Solvent-free high refractive index UV curable epoxy ink compositions
A solvent-free, UV curable epoxy-based composition for microlens structures in OLED displays achieves a high refractive index and high light transmittance, addressing existing material challenges and enhancing display performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/113277
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-16
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-20
AI Technical Summary
Existing materials for microlens structures in OLED displays face challenges in achieving a high refractive index, sufficient light transmittance, and being solvent-free and inkjet printable, while also avoiding oxygen sensitivity.
A solvent-free, UV curable epoxy-based composition with a high refractive index, suitable for microlens production, is developed. This composition consists of reactive epoxy compounds, a photoacid generator, and optional surfactants and sensitizers, which cure to form a material with a refractive index of 1.59 or higher and high light transmittance.
The epoxy-based composition effectively addresses the challenges by providing a high refractive index, high light transmittance, and being solvent-free and inkjet printable, while also being non-oxygen sensitive, thus enhancing the performance of microlens structures in OLED displays.
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Figure CN2023113277_20022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SOLVENT-FREE HIGH REFRACTIVE INDEX UV CURABLE EPOXY INK COMPOSITIONSFIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to epoxy-based compositions that are solvent-free and ultraviolet (UV) curable ink composition that cure to a material with a high refractive index.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology is continually facing a challenge with developing lighter, thinner, brighter, more vivid and more sensitive displays. OLED displays use waveguiding technology to direct light, but such technology only tends to transmit 20-40 percent (%) of generated light. To improve extraction of light, OLED displays can use microlens structures to transmit light.
[0004] A microlens has specific requirements in order to function well in an OLED display. In particular, the microlens material needs to have a refractive index (RI) that is 1.55 or higher with 633 nanometer (nm) wavelength light, and have an average transmittance of light over a wavelength range of 380 to 780 nanometers (nm) of 95% or greater at a sample thickness of 15-20 micrometers. To make a microlens, the material needs to be either photo-patternable or needs to be ultraviolet light (UV) curable ink that is ink jet printable. To be ink jet printable, the material desirably has a viscosity of 16 milliPascals*seconds (mPa*s) or less as determined as described herein below. It is also desirable to minimize or eliminate the presence of solvent in the photocurable composition in order to reduce or eliminate volatile organic compounds during processing.
[0005] Photo-patternable materials can be acrylate-based materials. However, acrylate-based materials are oxygen sensitive and need to be isolated from oxygen until after curing. Therefore, it is desirable to use a curing chemistry other than acrylate-based materials and preferably one that is not oxygen sensitive.SUMMARY
[0006] The present invention provides an epoxy-based composition that is suitable for use in preparing a microlens for OLED displays. The epoxy-based composition is substantially free, and can be entirely free, of solvent. The epoxy-based composition is UV curable and has a viscosity of 16 milliPascals*seconds (mPa*s) or less as determined as described herein below. When cured, the epoxy-based composition has a RI of 1.59 or higher with 633 nanometer (nm) wavelength light, and has an average transmittance of light over a wavelength range of 380 to 780 nanometers (nm) of 95%or greater at a sample thickness of 15-20 micrometers. The epoxy-based composition uses epoxy chemistry to cure using epoxide groups rather than acrylate groups as in acrylate chemistry. The epoxy-based chemistry is not oxygen sensitive like acrylate chemistry.
[0007] In a first aspect, the present invention is an ultraviolet light curable epoxy-based composition that contains: (a) 97 to 99.1 weight-percent of one or any combination of more than one reactive epoxy compound selected from reactive epoxy compounds having structure (I) or (II) :
[0008] where R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, ethylene oxide, aryl , alkyl and cycloalkyl groups provided at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is an ethylene oxide group; and (b) 0.9 to 3.1 weight-percent of a photoacid generator; (c) up to 0.75 weight-percent of a surfactant; and (d) up to 0.20 weight-percent of a sensitizer; wherein the ultraviolet light curable epoxy-based composition is substantially free of solvent, is free of pigments and other colorants, and wherein weight-percents are relative to the weight of the ultraviolet light curable epoxy-based composition.
