards the same UE) . Therefore, measuring the BS transmitted power of these test signals would only provide information for evaluating the transmitted signal quality (for example, the quality of the signal comprising wanted emission and unwanted emission) , and would not provide information on the energy saving features, and cannot be used to test energy saving features proposed in the work item.
[0051] Lack of BS RF or RRM test in NR specifications (such as, TS 38.141-1 / 2 and TS 38.133) would not allow to evaluate real energy saving from the BS side. Without such test, it would not be possible to verify the proposed various features that can achieve energy saving from the BS side. For example, it would not be possible to verify the BS switch-off the TRX chains and PAs efficiently and effectively as expected during the micro / light / deep sleep duration, which is made available with the proposed various features.
[0052] Hereinafter, an example signal process 200 for enabling test for a network device will be described with reference to Fig. 2. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 may be described with reference to Fig. 1. The process 200 may involve the apparatus 110 and the network device 120 as illustrated in Fig. 1. It would be appreciated that although the process 200 has been described in the communication environment 100 of Fig. 1, this process may be likewise applied to other communication scenarios with similar issues.
[0053] As shown in Fig. 2, in process 200, the network device 120, for example, the transmitter of the TRX chains, transmits (205) a signal 201 to the apparatus 110. The apparatus 110 receives (210) the signal from. The signal is transmitted by the network device 120 operated in cell DTX configuration, and accordingly the signal has an active period or on-duration and a non-active period in each cycle of the signal.
[0054] In some embodiments, the signal may comprise wanted emission and unwanted emission. Unwanted emissions may consist of out-of-band emissions and spurious emissions. Out of band emissions are unwanted emissions immediately outside the channel bandwidth resulting from the modulation process and non-linearity in the transmitter but excluding spurious emissions. Spurious emissions are emissions which are caused by unwanted transmitter effects such as harmonics emission, parasitic emission, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out of band emissions.
[0055] As shown in Fig. 2, the apparatus 110 determines (215) a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal. In some embodiments, the time duration is measured as a time period for transmitter ON time. In some embodiments, the time duration is measured as a time period for transmitter OFF time. In some embodiments, the at least one power level comprises one power level for determining the transmitter ON time or one power level for determining the transmitter OFF time. In some embodiments, the at least one power level comprises two different power levels for determining the transmitter ON time or the transmitter OFF time.
[0056] In order to clearly illustrate the transmitter ON time and the transmitter OFF time in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, the description will be made with reference to Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B.
[0057] When the time duration is measured as a time period for the transmitter ON time, the apparatus 110 measures and records a starting time when the power level of the signal is above a first power threshold, and then measures and record an ending time when the power level of the signal is below a second power threshold equal to the first power threshold or lower than the first power threshold.
[0058] As shown in Fig. 3A, the starting time T1 is located at a position of the leading edge of the pulse P1 of the signal where the power level is just above the first power threshold, for example, 10dB, and the ending time T2 is located at a position of the trailing edge of the pulse P1 of the signal where the power level is just below the second power threshold, for example, -10dB. The time duration between T1 and T2 is measured as the actual transmitter ON time. In this embodiment, the first power threshold is larger than the second power threshold.
[0059] As shown in Fig. 3B, the starting time T1 is located at a position of the leading edge of the pulse P1 of the signal where the power level is just above the first power threshold, for example, 5dB, and the ending time T2 is located at a position of the trailing edge of the pulse P1 of the signal where the power level is just below the second power threshold, for example, 5dB. The time duration between T1 and T2 is measured as the actual transmitter ON time. In this embodiment, the first power threshold is equal to the second power threshold.
[0060] When the time duration is measured as a time period for the transmitter OFF time, the apparatus 110 measures and records a starting time when the power level of the signal is below a third power threshold, and then measures and record an ending time when the power level of the signal is above a fourth power threshold equal to the third power threshold or higher than the third power threshold. In some embodiments, the third power threshold is equal to or lower than the second power threshold, such that there is no overlapping area between the measured transmitter ON time and the measured transmitter OFF time.
