Solar cell, photovoltaic module, and photovoltaic system

Abstract

The present application relates to a solar cell. The solar cell comprises a first transparent electrode and a second transparent electrode which are stacked, and a perovskite layer arranged between the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode; the material of the perovskite layer comprises a perovskite material; when absorbing sunlight, the perovskite material can convert light energy of sunlight into electric energy for power generation; and when the solar cell is powered on, the perovskite material can serve as a luminescent material to convert electric energy into light energy for luminescence.

Description

Solar cells, photovoltaic modules and photovoltaic systems

[0001] Related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese patent application number 202311019152.1, filed on August 11, 2023, entitled “Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Modules, and Photovoltaic Systems,” the entire text of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present application relates to the field of photovoltaic power generation technology, and in particular to a solar cell, a photovoltaic module and a photovoltaic system. Background Art

[0004] Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have been widely used in optoelectronic devices such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors and lasers in recent years due to their excellent optoelectronic properties such as direct band gap, high carrier mobility, easy band gap adjustment and low defect density.

[0005] However, for perovskite materials, light absorption power generation and electroluminescence are two completely opposite processes. When applying them to devices that can both emit light and generate electricity, two sets of devices are usually required to be connected in series, which makes the device structure more complicated. In addition, the light absorption performance becomes more difficult due to the increase in the device stacking structure, which is not conducive to the perovskite material converting light energy into electrical energy.

[0006] Summary of the Invention

[0007] According to various embodiments of the present application, a solar cell, a photovoltaic module, and a photovoltaic system are provided.

[0008] In a first aspect, a solar cell is provided, comprising: a stacked first transparent electrode, a second transparent electrode, and a perovskite layer disposed between the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode;

[0009] Among them, the materials of the perovskite layer include: perovskite material, which can convert the light energy of sunlight into electrical energy when absorbing sunlight for power generation; when the solar cell is powered on, the perovskite material can serve as a luminescent material to convert electrical energy into light energy for luminescence.

[0010] Optionally, the band gap of the perovskite layer is about 1.2 eV to 3.0 eV.

[0011] Optionally, the perovskite material is a compound with the chemical formula ABX3:

[0012] A is selected from two or more of methylamine, formamidine, acetamidine, cesium ion, rubidium ion, guanidine, ethylenediamine and phenylethylamine; B is selected from one or more of lead ion, tin ion, copper ion, germanium ion and bismuth ion; X is selected from F - , I - Br - 、Cl - 、BF4 - PF6 - and SCN - One or more of .

[0013] Optionally, the transmittance of the first transparent electrode in the visible light band is about 10% to 99%;

[0014] Optionally, the second transparent electrode has a light transmittance in the visible light band of about 10% to 99%.

[0015] Optionally, the first transparent electrode comprises: a combination of one or more materials selected from transparent conductive metal oxide, conductive plastic and conductive metal.

[0016] Optionally, the second transparent electrode includes one or more material combinations selected from Ag, Cu, Al, Au, ITO, IZO, IWO, FTO, nanosilver wires, PEDOT:PSS and carbon materials.

[0017] Optionally, the solar cell has a light transmittance of about 5% to 95% in the visible light band.

[0018] Optionally, the thickness of the first transparent electrode is about 10 nm to 200 nm.

[0019] Optionally, the second transparent electrode has a thickness of about 10 nm to 20 μm.

[0020] Optionally, the perovskite layer has a thickness of about 50 nm to 1000 nm.

[0021] Optionally, the first transparent electrode, the second transparent electrode and the perovskite layer are respectively prepared by at least one method selected from spin coating, doctor blade coating, inkjet printing, magnetron sputtering, evaporation, transfer printing, screen printing, slit coating and spray pyrolysis.

[0022] Optionally, the solar cell further comprises: at least one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer;

[0023] The materials of the electron transport layer include one or more of TiO2, ZnO2, SnO2, BaSnO3, fullerene and its derivatives; the materials of the hole transport layer include Spiro-OMeTAD, PEDOT:PSS, P3HT, PTAA, self-assembled organic monolayer materials and NiO x One or more of .

[0024] Optionally, the electron transport layer has a thickness of about 10 nm to 200 nm.

[0025] Optionally, the hole transport layer has a thickness of about 10 nm to 200 nm.

[0026] Optionally, the electron transport layer and the hole transport layer are respectively prepared by at least one method selected from spin coating, doctor blade coating, inkjet printing, magnetron sputtering, evaporation, transfer printing, screen printing, slit coating and spray pyrolysis.

[0027] Optionally, the solar cell further includes: a transparent substrate, wherein the transparent substrate is arranged on a side of the first transparent electrode away from the second transparent electrode.

[0028] Optionally, the transparent substrate is a flexible substrate or a rigid substrate.

[0029] Optionally, the solar cell further includes: an encapsulation layer arranged on a side of the second transparent electrode away from the first transparent electrode.

[0030] Optionally, the encapsulation layer includes an encapsulation glass and an encapsulation adhesive film stacked in sequence in a direction away from the first transparent electrode.

[0031] In a second aspect, a photovoltaic assembly is provided, comprising a plurality of solar cells connected in series and / or in parallel;

[0032] At least one of the solar cells is the solar cell according to the first aspect.

