Coating composition

Abstract

A coating composition comprising a film former material; and a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group. The coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein the copolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material. The disclosure extends to coating compositions for food and / or beverage packaging and to articles coated with the coating composition as well as to methods of preparing and applying the coating composition.

Description

COATING COMPOSITIONFIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a coating composition. The disclosure relates to a coating composition for food and / or beverage packaging. The present disclosure extends to articles coated with the coating composition and to methods of preparing and applying the coating composition.BACKGROUND

[0002] Coatings are used in a wide variety of different applications. For example, many different coatings have been used to coat food and / or beverage packaging. Coating systems typically have certain properties such as being capable of high-speed application, having acceptable adhesion to the substrate, being safe for food contact and having properties that are suitable for their end use. Typically, coatings have one, or maybe two, of these advantageous properties depending on their final end use.SUMMARY

[0003] According to the present disclosure, there is provided a coating composition comprising: a. a film former material; and b. a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein(i) the coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or(ii) the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein the copolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material.

[0004] There is also provided a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group.

[0005] There is also provided a package at least partially coated with a coating system that comprises a top-coat coating formed from a composition comprising: a. a film former material; and b. a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein(i) the coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or(ii) the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein the copolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material.

[0006] There is also provided a coated substrate comprising a coating extending over at least a part of the substrate, wherein the coating is obtainable from a coating composition comprising: a. a film former material; and b. a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein(i) the coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or(II) the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein the copolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material.

[0007] There is also provided a method of coating at least a portion of a substrate, the method comprising:a. contacting a coating composition with the substrate; b. curing the coating composition on the substrate to form a coating; wherein the coating composition comprises: a. a film former material; and b. a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein(i) the coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or(ii) the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein the copolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material.

[0008] There is also provided a package coated at least in part with a coating composition comprising: a. a film former material; and b. a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein(i) the coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or(ii) the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein the copolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material.

[0009] There is also provided a method of reducing enamel rating, solvent fraction and / or feathering comprising, a. contacting a coating composition with the substrate; b. curing the coating composition on the substrate to form a coating; wherein the coating composition comprises: a. a film former material; and b. a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein(i) the coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or(ii) the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein the copolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material.

[0010] There is also provided use of a coating composition to reduce enamel rating, solvent fraction and / or feathering; the coating composition comprising: a. a film former material; and b. a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein(i) the coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or(ii) the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein thecopolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0011] It has been surprisingly found that the present disclosure may provide a coating with improved properties, for example, improved enamel rating, adhesion, solvent fraction, and / or feathering. Such improved properties are beneficial in applications including packaging, such as for food and beverage packaging.

[0012] It has been surprisingly found that the present disclosure may provide an internal coating for use with a food and / or beverage can, such as with an easy open can end, that has improved adhesion. The present disclosure may also provide a coating having improved adhesion in combination with maintained and / or improved properties such as enamel rating, solvent fraction, blush and / or feathering.

[0013] Good enamel rating is beneficial in applications including packaging, such as for food and beverage packaging, because it provides improved integrity of the internal coating when applied to the metal packaging meaning that less of the metal substrate will be exposed to the contents of the can in use.

[0014] When a can is opened, if feathering occurs a portion of the film will be present extending into the opening of the can. For example, this can occur with beverage cans having a pull tab or a can having a full aperture EOE. Feathering is an undesirable phenomenon from a safety perspective due to potential ingestion of the coating. As such, it is beneficial if feathering can be reduced in applications including packaging, such as for food and beverage packaging.

[0015] By “film former” it is meant a compound that can form a self-supporting continuous coating film on at least a horizontal surface of a substrate. The film former material may comprise a (co)polymer.

[0016] The film former material may comprise a film former polyester (co)polymer, a film former (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, and / or a film former polyvinyl butyral material.

[0017] A (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer may be obtainable by reacting reactants comprising (co)polymer(B) material with a (co)polymer(A), wherein the (co)polymer(A) comprises a substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group, wherein the (co)polymer(B) material is reacted with the (co)polymer(A) so that the (co)polymer(B) material bonds to the (co)polymer(A) via the substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group.

[0018] By “(co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer” herein it is meant a block (co)polymer comprising a (co)polymer(B) bonded to a substantially terminal end of a (co)polymer(A), such as a substantially terminal end of the backbone of (co)polymer(A). The block structure may be defined as A-Z-B, wherein A is a (co)polymer(A), B is a (co)polymer(B) and Z is a residue formedfrom a substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group linking the (co)polymer(A) and (co)polymer(B).

[0019] It will be understood that the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer may also further comprise graft bonding on the backbone of the (co)polymer(A) (or a group pendent therefrom) at a part of the backbone that is not a substantially terminal end. Graft bonding on the (co)polymer(A) backbone away from a substantially terminal end may form a minority of the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) bonds in the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer, such as <30% of the bonds, or <20%, or <10%. A majority of the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) bonds may be in the form of (co)polymer(B) bonded to a substantially terminal end of the (co)polymer(A), such as >60% of the bonds, or >80% or >90%. The (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block copolymer may be substantially free of acrylic material graft bonds on the backbone of the (co)polymer(A) at a part of the backbone that is not a substantially terminal end, such as <5% of the bonds, or <3%, or <2%.

[0020] The phrase ‘substantially terminal' as used herein in relation to the hydroxyl, carboxylic acid and / or ethylenically unsaturated functional group may mean that the functional group is arranged on a monomer residue that is ^5 monomer units to a terminal monomer unit in the backbone of (co)polymer(A), or <3 or <2 monomer units or is adjacent a terminal monomer unit, or may be a terminal monomer unit in the backbone of (co)polymer(A).

[0021] A terminal monomer unit in the backbone of (co)polymer(A) as used herein may be a monomer unit of the (co)polymer(A) that is at the end of the backbone chain of (co)polymer(A). A terminal monomer may comprise only one covalent bond joining the monomer to the polymer backbone. For example, a terminal monomer unit may comprise only one of the ‘bonding moieties’ of the (co)polymer backbone joining the terminal monomer with the backbone. The ‘bonding moiety' of the (co)polymer(A) will depend on the (co)polymer used, e.g., for a polyester, the bonding moiety will be an ester moiety. As such, the term “terminal” as used herein, may mean that the monomer comprising the hydroxy, carboxylic acid or ethylenically unsaturated functional group is bonded to the (co)polymer backbone through a single bonding moiety.

[0022] The (co)polymer(A) comprising a substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group may be obtainable by reacting reactants comprising a substantially terminal hydroxyl- functional group or a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-functional group of a (co)polymer(A)- precursor with a material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof to form (co)polymer(A) comprising a substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group. The material may be operable to impart ethylenically unsaturated functionality to a substantially terminal end of the (co)polymer(A)-precursor.

[0023] The moiety formed at the bond between the (co)polymer(A)-precursor and the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may be a residue of a ringopening reaction between the substantially terminal hydroxyl or carboxylic acid group and thematerial comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may comprise a functional group having a ring that is operable to open upon reaction with the substantially terminal hydroxyl or carboxylic acid-group, such as an anhydride and / or epoxy functional group.

[0024] The moiety formed at the bond between the (co)polymer(A)-precursor and the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may be a hydroxy-ester moiety. When the (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprises a substantially terminal carboxylic acidfunctional group, the moiety formed at the bond between the (co)polymer(A)-precursor and the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may be a hydroxyester moiety.

[0025] The carboxylic acid functional-group may be in the form of the acid, salt, anhydride, ester, or any other suitable derivative thereof. By “suitable derivative thereof” in relation to the carboxylic acid, it is meant a form of the carboxylic acid-functional group that is operable to be reacted with the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof to form ethylenically unsaturated functionality to a substantially terminal end of the (co)polymer(A)- precursor.

[0026] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may comprise a monomer, an oligomer and / or a (co)polymer, such as a monomer or an oligomer. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may comprise a monomer. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may comprise an anhydride, a vinyl monomer and / or an acrylic monomer.

[0027] As used herein, “precursor thereof” with respect to the ethylenically unsaturated group of the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may mean a group that is operable to form an ethylenically unsaturated group after the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group precursor has been reacted with a substantially terminal hydroxylgroup or a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group of a (co)polymer(A)-precursor, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated group may be formed from the precursor group during the reaction with the (co)polymer(A)-precursor or subsequently.

[0028] The substantially terminal hydroxyl-group or substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group of a (co)polymer(A)-precursor may be reacted with a material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group.

[0029] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal hydroxyl-group, may comprise carboxylic acid and / or anhydride functionality, such as a carboxylic acid and / or anhydride functional acrylic monomer. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursorcomprising a substantially terminal hydroxyl-group, may comprise: (meth)acrylic acid anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, aconitic anhydride, oxalocitraconic anhydride, mesaconic anhydride, phenyl maleic anhydride, t-butyl maleic anhydride, nadic anhydride, and / or methyl maleic anhydride.

[0030] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal hydroxyl-group, may comprise (meth)acrylic acid anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, and / or maleic anhydride. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal hydroxyl-group, may comprise (meth)acrylic acid anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride and / or dodecenyl succinic anhydride.

[0031] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group, may comprise epoxy functionality, such as a monoepoxide. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group, may comprise an epoxy functional acrylic monomer. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group, may comprise a glycidyl ester, such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group may comprise glycidyl methacrylate.

[0032] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group, may comprise hydroxyl functionality. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group, may comprise a hydroxyl functional acrylic monomer. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group, may comprise hydroxy ethyl (meth)acrylate.

[0033] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may be present as a proportion of the total solid weight of the monomers used to form (co)polymer(A) in an amount of ^0.01 wt.%, such as ^0.5 wt%.

[0034] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may be present as a proportion of the total solid weight of (co)polymer(A) in an amount of <10 wt.%, such as <5 wt%.

[0035] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may be present as a proportion of the total solid weight of (co)polymer(A) in an amount of from 0.01 to 10 wt.%, such as from 0.5 to 5 wt%.

[0036] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may have a molecular weight of 550 Daltons (Da = g / mole), such as 575 Da, such as 5:100 Da. The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may have a molecular weight of <750 Da, such as <500 Da, or <300 Da.

[0037] The material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof may have a molecular weight of from 50 Da to 750 Da, such as from 75 Da to 500 Da, such as from 100 Da to 300 Da.

[0038] As used herein, by “molecular weight” in relation to the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof it is meant the molecular weight resulting from the sum of the atomic weights of the constituent atoms of a molecule of the material.

[0039] The (co)polymer(A) comprising a substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group may be obtainable by reacting reactants comprising a substantially terminal carboxylic acid or hydroxyl-functional group of a (co)polymer(A)-precursor with a material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof in the presence of a catalyst operable to promote the reaction of the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof with the carboxylic acid or hydroxyl-functional group.

[0040] The catalyst, such as a catalyst for use with a substantially terminal hydroxyl-functional group may comprise an amine-based catalyst, such as a tertiary amine-based catalyst. The catalyst may comprise a cyclic tertiary amine-based catalyst, such as triethylenediamine.

[0041] The catalyst, such as a catalyst for use with a substantially terminal carboxylic acidfunctional group may comprise a phosphonium-based catalyst, such as an aryl and alkyl substituted phosphonium-based catalyst, such as ethyl triphenyl phosphonium iodide.

[0042] A (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer may comprise the (co)polymer(B) grafted with the (co)copolymer(A). By ‘(co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer’ herein it is meant a graft (co)polymer comprising a (co)polymer(B) bonded to the backbone of the (co)polymer(A) (or to a group pendent therefrom) at a part of the backbone that is not a substantially terminal end of the (co)polymer(A).

[0043] It will be understood that the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer may also further comprise block bonding on a substantially terminal end of the (co)polymer(A). Block bonding at a (co)polymer(A) substantially terminal end may form a minority of the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) bonds in the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(b) graft copolymer, such as <30% of the bonds, or <20%, or <10%. A majority of the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) bonds may be in the form of (co)polymer(B) bonded to a part of the backbone that is not a substantially terminal end of the (co)polymer(A), such as >60% of the bonds, or >80% or >90%. The (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) graft copolymer may be substantially free of (co)polymer(B) block bonds, such as <5% of the bonds, or <3%, or <2%.

[0044] The (co)polymer(A) / (co)polymer(A)-precursor may be a polyester (co)polymer, a polyurethane (co)polymer; a polyolefin (co)polymer, such as polybutadiene; and / or an epoxy (co)polymer, such as an epoxy (co)polymer that is substantially free of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), and derivatives thereof.

[0045] “Substantially free” in relation to the epoxy (co)polymer refers to epoxy (co)polymers containing less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above. “Essentially free” refers to epoxy (co)polymers containing less than 100 ppm of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above. By “completely free” refers to epoxy (co)polymers containing less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above.

[0046] The (co)polymer(A) / (co)polymer(A)-precursor may be a polyester (co)polymer. As such, the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer may comprise a polyester- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer.

[0047] The polyester (co)polymer may comprise a linear polyester. The polyester (co)polymer may comprise a saturated polyester (co)polymer.

[0048] The polyester (co)polymer may be obtainable by ring opening polymerization, such as ring opening polymerization of a lactone component and / or an epoxy component.

[0049] The polyester (co)polymer may be obtainable by polymerizing reactants comprising:I) a polyacid component; andII) a polyol component.

[0050] The polyester (co)polymer of the polyester-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer may be obtainable by polymerizing reactants comprising: i) a polyacid component, withII) a polyol component, and wherein at least one of the polyacid component and / or the polyol component comprises a functional monomer operable to impart functionality on to the polyester (co)polymer, so that a (co)polymer(B) grafted with the polyester (co)polymer can be formed via the use of said functionality.

[0051] The polyester-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer may be obtainable by reacting reactants comprising (co)polymer(B) material with the functional polyester (co)polymer to form a (co)polymer(B) grafted onto the polyester (co)polymer via the said functionality of the polyester (co)polymer. This grafting may occur via free radical polymerization, such as by free radical polymerization onto ethylenic unsaturation on the polyester (co)polymer.

[0052] "Polyacid" and like terms as used herein, refers to a compound having two or more carboxylic acid groups, such as two (diacids), three (triacids) or four acid groups, and includes an ester of the polyacid (wherein an acid group is esterified) or an anhydride. The polyacid may be an organic polyacid.

[0053] The carboxylic acid groups of the polyacid may be connected by a bridging group selected from: an alkylene group; an alkenylene group; an alkynylene group; or an arylene group.