[0061] As shown in Fig. 3A, the starting time T3 is located at a position of the trailing edge of the pulse P1 of the signal where the power level is just below the third power threshold, for example, -15dB, and the ending time T4 is located at a position of the leading edge of the pulse P2 next to the pulse P1 where the power level is just above the fourth power threshold, for example, 5dB. The time duration between T3 and T4 is measured as the actual transmitter OFF time. In this embodiment, the fourth power threshold is larger than the third power threshold.
[0062] As shown in Fig. 3B, the starting time T3 is located at a position of the trailing edge of the pulse P1 of the signal where the power level is just below the third power threshold, for example, -10dB, and the ending time T4 is located at a position of the leading edge of the pulse P2 next to the pulse P1 where the power level is just above the fourth power threshold, for example, -10dB. The time duration between T3 and T4 is measured as the actual transmitter OFF time. In this embodiment, the fourth power threshold is equal to the third power threshold.
[0063] Referring back to Fig. 2, the apparatus 110 determines (220) a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold. In some embodiments, the duration threshold is a predetermined time limit. In some embodiments, the predetermined time limit is determined based on the network configuration, for example, determined according to the cell DTX configuration. When the time duration is measured as the transmitter ON time, the duration threshold may be determined to be the active period or on-duration of the cell DTX. When the time duration is measured as the transmitter OFF time, the duration threshold may be determined to be the non-active period or OFF-duration of the cell DTX.
[0064] In some examples, if the measured time period, for example, the time duration between T1 and T2, is shorter than or equal to the predetermined time limit or the configured active period or on-duration, the network device 120 under test may pass the test. For example, the test equipment or apparatus 110 measures and records the starting time T1 when the received power of the test signal (wanted signal or unwanted emission) being transmitted by the BS under test is above a first power threshold, then measures and records the ending time T2 when the received power of the test signal is below a second power threshold. The transmitter ON time of the BS TRX chains shall be determined as the difference between the starting time and ending time. The determined transmitter ON time shall be lower than or equal to a time limit specified in the NR specifications for the BS to pass the test.
[0065] In these examples, the duration of the transmitter ON power time is tested and should be less than a required time. According to these examples, the NF BS test specifications may be modified as follows.
[0066] 6. x Energy saving test
[0067] 6. x. 1 Transmitter ON power time
[0068] 6. x. 1.1 Definition and applicability
[0069] Transmitter ON power time is defined as a difference between the starting time and ending time for transmitter ON power.
[0070] 6. x. 1.2 Minimum requirement
[0071] The minimum requirement for BS type 1-C is in TS 38.104 [2] , clause 6. x.
[0072] The minimum requirement for BS type 1-H is in TS 38.104 [2] , clause 6. x.
[0073] 6. x. 1.3 Test purpose
[0074] The purpose of this test is to verify the transmitter ON power duration.
[0075] 6. x. 1.3.1 Initial conditions
[0076] Test environment:
[0077] - normal; see annex B. 2.
[0078] RF channels to be tested for single carrier:
[0079] - M; see clause 4.9.1.
[0080] RF bandwidth positions to be tested for multi-carrier and / or CA:
[0081] - MRFBW in single-band operation, see clause 4.9.1;
[0082] - BRFBW_T'RFBW and B'RFBW_TRFBW in multi-band operation, see clause 4.9.1.
[0083] 6. x. 1.3.2 Procedure
[0084] The minimum requirement is applied to all connectors under test.
[0085] 1) Connect the connector under test to measurement equipment as shown in annex D. 2.1 for BS type 1-C and in annex D. 4.1 for BS type 1-H.
[0086] 2) For FDD operation, set the BS to transmit a signal using the applicable test configuration and corresponding power setting specified in clauses 4.7 and 4.8 using the corresponding test models or set of physical channels in clause 4.9.2, for BS type 1-C set the antenna connector to the manufacturers declared rated carrier output power (Prated, c, AC or Prated, c, TABC, D. 21) .
[0087] 3) Measure and record by test equipment transmitter ON power starting time when the received power of the test signal by the BS under test is above [x] dB, then measures and records the transmitter ON power ending time when the received power of the test signal is below [y] dB.