[0033] In a third aspect, a photovoltaic system is provided, comprising the photovoltaic assembly as described in the second aspect.

[0034] Optionally, the photovoltaic system includes a BIPV structure, and the photovoltaic components are used as building materials.

[0035] Optionally, the photovoltaic components are part or all of a photovoltaic curtain wall, a photovoltaic roof, a photovoltaic sunshade, a skylight and a balcony guardrail.

[0036] Optionally, the photovoltaic system further comprises: an energy storage device;

[0037] The energy storage device is electrically connected to the photovoltaic assembly and is used to store the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic assembly when the photovoltaic assembly generates electricity, and to supply power to the photovoltaic assembly when the photovoltaic assembly emits light.

[0038] Optionally, the photovoltaic system further comprises: a control device;

[0039] The control device is electrically connected to the energy storage device and the photovoltaic assembly respectively, and is used to control the photovoltaic assembly to emit light or generate electricity, and to control the energy storage device to supply power to the photovoltaic assembly or stop supplying power.

[0040] The details of one or more embodiments of the present application are set forth in the following drawings and description. Other features, objects, and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the description, drawings, and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the conventional technology, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the conventional technology descriptions. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on the disclosed drawings without any creative work.

[0042] FIG1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0043] FIG2 is a schematic structural diagram of a photovoltaic system provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0044] FIG3 is a schematic diagram of a framework of a control device provided in an embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0045] To make the above-mentioned objects, features, and advantages of the present application more clearly understood, the specific embodiments of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following description sets forth many specific details to facilitate a full understanding of the present application. However, the present application can be implemented in many other ways than those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar improvements without violating the scope of the present application. Therefore, the present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0046] Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims, the term "including" is to be interpreted as having an open, inclusive meaning, that is, "including, but not limited to." In the description of the specification, the terms "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "exemplary embodiments," "exemplarily," or "some examples" are intended to indicate that specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics associated with the embodiment or example are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present disclosure. The schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. In addition, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be included in any one or more embodiments or examples in any appropriate manner.

[0047] Exemplary embodiments are described herein with reference to cross-sectional and / or plan views that are idealized exemplary drawings. In the drawings, the thicknesses of layers and regions are exaggerated for clarity. Therefore, variations in shape relative to the drawings due to, for example, manufacturing techniques and / or tolerances are contemplated. Therefore, the exemplary embodiments should not be construed as limited to the shapes of the regions shown herein, but rather include deviations in shape due to, for example, manufacturing. For example, an etched region shown as a rectangle will typically have curved features. Therefore, the regions shown in the drawings are schematic in nature, and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of regions of the device and are not intended to limit the scope of the exemplary embodiments.

[0048] “A and / or B” includes the following three combinations: A only, B only, and a combination of A and B.

[0049] As used herein, "one or more" means one or more than two, unless otherwise specified.

[0050] As used herein, the terms "for example," "such as," "example," and "for instance" are used for descriptive purposes to indicate that the preceding and following technical solutions are related in terms of their coverage, but should not be construed as limiting the preceding technical solution or the scope of protection herein. As used herein, unless otherwise specified, "A (such as B)" means that B is a non-limiting example of A, and it should be understood that A is not limited to B.

[0051] As used herein, "optionally," "optional," and "optional" mean optional or dispensable, meaning that the option is selected from either of two parallel options: "optional" or "optional." If a technical solution contains multiple "optional" clauses, each "optional" clause is considered independent unless otherwise specified and there are no conflicts or constraints.

[0052] Herein, descriptions such as “optionally contain” and “optionally include” mean “contain or not contain”. “Optional component X” means component X is present or not, or contains or not contains the component X.

[0053] In this document, the terms "first", "second", "third", "fourth", etc. in "first aspect", "second aspect", "third", "fourth", etc. are used for descriptive purposes only and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor can they be understood as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the indicated technical features.

[0054] It should be noted that when an element is referred to as being "fixed to" or "disposed on" another element, it may be directly on the other element or there may be an intermediate element. When an element is considered to be "connected to" another element, it may be directly connected to the other element or there may be an intermediate element. The terms "vertical," "horizontal," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," and similar expressions used herein are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent the only implementation methods.

[0055] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as those commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this application pertains. The terms used herein in the specification of this application are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to limit this application.

[0056] In this article, the technical features described in an open manner include closed technical solutions composed of the listed features, and also include open technical solutions containing the listed features.

[0057] Herein, when referring to a numerical interval (i.e., a numerical range), unless otherwise specified, the distribution of the optional numerical values ​​within the numerical interval is considered continuous and includes the two numerical endpoints (i.e., the minimum and maximum values) of the numerical interval, and each numerical value between the two numerical endpoints. Unless otherwise specified, when a numerical interval refers only to integers within the numerical interval, including the two endpoint integers of the numerical range, and each integer between the two endpoints, is equivalent to directly listing each integer. When multiple numerical ranges are provided to describe features or characteristics, these numerical ranges can be merged. In other words, unless otherwise specified, the numerical ranges disclosed herein should be understood to include any and all subranges included therein. The "numerical value" in the numerical interval can be any quantitative value, such as a number, a percentage, a ratio, etc. "Numerical interval" allows for broad inclusion of numerical interval types such as percentage intervals, ratio intervals, and ratio intervals.