[0054] The polyester (co)polymer may be formed from any suitable polyacid. Suitable examples of polyacids include, but are not limited to the following: maleic acid; fumaric acid; itaconic acid; adipic acid; azelaic acid; succinic acid; sebacic acid; glutaric acid; decanoic diacid; dodecanoic diacid; phthalic acid; isophthalic acid; 5-tert-butylisophthalic acid; tetrachlorophthalic acid; tetrahydrophthalic acid; trimellitic acid; naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid; terephthalic acid; hexahydrophthalic acid; methylhexahydrophthalic acid; dimethyl terephthalate; cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; chlorendic anhydride; 1 ,3-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; 1 ,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; tricyclodecane polycarboxylic acid; endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic acid; endoethylene hexahydrophthalic acid; cyclohexanetetra carboxylic acid; cyclobutane tetracarboxylic; a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms; esters and anhydrides of all the aforementioned acids and combinations thereof.

[0055] The polyacid component may comprise a diacid. Suitable examples of diacids include, but are not limited to the following: phthalic acid; isophthalic acid; terephthalic acid; 1 ,4 cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; succinic acid; adipic acid; azelaic acid; sebacic acid; fumaric acid; 2,6- naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; orthophthalic acid; phthalic anhydride; tetrahydrophthalic acid; hexahydrophthalic acid; maleic acid; succinic acid; itaconic acid; di-ester materials, such as dimethyl ester derivatives for example dimethyl isophthalate, dimethyl terephthalate, dimethyl 1 ,4- cyclohexane dicarboxylate, dimethyl 2,6-naphthalene di carboxylate, dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl orthophthalate, dimethylsuccinate, dimethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate; a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms; esters and anhydrides of all the aforementioned acids; and mixtures thereof.

[0056] The polyacid component may comprise: terephthalic acid (TPA), dimethyl terephthalate, isophthalic acid (IPA), dimethyl isophthalic acid, 1 ,4 cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 2,6- naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, fumaric anhydride; and / or a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms.

[0057] The polyacid component may comprise: terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, cyclohexane 1 ,4-dicarboxylic acid, maleic anhydride, and / or a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms.

[0058] The polyol component comprises a polyol. "Polyol" and like terms, as used herein, refers to a compound having two or more hydroxyl groups, such as two (diols), three (triols) or four hydroxyl groups (tetrols). The hydroxyl groups of the polyol may be connected by a bridging group selected from: an alkylene group; an alkenylene group; an alkynylene group; or an arylene group. The polyol may be an organic polyol.

[0059] The polyester (co)polymer may be formed from any suitable polyol. Suitable examples of polyols include, but are not limited to the following: alkylene glycols, such as ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; diethylene glycol; dipropylene glycol; triethylene glycol; tripropylene glycol; hexylene glycol; polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol and neopentyl glycol; hydrogenated bisphenol A; cyclohexanediol; propanediols including 1,2-propanediol; 1 ,3-propanediol; butyl ethyl propanediol; 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol; and 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1,3-propanediol; butanediols including 1 ,4-butanediol; 1 ,3-butanediol; and 2-ethyl-1,4-butanediol; pentanediols including trimethyl pentanediol and 2-methylpentanediol; cyclohexanedimethanol; hexanediols including 1,6-hexanediol; 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1 ,3-diol (TACD), such as 2, 2,4,4- tetramethylcyclobutane-1 ,3-diol (TMCD), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1 ,3-pentanediol (TMPD), butanediol, caprolactonediol (for example, the reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising epsilon-capro lactone and ethylene glycol); hydroxyalkylated bisphenols; polyether glycols, for example, poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol; trimethylol propane; pentaerythritol; di-pentaerythritol; trimethylol ethane; trimethylol butane; dimethylol cyclohexane; bio-derived polyols such as glycerol, sorbitol and isosorbide; a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms; and the like or combinations thereof.

[0060] The diols may be selected from: ethylene glycol; 1,2-propane diol; 1 ,3-propane diol; 1,2- butandiol; 1 ,3-butandiol; 1 ,4-butandiol; but-2-ene 1 ,4-diol; 2,3-butane diol; 2-methyl 1 ,3-propane diol; 2,2’-dimethyl 1 ,3-propanediol (neopentyl glycol); 1 ,5 pentane diol; 3-methyl 1 ,5-pentanediol;2.4-diethyl 1 ,5-pentane diol; 1 ,6-hexane diol; 2-ethyl 1,3-hexane diol; 2, 2,4,4- tetraalkylcyclobutane-1 ,3-diol (TACD), such as 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1 ,3-diol (TMCD),2.2.4-trimethyl-1 ,3-pentanediol (TMPD), diethylene glycol; triethylene glycol; dipropylene glycol; tripropylene glycol; 1 ,4 cyclohexane dimethanol; tricyclodecane dimethanol; isosorbide; butanediol, 1 ,4-cyclohexane diol; and / or 1 , T-isopropylidene-bis (4-cyclohexanol); and mixtures thereof.

[0061] The polyol component may comprise a polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups, such as trimethylol propane; pentaerythritol; di-pentaerythritol; trimethylol ethane; trimethylol butane; and / or bio-derived polyols such as glycerol and / or sorbitol. The polyol component having at least three hydroxyl groups may comprise a triol or tetrol, such as trimethylol propane; pentaerythritol;trimethylol ethane; trimethylol butane and / or glycerol. The polyol component having at least three hydroxyl groups may comprise a triol, such as trimethylol propane; trimethylol ethane; and / or trimethylol butane, for example trimethylol propane.

[0062] The polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups may be present as a proportion of the solid weight of the polyol component in an amount of >0.1wt%, such as sQ.5wt% or >0.7wt%, for example >0.8wt% or >0.9wt%, such as >1wt%.

[0063] The polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups may be present as a proportion of the solid weight of the polyol component in an amount of <10wt%, such as ^8wt% or <6wt%, for example ^5wt% or <4wt%, such as ^3wt% or <2wt%.

[0064] The polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups may be present as a proportion of the solid weight of the polyol component in an amount of from 0.1 to 10wt%, such as from 0.5 to 8wt% or from 0.7 to 6wt%, for example from 0.8 to 5wt% or from 0.9 to 4wt%, such as from 1 to 3wt% or from 1 to 2wt%.

[0065] The polyol component may comprise ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propylene glycol (PG), 2- methyl propanediol (2-MPD), neopentyl glycol (NPG), 1 ,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM), butyl ethyl propane diol (BEPD), trimethylolpropane (TMP), tricyclodecane dimethanol, butanediol and / or 1 ,6 hexanediol.

[0066] The polyacid component and / or the polyol component may comprise a Tg enhancing monomer comprising:(I) an optionally substituted naphthalene group-containing polyacid or polyol, or hydrogenated derivative thereof;(II) a polyacid or polyol comprising two optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered cyclic groups, wherein the cyclic groups do not share an atom, and wherein the cyclic groups are directly bonded or are separated by one carbon atom;(ill) an optionally substituted furan group-containing polyacid or polyol;(iv) an optionally substituted fused bicyclic group-containing polyacid or polyol, wherein each ring is a five membered ring and in which one or both rings may comprise a heteroatom in the ring;(v) an optionally substituted bridged tricyclodecane group-containing polyacid or polyol;(vi) an optionally substituted bridged norbornene-group containing polyacid or polyol, or hydrogenated derivative thereof;(vii) an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl or aromatic group- containing polyacid or polyol;(viii) a branched alkyl group-containing polyacid or polyol monomer wherein the monomer comprises at least one quaternary carbon atom and is formed of from5 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein the carbon atoms bonded to the acid or hydroxyl groups are primary carbon atoms;(ix) an optionally substituted tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane-group containing polyacid or polyol; and / or(x) an aliphatic polyacid or polyol monomer wherein the monomer comprises a tetracyclic hydrocarbon ring structure.

[0067] Further details of a Tg enhancing monomer are disclosed in published PCT patent application WO 2020 / 023735, specifically, paragraphs

[0005] to

[0010] ,

[0017] to

[0071] inclusive. The entire contents of WO 2020 / 023735 and specifically paragraphs

[0005] to

[0010] ,

[0017] to

[0071] inclusive thereof are fully incorporated herein by reference.

[0068] Further details of a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms are disclosed in published PCT patent application WO 2018 / 111854, specifically, paragraphs

[0016] to

[0030] inclusive. The entire contents of WO 2018 / 111854 and specifically paragraphs

[0016] to

[0030] inclusive thereof are fully incorporated herein by reference.

[0069] The polyacid component and / or the polyol component of the polyester (co)polymer of the polyester-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer comprises a functional monomer operable to impart functionality to the polyester (co)polymer. The functionality is such that a (co)polymer(B) grafted onto the polyester (co)polymer can be formed via the use of said functionality. The functionality may comprise ethylenic unsaturation, carboxylic acid functionality or epoxy functionality. The functionality may be in the backbone of the polyester resin or pendant therefrom.

[0070] The functional monomer may comprise an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, which ethylenically unsaturated monomer may be operable to impart ethylenically unsaturated functionality on the backbone of the polyester (co)polymer, or pendant therefrom. The functionality may comprise ethylenic unsaturation, which may be in the backbone of the polyester (co)polymer.

[0071] Suitable functional monomers comprise: maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic anhydride, itaconic acid, citraconic anhydride, citraconic acid, aconitic acid, aconitic anhydride, oxalocitraconic acid, oxalocitraconic anhydride, mesaconic acid, mesaconic anhydride, phenyl maleic acid, phenyl maleic anhydride, t-butyl maleic acid, t-butyl maleic anhydride, monomethyl fumarate, monobutyl fumarate, nadic acid, nadic anhydride, methyl maleic acid, methyl maleic anhydride, and / or trimethylolpropane monoallyl ether.

[0072] Where the functional monomer comprises a polyacid, the functional monomer may be present as a proportion of the solid weight of the polyacid component in an amount of from 0.5 to 10wt%, such as from 1 to 5wt%.

[0073] Where the functional monomer comprises a polyol, the functional monomer may be present as a proportion of the solid weight of the polyol component in an amount of from 0.5 to 10wt%, such as from 1 to 5wt%.

[0074] The functional monomer of the polyester (co)polymer may comprise maleic acid, maleic anhydride and / or fumaric acid.

[0075] The (co)polymer(B) material may comprise (co)polymer(B) and / or monomers operable to polymerize to form (co)polymer(B). The (co)polymer(B) material may comprise ethylenically unsaturated material, such as a monomer and / or a (co)polymer.

[0076] The ethylenically unsaturated material may comprise acrylic material, such as an acrylic monomer and / or an acrylic (co)polymer, such as an acrylic monomer.

[0077] The (co)polymer(B) may be an acrylic (co)polymer. As such, the (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer may comprise a polyester-acrylic block and / or graft copolymer.

[0078] When the (co)polymer(B) is an acrylic (co)polymer, the (co)polymer(B) material may be an acrylic material comprising an acrylic (co)polymer and / or monomers operable to polymerize to form an acrylic (co)polymer.

[0079] The acrylic monomer may comprise a (hetero)aliphatic (alk)acrylate or (alk)acrylic acid. Suitable (hetero)aliphatic (alk)acrylate or (alk)acrylic acid monomers include, but are not limited to, the following: alkyl (alk)acrylate, such as Ci to Ce alkyl (Ci to Ce alk)acrylate, for example, Ci to Ce alkyl (meth)acrylate, and (alk)acrylic acid, such as (Ci to Ce alk)acrylic acid. The acrylic monomers may comprise a functional group.

[0080] The acrylic monomer may be selected from monomers comprising methyl(meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl(meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate; allyl (meth)acrylate; isobornyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl(meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid, dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, butylamino ethyl (meth)acrylate, and / or HEMA phosphate (such as ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate).

[0081] The terms “(alk)acrykate”, "(meth)acrylate" and like terms as used herein are used conventionally and herein to refer to both alkacrylate and acrylate, such as methacrylate and acrylate.

[0082] The acrylic (co)polymer / acrylic material may be formed from monomers comprising: methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, allyl (meth)acrylate, dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, butylamino ethyl (meth)acrylate, and / or HEMA phosphate (such as ethylene glycol methacrylate phosphate).

[0083] The acrylic monomers may comprise a ratio of methacrylate monomers to acrylate monomers of at least 1 :1 , such as at least 2:1 or at least 3:1 or at least 4:1, such as at least 5:1. The acrylic monomers may be substantially free of acrylate monomers. By “methacrylate monomers” and “acrylate monomers” with regard to the ratio of these types of monomers in the acrylic monomers of the acrylic (co)polymer, it is meant the total number of methacrylatemonomers compared to the total number of acrylate monomers across all the types of acrylic monomer that form the acrylic (co)polymer. For example, if the acrylic (co)polymer is formed of methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate, then the amount of methyl methacrylate compared to the combined amount of methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate would be at least 5:1 .

[0084] The acrylic monomers may comprise a hydroxyl functional monomer, such as hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate. The hydroxyl functional monomer may be present by solid weight of the acrylic (co)polymer in an amount of from 5 to 40wt%, such as from 5 to 30wt% or from 10 to 20wt%.

[0085] The acrylic (co)polymer / acrylic material may also comprise an amount (such as 0 to 30wt%, by solid weight of the acrylic (co)polymer) of non-acrylic monomers. Such non acrylic monomers may include other ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as styrene, ethylene, propylene, vinyl toluene, butadiene, 1 -octene or isoprene, vinyl esters such as vinyl acetate, and / or nitriles such as (meth)acrylonitrile.

[0086] The polyester-acrylic block and / or graft copolymer may be formed from the polyester (co)polymer and the acrylic (co)polymer in a weight ratio of from 99wt% to 50wt% polyester (co)polymer to from 50wt% to 1wt% acrylic (co)polymer, such as a weight ratio of from 95wt% to 60wt% polyester (co)polymer to from 40wt% to 5wt% acrylic (co)polymer, such as a weight ratio of from 90wt% to 65wt% polyester (co)polymer to from 35wt% to 10wt% acrylic (co)polymer. For example, the polyester-acrylic block and / or graft copolymer may be formed from the polyester (co)polymer and the acrylic (co)polymer in a weight ratio of 85wt% polyester (co)polymer to 15wt% acrylic (co)polymer.

[0087] The (co)polymer(B) may comprise the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group. As used herein, the term ‘residue’ with respect to monomer residue, such as the residue of the polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group may mean the moiety formed by polymerisation of the polymerisable material.

[0088] The polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group may be formed from a polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof. As used herein, ‘precursor thereof’ with respect to the sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group of the polymerisable material may mean a group that is operable to form a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group during the reaction with the (co)polymer(A) or subsequently. The group that is operable to form a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group may comprise a sulfur- and / or phosphorus- containing group, such as a sulfur oxide- and / or phosphorus oxide- containing group.

[0089] The polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof may comprise a monomer and / or a(co)polymer that comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof.