[0088] 4) Calculate the transmitter ON power time as the difference between the transmitter ON power starting time and ending time.
[0089] 6. x. 1.4 Test requirements
[0090] The transmitter ON time shall be lower than or equal to [z] ms.
[0091] In some examples, in the event that the measured time period, for example, the time duration between T3 and T4, is longer than or equal to the predetermined time limit or the configured non-active period or OFF-duration, the network device 120 under test may pass the test. For example, the test equipment or apparatus 110 measures and records the starting time T3 when the received power of the test signal (wanted signal or unwanted emission) being transmitted by the BS under test is below a third power threshold, then measures and records the ending time T4 when the received power of the test signal is above a fourth power threshold. The transmitter OFF time of the BS TRX chains shall be determined as the difference between the starting time and ending time. The determined transmitter OFF time shall be higher than or equal to a time limit specified in the NR specifications for the BS to pass the test.
[0092] In these examples, the duration of the transmitter OFF power time is tested and should be less than a required time. According to these examples, the NF BS test specifications may be modified as follows.
[0093] 6. x Energy saving test
[0094] 6. x. 1 Transmitter OFF power time
[0095] 6. x. 1.1 Definition and applicability
[0096] Transmitter OFF power time is defined as a difference between the starting time and ending time for transmitter OFF power.
[0097] 6. x. 1.2 Minimum requirement
[0098] The minimum requirement for BS type 1-C is in TS 38.104 [2] , clause 6. x.
[0099] The minimum requirement for BS type 1-H is in TS 38.104 [2] , clause 6. x.
[0100] 6. x. 1.3 Test purpose
[0101] The purpose of this test is to verify the transmitter OFF power duration.
[0102] 6. x. 1.3.1 Initial conditions
[0103] Test environment:
[0104] - normal; see annex B. 2.
[0105] RF channels to be tested for single carrier:
[0106] - M; see clause 4.9.1.
[0107] RF bandwidth positions to be tested for multi-carrier and / or CA:
[0108] - MRFBW in single-band operation, see clause 4.9.1;
[0109] - BRFBW_T'RFBW and B'RFBW_TRFBW in multi-band operation, see clause 4.9.1.
[0110] 6. x. 1.3.2 Procedure
[0111] The minimum requirement is applied to all connectors under test.
[0112] 1) Connect the connector under test to measurement equipment as shown in annex D. 2.1 for BS type 1-C and in annex D. 4.1 for BS type 1-H.
[0113] 2) For FDD operation, set the BS to transmit a signal using the applicable test configuration and corresponding power setting specified in clauses 4.7 and 4.8 using the corresponding test models or set of physical channels in clause 4.9.2, for BS type 1-C set the antenna connector to the manufacturers declared rated carrier output power (Prated, c, AC or Prated, c, TABC, D. 21) .
[0114] 3) Measure and record by test equipment transmitter OFF power starting time when the received power of the test signal by the BS under test is below [x] dB, then measures and records the transmitter OFF power ending time when the received power of the test signal is above [y] dB.
[0115] 4) Calculate the transmitter OFF power time as the difference between the transmitter OFF power starting time and ending time.
[0116] 6. x. 1.4 Test requirements
[0117] The transmitter OFF time shall be higher than or equal to [z] ms.
[0118] In some embodiments, the duration threshold is a transmission ON / OFF time period configured by a core network device (not shown) or the apparatus 110 based on the DTX configuration. If the apparatus 110 has a control unit for configuring this ON / OFF time, the time will be configured based on the DTX configuration. If the apparatus 110 does not have a control unit for configuring this ON / OFF time, the apparatus 110 may transfer the configured ON / OFF time by the core network device to the network device 120. The accuracy of transmitter ON power time is defined as the difference between the measured Transmitter ON time and the Transmitter ON time determined or configured from network configuration of cell DTX. In the event that the accuracy of transmitter ON time is lower than or equal to [z] ms, the network device 120 under test passes the test, the [z] ms may be specified in the NR specification.