[0009] In a second aspect, the present invention is a method for using the UV curable epoxy-based composition of the first aspect, the method comprising disposing the UV curable epoxy-based composition onto a substrate and then exposing the UV curable epoxy-based composition to ultraviolet light.
[0010] In a third aspect, the present invention is an article comprising the UV curable epoxy-based composition of the first aspect that has been cured by the method of the second aspect, where the cured UV curable epoxy-based composition is on a substrate.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0011] Products identified by their tradename refer to the compositions available under those tradenames on the priority date of this document.
[0012] “Multiple” means two or more. “And / or” means “and, or as an alternative” . All ranges include endpoints unless otherwise indicated.
[0013] Designations of the type Cx-y refers to having from x to y number of carbon atoms.
[0014] “Substantially free” means containing less than 5 weight-percent (wt%) , preferably less than 4 wt%, more preferably less than 3 wt%, less than 2 wt%, less than one wt%, less than 0.5 wt%, with wt%relative to composition weight. “Substantially free” can be completely free of the designated component.
[0015] Weight-percent (wt%) herein is relative to UV curable epoxy-based composition weight unless otherwise stated.
[0016] “Solvent” refers to a non-polymerizable organic material having a boiling point of 120 ℃ or lower at 101 kiloPascals pressure.
[0017] “Viscosity” , with respect to the UV curable epoxy-based composition, refers to the viscosity of the UV curable epoxy-based composition prior to curing. Determine viscosity of the UV curable epoxy-based composition using an AR2000ex rheometer from TA Instruments using a 40 millimeter aluminum plate, a shear viscosity of 100 s-1, temperature range of 20 to 50 ℃ and a temperature ramp rate of 3 ℃ per minute. Viscosity values herein correspond to the viscosity at 25 ℃ unless otherwise stated.
[0018] In a first aspect, the present invention is an ultraviolet (UV) light curable epoxy-based composition. “UV light curable” means that the components in the composition undergo a crosslinking reaction when exposed to UV light such that a film of the composition is not tacky to the touch after exposure to 365 nanometer (nm) wavelength light at a dosage of 2 Joules per square centimeter (J / cm2) .
[0019] The UV curable epoxy-based composition comprises: (a) a reactive epoxy compound; (b) photoacid generator; (c) optionally a surfactant; and (d) optionally, a sensitizer. The UV curable epoxy-based composition is substantially, preferably entirely, free of solvent. Solvent is undesirable because it either remains as a residue after curing the UV curable epoxy-based composition or it evaporates as an undesirable volatile organic compound. The UV curable epoxy-based composition is free of pigments and other colorants. Colorants are undesirable because they tend to reduce light transmission through the cured UV curable epoxy-based composition. The UV curable epoxy-based composition is desirably free of one or any combination of more than one of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, vinyl ether compounds and inorganic filler.
[0020] (a) Reactive Epoxy Compound
[0021] The reactive epoxy compound comprises, and can consist of, one or any combination of more than one reactive epoxy compound selected from reactive epoxy compounds having structure (I) or (II) :
[0022] where R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, ethylene oxide, aryl groups, alkyl groups, and cycloalkyl groups provided at least one of R1, R2, and R3 are an ethylene oxide group. For avoidance of doubt, the reactive epoxy compound can contain one or more than one reactive epoxy compound of structure (I) , one or more than one reactive epoxy compound of structure (II) , or a combination of one or more than one reactive epoxy compound of structure (I) and one or more than one reactive epoxy compound of structure (II) .
[0023] For reactive epoxy compounds having structure (I) , it is desirable for at least two of R1, R2, and R3 to be ethylene oxide groups. For reactive epoxy compounds having structure (II) , is desirable for only one of R1, R2, and R3 to be an ethylene oxide group. For reactive epoxy compounds of both structures (I) and (II) , it is desirably that each of R1, R2, and R3 that are not an ethylene oxide group is a hydrogen. For avoidance of doubt, an ethylene oxide group is the same as an epoxide group and has the following structure, with the curved line designating what the ethylene oxide group attaches to:
[0024] Examples of suitable reactive epoxy compounds having structure (I) include divinylbenzene dioxide. Examples of suitable reactive epoxy compounds having structure (II) include naphthalene epoxy, which has an epoxide group attached directly to a naphthalene structure.
