A process providing technique for predicting the coital history, timeline for finding evidence in forced coitus cases

Abstract

The invention tries to find out the coital timeline of a person via the gene mutations arising out of the parasites with demonstrated presence in semen and vaginal fluid. IT also tries to find the sexual timeline of a person by finding out the age of the parasites or mutations due to interactions with other cohabitants or in the other body, which possibly gets transferred with the semen during intercourse. This shall serve as an important tool for providing justice to rape victims. The mutations occurring due to interaction within the seminal fluid or in the body of the female are recorded and analyzed.

Description

[0001] Title “-A process providing technique for predicting the coital history, timeline for finding evidence in forced coitus cases.”

[0002] The following Specification particularly describes and ascertains the nature of this invention and the manner in which it is to be performed. TITLE OF INVENTION: - A process providing technique for predicting the coital history, timeline for finding evidence in forced coitus cases.

[0003] BACKGROUND OF INVENTION:-

[0004] The background of invention lies in the fact that there are not very accurate methods or techniques for finding out the coital background of a person and the existing rape kit method used in contemporary time takes a lot of time and also does not present an undeniable evidence in the court of law in case of prosecuting culprits and providing rape victims quicker justice. Also the two- finger test is being annulled in several countries and has been criticized by courts of law. This invention aims to provide a respectable justice procedure to the victims.

[0005] OBJECTS OF INVENTION: - The invention finds its objective in providing a technique to estimate and predict with accuracy, the timeline and identification of rape perpetrator and unwanted coitus.

[0006] SUMMARY OF INVENTION: -

[0007] The invention entails a process or technique supported by laboratory tests and DNA profiling of the victim without the need of getting any tissue of DNA from the vaginal part of females. Also the age of parasites in the female body can help us estimate the time of occurrence of the rape as it will be same as that when the transaction of male-female interaction took place. Gene mutations due to parasites or viruses in semen can help us predict the sexual timeline of person esp. females.

[0008] DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION:-

[0009] The invention entails a process or technique supported by laboratory tests and DNA profiling of the victim without the need of getting any tissue of DNA from the vaginal part of females. Also the age of parasites in the female body can help us estimate the time of occurrence of the rape as it will be same as that when the transaction of male-female interaction took place. A small DNA sample taken from female or male and examining the gene mutations can after correlation estimate and predict the sexual history and sexual counterpart by matching it with the DNA sample collected during the investigation process or from the DNA Data Bank. 2 The invention uses the availability of around five parasites with demonstrated presence in seminal fluids of humans namely,

[0010] Entamoeba hystolytica, Schistoma haematobium,

[0011] Trichomonas vaginalis,

[0012] Trypanosoma crizi,

[0013] Toxoplasma gondii and also other undiscovered viruses or parasites or bacteria present in the semen and also vagina (although vaginal parasites have little impact on male DNA sequence) and tries to find out the changes or mutations in the DNA of the contentious male and also tries to create a profile of changes in the human DNA due to these parasites and matching them with the DNA changes in the female (victim) due to the parasites which enter the vagina through the semen fluid.

[0014] It has been shown that some parasites are indeed very well represented in human semen, thus engendering fears of their potential transmission even when condoms are used. For instance, protozoan parasites like *Trichomonas vaginalis* have been shown to survive in the semen and sexually transmitted with or without the use of a condom. In addition, other disease-causing organisms, including some helminths, have already been isolated from seminal fluid, and a risk for transmission has theoretically been recognized. However, if used correctly, condoms could protect from transmission of those parasites, depending on the type of parasite and how intact the condom is. While condoms greatly reduce the risk of acquiring many sexually transmitted infections, they are not expected to protect against many parasites that are present in the semen . It can therefore be inferred that condoms, as much as they are a very important tool in reducing transmission risk, might not offer complete protection against parasitic infections that may be passed through sexual contact.

[0015] It has been found that some parasites have a life spanning up to multiple of decades. Also the changes in the victim’s DNA due to these parasites are recorded and matches with the suspect’s DNA which has similar change in DNA due to the parasites. The timeline of sexual history can also be generated by this process by merely fining out the age of the parasites in the female body or by the changes it brings in the female DNA. For example if the maximum age of a parasite is 30 years then we can estimate the sexual transaction taking place between the male and female if we match the mutations in both the DNAs and have a DNA bank in store to match with correlations in the mutated genes in both the male and female. We also need to consider the intra and inter parasite-parasite or virus -parasite or virus-virus and similar interactions and examine them and the changes they undergo or bring about.