[0090] The (co)polymer(B) material may comprise the polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, such as a monomer and / or a (co)polymer that comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof.

[0091] The film former (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer may be formed by polymerizing (co)polymer(B) material comprising a polymerisable monomer that comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof in the presence of (co)polymer(A) to form the film former (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer.

[0092] The polymerisable monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof may comprise a vinyl monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof. The monomer may comprise vinylsulfonic acid, a vinylsulfate, vinylphosphonic acid and / or a vinylphosphate. The monomer may comprise a styrene and / or ally monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, for example styrene phosphonic acid and / or allyl phosphonic acid. The monomer may comprise an acrylic monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, for example acrylic phosphate and / or 2- sulfoethylmethacryloate.

[0093] The (co)polymer(B) comprising the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group may be obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material, such as an acrylic material, with a polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof. It will be understood that the said ethylenically unsaturated material that may be polymerised with the polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group.

[0094] The film former (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer may be obtainable by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated material, such as an acrylic material, with a polymerizable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof in the presence of the (co)polymer(A) to form the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer.

[0095] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from >0.1 % of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid- , a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as >0.3 wt% or >0.5 wt%.

[0096] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from <90% of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as <60 wt% or <40 wt%.

[0097] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from 0.1 to 90 % of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as from 0.3 to 60 wt% or from 0.5 to 40 wt%.

[0098] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from <20% of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as 215 wt% or 210 wt% or <9 wt%.

[0099] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from 0.1 to 20 % of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as from 0.3 to 15 wt% or from 0.5 to 10 wt% or from 0.5 to 9 wt%.

[0100] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from >50 % of ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group by total weight of the monomers from which (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as S60 wt% or >70 wt% or s75 wt%.

[0101] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from <99.9 % of ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as 299.7 wt% or <99.5 wt%.

[0102] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from 50 to 99.9 % of ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as from 60 to 99.7. wt% or from 70 to 99.5 wt% or from 75 to 99.5 wt%.

[0103] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group and a material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof in a weight ratio of from 99.9 wt% to 50 wt% ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group to from 50 wt% to 0.1 wt% material comprising a sulfonic acid-, asulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as a weight ratio of from 99.7 wt% to 60 wt% to from 40 wt% to 0.3 wt%, such as a weight ratio of from 99.5 wt% to 70 wt% to from 30 wt% to 0.5 wt%.

[0104] The (co)polymer(B) may comprise hydroxyl functionality, such as by using a hydroxyl functional monomer.

[0105] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from >5 % of a hydroxyl functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as ^8 wt% or ^10 wt%.

[0106] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from <40 % of a hydroxyl functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as >30 wt% or >20 wt%.

[0107] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from <9 % of an acid functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as >5 wt% or >1 wt% or >0.5wt%.

[0108] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from >50 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as 2:70 wt% or 2:75 wt% or 2:80 wt% or >90 wt%.

[0109] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from <99% of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as <98 wt% or <95 wt%.

[0110] The (co)polymer(B) may be formed from 50 to 99 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as from 70 to 98 wt% or from 80 to 95 wt% or from 90 to 95 wt%.

[0111] The ethy lenically unsaturated material may comprise <20% of a cyclic vinyl material, such as an aromatic cyclic material, for example styrene, by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) is formed, such as <10 wt% or <5 wt% or <1 %. The ethy I en ically unsaturated material may be substantially free of cyclic vinyl material, such as an aromatic cyclic material, for example styrene.

[0112] The (co)polymer(B) may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of >1 ,000 Da, such as 2:2,000 Da or >3,000 Da or >3,100 Da. The (co)polymer(B) may have a number average molecular weight of <10,000 Da, such as <5,000 Da or <4,900 Da, or <4,500 Da.

[0113] The (co)polymer(B) may have any suitable gross hydroxyl value (OHV). The (co)polymer(B) may have a gross OHV of >0 mg KOH / g, such as 2:10 mg KOH / g. The (co)polymer(B) may have a gross OHV of <410 mg KOH / g, such as of <200 mg KOH / g. The (co)polymer(B) may have a gross OHV of from >0 to 410 mg KOH / g, such as from 10 to 200 mg KOH / g.

[0114] The residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group / (co)polymer(B) may beprepared in the presence of a polymerisation initiator. The polymerisation initiator may comprise an organic peroxide, such as a dialkyl peroxide and / or a peroxy ester, for example di-(tert-amyl) peroxide and / or tert-butyl peroctoate. The polymerisation initiator may comprise a dialkyl peroxide.

[0115] The polyester (co)polymer may be prepared in the presence of an esterification catalyst. The esterification catalyst may be chosen to promote the reaction of components by esterification and / or trans-esterification. Suitable examples of esterification catalysts for use in the preparation of a polyester (co)polymer include, but are not limited to the following: metal compounds such as stannous octoate; stannous chloride; butyl stannoic acid (hydroxy butyl tin oxide); monobutyl tin tris (2-ethylhexanoate); chloro butyl tin dihydroxide; dibutyl tin oxide; tetra-n-propyl titanate; tetra- n-butyl titanate; zinc acetate; acid compounds such as phosphoric acid; para-toluene sulphonic acid; dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DDBSA), tetra alkyl zirconium materials, antimony trioxide, germanium dioxide, bismuth octoate and combinations thereof. The esterification catalyst may be dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DDBSA). The esterification catalyst may be dibutyl tin oxide or stannous octoate.

[0116] The esterification catalyst, when present, may be used in amounts from 0.001 to 1% by weight of the total polymer components, such as from 0.01 to 0.2%, such as from 0.025 to 0.2% by weight of the total polymer components.

[0117] The film former material may have any suitable number-average molecular weight (Mn). The film former material may have a Mn of S1 ,OOO Daltons (Da = g / mole), such as ^2,000 Da, such as S3, 000 Da, or S4,OOO Da or S8,OOO Da, or even S9,OOO Da. The film former material may have a Mn of <35,000 Da, such as <30,000 Da, such as <25,000 Da, or even <22,000 Da. The film former material may have an Mn from 1 ,000 Da to 35,000 Da, such as from 2,000 Da to 30,000 Da, such as from 3,000 Da to 25,000 Da, or from 4,000 to 22,000 Da or from 8,000 to 22,000 or even from 9,000 to 22,000.

[0118] As reported herein, the Mn and Mw were determined by gel permeation chromatography using a polystyrene standard according to ASTM D6579-1 1 (“Standard Practice for Molecular Weight Averages and Molecular Weight Distribution of Hydrocarbon, Rosin and Terpene Resins by Size Exclusion Chromatography”. UV detector; 254 nm, solvent: unstabilised THF, retention time marker: toluene, sample concentration: 2mg / ml).

[0119] The film former material / (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyvinyl butyral material, or a coating ( / cured film) formed from the coating composition may have any suitable glass transition temperature (Tg). The film former material / (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyvinyl butyral material, or a coating formed from the coating composition may have a Tg of >25°C and / or <200°C. The film former material / (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyvinyl butyral material, or a coating formed from the coating composition may have a Tg of >25°, or >30°C, or >35°C, such as >40°C or >45°C, or S5O°C, such as >55°C or >60°C. The film former material / (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyvinyl butyral material, or a coating formed from the coating composition have a Tg of <200°C. such as ^150°C, or <120°C, or <1 10°C. The film former material / (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer / polyvinyl butyral material, or a coating formed from the coating composition may have a Tg of from 25°C to 200°C, such as from 40°C to 150°C, such as from 50°C to 120°C, or from 50°C to 1 10°C, such as from 60°C to 1 10°C.

[0120] As reported herein, the Tg was measured according to ASTM D6604-00(2013) (“Standard Practice for Glass Transition Temperatures of Hydrocarbon Resins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry”. Heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), sample pans: aluminium, reference: blank, calibration: indium and mercury, sample weight: 10mg, heating rate: 20°C / min).

[0121] The film former material may have any suitable gross hydroxyl value (OHV). The film former material may have a gross OHV from 0 to 120 mg KOH / g, such as from 0 to 70 KOH / g, or from 0 to 40 KOH / g, or from 0 to 20 KOH / g or from 0 to 15 KOH / g.

[0122] The gross OHV is expressed on solids.

[0123] As reported herein, the hydroxyl value is the number of mg of KOH equivalent to the hydroxyl groups in 1 g of material. A sample of solid polyester (0.13g) was weighed accurately into a conical flask and dissolved, using light heating and stirring as appropriate, in 20ml of tetrahydrofuran. 10ml of 0.1 M 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine in tetrahydrofuran (catalyst solution) and 5ml of a 9 vol% solution of acetic anhydride in tetrahydrofuran (i.e. 90ml acetic anhydride in 910ml tetrahydrofuran; acetylating solution) were then added to the mixture. After 5 minutes, 10ml of an 80 vol% solution of tetrahydrofuran (i.e. 4 volume parts tetrahydrofuran to 1 part distilled water; hydrolysis solution) was added. After 15 minutes, 10ml tetrahydrofuran was added and the solution was titrated with 0.5IVI ethanolic potassium hydroxide (KOH). A blank sample was also run where the sample of solid polyester was omitted. The resulting hydroxyl number is expressed in units of mg KOH / g and is calculated using the following equation:Hydroxyl value = (V2 - Vi) x molarity of KOH solution (M) x 56.1 weight of solid sample (g) wherein Vi is the titre of KOH solution (ml) of the polyester sample and V2 is the titre of KOH solution (ml) of the blank sample. All values for gross hydroxyl value reported herein were measured in this way.

[0124] The film former material may have any suitable acid value (AV). The film former material may have an AV of S3 KOH / g, such as >6 KOH / g, or >9 KOH / g. The film former material mayhave an AV of 250 KOH / g, such as 240 KOH / g, or 230 KOH / g, or 225 KOH / g. The film former material may have an AV of from 0 to 50 KOH / g, such as from 3 to 40 KOH / g, or from 6 to 30 KOH / g, or from 9 to 25 KOH / g.

[0125] The film former material may have an AV of 220 KOH / g, such as 210 KOH / g, or 25 KOH / g.

[0126] The AV is expressed on solids.

[0127] As reported herein, the AV was determined by titration with 0.1 M methanolic potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution. A sample of solid polyester (0.1g) was weighed accurately into a conical flask and dissolved, using light heating and stirring as appropriate, in 25ml of dimethyl formamide containing phenolphthalein indicator. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and titrated with the 0.1 M methanolic potassium hydroxide solution. The resulting acid number is expressed in units of mg KOH / g and is calculated using the following equation:Acid number = titre of KOH solution (ml) x molarity KOH solution (M) x 56.1 weight of solid sample (g)

[0128] All values for acid number reported herein were measured in this way.

[0129] The film former polyvinyl butyral material may be produced by any suitable method. Such (co)polymer may be produced by reacting a polyvinyl alcohol with butyraldehyde. Polyvinyl alcohols may be produced by the polymerisation of vinyl acetate monomer and the subsequent, alkaline-catalysed methanolysis of the polyvinyl acetate obtained. The acetalisation reaction of polyvinyl alcohol and butyraldehyde is not quantitative, so the resulting polyvinyl butyral may contain a certain amount of hydroxyl groups. In addition, a small amount of acetyl groups may remain in the polymer chain.

[0130] The film former polyvinyl butyral material may comprise: a) a first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, and b) a second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer having a higher weight-average molecular weight (Mw) than the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer.

[0131] The Mw of the polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may be from 5,000 Da, such as from 10,000 Da. The Mw of the polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may be from 20,000 Da, such as from 25,000 Da.

[0132] The Mw of the polyvinyl butyral material / the first and / or second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may be up to 75,000 Da. The Mw of the polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may be up to 25,000 Da, such as up to 20,000 Da.

[0133] The Mw of the polyvinyl butyral material / the first and / or second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may be from 5,000 to 75,000 Da. The Mw of the polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may be from 5,000 to 25,000 Da, such as from 10,000 to 20,000 Da, and / or the Mw of the polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may be from 20,000 to 75,000, such as from 25,000 to 75,000.

[0134] The coating composition may comprise any suitable polyvinyl butyral material. The coating composition may comprise commercially available polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer. Suitable commercially available polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer include, but are not limited to the following: the MOWITAL (registered trademark) and PIOLOFORM (registered trademark) lines of polyvinyl butyral resins commercially available from Kuraray America, Inc., New York, New York; the BUTVAR (registered trademark) line of polyvinyl butyral resins commercially available from Solutia Inc.; the S-LEC B line of polyvinyl butyral resins commercially available from Sekisui Chemical Co. LTD; and combinations thereof.

[0135] The first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may comprise MOWITAL (registered trademark) B 16 H or MOWITAL (registered trademark) B 16 S which are commercially available from Kuraray America, Inc., New York, New York. The first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may comprise MOWITAL (registered trademark) B 16 S.

[0136] The second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may comprise MOWITAL (registered trademark) B 30 HH which is commercially available from Kuraray America, Inc., New York, New York.

[0137] The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have any suitable weight-average molecular weight (Mw). polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw of from 12,000 to 18,000 Da, or even from 15,000 to 17,000 Da.

[0138] The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have an Mw of at least 12,000 Da, such as at least 15,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have an Mw of up 18,000 Da, such as up to 17,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have an Mw of from 12,000 Da to 20,000 Da, such as from 15,000 Da to 20,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have an Mw from 10,000 Da to 18,000 Da, such as from 12,000 Da to 18,000 Da, such as from 15,000 Da to 18,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw of from 10,000 Da to 17,000 Da, such as from 12,000 Da to 17,000 Da, such as from 15,000 Da to 17,000 Da.

[0139] The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have any suitable degree of butyration, which may be defined as the proportion of hydroxyl groups which are reacted with the butyraldehyde. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a degree of butyration from 10 to 100 mol%, such as from 30 to 100 mol%, such as from 40 to 95 mol%, or even from 50 to 95 mol%. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral(co)polymer, may have a degree of butyration from 70 to 95 mol%. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a degree of butyration from 78 to 85 mol%.

[0140] The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have any suitable residual hydroxyl groups (OH) content from the polyvinyl alcohol. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a residual OH content from 1 to 20 mol% such as from 5 to 20 mol%, or even from 10 to 20 mol%. The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have an OH content of from 1 to 18 mol%. In this context "residual hydroxyl group" refers to unreacted hydroxyl groups.

[0141] The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have any suitable glass transition temperature (Tg). The polyvinyl butyral material / the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer , may have a Tg from 40 to 100 °C, such as from 50 to 90 °C, such as from 55 to 70 °C.

[0142] The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have any suitable weight-average molecular weight (Mw). polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw from 26,000 to 50,000 Da, such as from 28,000 to 40,000 Da, or even from 29,000 to 35,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw from 25,000 to 35,000 Da.