[0025] The concentration of reactive epoxy compound in the UV curable epoxy-based composition is typically 97 wt%or more and can be 97.5 wt%or more, 98 wt%or more, 98.5 wt%or more, even 99 wt%or more while at the same time is typically 99.5 wt%or less, and can be 99.1 wt%or less, 99 wt%or less, or even 98 wt%or less, where wt%values are relative to weight of UV curable epoxy-based composition weight.
[0026] (b) Photoacid Generator (PAG)
[0027] PAGs become acidic upon exposure to light and, as such, act as photo initiators for acid catalyzed reactions. PAGs typically become acidic by dissociating to form strong acids or dissociate protons upon exposure to light. One common type of PAG include triphenyl sulfonium salts. Examples of PAGs include 4-isopropyl-4’ -methyldiphenyliodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate, bis (4-dodecylphenyl) iodonium hexafluoroantimonate; (p-dodecylphenyl) (p-methylphenyl) iodonium hexafluoroantimonate; (p-isopropylphenyl) (p-methylphenyl) iodonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate; diphenyliodonium nitrate, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate, (4-fluorophenyl) diphenylsulfonium triflate, N-hydroxynaphthalimide triflate, (4-iodophenyl) diphenylsulfonium triflate, (4-methoxyphenyl) diphenylsulfonium triflate, (4-phenoxyphenyl) diphenylsulfonium triflate, triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate, triphenyl sulfonium perfluoro-1-butanesulfanate, triphenyl sulfonium triflate, tris (4-tert-buityphenyl) sulfonium perflulro-1-butanesulfonate, bis (4-tert-butylphenyl) iodonium perfluoro-1-butanesulfonate, and bis (4-tert-butylphenyl) iodonium p-toluenesulfonate.
[0028] PAGs are typically present in the composition at a concentration of 0.5 wt%or more, 0.75 wt%or more, 0.90 wt%or more, 1.0 wt%or more even 1.5 wt%or more while at the same time typically 3.5 wt%or less, 3.1 wt%or less, 3.0 wt%or less, 2.5 wt%or less, 2.0 wt%or less, 1.5 wt%or less and can be 1.0 wt%or less even 0.75 wt%or less with wt%relative to UV curable epoxy-based composition weight.
[0029] (c) Surfactant
[0030] The UV curable epoxy-based composition can optionally contain a surfactant. Suitable surfactants include silicone polyether materials such as those commercially available under the names VORASURFTM DC 193 additive (VORASURF is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company) and BYKTM-378 (BYK is a trademark of BYK-Chemie GmbH) .
[0031] The concentration of surfactant in the UV curable epoxy-based composition is zero wt%or more, and can be 0.10 wt%or more, 0.20 wt%or more, 0.30 wt%or more, 0.40 wt%or more, 0.50 wt%or more, 0.60 wt%or more, even 0.70 wt%or more, while at the same time is typically 0.75 wt%or less, 0.65 wt%or less, 0.55 wt%or less, 0.45 wt%or less, 0.35 wt%or less, 0.25 wt%or less, 0.15 wt%or less, or even 0.05 wt%or less, with wt%based on weight of UV curable epoxy-based composition.
[0032] (d) Sensitizer
[0033] The UV curable epoxy-based composition can comprise a sensitizer. Examples of suitable sensitizers include any one or any combination of more than one thioxanthone and / or substituted thioxanthone materials. Suitable sensitizers include 2-isopropylthoxanthone (CAS#5495-84-1) .
[0034] The concentration of sensitizer in the UV curable epoxy-based composition is zero wt%or more, and can be 0.01 wt%or more, 0.05 wt%or more, 0.10 wt%or more, even 0.15 wt%or more, while at the same time is typically 0.20 wt%or less, 0.15 wt%or less, 0.10 wt%or less, or even 0.05 wt%or less, with wt%based on weight of UV curable epoxy-based composition.