[0058] The fill factor (FF) used in this article refers to the ratio of the actual maximum achievable power (Pm or Vmp*Jmp) to the theoretical (not actually achievable) power (Jsc*Voc). Therefore, FF can be determined by the following formula: FF = (Vmp*Jmp) / (Jsc*Voc)

[0059] Where Jmp and Vmp represent the current density and voltage at the maximum power point (Pm), respectively. This point is achieved by varying the resistance in the circuit until J*V reaches its maximum value. Jsc and Voc represent the short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage, respectively. Fill factor is a key parameter for evaluating solar cells. Commercial solar cells typically have a fill factor of approximately 60% or higher.

[0060] As used herein, open circuit voltage (Voc) is the potential difference between the anode and cathode of a device with no external load connected.

[0061] The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a solar cell used in this article refers to the percentage of power converted from absorbed light to electrical energy. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a solar cell can be measured by the incident light irradiance (E: W / m 2 ) and the surface area of ​​the solar cell (Ac:m 2 ) divided by the maximum power point (Pm). STC usually refers to the temperature of 25℃ and irradiance of 1000W / m 2 , the spectrum of air mass 1.5 (AM1.5).

[0062] In this document, if a method flow involves multiple steps, unless otherwise specified herein, there is no strict order restriction on the execution of these steps, and they can be performed in an order other than the order described. Moreover, any step can include multiple sub-steps or multiple stages, and these sub-steps or stages do not necessarily need to be completed at the same time, but can be performed at different times, and their execution order does not necessarily need to be sequential, but can be performed in rotation, alternation, or simultaneously with other steps or parts of sub-steps or stages of other steps.

[0063] At present, based on the excellent photoelectric properties of this perovskite material, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells prepared from it has reached 25.7%; in addition, as people apply it to light-emitting devices such as LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes), the external quantum efficiency of LEDs has also reached more than 20%.

[0064] Based on this, the relevant technology records an integrated device for power generation and light emission using a perovskite solar cell and a perovskite LED. In this device structure, the perovskite solar cell and the perovskite LED are two independent devices, which are integrated together in series and parallel. Although the integrated device can both generate electricity and emit light, its structure and preparation process are complex, and the production cost is high. When the two independent devices are stacked, the light transmittance is reduced, which is not conducive to the perovskite material absorbing light to generate electricity, and the light extraction efficiency will also be reduced.

[0065] Based on the above problems, in a first aspect, some embodiments of the present application provide a solar cell. As shown in FIG1 , the solar cell 10 includes: a stacked first transparent electrode 1, a second transparent electrode 2, and a perovskite layer 3 disposed between the first transparent electrode 1 and the second transparent electrode 2. The material of the perovskite layer 3 includes: a perovskite material, which can convert sunlight energy into electrical energy for power generation when absorbing sunlight; and when the solar cell 10 is powered on, the perovskite material can function as a luminescent material to convert electrical energy into light energy for luminescence.

[0066] Among them, the above-mentioned first transparent electrode 1 and second transparent electrode 2 refer to observation through the first transparent electrode 1 and second transparent electrode 2. The first transparent electrode 1 and second transparent electrode 2 are "transparent", and objects on the opposite side can be observed. Therefore, the first transparent electrode 1 and second transparent electrode 2 can transmit visible light. Therefore, when the above-mentioned solar cell 10 is exposed to sunlight, the perovskite material can absorb sunlight that passes through the first transparent electrode 1 and the second transparent electrode 2, and the light absorption efficiency can be improved compared with one of the electrodes being a non-transparent electrode; and when the above-mentioned solar cell 10 is energized to make the perovskite material emit light, the light emitted by the perovskite material can be emitted through the first transparent electrode 1 and the second transparent electrode 2, thereby realizing double-sided light emission, which can broaden the application scenarios of the integrated light-emitting and power generation device compared with one of the electrodes being a non-transparent electrode.

[0067] In some embodiments, the first transparent electrode 1 may include: a combination of one or more materials selected from transparent conductive metal oxides, conductive plastics, and conductive metals.

[0068] In these embodiments, the first transparent electrode 1 may be a bottom electrode, and in this case, the second transparent electrode 2 may be a counter electrode.

[0069] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the first transparent electrode 1 may be a single-layer structure composed of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of transparent conductive metal oxides, conductive plastics, and conductive metals, or a multi-layer structure composed of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of transparent conductive metal oxides, conductive plastics, and conductive metals, and is not specifically limited thereto.

[0070] In order to maintain a high light transmittance of the first transparent electrode 1 , when the first transparent electrode 1 comprises a conductive metal, the thickness of the conductive metal can be thinner to achieve a higher light transmittance effect.

[0071] In some embodiments, the thickness of the first transparent electrode 1 is about 10 nm to 200 nm.

[0072] In some embodiments, the light transmittance of the first transparent electrode 1 in the visible light band is approximately 10% to 99%.

[0073] In these embodiments, a high transmittance of the first transparent electrode 1 can be ensured.