[0143] The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw of at least 26,000 Da, such as at least 28,000 Da, or even at least 29,000 Daltons. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw of up to 50,000 Da, such as up to 35,000 Da, or even up to 31 ,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw from 26,000 Da to 75,000 Da, such as from 28,000 Da to 75,000 Da, or even from 29,000 Da to 75,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw from 25,000 Da to 50,000 Da, such as from 26,000 Da to 50,000Da, such as from 28,000 Da to 50,000 Da, or even from 29,000 Da to 50,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have an Mw from 25,000 Da to 40,000 Da, such as from 26,000 Da to 40,000 Da, such as from 28,000 Da to 40,000 Da, or even from 29,000 Da to 40,000 Da. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Mw from 25,000 Da to 35,000 Da, such as from 26,000 Da to 35,000 Da, such as from 28,000 Da to 35,000 Da, or even from 29,000 Da to 35,000 Da.

[0144] The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have any suitable degree of butyration, which may be defined as the proportion of hydroxyl groups which are reacted with the butyraldehyde. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a degree of butyration from 10 to 100 mol%, such as from 30 to 100 mol%, such as from 40 to 95 mol%, or even from 50 to 95 mol%. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a degree of butyration from 75 to 95 mol%. Thepolyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a degree of butyration from 82 to 88 mol%.

[0145] The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have any suitable residual hydroxyl group (OH) content. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a residual OH content from 10 to 50 mol%, such as from 10 to 40 mol%, or even from 15 to 30 mol%. The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have an OH content of 10 to 15 mol%. In this context "residual hydroxyl groups" refers to unreacted hydroxyl groups.

[0146] The second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer may have a lower hydroxyl (OH) content than the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer.

[0147] The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have any suitable glass transition temperature (Tg). The polyvinyl butyral material / the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, may have a Tg from 40 to 90 °C, such as from 50 to 80 °C, or even from 60 to 70 °C.

[0148] The film former polyvinyl butyral material may comprise any suitable weight ratio of the first and second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers. The weight ratio of first and second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers may be from 10:1 to 1 :10, such as from 7:1 to 1 :7, such as from 5:1 to 1 :5, or even from 2:1 to 1 :2.

[0149] The weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers may be 1 :1.

[0150] The weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers may be at least 10:1, such as at least 7:1 , such as 5:1 or even 2:1. The weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers may be up to 1 :10, such as up to 1 :7, such as up to 1 :5, or even up to 1 :2. The weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers may be from 10:1 to 1 :10, such as from 7:1 to 1 :10, such as from 5:1 to 1 :10, or even from 2:1 to 1 :10. The weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers may be from 10:1 to 1 :7, such as from 7:1 to 1 :7, such as from 5:1 to 1 :7, or even from 2:1 to 1 :7. The weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers may be from 10:1 to 1 :5, such as from 7:1 to 1 :5, such as from 5:1 to 1 :5, or even from 2:1 to 1 :5. The weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers may be from 10:1 to 1 :2, such as from 7:1 to 1 :2, such as from 5:1 to 1 :2, or even from 2:1 to 1 :2.

[0151] The coating composition may comprise a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the residue of a polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate- , a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof.

[0152] The polymerisable material may comprise a polymerisable monomer and / or a (co)polymer that comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof.

[0153] The polymerisable monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof may comprise a vinyl monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof. The monomer may comprise vinylsulfonic acid, a vinylsulfate, vinylphosphonic acid and / or a vinylphosphate. The monomer may comprise a styrene and / or ally monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, for example styrene phosphonic acid and / or allyl phosphonic acid. The monomer may comprise an acrylic monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, for example acrylic phosphate and / or 2- sulfoethylmethacryloate.

[0154] The copolymer additive comprising the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group may be obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with a polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof. It will be understood that the said ethylenically unsaturated material that may be polymerised with the polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group.

[0155] The ethylenically unsaturated material of the copolymer additive may comprise a monomer and / or a (co)polymer.

[0156] The ethylenically unsaturated material may comprise acrylic material, such as an acrylic monomer and / or an acrylic (co)polymer, such as an acrylic monomer.

[0157] The acrylic monomer may comprise a (hetero)aliphatic (alk)acrylate or (alk)acrylic acid. Suitable (hetero)aliphatic (alk)acrylate or (alk)acrylic acid monomers include, but are not limited to, the following: alkyl (alk)acrylate, such as Ci to Ce alkyl (Ci to Ce alk)acrylate, for example, Ci to Ce alkyl (meth)acrylate, and (alk)acrylic acid, such as (Ci to Ce alk)acrylic acid. The acrylic monomers may comprise a functional group.

[0158] The acrylic monomer may be selected from (meth)acrylic acid, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate; propyl (meth)acrylate; butyl (meth)acrylate; cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate; benzyl methacrylate; 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate; isobornyl (meth)acrylate; lauryl (meth)acrylate; hydroxyl-functional acrylates such as hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, amine-functional acrylates such as dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, butylamino ethyl (meth)acrylate, and / or glycidyl-functional acrylates such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate.

[0159] The acrylic monomer may comprise: methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, allyl (meth)acrylate, dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate and / or butylamino ethyl (meth)acrylate.

[0160] The ethylenically unsaturated material, such as of the copolymer additive when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may comprise a vinyl material. The vinyl material may comprise an aromatic group. The vinyl material may comprise a styrene.

[0161] The ethylenically unsaturated material, such as of the copolymer additive when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may comprise an acrylamide material, such as an ether functional acrylamide material. The acrylamide material may comprise an aliphatic group, such as an aliphatic group having at least three carbon atoms, or at least four carbon atoms. The acrylamide material may comprise n-butoxymethyl acrylamide.

[0162] It has been identified that the ethylenically unsaturated material, such as of the copolymer additive when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may comprise acid functionality, such as by comprising methacrylic acid or acrylic acid. The acid functionality may be at least partially neutralised with a neutralisation agent.

[0163] Suitable neutralisation agents may include ammonia or amine functional moieties: methyl ethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), trimethylamine, diethylene triamine.

[0164] The acid functionality may be at least 5% neutralised with a neutralisation agent. The acid functionality on the further (co)polymer may be at least 25% neutralised with a neutralisation agent. The acid functionality on the further (co)polymer may be at least 50% neutralised with a neutralisation agent. The acid functionality on the further (co)polymer may be at least 75% neutralised with a neutralisation agent.

[0165] The ethylenically unsaturated material / copolymer additive may comprise hydroxyl functionality, such as by using a hydroxyl functional monomer.

[0166] The copolymer additive may be formed from >0.1 % of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as >0.3 wt% or S0.5 wt%.

[0167] The copolymer additive may be formed from <90% of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as <60 wt% or <40 wt%.

[0168] The copolymer additive may be formed from 0.1 to 90 % of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as from 0.3 to 60 wt% or from 0.5 to 40 wt%.

[0169] The copolymer additive may be formed from 220% of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof bytotal weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 215 wt% or <10 wt% or <9 wt%.

[0170] The copolymer additive may be formed from 0.1 to 20 % of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as from 0.3 to 15 wt% or from 0.5 to 10 wt% or from 0.5 to 9 wt%.

[0171] The copolymer additive may be formed from >50 % of ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as >60 wt% or >70 wt% or >75 wt%.

[0172] The copolymer additive may be formed from <99.9 % of ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as ^99.7 wt% or <99.5 wt%.

[0173] The copolymer additive may be formed from 50 to 99.9 % of ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as from 60 to 99.7. wt% or from 70 to 99.5 wt% or from 75 to 99.5 wt%.

[0174] The copolymer additive may be formed from ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group and a material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof in a weight ratio of from 99.9 wt% to 50 wt% ethylenically unsaturated material that does not comprise a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group to from 50 wt% to 0.1 wt% material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as a weight ratio of from 99.7 wt% to 60 wt% to from 40 wt% to 0.3 wt%, such as a weight ratio of from 99.5 wt% to 70 wt% to from 30 wt% to 0.5 wt%.

[0175] The copolymer additive may be formed from >5 % of a hydroxyl functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 28 wt% or 210 wt%.

[0176] The copolymer additive may be formed from 240 % of a hydroxyl functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 230 wt% or 220 wt%.

[0177] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from >5 % of an acid functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 210 wt% or >15 wt%.

[0178] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from 260% of an acid functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as <40 wt% or <30 wt%.

[0179] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from 5 to 60 % of an acid functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as from 10 to 40 wt% or from 15 to 30 wt%.

[0180] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, may be formed from <9 % of an acid functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 25 wt% or 21 wt% or 20.5wt%.

[0181] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from >1 % of an acrylamide monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 23 wt% or 25 wt%.

[0182] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from <30% of an acrylamide monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 20 wt% or <15 wt%.

[0183] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from 1 to 30 % of an acrylamide monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as from 3 to 20 wt% or from 5 to 15 wt%.

[0184] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from 220 % of an aromatic group-containing monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 30 wt% or 235 wt%.

[0185] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from 280% of an aromatic group-containing monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 260 wt% or 250 wt%.

[0186] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from 20 to 80 % of an aromatic group-containing monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as from 30 to 60 wt% or from 35 to 50 wt%.

[0187] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from 220 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 230 wt% or 235 wt%.

[0188] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from <80% of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as <60 wt% or <50 wt%.

[0189] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be formed from 20 to 80 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as from 30 to 60 wt% or from 35 to 50 wt%.

[0190] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, may be formed from >50 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as >70 wt% or >75 wt% or >80 wt% or >90 wt%.

[0191] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, may be formed from <99% of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as ^98 wt% or <95 wt%.

[0192] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, may be formed from 50 to 99 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as from 70 to 98 wt% or from 80 to 95 wt% or from 90 to 95 wt%.

[0193] The ethylenically unsaturated material of the copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, may comprise 220% of a cyclic vinyl material, such as an aromatic cyclic material, for example styrene, by total weight of the monomers from which the copolymer additive is formed, such as 210 wt% or 25 wt% or 21%. The ethylenically unsaturated material may be substantially free of cyclic vinyl material, such as an aromatic cyclic material, for example styrene.

[0194] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 2 , 000 Da, such as 2:2,000 Da or >3,000 Da or >3,100 Da. The copolymer additive may have a number average molecular weight of 210,000 Da, such as <5,000 Da or <4,900 Da, or <4,500 Da.

[0195] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 2:4,000 Da, such as 2:5,000 Da or >6,000 Da. The copolymer additive may have a number average molecular weight of 215,000 Da, such as <12,000 Da or <10,000 Da. The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may be a film former material. When the copolymer additive comprises a film former material, the coating composition may comprise at least two different film former materials. Forexample, the coating composition may comprise a polyvinyl butyral film former material and a copolymer additive film former material.

[0196] When the copolymer additive comprises a film former material, the coating composition may comprise film former copolymer additive in an amount of 220% by total solid weight of film former material, such as >30wt% or >40wt%.

[0197] When the copolymer additive comprises a film former material, the coating composition may comprise film former copolymer additive in an amount of <80% by total solid weight of film former material, such as <70wt% or <60wt%.

[0198] When the copolymer additive comprises a film former material, the coating composition may comprise film former copolymer additive in an amount of from 20 to 80% by total solid weight of film former material, such as from 30 to 70wt% or from 40 to 60wt%.

[0199] The copolymer additive may have any suitable glass transition temperature (Tg). The copolymer additive may have a Tg of >-50°C and / or <200°C.

[0200] The copolymer additive may have any suitable gross hydroxyl value (OHV). The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may have a gross OHV >0 and / or up to 50 mg KOH / g.

[0201] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, may have a gross OHV of >0 mg KOH / g, such as 210 mg KOH / g. The copolymer additive may have a gross OHV of 2410 mg KOH / g, such as of 2200 mg KOH / g. The copolymer additive may have a gross OHV of from >0 to 410 mg KOH / g, such as from 10 to 200 mg KOH / g.

[0202] The copolymer additive, such as when present with a polyvinyl butyral material, may have any suitable acid value (AV). The copolymer additive may have an AV of 25 KOH / g and / or <200 KOH / g.

[0203] The copolymer additive may be prepared in the presence of a polymerisation initiator. The polymerisation initiator may comprise an organic peroxide, such as a dialkyl peroxide and / or a peroxy ester, for example di-(tert-amyl) peroxide and / or tert-butyl peroctoate. The polymerisation initiator may comprise a dialkyl peroxide.

[0204] The composition may comprise 21% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as 2l .4wt%, or >1.5wt%. The composition may comprise 240% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as 230wt%, or 20wt%, or <10wt%. The composition may comprise from 1 to 40% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as from 1 .4 to 30wt%, or from 1 .5 to 20wt%, or from 1 .5 to 10wt%.

[0205] The composition, such as when comprising a polyvinyl butyral material, may comprise 210% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as 220wt%, or>30wt%. The composition, such as when comprising a polyvinyl butyral material, may comprise <80% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as <70wt%, or <60wt%, or <50wt%. The composition may comprise from 10 to 80% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as from 20 to 70wt%, or from 30 to 60wt %, or from 30 to 50wt%.

[0206] The composition may comprise >10% of film former material by total solid weight of the composition, such as >20wt%, or >30wt%, or >40wt%.

[0207] The composition may comprise 299.9% of film former material, by total solid weight of the composition, such as 299.5wt%, or 99wt%, or <98wt%, or <97wt%, or <96wt%.

[0208] The composition may comprise from 10 to 99.9% of film former material, by total solid weight of the composition, such as from 20 to 99.9% or from 30 to 98wt%.

[0209] The composition may comprise >50% of film former material, by total solid weight of the composition, such as >60wt%, or >65wt%, or >70wt%.

[0210] The composition may comprise from 50 to 99.9% of the film former material, by total solid weight of the composition, such as from 60 to 98wt%, or from 65 to 98wt%.

[0211] The composition may comprise >50% of polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, by total solid weight of the composition, such as >60wt%, or >65wt%, or >70wt%. The coating composition may comprise >50% of polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, by solid weight of the coating composition, such as >60wt%, or >65wt%, or >70wt%.

[0212] The composition may comprise from 50 to 99.9% of polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, by total solid weight of the composition, such as from 60 to 98wt%, or from 65 to 98wt%. The composition may comprise from 50 to 99.9% of polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, by total solid weight of the composition, such as from 60 to 98wt%, or from 65 to 98wt%.

[0213] The coating composition may comprise >10% of a film former polyvinyl butyral material by solid weight of the coating composition, such as >20wt%, or >30wt%.

[0214] The coating composition may comprise <80% of a film former polyvinyl butyral material by solid weight of the coating composition, such as <70wt%, or <60wt%.