[0119] In some examples, the test equipment or the apparatus 110 measures and records the starting time T1 when the received power of the test signal (wanted signal or unwanted emission) being transmitted by the BS under test is above a first power threshold, then measures and records the ending time T2 when the received power of the test signal is below a second power threshold. The accuracy of the transmitter ON time shall be determined as the difference between measured transmitter ON time and the transmitter ON time configured by the TE or network (e.g., cell DTX configuration) . The determined accuracy of the determined transmitter ON time shall be lower than or equal to a time limit specified in the NR specifications for the BS to pass the test.
[0120] In these examples, the accuracy of the transmitter ON power time is tested and should be less than a required threshold. According to these examples, the NF BS test specifications may be modified as follows.
[0121] 6. x Energy saving test
[0122] 6. x. 1 Transmitter ON power time
[0123] 6. x. 1.1 Definition and applicability
[0124] Transmitter ON power time is defined as a difference between the starting time and ending time for transmitter ON power. The accuracy of Transmitter ON power time is defined as the difference between the measured Transmitter ON time and the Transmitter ON time determined from network configuration of cell DTX.
[0125] 6. x. 1.2 Minimum requirement
[0126] The minimum requirement for BS type 1-C is in TS 38.104 [2] , clause 6. x.
[0127] The minimum requirement for BS type 1-H is in TS 38.104 [2] , clause 6. x.
[0128] 6. x. 1.3 Test purpose
[0129] The purpose of this test is to verify the transmitter ON power duration.
[0130] 6. x. 1.3.1 Initial conditions
[0131] Test environment:
[0132] - normal; see annex B. 2.
[0133] RF channels to be tested for single carrier:
[0134] - M; see clause 4.9.1.
[0135] RF bandwidth positions to be tested for multi-carrier and / or CA:
[0136] - MRFBW in single-band operation, see clause 4.9.1;
[0137] - BRFBW_T'RFBW and B'RFBW_TRFBW in multi-band operation, see clause 4.9.1.
[0138] 6. x. 1.3.2 Procedure
[0139] The minimum requirement is applied to all connectors under test.
[0140] 1) Connect the connector under test to measurement equipment as shown in annex D. 2.1 for BS type 1-C and in annex D. 4.1 for BS type 1-H.
[0141] 2) For FDD operation, set the BS to transmit a signal using the applicable test configuration and corresponding power setting specified in clauses 4.7 and 4.8 using the corresponding test models or set of physical channels in clause 4.9.2, for BS type 1-C set the antenna connector to the manufacturers declared rated carrier output power (Prated, c, AC or Prated, c, TABC, D. 21) .
[0142] 3) Measure and record by test equipment transmitter ON power time between a starting time when the received power of the test signal by the BS under test is above [x] dB. and an ending time when the received power of the test signal is below [y] dB.
[0143] 4) Calculate the accuracy of the transmitter ON power time as the difference between the transmitter ON power time and the transmitter ON power time as configured by the test equipment or network.
[0144] 6. x. 1.4 Test requirements
[0145] The accuracy of transmitter ON time shall be lower than or equal to [z] ms.
[0146] In some examples, the test equipment or the apparatus 110 measures and records the starting time T3 when the received power of the test signal (wanted signal or unwanted emission) being transmitted by the BS under test is below a third power threshold, then measures and records the ending time T4 when the received power of the test signal is above a fourth power threshold. The accuracy of the transmitter OFF time shall be determined as the difference between measured transmitter OFF time and the transmitter OFF time configured by the TE or network (e.g., cell DTX configuration) . The determined accuracy of the determined transmitter OFF time shall be lower than or equal to a time limit specified in the NR specifications for the BS to pass the test.
[0147] In these examples, the accuracy of the transmitter OFF power time is tested and should be less than a required threshold. According to these examples, the NF BS test specifications may be modified as follows.
[0148] 6. x Energy saving test
[0149] 6. x. 1 Transmitter OFF power time
[0150] 6. x. 1.1 Definition and applicability
[0151] Transmitter OFF power time is defined as a difference between the starting time and ending time for transmitter OFF power. The accuracy of Transmitter OFF power time is defined as the difference between the measured Transmitter OFF time and the Transmitter OFF time determined from network configuration of cell DTX.