[0035] In a second aspect, the present invention is a method for using the UV curable epoxy-based composition of the first aspect. The method comprises disposing the UV curable epoxy-based composition onto a substrate and then exposing the UV curable epoxy-based composition to ultraviolet light. Disposing the UV curable epoxy-based composition onto a substrate can and preferably does involve inkjet printing the UV curable epoxy-based composition onto a substrate.
[0036] In a third aspect, the present invention is an article comprising the UV curable epoxy-based composition of the first aspect that has been cured by the method of the second aspect. The article comprises cured UV curable epoxy-based composition on a substrate. The article can comprise or be an organic light emitting diode (OLED) .
[0037] EXAMPLES
[0038] Table 1 lists the components for use in preparing the following samples.
[0039] Table 1 VORASURF is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company. BYK is a trademark of BYK-Chemie GmbH.
[0040] Synthesis of Divinylbenzene Dioxide
[0041] Dissolve 3.00 g Divinyl Benzene in 100 milliliters (mL) of Dichloromethane in a 250 mL round bottom glass three-necked flask equipped with an agitator. Cool the mixture to 0 ℃ while stirring. Add 11.21 g 3-Chloroperbenzoic acid slowly over 30 minutes while stirring. Warm the resulting mixture to 25 ℃ and continue stirring for 8-10 hours. Filter the resulting mixture and was the filtrate with saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and saturated aqueous solution of sodium sulfite and then dry the filtrate over sodium sulfate. Concentrate the dried liquid under vacuum while maintaining the dried liquid at a temperature below 40℃. Purify the concentrated liquid by liquid chromatography silica gel using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate eluents. 1.86 g of product (divinylbenzene dioxide) results as a colorless liquid.
[0042] Synthesis of Naphthalene Epoxy
[0043] Flame dry a 100 mL flask and then add dropwise 8.16 g trimethylsulfonium iodide, 1.92 g sodium hydride, 30 mL dimethyl sulfoxide, and 30 mL of tetrahydrofuran. Evacuate the solution three times with nitrogen and stir for 30 minutes at 25 ℃. Slowly cool the solution to 0 ℃. Slowly add 3.12 g 1-Naphthaldehyde at 0 ℃ and then stir at 25 ℃ until all of the aldehyde functionality is consumed as determined by thin layer chromatography. Dilute the reaction with water and extract with ethyl acetate. Combine organic layers and wash with water and brine. Dry the organic layer of sodium sulfate and concentrate under vacuum while maintaining the dried liquid at a temperature below 40 ℃. Purify the crude product by column chromatography on silica gel using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as eluents. 1.80 g of epoxy naphthalene product results as a light yellow liquid.
[0044] Preparation of Samples
[0045] Table 2, under Results section below, identifies the components for each of the and identifies the grams of each component in the sample. Table 2 also lists the characterization of the samples. Prepare the samples as follows.
[0046] Combine all of the components for a sample together in a 40 mL bottle. Shake the components to mix them in the 40 mL bottle until achieving the sample as a clear solution.
[0047] To form a coating of a sample and cure it as a film, draw some solution into a syringe and filter through a 0.45 micrometer hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene filter. Place a silicon wafer or bare glass substrate onto a spin-coater. Drip the filtered sample liquid onto the silicon wafer or bare glass while avoiding bubbles. Spin coat the sample on the silicon wafer or bare glass substrate by spinning at 6000 revolutions per minute (RPM) for 20 seconds for samples on silicon wafers and at 500-1000 RPM for samples on bare glass substrate. Cure the resulting sample film on the substrate by exposing to ultraviolet light (365 nm) in a UV curing chamber immediately after spin coating the sample onto the substrate. UV cure with a dosage of 2 Joules per square centimeter of sample film to obtain a cured film with a thickness of approximately 20 micrometers.
[0048] Characterization of Samples
[0049] Characterize samples for viscosity prior to curing and after curing for refractive index (RI) and transparency (%T) .