[0215] The coating composition may comprise from 10 to 80% of a film former polyvinyl butyral material by solid weight of the coating composition, such as from 20 to 70wt%, or from 30 to 60wt%.

[0216] A polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material may comprise >70% of the total amount of film former material in the coating composition by total solid weight of film former material, such as >80wt% or >90wt%.

[0217] A polyvinyl butyral film former material may comprise S2O% of the total amount of film former material in the coating composition by total solid weight of film former material, such as >30wt% or >40wt%.

[0218] A polyvinyl butyral film former material may comprise ^80% of the total amount of film former material in the coating composition by total solid weight of film former material, such as <70wt% or <60wt%.

[0219] A polyvinyl butyral film former material may comprise from 20 to 80% of the total amount of film former material in the coating composition by total solid weight of film former material, such as from 30 to 70wt% or from 40 to 60wt%.

[0220] The coating composition may further comprise a liquid carrier, such as water and / or an organic solvent. The coating composition may comprise water and / or a single solvent or a mixture of solvents. The coating composition may comprise water, an organic solvent, a mixture of water and an organic solvent or a mixture of organic solvents. The coating composition may comprise water and an organic solvent or water and a mixture of organic solvents.

[0221] The coating composition may be an aqueous coating composition. An aqueous coating composition may represent a coating composition obtainable by dissolving and / or dispersing the film former copolymer in an aqueous medium. An aqueous coating composition may be a coating composition comprising at least 10% water by total liquid carrier weight, such as at least 30 wt% or at least 50 wt%. The film former copolymer may be substantially water dispersible.

[0222] The coating composition may comprise at least 40% water by total weight of the coating composition, such as at least 50 wt% or at least 55 wt%.

[0223] The coating composition may comprise up to 25% organic solvent, by total weight of the coating composition, such as up to 20 wt% or up to 15wt%.

[0224] The organic solvent may have sufficient volatility to essentially entirely evaporate from the coating composition during the curing process. As a non-limiting example, the curing process may be by heating at 130-230 °C for 1-15 minutes.

[0225] The coating composition may be an organic solventborne coating composition. An organic solventborne coating composition may be a coating composition comprising more than 90% organic solvent by total liquid carrier weight, such as at least 95 wt%.

[0226] The organic solvent may have a sufficient volatility to essentially entirely evaporate from the coating composition during the curing process.

[0227] Suitable organic solvents include, but are not limited to the following: aliphatic hydrocarbons such as mineral spirits and high flash point naphtha; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene; toluene; xylene; solvent naphtha 100, 150, 200; those available from Exxon-Mobil Chemical Company under the SOLVESSO (RTM) trade name; alcohols such as ethanol; n-propanol; isopropanol; n-butanol; pentanol; amyl alcohol; 1-methoxy-2-propanol; and butoxy ethanol; ketones such as acetone; cyclohexanone; methylisobutyl ketone; methyl ethyl ketone; esters such as ethyl acetate; butyl acetate; n-hexyl acetate; RHODIASOLV (RTM) RPDE (a blend of succinic and adipic esters commercially available from Rhodia); glycols such as butyl glycol; glycol ethers such as methoxypropanol; ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; ethylene glycol monobutyl ether; those available from Dow under the DOWANOL (RTM) trade name, such as DOWANOL PM, DOWANOL DPM and DOWANOL PPH, for example; and combinations thereof.

[0228] The copolymer additive and / or film former material may be dissolved or dispersed in the said solvent during and / or after its formation.

[0229] The coating composition may comprise other optional materials well known in the art of formulating coatings, such as colorants, plasticizers, abrasion-resistant particles, anti-oxidants, hindered amine light stabilizers, UV light absorbers and stabilizers, surfactants, flow control agents, thixotropic agents, fillers, organic co-solvents, reactive diluents, catalysts, grind vehicles, lubricants, waxes and other customary auxiliaries.

[0230] As used herein, the term "colorant" means any substance that imparts color and / or other opacity and / or other visual effect to the composition. The colorant can be added to the coating in any suitable form, such as discrete particles, dispersions, solutions and / or flakes. A single colorant or a mixture of two or more colorants can be used in the coatings of the present disclosure. Suitable colorants are listed in U.S. Patent No. 8,614,286, column 7, line 2 through column 8, line 65, which is incorporated by reference herein. Colorant suitable for packaging coatings are those approved for food contact, such as titanium dioxide; iron oxides, such as black iron oxide; aluminium paste; aluminium powder such as aluminium flake; carbon black; ultramarine blue; phthalocyanines, such as phthalocyanine blue and phthalocyanine green; chromium oxides, such as chromium green oxide; graphite fibrils; ferried yellow; quindo red; and combinations thereof, and those listed in Article 178.3297 of the Code of Federal Regulations, which is incorporated by reference herein.

[0231] The colorant, when present, may be used in the coating composition in any suitable amount. The coating composition may comprise up to 90 wt%, such as up to 50 wt%, or even up to 10 wt% colorant, when present, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

[0232] Suitable lubricants will be well known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable examples of lubricants include, but are not limited to the following: carnauba wax and polyethylene type lubricants. The coating composition may comprise at least 0.01 wt% lubricant, when present, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

[0233] Surfactants may optionally be added to the coating composition in order to aid in flow and wetting of the substrate. Suitable surfactants will be well known to the person skilled in the art. The surfactant, when present, may be chosen to be compatible with food and / or beverage container applications. Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to the following: alkylsulphates (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate); ether sulphates; phosphate esters; sulphonates; and their various alkali, ammonium, amine salts; aliphatic alcohol ethoxylates; alkyl phenol ethoxylates (e.g. nonyl phenol polyether); salts and / or combinations thereof. The coating composition may comprise from 0.01 wt% to 10 wt%, such as from 0.01 to 5 wt%, or even from 0.01 to 2 wt% surfactant, when present, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

[0234] The coating composition may comprise a crosslinking material. The coating composition may comprise any suitable crosslinking material. Suitable crosslinking materials will be well known to the person skilled in the art.

[0235] The crosslinking material may be operable to crosslink the film former material. The crosslinking material may be a single molecule, a dimer, an oligomer, a (co)polymer or a mixture thereof. The crosslinking material may be a dimer or trimer.

[0236] Suitable crosslinking materials include, but are not limited to: phenolic resins (or phenolformaldehyde resins); aminoplast resins (or triazine-formaldehyde resins); amino resins; epoxy resins; isocyanate resins; beta-hydroxy (alkyl) amide resins; alkylated carbamate resins; polyacids; anhydrides; organometallic acid-functional materials; polyamines; and / or polyamides and combinations thereof.

[0237] Suitable examples of phenolic resins are those formed from the reaction of a phenol with an aldehyde or a ketone, such as from the reaction of a phenol with an aldehyde, such as from the reaction of a phenol with formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or even from the reaction of a phenol with formaldehyde. Non-limiting examples of phenols which may be used to form phenolic resins are phenol, butyl phenol, xylenol and cresol. General preparation of phenolic resins is described in “The Chemistry and Application of Phenolic Resins or Phenoplasts”, Vol V, Part I, edited by Dr Oldring; John Wiley and Sons / Cita Technology Limited, London, 1997. The phenolic resins may be of the resol type. By “resol type” we mean resins formed in the presence of a basic (alkaline) catalyst and optionally an excess of formaldehyde. Suitable examples of commercially available phenolic resins include, but are not limited to those sold under the trade name PHENODUR (RTM) commercially available from Allnex, such as PHENODUR EK-827, PHENODUR VPR1785, PHENODUR PR 515, PHENODUR PR516, PHENODUR PR 517, PHENODUR PR 285, PHENODUR PR612 or PHENODUR PH2024; resins sold under the trade name BAKELITE (RTM) commercially available from Sumitomo Bakelite co., ltd., such as BAKELITE 6582 LB, BAKELITE 6535, BAKELITE PF9989 or BAKELITE PF6581 ; SFC 112 commercially available from SI Group; DUREZ (RTM) 33356 commercially available from SHHPP; ARALINK (RTM) 40- 852 commercially available from Bitrez; or combinations thereof.

[0238] Suitable examples of isocyanate resins include, but are not limited to the following: isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), such as those sold under the trade name DESMODUR (RTM) commercially available from Cevstro, for example DESMODUR VP-LS 2078 / 2 or DESMODUR PL 340 or those sold under the trade name VESTANAT (RTM) commercially available fromEvonik, for example VESTANANT B 1370, VESTANAT B 118 6A or VESTANAT B 1358 A; blocked aliphatic polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), such as those sold under the trade name DESMODUR (RTM) commercially available from Covestro, for example DESMODUR BL3370 or DESMODUR BL 3175 SN, those sold under the trade name DURANATE (RTM) commercially available from Asahi KASEI, for example DURANATE MF-K60X, those sold under the trade name TOLONATE (RTM) commercially available from Vencorex Chemicals, for example TOLONATE D2 or those sold under the trade name TRIXENE (RTM) commercially available from Baxenden, for example TRIXENE-BI-7984 or TRIXENE 7981 ; or combinations thereof.

[0239] The crosslinking material may contain nitrogen. The crosslinking material may be in the form of an amine or amide material. The crosslinking material may comprise a hydroxyl substituted amine or amide material.

[0240] The crosslinking material may comprise a hydroxyalkylamide material, such as a p- hydroxyalkylamide material.

[0241] The crosslinking material may comprise a commercially available p-hydroxyalkylamide crosslinking, such as, for example, PRIMID XL-552 (available from EMS); PRIMID QM-1260 (available from EMS Chemie); and N,N,N’,N’-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)adipamide.

[0242] The crosslinking material may be in the form of a urea material. The crosslinking material may comprise a hydroxyl substituted urea material. The crosslinking material may comprise a hydroxy functional alkyl polyurea material.

[0243] The hydroxy functional alkyl polyurea material may comprise a material according to formula (I):wherein R comprises an isocyanurate moiety, biuret moiety, allophonate moiety, glycoluril moiety, benzoguanamine moiety, polyetheramine moiety, and / or polymeric moiety different from a polyetheramine and having an Mn of 500 or greater; wherein each R1 is independently a hydrogen, alkyl having a carbon, or a hydroxy functional alkyl having 2 or more carbons and at least one R1 is a hydroxy functional alkyl having 2 or more carbons; and n is 2-6.

[0244] The hydroxy functional alkyl polyurea material may comprise a material according to formula (II):wherein R2 is a substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C36 alkyl group, an aromatic group, an isocyanurate moiety, biuret moiety, allophonate moiety, glycoluril moiety, benzoguanamine moiety, polyetheramine moiety, and / or polymeric moiety different from a polyetheramine and having an Mn of 500 or greater; wherein each R1 is independently a hydrogen, an alkyl having a carbon, or a hydroxy functional alkyl having 2 or more carbons and at least one R1 is a hydroxyl functional alkyl having 2 or more carbons; and n is 2-6.

[0245] Further details of suitable hydroxy functional alkyl polyurea materials are disclosed in PCT patent application WO 2017 / 123955, the entire contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference.

[0246] Suitable examples of aminoplast resins include those which are a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising a triazine such as melamine or benzoguanamine and formaldehyde. These condensates may be etherified, such as with methanol, ethanol, butanol or mixtures thereof. For the chemistry, preparation and use of aminoplast resins, see “The Chemistry and Applications of Amino Crosslinking agents or Aminoplast”, Vol. V, Part 11 , page 21 ff., edited by Dr. Oldring; John Wiley & Sons / Cita Technology Limited, London, 1998. Suitable examples of commercially available aminoplast resins include, but are not limited to, those sold under the trade name MAPRENAL (registered trade mark), such as MAPRENAL MF980 (commercially available from Ineos); those sold under the trade name CYMEL (registered trade mark), such as CYMEL 303 and CYMEL 1128 (available from Allnex Industries); and combinations thereof.

[0247] The crosslinking material may comprise material according to formula (III)wherein Ri represents hydrogen, alkyl (such as Ci to C20 alkyl), aryl (such as C4 to C24 aryl), aralkyl (such as C5 to C25 aralkyl), or — NReR?;R2 to R? each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl (such as Ci to C20 alkyl), aryl (such as C4 to C24 aryl), aralkyl (such as C5 to C25 aralkyl) or — CHRsORg;wherein Rs and Rg each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl (such as Ci to C20 alkyl), aryl (such as C4 to C24 aryl), aralkyl (such as C5 to C25 aralkyl), alkoxyalkyl (such as C2 to C40 alkoxyalkyl) or an alkaryl (such as C5 to C25 alkaryl); wherein at least one of R2 to Rs, or R2 to Ry when present, is — CHRsORg, for example all of R2 to Rs, or R2 to R7 when present, may be — CHRsORg.

[0248] In the crosslinking material according to formula (III), R1 may be Ci to C20 alkyl, C4 to C24 aryl, Cs to C25 aralkyl, or — NRsR?; such as C4 to C24 aryl or Cs to C25 aralkyl, or C4 to C24 aryl, such as C4 to C12 aryl, such as Cs aryl.

[0249] In the crosslinking material according to formula (III), R1 may be — NReRy.

[0250] In the crosslinking material according to formula (III), R2 to Ry, when present as applicable, may each be independently hydrogen, Ci to C20 alkyl, C4 to C24 aryl or — CHRsORg; such as hydrogen, Ci to C20 alkyl or — CHRsORg, such as hydrogen, Ci to C10 alkyl or — CHRsORg; such as Ci to C5 alkyl or — CHRsORg, such as — CHRsORg.

[0251] In the crosslinking material according to formula (III), R2 to Ry, when present as applicable, may each be independently hydrogen, Ci to C20 alkyl, C4 to C24 aryl or — CHRsORg; such as hydrogen, Ci to C20 alkyl or — CHRsORg, such as hydrogen, Ci to C10 alkyl or — CHRsORg; such as Ci to C5 alkyl or — CHRsORg, such as — CHRsORg, and Rs may be independently be hydrogen, Ci to C20 alkyl, C4 to C24 aryl, Cs to C25 aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl C2 to C40 alkoxyalkyl or Cs to C25 alkaryl, such as hydrogen, Ci to C20 alkyl, such as hydrogen; and Rg may be hydrogen, Ci to C20 alkyl, C4 to C24 aryl, Cs to C25 aralkyl, alkoxyalkyl C2 to C40 alkoxyalkyl or Cs to C25 alkaryl; such as hydrogen, Ci to C20 alkyl; such as Ci to C20 alkyl, or Ci to C10 alkyl, or Ci to Cs alkyl, such as Ci or C2 alkyl.