[0152] 6. x. 1.2 Minimum requirement
[0153] The minimum requirement for BS type 1-C is in TS 38.104 [2] , clause 6. x.
[0154] The minimum requirement for BS type 1-H is in TS 38.104 [2] , clause 6. x.
[0155] 6. x. 1.3 Test purpose
[0156] The purpose of this test is to verify the transmitter OFF power duration.
[0157] 6. x. 1.3.1 Initial conditions
[0158] Test environment:
[0159] - normal; see annex B. 2.
[0160] RF channels to be tested for single carrier:
[0161] - M; see clause 4.9.1.
[0162] RF bandwidth positions to be tested for multi-carrier and / or CA:
[0163] - MRFBW in single-band operation, see clause 4.9.1;
[0164] - BRFBW_T'RFBW and B'RFBW_TRFBW in multi-band operation, see clause 4.9.1.
[0165] 6. x. 1.3.2 Procedure
[0166] The minimum requirement is applied to all connectors under test.
[0167] 1) Connect the connector under test to measurement equipment as shown in annex D. 2.1 for BS type 1-C and in annex D. 4.1 for BS type 1-H.
[0168] 2) For FDD operation, set the BS to transmit a signal using the applicable test configuration and corresponding power setting specified in clauses 4.7 and 4.8 using the corresponding test models or set of physical channels in clause 4.9.2, for BS type 1-C set the antenna connector to the manufacturers declared rated carrier output power (Prated, c, AC or Prated, c, TABC, D. 21) .
[0169] 3) Measure and record by test equipment transmitter OFF power time between a starting time when the received power of the test signal by the BS under test is below [x] dB. and an ending time when the received power of the test signal is above [y] dB.
[0170] 4) Calculate the accuracy of the transmitter OFF power time as the difference between the transmitter OFF power time and the transmitter OFF power time as configured by the test equipment or network.
[0171] 6. x. 1.4 Test requirements
[0172] The accuracy of transmitter OFF time shall be lower than or equal to [z] ms.
[0173] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the time duration about the transmitter ON / OFF time is measured by an apparatus (such as a test equipment or a user equipment communicating with the network device under test) based on at least one power level of the signal received from the network device under test, and then the measured time duration is compared with a duration threshold configured or predetermined by the network or the apparatus. By determining whether the measured transmitter ON time is shorter than a required time period, whether the measured transmitter OFF time is longer than a required time period, or whether the accuracy of the measured transmitter ON / OFF time is lower than or equal to a required threshold, it may verify whether the energy saving features proposed in the work item can achieve energy saving from the BS side, and verify whether energy saving is achieved in term of shortening the transmitter ON time of the BS TRX chains. Specifically, it may be possible to verify whether the BS switches off the TRX chains and PAs efficiently and effectively as expected during the micro / light / deep sleep duration, which is made available with the various features proposed in the work item.
[0174] Fig. 4 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 400 implemented at the apparatus 110 in accordance with some other embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 400 will be described from the perspective of the apparatus 110 with reference to Fig. 1.
[0175] As shown in Fig. 4, at block 410, the apparatus 110 receives, a signal from a network device 120 under test. At block 420, the apparatus 110 determines a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal. At block 430, the apparatus 110 determine a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.
[0176] In some embodiments, the network device 120 under test is configured to operate in a cell DTX configuration. In some embodiments, the time duration is measured as a time period for a transmitter ON time or a transmitter OFF time of the cell DTX configuration.
[0177] In some embodiments, the time period for the transmitter ON time is measured between a starting time when the power level of the signal is above a first power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is below a second power threshold equal to the first power threshold or lower than the first power threshold; and the duration threshold is a first predetermined time limit. In some embodiments, the first predetermined time limit is based on the cell DTX configuration to be active period or on-duration of the cell DTX. In some embodiments, in the event that the measured time period for the transmitter ON time is lower than or equal to the duration threshold, the apparatus 110 determines that the network device under test passes the test.