[0050] Viscosity. Determine viscosity of the composition using an AR2000ex rheometer from TA Instruments using a 40 millimeter aluminum plate, a shear viscosity of 100 s-1, temperature range of 20 to 50 ℃ and a temperature ramp rate of 3 ℃ per minute. Viscosity values herein correspond to the viscosity at 25 ℃ unless otherwise stated. A viscosity of less than 16 mPa*sis acceptable.
[0051] Cure / Not Cured. Determine whether films of the samples cured after the curing step by determining if the surface of the film is tacky to the touch or not. If the surface of the film is tacky to the touch, then the film is considered “Not Cured” . If the surface of the film is not tacky, to the touch it is considered “Cured” .
[0052] RI. Determine refractive index (RI) using an UVISEL Plus ellipsometer from HORIBA using 633 nm light. An RI value of 1.59 or more, preferably 1.60 or more, even more preferably 1.63 or more is acceptable.
[0053] %T. Determine %Transmittance (%T) for spin-coated cured samples having a thickness of 20 micrometers. Measure the %T through the aged samples over a wavelength range of 350 to 800 nm using an UV3600 spectrophotometer from Shimadzu. Average the %T over 380 to 780 nm wavelength light and report that as the %T for the sample. An %T of 95%or more is acceptable.
[0054] Results
[0055] Table 2 provides the formulations and characterization of the samples. Samples 5-7 are examples of the invention.
[0056] Table 2 *NM-samples did not cure so characterization of cured material could not be measured.
[0057] The data reveals that samples with an epoxide group bound directly to the aromatic ring of a benzyl or naphthyl group provide compositions that have acceptable viscosity and that cure to a material with acceptable RI and acceptable %T. In contrast, those samples with epoxy groups not bound directly to such aromatic rings fail to achieve acceptable results.
[0058] Effect of Colorant on %T
[0059] Table 3 presents the compositions and characterization of samples of Sample 5 and samples that have been modified to incorporate 0.10 wt%of a colorant. Sample 5 is the sample of the present invention with the highest transmittance from the samples in Table 2. The characterization of the resulting samples in Table 3 illustrate that even with 0.10 wt%of a colorant the %T value drops to below the desired 95%. This illustrates the detrimental effect of even 0.10 wt%colorant on %T.
[0060] Table 3
Claims
1.A UV curable epoxy-based composition comprising:(a) 97 to 99.1 weight-percent of one or any combination of more than one reactive epoxy compound selected from reactive epoxy compounds having structure (I) or (II) :where R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, ethylene oxide, aryl , alkyl and cycloalkyl groups provided at least one of R1, R2, and R3 is an ethylene oxide group:and(b) 0.9 to 3.1 weight-percent of a photoacid generator;(c) up to 0.75 weight-percent of a surfactant; and(d) up to 0.20 weight-percent of a sensitizer;wherein the UV curable epoxy-based composition is substantially free of solvent, is free of pigments and other colorants, and wherein weight-percents are relative to the weight of the ultraviolet light curable epoxy-based composition.2.The UV curable epoxy-based composition of claim 1, wherein the UV curable epoxy-based composition is free of one or any combination of more than one of cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, vinyl ether compounds and inorganic filler.3.The UV curable epoxy-based composition of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein at least two of R1, R2, and R3 are ethylene oxide groups in structure (I) .4.The UV curable epoxy-based composition of any one previous claim, wherein only one of R1, R2, and R3 is an ethylene oxide group in structure (II) .5.The UV curable epoxy-based composition of any one previous claim, wherein R1, R2, and R3 that is not an ethylene oxide group is hydrogen.6.The UV curable epoxy-based composition of any one previous claim, wherein the surfactant is a silicone polyether.7.The UV curable epoxy-based composition of any one previous claim, wherein the sensitizer is one or any combination of more than one thioxanthone and / or substituted thioxanthone.8.A method for using the UV curable epoxy-based composition of any one previous claim, the method comprising disposing the UV curable epoxy-based composition onto a substrate and then exposing the UV curable epoxy-based composition to ultraviolet light.9.An article comprising the UV curable epoxy-based composition of any one of claims 1-7 that has been cured by the method of claim 8, where the cured UV curable epoxy-based composition is on a substrate.10.The article of claim 9, wherein the article comprises an organic light emitting diode.
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