[0252] The crosslinking material according to formula (III) may be a reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising a triazine such as melamine or benzoguanamine and formaldehyde. These condensates may be etherified, such as with methanol, ethanol, butanol or mixtures thereof. For the chemistry, preparation and use of aminoplast resins, see “The Chemistry and Applications of Amino Crosslinking agents or Aminoplast”, Vol. V, Part 11 , page 21 ff . , edited by Dr. Oldring; John Wiley & Sons / Cita Technology Limited, London, 1998.

[0253] The crosslinking material according to formula (III) may comprise melamine or derivatives thereof, such as butylated and / or methylated melamine; and / or benzoguanamine or derivatives thereof, such as butylated and / or methylated benzoguanamine. The crosslinking material according to formula (III) may comprise benzoguanamine or derivatives thereof, such as butylated and / or methylated benzoguanamine.

[0254] The crosslinking material according to formula (III) may comprise at least partially butylated benzoguanamine.

[0255] The crosslinking material, such as according to formula (III), may be self-curing. The crosslinking material according to formula (III) may comprise a self-curing melamine, benzoguanamine or derivative thereof, such as a self-curing at least partially butylated benzoguanamine. As used herein ‘self-curing’ with respect to the crosslinking material may mean a crosslinking material that is operable to cure in the coating composition in the absence of a curing catalyst additive that is suitable to catalyse crosslinking reactions between the film former and the crosslinking material.

[0256] It has been surprisingly found that a coating composition comprising a self-curing crosslinking material may provide good or improved adhesion. Such a coating composition may provide good or improved adhesion in combination with maintained and / or improved properties such as enamel rating, solvent fraction, blush and / or feathering.

[0257] The crosslinking material may comprise those which are the reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising a triazine, such as melamine or benzoguanamine, and formaldehyde.

[0258] The crosslinking material may comprise benzoguanamine or a derivative thereof.

[0259] The benzoguanamine or derivative thereof may comprise commercially available benzoguanamine or derivative thereof. Suitable examples of commercially available benzoguanamine and its derivatives include, but are not limited to benzoguanamine- formaldehyde based materials such as those sold under the trade name CYMEL (registered trade mark), for example CYMEL 1123 (commercially available from Allnex Industries), those sold under the trade name ITAMIN (registered trade mark), for example ITAMIN BG143 (commercially available from Galstaff Multiresine) or those sold under the trade name MAPRENAL (registered trade mark), for example, MAPRENAL BF892 and MAPRENAL BF 892 / 68B (commercially available from Ineos); glycoluril based materials, such as those sold under the trade name CYMEL (registered trade mark), for example, CYMEL 1170 and CYMEL 1172 (commercially available from Allnex); and combinations thereof.

[0260] The benzoguanamine or derivative thereof may comprise benzoguanamine-formaldehyde based materials sold under the trade name MAPRENAL (registered trade mark).

[0261] The benzoguanamine or derivative thereof may comprise MAPRENAL BF892, MAPRENAL BF 892 / 68B and / or MAPRENAL MF-984 (commercially available from Ineos).

[0262] Further details of a suitable crosslinker are disclosed in published EP patent application EP3161080 A1 , specifically, paragraphs

[0028] to

[0034] inclusive and paragraph

[0037] . The entire contents paragraphs

[0028] to

[0034] and

[0037] are fully incorporated herein by reference.

[0263] The coating composition may comprise an aminoplast crosslinker, such as a benzoguanamine or a derivative thereof, and a further crosslinker, such as a phenolic resin.

[0264] The crosslinking material may be present in the coating composition in any suitable amount.

[0265] The coating composition may comprise at least 0.5 wt% crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition. Such as at least 1 wt%, at least 5 wt%, at least 10 wt% crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

[0266] The coating composition may comprise up to 70wt% crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition. Such as up to 60wt%, up to 50wt%, up to 40wt%, up to 30wt%, up to 25wt%, or up to 20wt% crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

[0267] The coating composition may comprise from 0.5 to 90wt%, or 1 to 90wt%, such as from 1 to 80wt%, such as from 1 to 70wt%, such as from 1 to 60wt%, such as from 1 to 50wt%, such as from 1 to 40wt%, such as from 1 to 30wt%, or even from 1 to 25wt% crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise from 5 to 90wt%, such as from 5 to 80wt%, such as from 5 to 70wt%, such as from 5 to 60wt%, such as from 5 to 50wt%, such as from 5 to 40wt%, such as from 5 to 30wt%, or even from 5 to 25wt% crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition. The coating composition may comprise from 10 to 90wt%, such as from 10 to 80wt%, such as from 10 to 70wt%, such as from 10 to 60wt%, such as from 10 to 50wt%, such as from 10 to 40wt%, such as from 10 to 30wt%, or even from 10 to 25wt%, or 10 to 20wt%, crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

[0268] The coating compositions may further comprise a catalyst. Any catalyst suitable to catalyse crosslinking reactions between the film former and / or any crosslinking material may be used. Suitable catalysts will be well known to the person skilled in the art. The catalyst may be a non- metal or a metal catalyst or a combination thereof. Suitable non-metal catalysts include, but are not limited to the following: phosphoric acid; blocked phosphoric acid; CYCAT (RTM) XK 406 N (commercially available from Allnex); sulfuric acid; sulfonic acid; CYCAT 600 (commercially available from Allnex); NACURE (RTM) 5076 or NACURE 5925 (commercially available from King industries); acid phosphate catalyst such as NACURE XC 235 (commercially available from King Industries); and combinations thereof. Suitable metal catalysts will be well known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable metal catalysts include, but are not limited to the following: tin containing catalysts, such as monobutyl tin tris (2-ethylhexanoate); zirconium containing catalysts, such as KKAT (RTM) 4205 (commercially available from King Industries); titanate based catalysts, such as tetrabutyl titanate TnBT (commercially available from Sigma Aldrich); and combinations thereof.

[0269] Suitable examples of catalysts may include, but are not limited to the following: metal compounds such as stannous octoate; stannous chloride; butyl stannoic acid (hydroxy butyl tin oxide); monobutyl tin tris (2-ethylhexanoate); chloro butyl tin dihydroxide; tetra-n-propyl titanate; tetra-n-butyl titanate; zinc acetate; acid compounds such as phosphoric acid; para-toluene sulphonic acid; dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DDBSA) such as blocked DDBSA, tetra alkylzirconium materials, antimony trioxide, germanium dioxide and combinations thereof. The catalyst may comprise dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DDBSA), such as blocked DDBSA.

[0270] The catalyst, when present, may be used in the coating composition in any suitable amount. The catalyst may be present in the coating composition in an amounts of so.001% by solid weight of the coating composition coating composition, such as ^0.01%, such as so.025% by solid weight of the coating composition. The catalyst may be present in the coating composition in an amount of 21% by solid weight of the coating composition coating composition, such as 20.7%, such as 20.5% by solid weight of the coating composition. The catalyst may be present in the coating composition in amounts from 0.001 to 1 % by solid weight of the coating composition coating composition, such as from 0.01 to 0.7%, such as from 0.025 to 0.5% by solid weight of the coating composition.

[0271] The coating composition may comprise 21 % by solid weight of the coating composition of a curing catalyst additive, such as 20.7 wt%, 20.5 wt%, 20.25 wt%, 20.1 wt%, 20.05 wt%, 20.025 wt%, 20.01 wt% or 20.001 wt%. As used herein “curing catalyst additive” means a component added to the composition, in addition where applicable to the copolymer additive of the disclosure comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, that is operable to catalyse crosslinking reactions between the film former and / or any crosslinking agent. The curing catalyst additive may be a metal compound such as stannous octoate; stannous chloride; butyl stannoic acid (hydroxy butyl tin oxide); monobutyl tin tris (2- ethylhexanoate); chloro butyl tin dihydroxide; tetra-n-propyl titanate; tetra-n-butyl titanate; zinc acetate; an acid compound such as phosphoric acid; para-toluene sulphonic acid; dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DDBSA) such as blocked DDBSA, tetra alkyl zirconium materials, antimony trioxide, germanium dioxide and combinations thereof. The curing catalyst additive may be dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid and / or para-toluene sulphonic acid. The curing catalyst additive may be a small molecule curing catalyst additive. A small molecule curing catalyst additive may be a non-polymeric curing catalyst additive and / or a curing catalyst additive having a molecular weight of <1 ,000 Da, such as 2800 Da or 2500 Da. The coating compositions may be substantially free, may be essentially free or may be completely free of a curing catalyst additive. “Substantially free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of a curing catalyst additive. “Essentially free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 100 ppm of any of a curing catalyst additive. “Completely free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of a curing catalyst additive.

[0272] The coating composition may have any suitable solids content. The coating composition may have a solids content of 2 0 by weight of the coating composition, such as ^20 or >30%. The coating composition may have a solids content of 280% by weight of the coating composition, such as 270 wt% or 265 wt%. The coating composition may have a solids content of from 10 to 80% by weight of the coating composition, such as from 20 to 70wt% or from 30 to 65 wt%.

[0273] The coating composition may have a Brookfield viscosity of at least 30 centipoise, such as at least 35 centipoise or at least 40 centipoise. The coating composition may have a Brookfield viscosity of up to 35,000 centipoise, such as up to 30,000 centipoise, or up to 27,000 centipoise. The coating composition, such as a coating composition comprising a film former polyvinyl butyral material, may have a Brookfield viscosity of up to 2,000 centipoise, such as up to 1 ,500 centipoise, or up to 1,200 centipoise. The coating composition, such as a coating composition comprising a film former polyvinyl butyral material, may have a Brookfield viscosity of from 30 to 2,000 centipoise, such as from 35 to 1 ,500 centipoise or from 40 to 1 ,200 centipoise. As used herein, the viscosity was measured using an RV Brookfield viscometer with spindle 6 at 30 rpm.

[0274] A cured film formed from the coating composition of the present disclosure having a film weight of 7 mg / in2may have an enamel rating after pack of 216 mA, such as 215 mA or 214 mA.

[0275] As reported herein, the enamel rating after pack was measured as follows: 47 grams of the stock solution of L-85 was added to the can followed by the addition of 308 grams of carbonated water. A 202 type seamer was then used to seam an end onto the can. The can was then placed upside down (inverted) into a 100° F. (38° C.) incubator for 6 days). The can was then removed from the incubator, opened, and then measured using the Waco Enamel Rater test in which electrolyte was added to the plastic cup of Waco Enamel Rater, the can end was fitted onto the beveled end of the cup, and a vacuum applied to hold the end securely on the cup. When the cup was inverted, the electrode and can end were immersed in the electrolyte and the reading was displayed on the Enamel Rater.Liquor 85 Test Pack (L-85) stock solution:Deionized Water 917.3 gramsCitric Acid 92.0 grams85% Phosphoric Acid 33.3 gramsMorton Salt (Sodium Chloride) with no iodine 71 .0 grams

[0276] A cured film formed from the coating composition of the present disclosure may have a solvent fraction of 216%, such as 212% or 29%.

[0277] As reported herein, the solvent fraction was measured as follows: A four square inch disk was punched out in a hold puncher. The disk was then weighed on a four place balance. This was the “initial weight”. A sample was then placed into a rack and soaked in MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) for 10 minutes. Next, the sample was removed and placed into a 400° F oven for 2 minutes, removed from the oven, cooled, and weighed again. This value was the “post bake weight”. Next, the disk was placed into Sulfuric Acid (A298-212 Technical Grade available from Fisher Scientific) for 3 minutes to strip the coating from the metal. The panel was rinsed with water to remove the coating completely. Then the panel was dried and re-weighed. This was the “final weight”. The equation used to determine Solvent Fraction was:(Initial weight - Post Bake weight) / (Initial weight - Final weight) x 100 = Solvent Fraction

[0278] A cured film formed from the coating composition of the present disclosure may have a feathering of 22.5 mm, such as 20.6 mm or 20.5 mm.

[0279] As reported herein, the feathering property of the coatings was measured as follows: A chromium pretreated aluminium panels (Henkel 702N, AA5182 Alloy) having a thickness of 0.21 mm was coated with a coating composition to give a film weight 7.0 mg / in2. The panel was then baked in a three zone coil oven to a peak metal temperature of 240°C. The panel was then cut into a 50.8 mm by 88.9 mm piece, with the substrate grain running perpendicular to the long length of the cut panel. The test panel coated side up was then inserted between the score tool and the anvil in a Carver press. The long edge of the panel was abutted against the guide block on the inside of the press. The valve on the base of the press was tightened to clamp the panel into the Carver press. A force of 1500 psi on the hydraulic pressure gauge was applied to make the score line of a simulated tab. The depth of the score line was 0.18 mm. Shown in Figure 1 is a schematic of the coated panel (100) comprising the score line of the simulated tab (102). The simulated tab (102) extended perpendicularly to the long length (I) of the panel. The terminal points (104, 106) of the score line (which collectively form the front of the simulated tab, i.e., the portion of the tab that was first opened) were both arranged at an edge of the long length (I) of the panel. The dimensions of the simulated tab (102) were: A (48.0 mm); B (11.3 mm); C (24.0 mm); D (18.00 mm); E and F area (89.4 mm2); and G (10.6 mm). Lengths D extended from the upper terminal point of respective length C to the left and right vertex of circles E and F, respectively. Length G extended between the upper vertex of circles E and F. The panel was then removed from the press and two spaced parallel cuts were formed in the panel at the front end of the simulated tab along the score line. Each cut extended inward into the panel, perpendicularly to the long length, starting from the terminal points (104 and 106) of the score line. The cuts extended 6.4 mm into the panel along the respective portion of the score line and were spaced 11 .3 mm apart. The panel was then fully immersed in deionized water for 30 minutes at 250 °F (121 °C). The panel was then removed and immediately submerged in 22°C DI water for 2 seconds. The panel was then removed from the deionized water. The cut portion of the simulated tab was bent 180° toward the coated face of the panel. The panel was then inserted into a vice where the panel was held along the long length, with the edge from which the score line extended being held in the vice. Pliers were then used to grip the cut portion of the simulated tab and then to pull the cut portion of the tab 180° across the coated face of the panel toward the opposite end of the tab at a rate of 1 second / cm. Feathering was then measured using a digital Microscope. The length of the coating that extended furthest into the tab opening was measured in mm and recorded.

[0280] A “cured film” as used to measure properties of the film described herein means a film formed as follows. The coating composition was drawn down with a wire wound bar over a chromium pretreated aluminium panel (Henkel 702N, AA5182 Alloy) to give a dry film weight of6.5-7.5 milligrams / square inch (msi), unless indicated otherwise. The panels were then baked in a three zone coil oven (249 / 326 / 293°C) to a peak metal temperature of 240°C.