[0178] In some embodiments, the time period for the transmitter OFF time is measured between a starting time when the power level of the signal is below a third power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is above a fourth power threshold equal to the third power threshold or higher than the third power threshold; and the duration threshold is a second predetermined time limit. In some embodiments, the second predetermined time limit is based on the cell DTX configuration to be non-active period of the cell DTX. In some embodiments, in the event that the measured time period for the transmitter OFF time is higher than or equal to the duration threshold, the apparatus 110 determines that the network device under test passes the test.
[0179] In some embodiments, the time period for the transmitter ON time is measured between a starting time when the power level of the signal is above a first power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is below a second power threshold equal to the first power threshold or lower than the first power threshold; and the duration threshold is a transmitter ON time period configured by a core network device or the apparatus based on the cell DTX configuration. In some embodiments, in the event that a difference between the measured time period for the transmitter ON time and the duration threshold is lower than or equal to a pre-specified value, the apparatus 110 determines that the network device under test passes the test.
[0180] In some embodiments, the time period for the transmitter OFF time is measured between a starting time when the power level of the signal is below a third power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is above a fourth power threshold equal to the third power threshold or higher than the third power threshold; and the duration threshold is a transmitter OFF time period configured by a core network device or the apparatus based on the cell DTX configuration. In some embodiments, in the event that a difference between the measured time period for the transmitter OFF time and the duration threshold is lower than or equal to a predetermined value, the apparatus 110 determines that the network device under test passes the test.
[0181] In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted by transceiver chains of the network device 120. In some embodiments, the apparatus 110 comprises at least one of a terminal device or a test equipment.
[0182] In some embodiments, an apparatus (for example, the apparatus 110) capable of performing the method 400 may comprise means for performing the respective steps of the method 400. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0183] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises: means for receiving a signal from a network device under test; means for determining a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; and means for determining a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold
[0184] In some embodiments, the network device under test is configured to operate in a cell DTX configuration. In some embodiments, the time duration is measured by the apparatus as a time period for a transmitter ON time or a transmitter OFF time of the cell DTX configuration.
[0185] In some embodiments, the time period for the transmitter ON time is measured by the apparatus between a starting time when the power level of the signal is above a first power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is below a second power threshold equal to the first power threshold or lower than the first power threshold; and the duration threshold is a first predetermined time limit. In some embodiments, the first predetermined time limit is based on the cell DTX configuration to be active period or on-duration of the cell DTX. In some embodiments, in the event that the measured time period for the transmitter ON time is lower than or equal to the duration threshold, the apparatus determines that the network device under test passes the test.
[0186] In some embodiments, the time period for the transmitter OFF time is measured by the apparatus between a starting time when the power level of the signal is below a third power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is above a fourth power threshold equal to the third power threshold or higher than the third power threshold; and the duration threshold is a second predetermined time limit. In some embodiments, the second predetermined time limit is based on the cell DTX configuration to be non-active period of the cell DTX. In some embodiments, in the event that the measured time period for the transmitter OFF time is higher than or equal to the duration threshold, the apparatus determines that the network device under test passes the test.
[0187] In some embodiments, the time period for the transmitter ON time is measured by the apparatus between a starting time when the power level of the signal is above a first power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is below a second power threshold equal to the first power threshold or lower than the first power threshold; and the duration threshold is a transmitter ON time period configured by a core network device or the apparatus based on the cell DTX configuration. In some embodiments, in the event that a difference between the measured time period for the transmitter ON time and the duration threshold is lower than or equal to a pre-specified value, the apparatus determines that the network device under test passes the test.
[0188] In some embodiments, the time period for the transmitter OFF time is measured by the apparatus between a starting time when the power level of the signal is below a third power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is above a fourth power threshold equal to the third power threshold or higher than the third power threshold; and the duration threshold is a transmitter OFF time period configured by a core network device or the apparatus based on the cell DTX configuration. In some embodiments, in the event that a difference between the measured time period for the transmitter OFF time and the duration threshold is lower than or equal to a predetermined value, the apparatus determines that the network device under test passes the test.