[0074] In some embodiments, the second transparent electrode 2 includes: one or more combinations of doped or undoped Ag, Cu, Al, Au, ITO (Indium Tin Oxides), IZO (Indium-Zinc-Oxide), IWO (tungsten-doped indium oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), silver nanowires, PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid) and carbon materials.

[0075] In some embodiments, the second transparent electrode 2 may include: one or more material combinations of doped or undoped Ag, Cu, Al, Au, ITO, IZO, IWO, FTO, nano silver wires, PEDOT:PSS, and carbon materials.

[0076] In these embodiments, the second transparent electrode 2 is a counter electrode.

[0077] Similar to the above-mentioned first transparent electrode 1, the second transparent electrode 2 can be a single-layer structure composed of one or more materials selected from doped or undoped Ag, Cu, Al, Au, ITO, IZO, IWO, FTO, nanosilver wires, PEDOT:PSS and carbon materials, or a multi-layer structure composed of one or more materials selected from doped or undoped Ag, Cu, Al, Au, ITO, IZO, IWO, FTO, nanosilver wires, PEDOT:PSS and carbon materials, without specific limitation herein.

[0078] In order to maintain a high light transmittance of the second transparent electrode 2, when the second transparent electrode 2 includes: metal electrodes such as doped and undoped Ag, Cu, Al, Au, nanosilver wires, etc., the thickness of these metal electrodes can be thinner to achieve a higher light transmittance effect.

[0079] In some embodiments, the second transparent electrode 2 has a thickness of about 10 nm to 20 μm.

[0080] In some embodiments, the light transmittance of the second transparent electrode 2 in the visible light band is approximately 10% to 99%.

[0081] In these embodiments, a high light transmittance of the second transparent electrode 2 can be ensured.

[0082] The perovskite material contained in the solar cell 10 can be a light-absorbing material and an electroluminescent material at the same time, so that the perovskite material can generate electricity when irradiated by sunlight and emit light when a higher voltage is applied.

[0083] Based on the above, in the solar cell 10 provided in the embodiment of the present application, the structure of the solar cell 10 can be exactly the same as the structure of the solar cell in the related art. Only by selecting a perovskite material, when the perovskite material absorbs sunlight, the perovskite material is used to convert solar energy into electrical energy, and the solar cell 10 is used to generate electricity. When the solar cell 10 is energized, the electroluminescent property of the perovskite material is used to convert electrical energy into light energy, thereby realizing the use of the solar cell 10 to emit light. In this way, an integrated device that can both generate electricity and emit light can be prepared. Compared with the more complex structure of the integrated device in the related art, the structure of the integrated light-emitting and power generation device can be simplified. At the same time, by adopting the first transparent electrode 1 and the second transparent electrode 2, double-sided light absorption and light emission can be achieved. On the one hand, the light absorption efficiency of the perovskite material can be improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved. On the other hand, the light extraction efficiency can be improved. This solves the problem in the related art that when two independent devices are stacked, the light transmittance is reduced, which is not conducive to the perovskite material absorbing light for power generation, and the light extraction efficiency is also reduced.

[0084] In some embodiments, the solar cell 10 has a light transmittance in the visible light band of about 5% to 95%.

[0085] In these embodiments, when the solar cell 10 does not emit light, a high light transmittance of the solar cell 10 can be ensured without causing shading, thereby increasing the application scenarios of the solar cell 10 as an integrated structure for power generation and light emission.

[0086] In some embodiments, the band gap of the perovskite layer is approximately 1.2 eV to 3.0 eV.

[0087] In these embodiments, by controlling the band gap of the perovskite material within the above range and by selecting perovskite materials with different band gaps, on the one hand, the perovskite material can absorb light of different wavelengths for power generation, and on the other hand, the band gap can be adjusted to enable the perovskite material to emit light of different colors or different wavelengths.

[0088] Here, as the band gap becomes wider, the absorption wavelength and emission wavelength become shorter, and conversely, the absorption wavelength and emission wavelength become longer. In this way, by adjusting different band gaps, it is possible to achieve absorption or emission in the desired wavelength band.

[0089] For example, the band gap of the perovskite material can be 1.56eV. In this case, when generating electricity, the perovskite material can absorb light in the 300nm to 800nm ​​band. When a certain voltage is applied to emit light, the perovskite material can emit light in the 700nm to 800nm ​​band.

[0090] There is no limitation on the specific selection of the above-mentioned perovskite material. Any perovskite material that can absorb light to generate electricity and emit light under a certain voltage is within the scope of this application.

[0091] For example, in some embodiments, the perovskite material is a compound with the chemical formula ABX3:

[0092] A is selected from one or more of methylamine, formamidine, acetamidine, cesium ion, rubidium ion, guanidine, ethylenediamine and phenylethylamine; B is selected from one or more of lead ion, tin ion, copper ion, germanium ion and bismuth ion; X is selected from F - , I - Br - 、Cl - 、BF4 - PF6 - and SCN - One or more of .

[0093] In some embodiments, the perovskite material is a compound with the chemical formula ABX3:

[0094] A is selected from two or more of methylamine, formamidine, acetamidine, cesium ion, rubidium ion, guanidine, ethylenediamine and phenylethylamine; B is selected from one or more of lead ion, tin ion, copper ion, germanium ion and bismuth ion; X is selected from F - , I - Br - 、Cl - 、BF4 - PF6 - and SCN - One or more of .