[0281] The cured film used to measure properties described herein may be a dry film or a wet film. As reported herein, unless stated otherwise, “dry film” refers to a film that was formed by curing the coating composition to form a cured film and “wet film” refers to a film that was formed by curing the coating composition to form a cured film, which was then soaked in commercially available Coca Cola Classic at 38°C (100°F) for 24 hours before testing.

[0282] The coating compositions of the present disclosure may be substantially free, may be essentially free or may be completely free of bisphenol A (BPA) and derivatives thereof. Derivatives of bisphenol A include, for example, bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE). The coating compositions of the present disclosure may also be substantially free, may be essentially free or may be completely free of bisphenol F (BPF) and derivatives thereof. Derivatives of bisphenol F include, for example, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BPFG). The compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above may not be added to the composition intentionally but may be present in trace amounts because of unavoidable contamination from the environment. “Substantially free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above. “Essentially free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 100 ppm of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above. By “Completely free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above.

[0283] The coating compositions of the present disclosure may be substantially free, may be essentially free or may be completely free of dialkyltin compounds, including oxides or other derivatives thereof. Examples of dialkyltin compounds include, but are not limited to the following: dibutyltindilaurate (DBTDL); dioctyltindilaurate; dimethyltin oxide; diethyltin oxide; dipropyltin oxide; dibutyltin oxide (DBTO); dioctyltinoxide (DOTO) or combinations thereof. By “substantially free” we mean to refer to coating compositions containing less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above. By “essentially free” we mean to refer to coating compositions containing less than 100 ppm of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof mentioned above. By “completely free” we mean to refer to coating compositions containing less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of any of the compounds or derivatives thereof.

[0284] The coating compositions may be substantially free, may be essentially free or may be completely free of formaldehyde. “Substantially free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 1000 parts per million (ppm) of formaldehyde. “Essentially free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 100ppm of any of formaldehyde. “Completely free” refers to coating compositions, or components thereof, containing less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of formaldehyde.

[0285] The coating compositions and / or layers deposited from the same, as well as any pretreatment layer, primer layer or topcoat layer, may be substantially free of chromium or chromium-containing compounds meaning that chromium or chromium-containing compounds are not intentionally added, but may be present in trace amounts, such as because of impurities or unavoidable contamination from the environment. In other words, the amount of material is so small that it does not affect the properties of the composition; this may further include that chromium or chromium-containing compounds are not present in an aqueous or powder composition and / or layers deposited from the same, as well as any pretreatment layer, primer layer or topcoat layer, in such a level that they cause a burden on the environment. The term “substantially free” means that a coating composition and / or layers deposited from the same, as well as any pretreatment layer, primer layer or topcoat layer, contain less than 10 ppm of chromium, based on total solids weight of the composition, the layer, or the layers, respectively, if any at all. The term “essentially free” means that a coating composition and / or layers deposited from the same, as well as any pretreatment layer, primer layer or topcoat layer, contain less than 1 ppm of chromium, based on total solids weight of the composition or the layer, or layers, respectively, if any at all. The term “completely free” means that a coating composition and / or layers comprising the same, as well as any pretreatment layer, primer layer or topcoat layer, contain less than 1 ppb of chromium, based on total solids weight of the composition, the layer, or the layers, respectively, if any at all.

[0286] The coating compositions may be applied to the substrate by any suitable method. Suitable methods of applying the coating compositions will be well known to a person skilled in the art. Suitable application methods for the coating compositions include, but are not limited to, the following: spraying; electrostatic spraying; dipping; rolling; brushing; and the like. The coating compositions may be applied to a substrate by electrocoating.

[0287] The coating compositions may be applied to the substrate, or a portion thereof, as a single layer or as part of a multi layer system. The coating compositions may be applied as a single layer. The coating compositions may be applied to an uncoated substrate. For the avoidance of doubt an uncoated substrate extends to a surface that is cleaned prior to application. The coating compositions may be applied on top of another paint layer as part of a multi layer system. For example, the coating compositions may be applied on top of a primer. The coating compositions may form an intermediate layer or a top coat layer. The coating compositions may be applied as the first coat of a multi coat system. The coating compositions may be applied as an undercoat or a primer. The second, third, fourth etc. coats may comprise any suitable paint such as those containing, for example, epoxy resins; polyester resins; polyurethane resins; polysiloxane resins; hydrocarbon resins or combinations thereof. The second, third, fourth etc. coats may comprise polyester resins. The second, third, fourth etc. coats may be a liquid coating or a powder coating.

[0288] It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the coating compositions may be applied before or after forming the article, such as the packaging. For example, the coating compositions may be applied to metal substrate which is then shaped and formed into a metal article, or the coating composition may be applied to the preformed article.

[0289] The coating compositions may be applied to a substrate once or multiple times.

[0290] Powder coating compositions may be applied by any suitable method. Methods of applying said powder coating compositions will be well known to a person skilled in the art. Suitable application methods include, such as electrodeposition, or applied by ultra corona discharge for example. The powder coating compositions may be applied by ultra corona discharge.

[0291] The coating compositions may be applied to any suitable dry film thickness. The coating compositions may be applied to a dry film thickness from 1 to 100 microns (pm), such as from 1 to 75 pm, such as from 1 to 50 pm, such as from 1 to 40 pm, such as from 1 to 20 pm, or even from 1 to 10 pm.

[0292] The coating compositions may be cured by any suitable method. The coating composition may be cured by heat curing, radiation curing or by chemical curing, such as by heat curing.

[0293] The coating composition, when heat cured, may be cured at any suitable temperature. The coating composition, when heat cured, may be cured to a peak metal temperature (PMT) of 100 to 350°C, such as 150 to 350°C, such as from 175 to 320°C, such as from 190 to 300°C, or even from 200 to 280°C. For the avoidance of doubt, the term “peak metal temperature”, and like terms as used herein, is meant unless specified otherwise the maximum temperature reached by the metal substrate during exposure to a heat during the heat curing process. In other words, the peak metal temperature (PMT) is the maximum temperature reached by the metal substrate and not the temperature which is applied thereto. It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the temperature reached by the metal substrate may be lower than the temperature which is applied thereto or may be substantially equal to the temperature which is applied thereto. The temperature reached by the metal substrate may be lower that the temperature which is applied thereto.

[0294] Curing the coating compositions may form a cured film.

[0295] Further information about suitable application methods of applying suitable coating compositions to substrates will now be given.

[0296] A liquid coating composition may be electrophoretically deposited upon any electrically conductive substrate. Suitable substrates include metal substrates, metal alloy substrates, and / or substrates that have been metallized, such as nickel-plated plastic. Additionally, substrates may comprise non-metal conductive materials including composite materials such as, for example, materials comprising carbon fibers or conductive carbon. The metal or metal alloy may comprise, for example, cold rolled steel, hot rolled steel, steel coated with zinc metal, zinc compounds, orzinc alloys, such as electrogalvanized steel, hot-dipped galvanized steel, galvanealed steel, nickel-plated steel, and steel plated with zinc alloy. The substrate may comprise an aluminium alloy. Non-limiting examples of aluminium alloys include the 1XXX, 2XXX, 3XXX, 4XXX, 5XXX, 6XXX, or 7XXX series as well as clad aluminium alloys and cast aluminium alloys, such as, for example, the A356 series. The substrate may comprise a magnesium alloy. Non-limiting examples of magnesium alloys of the AZ31 B, AZ91 C, AM60B, or EV31 A series also may be used as the substrate. The substrate may also comprise other suitable non-ferrous metals such as titanium or copper, as well as alloys of these materials.

[0297] The part to be coated may be in the shape of a cylinder, such as a pipe, including, for example, a cast iron or steel pipe. The metal substrate also may be in the form of, for example, a sheet of metal or a fabricated part. The substrate may also comprise conductive or non- conductive substrates at least partially coated with a conductive coating. The conductive coating may comprise a conductive agent such as, for example, graphene, conductive carbon black, conductive polymers, or conductive additives. It will also be understood that the substrate may be pretreated with a pretreatment solution. Non-limiting examples of a pretreatment solution include a zinc phosphate pretreatment solution such as, for example, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,793,867 and 5,588,989, a zirconium containing pretreatment solution such as, for example, those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,749,368 and 8,673,091. Other non-limiting examples of a pretreatment solution include those comprising trivalent chromium, hexavalent chromium, lithium salts, permanganate, rare earth metals, such as yttrium, or lanthanides, such as cerium. Another non-limiting example of a suitable surface pretreatment solution is a sol-gel, such as those comprising alkoxy-silanes, alkoxy-zirconates, and / or alkoxy-titanates. Alternatively, the substrate may be a non-pretreated substrate, such as a bare substrate, that is not pretreated by a pretreatment solution.

[0298] The substrate may optionally be subjected to other treatments prior to coating. For example, the substrate may be cleaned, cleaned and deoxidized, anodized, acid pickled, plasma treated, laser treated, or ion vapor deposition (IVD) treated. These optional treatments may be used on their own or in combination with a pretreatment solution.

[0299] A liquid composition of the disclosure may be utilized in a coating layer that is part of a multi-layer coating composite comprising a substrate with various coating layers. The coating layers may optionally include a pretreatment layer, such as a phosphate layer (e.g., zinc phosphate layer) or metal oxide layer (e.g., zirconium oxide layer), a coating layer which results from an aqueous composition of the disclosure, optionally primer layer(s) and suitable topcoat layer(s) (e.g., base coat, clear coat layer, pigmented monocoat, and color-plus-clear composite compositions). It is understood that suitable additional coating layers include any of those known in the art, and each independently may be waterborne, solventborne, in solid particulate form (i.e., a powder coating composition), or in the form of a powder slurry. The additional coating compositions may comprise a film-former polymer, crosslinking material and, if a colored basecoat or monocoat, pigment. The primer layer(s) may optionally be disposed between the electrocoating layer and the topcoat layer(s). Alternatively, the topcoat layer(s) may be omitted such that the composite comprises the coating layer of the disclosure and primer layer(s).

[0300] Moreover, the topcoat layer(s) may be applied directly onto the coating layer of the disclosure. In other words, the substrate may lack a primer layer such that the composite comprises the coating layer of the disclosure and topcoat layer(s). For example, a basecoat layer may be applied directly onto at least a portion of the coating layer of the disclosure.

[0301] It will also be understood that any of the topcoat layers may be applied onto an underlying layer despite the fact that the underlying layer has not been fully cured. For example, a clearcoat layer may be applied onto a basecoat layer even though the basecoat layer has not been subjected to a curing step (wet-on-wet). Both layers may then be cured during a subsequent curing step thereby eliminating the need to cure the basecoat layer and the clearcoat layer separately.

[0302] The coating composition may be a powder coating composition.

[0303] When the substrate is electrically conductive, the powder coating composition may be electrostatically applied. Electrodeposition generally involves drawing the coating composition from a fluidized bed and propelling it through a corona field. The particles of the coating composition become charged as they pass through the corona field and are attracted to and deposited upon the electrically conductive substrate, which is grounded. As the charged particles begin to build up, the substrate becomes insulated, thus limiting further particle deposition.

[0304] The coating compositions may be applied to the substrate by spraying. Thus, the coating compositions may be spray compositions. For the avoidance of doubt, by the term ‘spray composition’ and like terms as used herein is meant, unless specified otherwise, that the coating is suitable to be applied to a substrate by spraying, i.e., is sprayable.

[0305] The coating compositions may be applied to any suitable substrate. The substrate may be formed of metal, plastic, composite and / or wood. The substrate may be a metal substrate.

[0306] Suitable metals include, but are not limited to, the following: steel; tinplate; tinplate pretreated with a protective material such as chromium, titanium, titanate or aluminium; tin-free steel (TFS); galvanised steel, such as for example electro-galvanised steel; aluminium; aluminium alloy; and combinations thereof.

[0307] Examples of suitable metal substrates include, but are not limited to, food and / or beverage packaging, components used to fabricate such packaging or monobloc aerosol cans and / or tubes.

[0308] The food and / or beverage packaging may be a can, such as a metal can. Examples of cans include, but are not limited to, two-piece cans, three-piece cans and the like. Suitable examples of monobloc aerosol cans and / or tubes include, but are not limited to, deodorant andhair spray containers. Monobloc aerosol cans and / or tubes may be aluminium monobloc aerosol cans and / or tubes.

[0309] The substrate may be a food and / or beverage packaging or component used to fabricate such packaging.

[0310] The food and / or beverage can may comprise a can body and a can end.

[0311] The substrate may be a monobloc aerosol can and / or tube.

[0312] The application of various pre-treatments and coatings to packaging is well established. Such treatments and / or coatings, for example, can be used in the case of metal cans, wherein the treatment and / or coating is used to retard or inhibit corrosion, provide a decorative coating, provide ease of handling during the manufacturing process, and the like. Coatings can be applied to the interior of such cans to prevent the contents from contacting the metal of the container. Contact between the metal and a food or beverage, for example, can lead to corrosion of a metal container, which can then contaminate the food or beverage. For example, when the contents of the can are acidic in nature. The coatings applied to the interior of metal cans also help prevent corrosion in the headspace of the cans, which is the area between the fill line of the product and the can lid; corrosion in the headspace may be problematic with food products having a high salt content. Coatings can also be applied to the exterior of metal cans.

[0313] The coating compositions may be applicable for use with coiled metal stock, such as the coiled metal stock from which the ends of cans are made (“can end stock”), and end caps and closures are made (“cap / closure stock”). Since coatings designed for use on can end stock and cap / closure stock may be applied prior to the piece being cut and stamped out of the coiled metal stock, they may be flexible and extensible. For example, such stock may be coated on both sides. Thereafter, the coated metal stock is punched. For can ends, the metal is then scored for the “pop-top” opening and the pop-top ring is then attached with a pin that is separately fabricated. The end is then attached to the can body by an edge rolling process. A similar procedure is done for “easy open” can ends. For easy open can ends, a score substantially around the perimeter of the lid allows for easy opening or removing of the lid from the can, such as by means of a pull tab. For caps and closures, the cap / closure stock may be coated, such as by roll coating, and the cap or closure stamped out of the stock; it is possible, however, to coat the cap / closure after formation. Coatings for cans subjected to relatively stringent temperature and / or pressure requirements should also be resistant to popping, corrosion, blushing and / or blistering.

[0314] The substrate may be a can end, such as a metal can end.