[0189] In some embodiments, the signal is transmitted by transceiver chains of the network device. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises at least one of a terminal device or a test equipment.
[0190] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 400. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0191] Fig. 5 is a simplified block diagram of a device 500 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 500 may be provided to implement the communication device, for example the apparatus 110 and the network device 120 as shown in Fig. 1. As shown, the device 500 includes one or more processors 510, one or more memories 520 coupled to the processor 510, and one or more communication modules 540 coupled to the processor 510.
[0192] The communication module 540 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 540 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network devices.
[0193] The processor 510 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 500 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0194] The memory 520 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM) 524, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 522 and other volatile memories that may not last in the power-down duration.
[0195] A computer program 530 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 510. The program 530 may be stored in the ROM 524. The processor 510 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 530 into the RAM 522.
[0196] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program so that the device 500 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to Fig. 4. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0197] In some embodiments, the program 530 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 500 (such as in the memory 520) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 500. The device 500 may load the program 530 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 522 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like.
[0198] Fig. 6 illustrates an example of the computer readable medium 600 in form of CD or DVD in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The computer readable medium has the program 630 stored thereon. It is noted that although the computer-readable medium 600 is depicted in form of CD or DVD, the computer-readable medium 600 may be in any other form suitable for carry or hold the program 530.
[0199] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0200] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the method 400 as described above with reference to Fig. 4. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0201] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0202] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0203] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0204] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that may be described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0205] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above may be disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:receive a signal from a network device under test;determine a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; anddetermine a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the network device under test is configured to operate in a cell discontinuous transmission (DTX) configuration.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the time duration is measured as a time period for a transmitter ON time or a transmitter OFF time of the cell DTX configuration.4.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:the time period for the transmitter ON time is measured between a starting time when the power level of the signal is above a first power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is below a second power threshold equal to the first power threshold or lower than the first power threshold; andthe duration threshold is a first predetermined time limit.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the first predetermined time limit is based on the cell DTX configuration to be active period or on-duration of the cell DTX.6.The apparatus of claim 4 or 5, wherein the apparatus is caused to:in the event that the measured time period for the transmitter ON time is lower than or equal to the duration threshold, determine that the network device under test passes the test.7.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:the time period for the transmitter OFF time is measured between a starting time when the power level of the signal is below a third power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is above a fourth power threshold equal to the third power threshold or higher than the third power threshold; andthe duration threshold is a second predetermined time limit.8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the second predetermined time limit is based on the cell DTX configuration to be non-active period of the cell DTX.9.The apparatus of claim 7 or 8, wherein the apparatus is caused to:in the event that the measured time period for the transmitter OFF time is higher than or equal to the duration threshold, determine that the network device under test passes the test.10.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:the time period for the transmitter ON time is measured between a starting time when the power level of the signal is above a first power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is below a second power threshold equal to the first power threshold or lower than the first power threshold; andthe duration threshold is a transmitter ON time period configured by a core network device or the apparatus based on the cell DTX configuration.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the apparatus is caused to:in the event that a difference between the measured time period for the transmitter ON time and the duration threshold is lower than or equal to a pre-specified value, determine that the network device under test passes the test.12.The apparatus of claim 3, wherein:the time period for the transmitter OFF time is measured between a starting time when the power level of the signal is below a third power threshold and an ending time when the power level of the signal is above a fourth power threshold equal to the third power threshold or higher than the third power threshold; andthe duration threshold is a transmitter OFF time period configured by a core network device or the apparatus based on the cell DTX configuration.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the apparatus is caused to:in the event that a difference between the measured time period for the transmitter OFF time and the duration threshold is lower than or equal to a predetermined value, determine that the network device under test passes the test.14.The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the signal is transmitted by transceiver chains of the network device.15.The apparatus of any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one of a terminal device or a test equipment.16.A method comprising:receiving a signal from a network device under test;determining a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; anddetermining a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.17.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving a signal from a network device under test;means for determining a time duration associated with at least one power level of the signal; andmeans for determining a result of the test based on a comparison between the time duration and a duration threshold.18.A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to perform method of claim 16.
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