[0095] In these embodiments, by selecting these perovskite materials, since A is selected from two or more of methylamine, formamidine, acetamidine, cesium ion, rubidium ion, guanidine, ethylenediamine and phenylethylamine, compared with A being selected from one of methylamine, formamidine, acetamidine, cesium ion, rubidium ion, guanidine, ethylenediamine and phenylethylamine, the photoelectric conversion efficiency and external quantum efficiency of the solar cell 10 can be effectively improved, and it has strong practical application value.

[0096] In some embodiments, the thickness of the perovskite layer 3 is about 50 nm to 1000 nm.

[0097] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , the solar cell 10 further includes: at least one of an electron transport layer 4 and a hole transport layer 5 .

[0098] In the case where the solar cell 10 only includes the electron transport layer 4 , the electron transport layer 4 can be disposed between the first transparent electrode 1 and the perovskite layer 3 , or between the second transparent electrode 2 and the perovskite layer 3 .

[0099] In the case where the solar cell 10 includes only the hole transport layer 5 , the hole transport layer 5 may be disposed between the first transparent electrode 1 and the perovskite layer 3 , or between the second transparent electrode 2 and the perovskite layer 3 .

[0100] In the case where the solar cell 10 includes: an electron transport layer 4 and a hole transport layer 5, the electron transport layer 4 can be arranged between the first transparent electrode 1 and the perovskite layer 3, and the hole transport layer 5 can be arranged between the second transparent electrode 2 and the perovskite layer 3, or the electron transport layer 4 can be arranged between the second transparent electrode 2 and the perovskite layer 3, and the hole transport layer 5 can be arranged between the first transparent electrode 1 and the perovskite layer 3.

[0101] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, when the solar cell 10 includes an electron transport layer 4, the thickness of the electron transport layer 4 can be approximately 10 nm to 200 nm. When the solar cell 10 includes a hole transport layer 5, the thickness of the hole transport layer 5 can be approximately 10 nm to 200 nm.

[0102] In some embodiments, the material of the electron transport layer 4 includes one or more of TiO2, ZnO2, SnO2, fullerene and its derivatives; the material of the hole transport layer 5 includes Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine))9,9′-spirobifluorene), PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonic acid), P3HT (3-hexylthiophene polymer), PTAA (poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]), self-assembled materials (such as 2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid), MeO-2PACz and MeO-4PACz) and NiO x One or more of .

[0103] In some embodiments, the first transparent electrode 1, the second transparent electrode 2, the perovskite layer 3, the electron transport layer 4 and the hole transport layer 5 are respectively prepared by at least one method selected from spin coating, doctor blade coating, inkjet printing, magnetron sputtering, evaporation, transfer, screen printing, slit coating and spray pyrolysis.

[0104] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer 4 is disposed between the second transparent electrode 2 and the perovskite layer 3; the solar cell 10 further includes: an interface modification layer and / or a buffer layer; wherein the interface modification layer and / or the buffer layer are disposed between the second transparent electrode 2 and the electron transport layer 4, and when the solar cell 10 includes the interface modification layer and the buffer layer, the buffer layer is closer to the second transparent electrode 2 relative to the interface modification layer.

[0105] In some embodiments, the material of the interface modification layer includes: BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), zirconium acetylacetonate, SnO2, Al2O3, and the material of the buffer layer includes: SnO2, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-biphenyl-1,10-o-phenanthroline, IZO, ITO and one or more combinations of zirconium acetylacetonate.

[0106] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG1 , the solar cell 10 may further include a transparent substrate 6, which is disposed on a side of the first transparent electrode 1 away from the second transparent electrode 2. Optionally, the transparent substrate 6 may be a flexible substrate or a rigid substrate.

[0107] In other embodiments, as shown in FIG1 , the solar cell 10 may further include an encapsulation layer 7 disposed on a side of the second transparent electrode 2 away from the first transparent electrode 1. Optionally, the encapsulation layer 7 includes an encapsulation glass 71 and an encapsulation film 72 stacked sequentially in a direction away from the first transparent electrode 1.

[0108] The packaging film may be an organic packaging film such as an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer film, a polyethylene octene co-elastomer film or a polyethylene terephthalate film.

[0109] In a second aspect, some embodiments of the present application provide a photovoltaic assembly comprising a plurality of solar cells connected in series and / or in parallel, wherein at least one solar cell is the solar cell as described in the first aspect.

[0110] The plurality of solar cells may be connected by fixed connectors (such as angle irons and bolts).

[0111] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module may further include a cover plate, which is used to cover the surface of the encapsulation layer of the solar cell away from the solar cell. The solar cells are electrically connected in the form of a whole piece or multiple pieces.

[0112] In some embodiments, the plurality of solar cells may be electrically connected via conductive tapes. The encapsulation layer of the solar cell may cover the second transparent electrode and the surface of the conductive tape of the solar cell to encapsulate the solar cell.

[0113] In some embodiments, the cover plate may be a glass cover plate, a plastic cover plate or other light-transmitting cover plate.