[0016] What has been established is that parasites tend to have great influences on female DNA, in terms of their genetic expression and evolutionary dynamics. For instance, one study has it that parasitic infections can lead to gene expression changes associated with immune responses, ultimately affecting reproductive success and offspring viability. Another study showed that the presence of parasites can drive sexual selection as a result of evolution in female preference for males bearing certain genetic characteristics that confer resistance to infection by parasites. The stress responses induced by parasites in females may give rise to epigenetic modification events, hence influencing DNA methylation patterns and therefore affecting future generations. Nonetheless, the degrees of the above effects differ depending on the type of parasite and the genetic background of the host, an implication that there exists a complicated interplay between parasitism and the female genetic architecture. In general, this evidence suffices to prove that, indeed, parasites do have a great influence in shaping female DNA and their evolutionary trajectories but there requires to be more research in this domain.

[0017] Partly, parasites demonstrate their profound effect on female DNA by changing gene expressions and immune reactions through epigenetic alterations. Indeed, there is some evidence to suggest that, in response to infection, parasitic infection might cause changes in gene expression, which, in turn, could provide an enhanced resilience of the host to cope with 'the stressor' associated with the infection. For instance, Sagonas et al. emphasize that parasites can modify the host's DNA, a situation likely to influence reproductive strategy and overall fitness .Zilio et al. even describe how such modifications may appear as adaptive responses, in that females may become better at coping with the physiological demand influenced by the parasites. Typically, parasites drive genetic change within host populations, and according to Gendlina et al., this indicates that the interactions function to predispose female DNA to permanent change. However, Alves Mota et al. wisely argue that although such findings are convincing, it is probably that given the complexity of host-parasite interaction, more functions will continue to be discovered, together with new hosts, hence furthering studies on how justified are these genetic changes. Parasites in general play a big role in the shaping up of female DNA through the modifications of immediate responses and long-term evolutionary pathways.

[0018] Parasites exert important effects on the female DNA replication process via mechanisms expected to impact both reproductive strategy and integrity of the genetic material. For instance, Sudyka et al. give the example of the alteration of host cell processes, including DNA replication, by the infection with parasites, which may increase mutation rates in women and hence genomic instability that might affect the viability and fitness of offspring. Another research describes some manipulations of the host reproductive system by certain parasites, which may have a consequence of indirectly changing the hormonal balances and metabolic pathways required for cellular division and hence impact DNA replication. As described by Merrick, the mere presence of a parasite initiates a stress response in the female host. This then leads to changes in gene expression associated with DNA repair and DNA replication processes. Further, Colizzi and Hogeweg suggest that it can be the evolutionary pressures exerted by parasitic interactions that drive the adaptations of female DNA replication mechanisms toward resilient genomic damage. Thus, the general implication of the studies would be a complex interplay between parasitism and female DNA replication with effects on genetic stability and reproductive success operating both through direct and indirect pathways.

[0019] Indeed, research confirms that parasites in male sperm induce certain adjustments in female gene expression. For example, Kincaid-Smith et al. suggested that possibly some of the parasites carried in sperm may alter the female's immune status, therefore leading to an increased reproductive potential with the activation of genes that could result in an immunosuppressive effect in order to favour embryo development. Consistently, a high number of female organisms exposed to infected sperm by Navarro-Dominguez et al. showed severely altered gene expression profiles, especially in genes related to stress response and reproductive processes.

[0020] Moreover, that such phenotypic alterations could be beneficial in fathering more vigorous descendants was demonstrated by Liu et al., thus attesting to a complex interplay between male parasite and female gene regulation that might influence evolutionary dynamics. However, the extent and the mechanisms underlying these changes are poorly understood, therefore further work is needed to comprehend the implications of sperm-borne parasites on female host gene expression and reproductive strategies in detail. DNA aging is primarily calculated through the analysis of epigenetic changes, particularly DNA methylation patterns, which serve as biomarkers for biological age. Research indicates that specific methylation sites correlate with chronological age, allowing for the development of predictive models to estimate biological age based on DNA samples. Additionally, studies have highlighted the use of machine learning algorithms to enhance the accuracy of these age predictions by integrating various biological markers alongside methylation data. However, limitations exist, such as the variability in methylation patterns across different tissues and individuals, which can affect the precision of age estimations. Overall, while DNA aging calculations are advancing through sophisticated methodologies, ongoing research is necessary to refine these techniques and address the inherent biological variability that complicates accurate age assessment. Hence the age of the parasite DNA residing in the male and female body peculiar to sexual organs directly but not limited to can be calculated and could be correlated with the suspect and the incident reporting time.