[0114] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , the photovoltaic assembly 20 may further include a frame structure, and a plurality of solar cells may be mounted on the frame structure and fixed by the frame structure.

[0115] In a third aspect, as shown in FIG2 , some embodiments of the present application further provide a photovoltaic system 100 , comprising the photovoltaic assembly 20 as described in the second aspect.

[0116] It is understood that the photovoltaic system 100 can be applied to photovoltaic power stations, such as ground-mounted power stations, rooftop power stations, and water-surface power stations, and can also be applied to equipment or devices that use solar energy to generate electricity, such as user solar power supplies, solar streetlights, solar cars, and solar buildings. Of course, it is understood that the application scenarios of the photovoltaic system are not limited to these.

[0117] In other words, photovoltaic system 100 can be applied in all fields requiring solar power generation. Taking a photovoltaic power generation system as an example, photovoltaic system 100 may include a photovoltaic array, a combiner box, and an inverter. The photovoltaic array may be an array combination of multiple photovoltaic modules. For example, multiple photovoltaic modules 20 may form multiple photovoltaic arrays. The photovoltaic arrays are connected to a combiner box, which combines the current generated by the photovoltaic arrays. The combined current flows through an inverter, is converted into AC power required by the mains power grid, and then connected to the mains power grid to achieve solar power supply.

[0118] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic system 100 includes a BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic) structure, and the photovoltaic modules 20 are used as building materials.

[0119] In these embodiments, the photovoltaic module 20 can achieve double-sided light emission when used in a BIPV structure, thereby expanding the application scenarios of the photovoltaic module 20 as a building material.

[0120] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic assembly 20 is part or all of a photovoltaic curtain wall, a photovoltaic roof, a photovoltaic sunshade, a skylight, and a balcony guardrail.

[0121] In these embodiments, by using the photovoltaic modules 20 as different building materials, the corresponding functions of the building materials can be achieved.

[0122] In some embodiments, as shown in Figure 2, the photovoltaic system 100 may also include: an energy storage device 30, which is electrically connected to the photovoltaic component 20, and is used to store the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic component 20 when the photovoltaic component 20 generates electricity, and to supply power to the photovoltaic component 20 when the photovoltaic component 20 emits light.

[0123] In these embodiments, during the day, the photovoltaic modules 20 can be used to absorb sunlight to generate electricity, and the electricity generated by the photovoltaic modules can be stored in the energy storage device 30. At night, the photovoltaic modules 20 can be powered by the energy storage device 30, and the photovoltaic modules 20 can be used for double-sided light emission. In this way, the photovoltaic system 100 can be self-sufficient in electricity.

[0124] For example, when the photovoltaic module 20 is used as a building material, during the day, the photovoltaic module 20 absorbs sunlight to generate electricity, and the electricity generated by the photovoltaic module 20 is stored in the energy storage device 30. At night, the photovoltaic module 20 is powered by the energy storage device 30. The photovoltaic module 20 can be used for double-sided light emission to provide lighting inside and outside the building, thereby achieving self-sufficiency in building lighting, broadening the application scenarios of solar power generation, and reducing the electricity cost of the building.

[0125] In some embodiments, as shown in Figure 2, the photovoltaic system 100 may also include: a control device 40, which is electrically connected to the energy storage device 30 and the photovoltaic component 20 respectively, and is used to control the photovoltaic component to emit light or generate electricity, and to control the energy storage device 30 to supply power to the photovoltaic component or stop supplying power.

[0126] In these embodiments, by providing the control device 40 , the photovoltaic system 100 can be automatically controlled to generate electricity and emit light.

[0127] In which, the above-mentioned control device 40 may include one or more control modules, one or more control modules are used to control the photovoltaic component 20 to generate electricity or emit light, and when the photovoltaic component 20 generates electricity, control the energy storage device 30 to supply power to the photovoltaic component 20, and when the photovoltaic component 20 stops generating electricity or emitting light, control the energy storage device 30 to stop supplying power to the photovoltaic component 20.

[0128] Each control module in the above-mentioned control device 40 can be implemented in whole or in part by software, hardware, or a combination thereof. Each of the above-mentioned control modules can be embedded in or independent of the processor in the computer device in the form of hardware, or can be stored in the memory of the computer device in the form of software, so that the processor can call and execute the operations corresponding to each of the above-mentioned control modules. For example, at night, the processor can control the energy storage device 30 to supply power to the photovoltaic module 20, control the energy storage device 30 to supply power to the photovoltaic module 20, thereby enabling the photovoltaic module 20 to convert electrical energy into light energy, and then enable the photovoltaic module 20 to emit light; and during the day, the processor can control the energy storage device 30 to stop supplying power to the photovoltaic module 20, and at the same time control the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic module 20 to be stored in the energy storage device 30, thereby enabling the photovoltaic module 20 to generate electricity, and realizing the integration of power supply and light emission of the photovoltaic module 20.

[0129] In some embodiments, the control device 40 may be a computer device, which may be a terminal, and its internal structure diagram may be as shown in FIG3 . The computer device includes a processor, a memory, a communication interface, a display unit, and an input device connected via a system bus. The processor of the computer device is used to provide computing and control capabilities. The memory of the computer device includes a non-volatile storage medium and an internal memory. The non-volatile storage medium stores an operating system and a computer program. The internal memory provides an environment for the operation of the operating system and computer program in the non-volatile storage medium. The communication interface of the computer device is used to communicate with an external terminal in a wired or wireless manner. The wireless manner may be achieved through WIFI, a mobile cellular network, NFC (near field communication), or other technologies. When the computer program is executed by the processor, the control method of the control device described above is implemented. The display unit of the computer device may be a liquid crystal display or an electronic ink display. The input device of the computer device may be a touch layer covering the display screen, or may be a key, trackball, or touchpad provided on the computer device housing, or may be an external keyboard, touchpad, or mouse.

[0130] Those skilled in the art will understand that the structure shown in FIG3 is merely a block diagram of a portion of the structure related to the solution of the present application, and does not constitute a limitation on the computer device to which the solution of the present application is applied. The specific computer device may include more or fewer components than shown in the figure, or combine certain components, or have a different arrangement of components.

[0131] In order to objectively evaluate the technical effects of the embodiments of the present application, the present application will be described in detail and exemplarily through the following embodiments.

[0132] In the following examples, all raw materials can be purchased commercially, and in order to maintain the reliability of the experiments, the raw materials used in the following examples have the same physical and chemical parameters or are prepared by the same processing method.

[0133] Example 1

[0134] The method for preparing the solar cell provided in Example 1 is as follows:

[0135] Step 1) Prepare SnO2 (as electron transport layer) with a thickness of about 30nm, a perovskite layer with a thickness of about 500nm and a Spiro-OMeTAD (as hole transport layer) with a thickness of about 30nm on a transparent FTO conductive substrate by scraping. 2.1 Br 0.9 .

[0136] Step 2) depositing an ITO transparent electrode (as a counter electrode) with a thickness of about 100 nm by magnetron sputtering, and encapsulating the solar cell with transparent encapsulation glass.

[0137] Step 3) electrically connecting the prepared plurality of solar cells in series and in parallel, wherein the solar cells are fixedly connected by angle irons and bolts, and the solar cells are fixed on a frame structure to form a building curtain wall.

[0138] Example 2

[0139] The method for preparing the solar cell provided in Example 2 is as follows:

[0140] Step 1) NiOx (as a hole transport layer) with a thickness of about 30 nm is deposited on a transparent ITO conductive substrate by plasma deposition, and then a perovskite layer with a thickness of about 500 nm is prepared by doctor blade coating, and then C60 with a thickness of 40 nm and BCP with a thickness of 8 nm are sequentially evaporated by vacuum evaporation; wherein the material of the perovskite layer is (4F-PEA)2(FA 0.3 MA 0.7 )4Pb5I 16 .

[0141] Step 2) Prepare nano silver wires with a thickness of about 100 nm as a counter electrode by screen printing, and use transparent packaging glass to encapsulate the solar cell.

[0142] Step 3) electrically connecting the prepared plurality of solar cells in series and in parallel, wherein the solar cells are fixedly connected by angle irons and bolts, and the solar cells are fixed on a frame structure to form a building curtain wall.

[0143] Example 3

[0144] Step 1) depositing 2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid) with a thickness of about 30 nm (as a hole transport layer) on a transparent ITO conductive substrate by plasma deposition, and then preparing a perovskite layer with a thickness of about 500 nm by doctor blade coating, and then sequentially depositing C60 with a thickness of 40 nm and BCP with a thickness of 8 nm by vacuum evaporation; wherein the material of the perovskite layer is FA 0.85 MA 0.10 Cs 0.05 PbI3.

[0145] Step 2) depositing an ITO transparent electrode (as a counter electrode) with a thickness of about 100 nm by magnetron sputtering, and encapsulating the solar cell with transparent encapsulation glass.

[0146] Step 3) electrically connecting the prepared plurality of solar cells in series and in parallel, wherein the solar cells are fixedly connected by angle irons and bolts, and the solar cells are fixed on a frame structure to form a building curtain wall.

[0147] Example 4

[0148] The method for preparing the solar cell provided in Example 4 is as follows:

[0149] Step 1) On a transparent FTO conductive substrate, a 30nm thick SnO2 (electron transport layer), a 500nm thick perovskite layer, and a 30nm thick Spiro-OMeTAD (hole transport layer) were sequentially prepared by doctor blade coating. The perovskite layer was made of MAPbI3.

[0150] Step 2) depositing an ITO transparent electrode (as a counter electrode) with a thickness of about 100 nm by magnetron sputtering, and encapsulating the solar cell with transparent encapsulation glass.

[0151] Step 3) electrically connecting the prepared plurality of solar cells in series and in parallel, wherein the solar cells are fixedly connected by angle irons and bolts, and the solar cells are fixed on a frame structure to form a building curtain wall.

[0152] Test Case

[0153] The performance of the solar cells provided in Examples 1 to 4 was tested, and the specific test results are shown in Table 1 below.

[0154] Table 1

[0155] When testing the above EQE, an external quantum efficiency tester may be used to test the device. During the test, the applied bias voltage varies in the range of about 0 to 5V.