[0021] Based on the nature of the substitution or substation of bases, the following are the DNA mutations found in human beings: Point mutations in DNA occur in nucleotide base exchanges, deletions, or additions of single nucleotides in the DNA sequence.

[0022] Other important features and consequences of these fundamental types of DNA mutations in human beings are as follows: Insertions and deletions of nucleotides in the DNA sequence are responsible for causing insertion and deletion, respectively. Larger structural mutations also bring about DNA duplication, inversion, and translocation of larger DNA fragments.

[0023] Point mutations can also be classified as silent, missense, and nonsense mutations depending on their effect on the RNA produced.

[0024] Additionally, it can again be classified according to their origin into spontaneous mutations that result from natural cellular processes and induced mutations caused by environmental factors, like radiation and chemicals.

[0025] It is, therefore, crucial to grasp these forms of mutations since they tend to lead to various genetic disorders, among others, influence the exact evolutionary processes. Generally, mutation diversity in DNA is a reflection of the importance of DNA health and disease but can also be used as a fingerprint or an identifying feature for ascertaining the interaction between male and female. Types of mutations :-

[0026] Mutation

[0027] Deletion

[0028] Frameshift mutation

[0029] Point mutation

[0030] Missense mutation

[0031] Substitution

[0032] Insertion

[0033] Neomorphic mutations

[0034] Conduction mutations

[0035] Mistakes in DNA replication

[0036] Trinucleotide repeat expansion

[0037] Amino acid additions or deletions

[0038] Chromosomal

[0039] Duplication

[0040] Environmental mutagens

[0041] Inversion

[0042] Nucleotide

[0043] Overexpression mutants

[0044] Stop codon mutation

[0045] So we need to find out the mutation occurring in male parasite -parasite, parasite-host, parasite- virus and virus -virus interactions and test the female DNA for any such mutation and reach out to an identifiable and unique ascertaining evidence for matching with the potential or accused perpetrator. DNA methylation changes that are associated with age can be considered part of two related phenomena, epigenetic drift and the epigenetic clock

[0046] Embodiment 1 as study of a sample (Trypanosoma cruzi) for one human male semen parasite in host and subsequent female interaction

[0047] The impact of *Trypanosoma cruzi* on male DNA has been explored in several studies, revealing significant genetic alterations associated with infection. Research indicates that *T. cruzi* can induce oxidative stress, leading to DNA damage in male hosts, which may contribute to reproductive issues and increased mutation rates. Specifically, one study highlighted that the parasite's presence correlates with elevated levels of DNA fragmentation and alterations in gene expression related to apoptosis and cell cycle regulation Furthermore, the effects of *T. cruzi* infection extend beyond immediate DNA damage, potentially influencing long-term genomic stability and fertility in males. However, the extent of these effects can vary based on factors such as the strain of the parasite and the host's immune response, indicating a complex interaction that warrants further investigation. Overall, *T. cruzi* poses a significant risk to male DNA integrity, with implications for health and reproductive outcomes.

[0048] The effects of *Trypanosoma cruzi* on the female DNA have also been examined in a number of studies that show significant impacts on the genetic integrity and cellular processes. Literature shows that *T. cruzi* infection is capable of causing DNA damage in the host cell, which leads to mutations and genomic instability. For instance, one study underlines that the parasite exerts oxidative stress, results in DNA strand breaks, and changes in the repair mechanisms, especially in female cells that could be more sensitive to such damage because of hormonal influences. Another study also showed that *T. cruzi* is able to modulate the expression of genes related to DNA repair pathways that might amplify the effects of DNA damage. Nevertheless, the magnitudes of those effects depend on host immune response and genetic background, indicating a complex dialogue between parasite and host cellular environments. In sum, these findings underline the need for future research, which, in their most comprehensive way, allow to notice the pathways in which *T. cruzi* conditions DNA molecules in females but this can be one way to achieve the objective of ascertaining coital contact.

[0049] In this respect, ample evidence has shown that Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, intervenes with female DNA by different mechanisms. According to the study data, infection with this protozoan damaged DNA in host cells, in which damage to the integrity of the female genome was strongly involved. This type of damage is generally related to increased oxidative stress and activation of DNA repair pathways that eventually result in mutations and genomic instability. It has been previously demonstrated that T. cruzi is able to interfere with host cell machinery associated with the apoptosis and cell-cycle mechanisms, making the DNA integrity of the female cells more permissive. In addition, cumulative damage due to their ability to evade immune responses, thus prolonging the infections, has been shown. The results emphasize the need for an understanding of the molecular interactions between T. Interactions between T. cruzi and female host cells may thus have implications for reproductive health and cancer risk in infected individuals and this can also be used to find alterations in DNA alterations or changes.

[0050] Embodiment 2 (studies on host-parasite, parasite-target interaction)” Schistoma haematobium: -

[0051] Genetic mutations in the Schistosoma haematobium worms causing urinary schistosomiasis could modulate pathogenicity and transmission dynamics in their human male hosts. It has been shown that certain mutations in the genome of S. haematobium can lead to the ability of the parasite to evade the host immune response, leading to increased morbidity in infected males. The literature also suggested that the role of environment and host genetics in modifying these mutations is a complex interplay that will be likely different in different populations [2]. Furthermore, mutations associated with drug resistance have already been identified, and there are potential concerns regarding the effectiveness of the treatment in males from the anatomical and physiological severity of symptoms [4]. This study was limited in not having fully developed genetic mapping and cross-sectional studies; longitudinal studies would be quite weighty in understanding how these mutations eventually play out in male health outcomes. In general, the mutation landscape of S. haematobium in males forms the key evidence for an example of DNA mutation in host.

[0052] Schistosoma haematobium, a parasitic worm responsible for urinary schistosomiasis, exhibits notable genetic mutations that can impact female hosts. Research indicates that mutations in the S. haematobium genome may influence the parasite's reproductive success and its interaction with the human immune system. For instance, certain genetic variations have been linked to increased virulence and altered host responses, potentially affecting disease severity in infected females. Moreover, studies suggest that these mutations can lead to differential susceptibility among female hosts, with some exhibiting more severe symptoms due to specific genetic profiles of the parasite. Additionally, the role of environmental factors in shaping these mutations has been highlighted, indicating that local transmission dynamics may further complicate the relationship between the parasite and its human hosts. However, the research also points to limitations, such as the need for more comprehensive genomic studies to fully understand the implications of these mutations on female health outcomes. But study of the pattern in alignment with the Human Genome Project. Overall, the interplay between S. haematobium mutations and female human hosts remains a critical area for further investigation.

Claims

CLAIMS :-I claim1. A process or process or technique involving technique for predicting the sexual history, timeline for finding evidence in forced coitus cases comprising of the following steps a) Finding changes in male DNA as a result of demonstrated presence of parasites and viruses or bacteria in semen; parasite-parasite, parasite- virus and virus-virus interactions; b) Using contemporary Scientific techniques to record changes or mutations in the female DNA as a result of coitus; c) timeline estimation to be done via DNA aging techniques like DNA methylation with age which can be considered part of two related phenomena, epigenetic drift and the epigenetic clock; d) matching and comparatively studying the mutated DNA of the male with the DNA bank or DNA data of the subject; e) Finding out age of the parasites or other living organisms like virus in the Female or if the parasites are not alive (due to drug or some other reason), the mutations in female DNA due to other parasites and possibly vice-versa; f) Calculating via modern scientific techniques the parasitic age in the DNA of both male and female that can be used to comparatively find out the timeline of coital history; g) and matching the gene changes in females and corresponding changes in male DNA thereby providing concrete evidence for coitus; h) Matching the mutated gene in female and the gene in male could be used to ascertain coital occurrence around the time we get by parasitic DNA or mutated DNA age calculation / estimation.

2. The process in claim 1, wherein the changes / mutations in DNA as a result of demonstrated presence of parasites, viruses or bacteria is scientifically found as findings.

3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the changes or mutations in female DNA as a result of coitus is recorded.

4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein time estimation for finding the contentious coitus is done via DNA aging techniques like DNAmethylation changes that are associated with age which can be considered part of two related phenomena, epigenetic drift and the epigenetic clock.

5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein matching and comparatively studying the mutated DNA of the male with the DNA bank or DNA data of the subject is done.

6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein finding out age of the parasites or other living organisms like virus in the Female or if the parasites are not alive (due to drug or some other reason), the mutations in female DNA due to other parasites and possibly vice-versa is done;7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein parasitic age of the DNA in female and male both are calculated and compared to find out the timeline of the coital history.

8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein matching the gene changes in females and corresponding changes in male DNA thereby providing concrete evidence for coitus;9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein matching the mutated gene in female and the gene in male is used to ascertain coital occurrence around the time we get by parasitic DNA or mutated DNA age calculation / estimation.

10. The process as claimed in claim 1, for finding out coital details and investigation details via means of parasites , viruses or bacteria in both male and female.

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