[0156] As can be seen from Table 1, the solar cells provided in the embodiments of the present application can not only generate electricity but also emit light, and by selecting the perovskite material, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be improved while improving the luminescence performance of the solar cell. By comparing Example 1 and Example 4, it can be seen that by selecting a specific perovskite material (as an electroluminescent material), the photoelectric conversion efficiency and external quantum efficiency of the solar cell can be effectively improved, and it has strong practical application value.

[0157] The technical features of the above-mentioned embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. In order to make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-mentioned embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0158] The above-described embodiments merely represent several implementation methods of the present application. While the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that a person of ordinary skill in the art may make various modifications and improvements without departing from the spirit of the present application, and these modifications and improvements fall within the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present patent application shall be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A solar cell, wherein: include: A stacked first transparent electrode, a second transparent electrode, and a perovskite layer disposed between the first transparent electrode and the second transparent electrode; Among them, the materials of the perovskite layer include: perovskite material, which can convert the light energy of sunlight into electrical energy when absorbing sunlight for power generation; when the solar cell is powered on, the perovskite material can be used as a luminescent material to convert electrical energy into light energy for luminescence.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein: The band gap of the perovskite layer is about 1.2 eV to 3.0 eV.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The perovskite material is a compound with the chemical formula ABX3: A is selected from two or more of methylamine, formamidine, acetamidine, cesium ion, rubidium ion, guanidine, ethylenediamine and phenylethylamine; B is selected from one or more of lead ion, tin ion, copper ion, germanium ion and bismuth ion; X is selected from F - ,I - Br - , Cl - 、BF4 - PF6 - and SCN - One or more of .

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: The light transmittance of the first transparent electrode in the visible light band is about 10% to 99%.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein: The light transmittance of the second transparent electrode in the visible light band is about 10% to 99%.

6. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein: The first transparent electrode comprises: a combination of one or more materials selected from transparent conductive metal oxide, conductive plastic and conductive metal.

7. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: The second transparent electrode comprises: one or more material combinations of doped or undoped Ag, Cu, Al, Au, ITO, IZO, IWO, FTO, nano silver wires, PEDOT:PSS and carbon materials.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The light transmittance of the solar cell in the visible light band is about 5% to 95%.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: The thickness of the first transparent electrode is about 10 nm to 200 nm.

10. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein: The second transparent electrode has a thickness of about 10 nm to 20 μm.

11. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein: The thickness of the perovskite layer is about 50 nm to 1000 nm.

12. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein: The first transparent electrode, the second transparent electrode and the perovskite layer are prepared by at least one of spin coating, scraper coating, inkjet printing, magnetron sputtering, evaporation, transfer, screen printing, slit coating and spray pyrolysis.

13. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein: The solar cell further comprises: at least one of an electron transport layer and a hole transport layer; The materials of the electron transport layer include: one or more of TiO2, ZnO2, SnO2, BaSnO3, fullerene and its derivatives; the materials of the hole transport layer include: Spiro-OMeTAD, PEDOT:PSS, P3HT, PTAA, self-assembled materials and NiO x One or more of .

14. The solar cell according to claim 13, wherein: The thickness of the electron transport layer is about 10 nm to 200 nm.

15. The solar cell according to claim 13 or 14, wherein: The hole transport layer has a thickness of about 10 nm to 200 nm.

16. The solar cell according to any one of claims 12 to 15, wherein: The electron transport layer and the hole transport layer are prepared respectively by at least one method selected from the group consisting of spin coating, scraper coating, inkjet printing, magnetron sputtering, evaporation, transfer printing, screen printing, slit coating and spray pyrolysis.

17. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein: The solar cell further includes a transparent substrate, and the transparent substrate is arranged on a side of the first transparent electrode away from the second transparent electrode.

18. The solar cell according to claim 17, wherein: The transparent substrate is a flexible substrate or a rigid substrate.

19. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein: The solar cell further includes: an encapsulation layer disposed on a side of the second transparent electrode away from the first transparent electrode.

20. The solar cell according to claim 19, wherein The encapsulation layer includes encapsulation glass and encapsulation adhesive film which are sequentially stacked in a direction away from the first transparent electrode.

21. A photovoltaic module, wherein: comprising a plurality of solar cells connected in series and / or in parallel; At least one of the solar cells is a solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 20.

22. A photovoltaic system, wherein: Comprising the photovoltaic module as claimed in claim 21.

23. The photovoltaic system according to claim 22, wherein: The photovoltaic system includes a BIPV structure, and the photovoltaic modules are used as building materials.

24. The photovoltaic system according to claim 23, wherein: The photovoltaic components are part or all of the photovoltaic curtain wall, photovoltaic roof, photovoltaic sunshade, skylight and balcony guardrail.

25. The photovoltaic system according to any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein: Also included: an energy storage device; The energy storage device is electrically connected to the photovoltaic assembly, and is used to store the electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic assembly when the photovoltaic assembly generates electricity, and to supply power to the photovoltaic assembly when the photovoltaic assembly emits light.

26. The photovoltaic system according to claim 25, wherein: Also included: a control device; The control device is electrically connected to the energy storage device and the photovoltaic assembly respectively, and is used to control the photovoltaic assembly to emit light or generate electricity, and to control the energy storage device to supply power to the photovoltaic assembly or stop supplying power.

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