[0315] The substrate may be a package coated at least in part with any of the coating compositions described herein. A “package” is anything used to contain another item, such as for shipping from a point of manufacture to a consumer, and for subsequent storage by a consumer. A package will be therefore understood as something that is sealed so as to keep its contents free fromdeterioration until opened by a consumer. The manufacturer will often identify the length of time during which the food or beverage will be free from spoilage, which may range from several months to years. Thus, the present “package” is distinguished from a storage container or bakeware in which a consumer might make and / or store food; such a container would only maintain the freshness or integrity of the food item for a relatively short period. A package according to the present disclosure can be made of metal or non-metal, for example, plastic or laminate, and be in any form. An example of a suitable package is a laminate tube. Another example of a suitable package is metal can. The term “metal can” includes any type of metal can, container or any type of receptacle or portion thereof that is sealed by the food and / or beverage manufacturer to minimize or eliminate spoilage of the contents until such package is opened by the consumer. One example of a metal can is a food can; the term “food can(s)” is used herein to refer to cans, containers or any type of receptacle or portion thereof used to hold any type of food and / or beverage. The term “metal can(s)” specifically includes food cans and also specifically includes “can ends” including “E-Z open ends”, which may be stamped from can end stock and used in conjunction with the packaging of food and beverages. The term “metal cans” also specifically includes metal caps and / or closures such as bottle caps, screw top caps and lids of any size, lug caps, and the like. The metal cans can be used to hold other items as well, including, but not limited to, personal care products, bug spray, spray paint, and any other compound suitable for packaging in an aerosol can. The cans can include “two piece cans” and “three-piece cans” as well as drawn and ironed one-piece cans; such one piece cans often find application with aerosol products. Packages coated according to the present disclosure can also include plastic bottles, plastic tubes, laminates and flexible packaging, such as those made from PE, PP, PET and the like. Such packaging could hold, for example, food, toothpaste, personal care products and the like.

[0316] The coating compositions can be applied to the interior and / or the exterior of the package. The coating compositions could also be applied as a rim coat to the bottom of the can. The rim coat functions to reduce friction for improved handling during the continued fabrication and / or processing of the can. The coating compositions can also be applied to caps and / or closures; such application can include, for example, a protective varnish that is applied before and / or after formation of the cap / closure and / or a pigmented enamel post applied to the cap, such as those having a scored seam at the bottom of the cap. Decorated can stock can also be partially coated externally with the coating described herein, and the decorated, coated can stock used to form various metal cans.

[0317] Metal coils, having wide application in many industries, are also substrates that can be coated according to the present disclosure. Coil coatings may comprise a colorant.

[0318] The coating compositions may be applied to at least a portion of the substrate. For example, when the coating compositions are applied to a food and / or beverage can, the coating compositions may be applied to at least a portion of an internal and / or external surface of saidfood and / or beverage can. For example, when the coating compositions are applied to a food and / or beverage can, the coating compositions may be applied to at least a portion of an internal surface of said food and / or beverage can.

[0319] The coating composition may be applied as a repair coating for component parts of food and beverage cans. For example, as a repair coating for a full aperture easy open end for food cans. This end component may repair coated, after fabrication, by airless spraying of the material on to the exterior of the score line. Other uses as repair coatings include the coating of seams and welds, such as side seams for which the coating may be applied to the area by spraying (airless or air driven) or roller coating. Repair coating can also include protection of vulnerable areas where corrosion may be likely due to damage, these areas include flanges, rims and bottom rims where the coating may be applied by spraying, roller coating flow or dip coating.

[0320] “Powder” and like terms, as used herein, refers to materials that are in the form of solid particulates, as opposed to materials which are in the liquid form.

[0321] The term "alk” or “alkyl", as used herein unless otherwise defined, relates to saturated hydrocarbon radicals being straight, branched, cyclic or polycyclic moieties or combinations thereof and contain 1 to 20 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or even 1 to 4 carbon atoms. These radicals may be optionally substituted with a chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, OR19, OC(O)R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C(O)SR27, C(S)NR25R26, aryl or Het, wherein R19to R27each independently represent hydrogen, aryl or alkyl, and / or be interrupted by oxygen or sulphur atoms, or by silano or dialkylsiloxane groups. Examples of such radicals may be independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 2- methylbutyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, octyl and the like. The term “alkylene”, as used herein, relates to a bivalent radical alkyl group as defined above. For example, an alkyl group such as methyl which would be represented as -CHs, becomes methylene, -CH2- , when represented as an alkylene. Other alkylene groups should be understood accordingly.

[0322] The term “alkenyl”, as used herein, relates to hydrocarbon radicals having, such as up to 4, double bonds, being straight, branched, cyclic or polycyclic moieties or combinations thereof and containing from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or even 2 to 4 carbon atoms. These radicals may be optionally substituted with a hydroxyl, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, OR19, OC(O)R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C(O)SR27, C(S)NR25R26, or aryl, wherein R19to R27each independently represent hydrogen, aryl or alkyl, and / or be interrupted by oxygen or sulphur atoms, or by silano or dialkylsiloxane groups. Examples of such radicals may be independently selected from alkenyl groups include vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, 1 -propenyl, 2-butenyl, 2- methyl-2-butenyl, isoprenyl, farnesyl, geranyl, geranylgeranyl and the like. The term “alkenylene”,as used herein, relates to a bivalent radical alkenyl group as defined above. For example, an alkenyl group such as ethenyl which would be represented as -CH=CH2, becomes ethenylene, -CH=CH-, when represented as an alkenylene. Other alkenylene groups should be understood accordingly.

[0323] The term "alkynyl", as used herein, relates to hydrocarbon radicals having, such as up to 4, triple bonds, being straight, branched, cyclic or polycyclic moieties or combinations thereof and having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms, such as 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, such as from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or even from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. These radicals may be optionally substituted with a hydroxy, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, OR19, OC(O)R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C(O)SR27, C(S)NR25R26, or aryl, wherein R19to R27each independently represent hydrogen, aryl or lower alkyl, and / or be interrupted by oxygen or sulphur atoms, or by silano or dialkylsiloxane groups. Examples of such radicals may be independently selected from alkynyl radicals include ethynyl, propynyl, propargyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl and the like. The term “alkynylene”, as used herein, relates to a bivalent radical alkynyl group as defined above. For example, an alkynyl group such as ethynyl which would be represented as -C=CH, becomes ethynylene, -C=C-, when represented as an alkynylene. Other alkynylene groups should be understood accordingly.

[0324] The term “aryl” as used herein, relates to an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of one hydrogen, and includes any monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic carbon ring of up to 7 members in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. These radicals may be optionally substituted with a hydroxy, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, nitro, OR19, OC(O)R20, C(O)R21, C(O)OR22, NR23R24, C(O)NR25R26, SR27, C(O)SR27, C(S)NR25R26, or aryl, wherein R19to R27each independently represent hydrogen, aryl or lower alkyl, and / or be interrupted by oxygen or sulphur atoms, or by silano or dialkylsilcon groups. Examples of such radicals may be independently selected from phenyl, p-tolyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-(tert-butoxy)phenyl, 3-methyl-4- methoxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 3-aminophenyl, 3- acetamidophenyl, 4-acetamidophenyl, 2-methyl-3-acetamidophenyl, 2-methyl-3-aminophenyl, 3- methyl-4-aminophenyl, 2-amino-3-methylphenyl, 2,4-dimethyl-3-aminophenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl, 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 3-amino-1 -naphthyl, 2-methyl-3-amino-1 - naphthyl, 6-amino-2-naphthyl, 4,6-dimethoxy-2-naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, biphenyl, phenanthryl, anthryl or acenaphthyl and the like. The term “arylene”, as used herein, relates to a bivalent radical aryl group as defined above. For example, an aryl group such as phenyl which would be represented as -Ph, becomes phenylene, -Ph-, when represented as an arylene. Other arylene groups should be understood accordingly.

[0325] For the avoidance of doubt, the reference to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl or aralkyl in composite groups herein should be interpreted accordingly, for example the reference to alkyl in aminoalkyl or alk in alkoxyl should be interpreted as alk or alkyl above etc.

[0326] As used herein, unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers such as those expressing values, ranges, amounts or percentages may be read as if prefaced by the word "about", even if the term does not expressly appear. Also, the recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all integer numbers and, where appropriate, fractions subsumed within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 can include 1 , 2, 3, 4 when referring to, for example, a number of elements, and can also include 1.5, 2, 2.75 and 3.80, when referring to, for example, measurements). The recitation of end points also includes the end point values themselves (e.g. from 1 .0 to 5.0 includes both 1.0 and 5.0). Any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. When ranges are given, any endpoints of those ranges and / or numbers within those ranges can be combined within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0327] Singular encompasses plural and vice versa. For example, although reference is made herein to "a" film former, “a” copolymer additive, and the like, one or more of each of these and any other components can be used. As used herein, the term "polymer" refers to oligomers and both homopolymers and copolymers, and the prefix "poly" refers to two or more.

[0328] “Including” and like terms means “including but not limited to”. Similarly, as used herein, the terms "on", "applied on / over", "formed on / over", "deposited on / over", "overlay" and "provided on / over" mean formed, overlay, deposited, or provided on but not necessarily in contact with the surface. For example, a coating layer "formed over" a substrate does not preclude the presence of another coating layer of the same or different composition located between the formed coating layer and the substrate.”

[0329] The word “comprising” and forms of the word “comprising” as used in this description and in the claims does not limit the present disclosure claimed to exclude any variants or additions.

[0330] The terms "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised of” as used herein are synonymous with "including", "includes" or "containing", "contains", and are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements or method steps. Additionally, although the present disclosure has been described in terms of “comprising”, the coating compositions detailed herein may also be described as “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of”.

[0331] As used herein, the term "and / or," when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a list is described as comprising group A, B, and / or C, the list can comprise A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination, B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.

[0332] Although the disclosure has been described in terms of ‘comprising’, ‘consisting essentially of or ‘consisting of are also within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, while the disclosure has been described in terms of a coating comprising a film former copolymer, a coating consisting essentially of a film former copolymer is also within the present scope. In this context,‘consisting essentially of’ means that any additional coating components will not materially affect the enamel rating, pencil hardness, adhesion, solvent fraction and / or feathering of the coating.

[0333] Where ranges are provided in relation to a genus, each range may also apply additionally and independently to any one or more of the listed species of that genus.

[0334] All of the features contained herein may be combined with any of the above in any combination.

[0335] For a better understanding of the disclosure, and to show how embodiments of the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the following experimental data.EXAMPLES

[0336] Polyester copolymer film former

[0337] A polyester copolymer was prepared as follows using the components of Table 1.Table 1 - Polyester CopolymerComponent Amount (g)Charge #12-Methyl-1 ,3-Propanediol 539Tetra N-Butyl Titanate 2.5Dimethyl 2,6 Naphthalene Dicarboxyl 883Trimethylol Propane 11Charge #2Isophthalic Acid 6152-Methyl-1 ,3-Propanediol 381Adipic Acid 331Maleic Anhydride 32Stannous 2-Ethylhexoate 1.5Charge #3Aromatic Solvent-100 Type 612Charge #4Aromatic Solvent-100 Type 1472-Butoxyethanol 750Methyl Ether Propylene Glycol Acetate 490

[0338] Charge #1 was arranged into a reactor. The reactor was slowly heated to 160° C. (320° F.). A steady rate of distillation and process was maintained until the reaction material was clear and had an acid value of 5 or below. The reactor was then cooled to 160° C. (320° F.) after which charge #2 was added to the reactor. The reactor was then heated to 200° C. (392° F.). A steady rate of distillation and process was maintained until the reaction material was clear and had an acid value of 20 or below. The reactor temperature was lowered to 180° C and charge #3 was pumped into reactor. An azeotropic distillation over packed column was implemented filling the decanter with Aromatic 100. The temperature was increased to maintain a steady reflux. The material was processed the acid value was 4.00 in solution and had a viscosity of Z6+. The temperature was then lowered to 160° C. (320° F.) and charge #4 was added slowly and mixed for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then filtered through a 5 micron bag. The resulting number average molecular weight of the polyester was 12,063 and the weight solids was 54.81%.

[0339] Acrylic-VPA additive copolymer

[0340] An acrylic-VPA additive copolymer was prepared from the components of Table 2 as follows:Table 2 - Acrylic-VPA additive copolymerComponent Part by WeightCharge #1Organic solvent 79Charge #2Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate 58 n-Butyl Methacrylate 312VPA90119 tert-Butyl Peracetate (50% in mineral spirits) 24Organic solvent 142Charge #3Organic solvent 34 tert-Butyl Peracetate (50% in mineral spirits) 8Neutralisation agent 32Charge #4DI Water 109’vinylphosphonic acid 90%

[0341] A three-litre round bottom, four-necked flask equipped with an agitator, a nitrogen inlet tube, a thermometer, and a reflux condenser was charged with Charge #1 . The flask was heated gradually to reflux at around 115°C. In a separate vessel, a mixture of Charge #2 was prepared. At reflux, the Charge #2 was added to the flask at a steady rate over 3 hours through addition column. The batch was maintained at reflux and therefore the batch temperature raised to 127C at the end of the addition. When completed, the batch was held at reflux at 126°C for 10 minutes, while Charge #3 was added and the batch was held at reflux at 124-127°C for 1 hour. At the end of the 1 hour hold, heat was turned off and the batch was then cooled down to <100°C to add Charge #4. This batch yielded a polymer dispersion with 47.22% NV, and number average molecular weight of 3,700 Da.

[0342] Coating compositions

[0343] Inventive and comparative example coating compositions were prepared by combining all of the respective materials shown in Tables 3 and 4 under mixing for 15 minutes with a mixing blade.Table 3 - Coating compositions100.00 100.00 100.001n butylated benzoguanamine formaldehyde resin available from Prefere ResinsTable 4- Coating compositions100.00 100.00 100.001commerical polyester available from Toyobo MC Corporation2methylated benzoguanamine formaldehyde polymer available from Prefere Resins 3amine neutralized DDBSA catalyst available from King Industries

[0344] Application of Coatings

[0345] Coated panels were obtained by drawing paints over chromium pretreated aluminium panels (Henkel 702N, AA5182 Alloy) using a wire wound rod to obtain dry coating weight of approximately 6.5 to 7.5 mg / square inch (msi). All of the coated panels were then immediately placed into a three-zone, gas-fired, conveyor oven for 10 seconds and baked to a peak metal temperature of 465 °F (240.5 °C).

[0346] Testing methods

[0347] The coatings were tested according to the following test methods. The results are shown in Table 5.

[0348] Hot Feathering: A chromium pretreated aluminium panels (Henkel 702N, AA5182 Alloy) having a thickness of 0.21 mm was coated with a coating composition to give a film weight 7.0 mg / in2. The panel was then baked in a three zone coil oven to a peak metal temperature of 240°C. The panel was then cut into a 50.8 mm by 88.9 mm piece, with the substrate grain running perpendicular to the long length of the cut panel. The test panel coated side up was then inserted between the score tool and the anvil in a Carver press. The long edge of the panel was abutted against the guide block on the inside of the press. The valve on the base of the press was tightened to clamp the panel into the Carver press. A force of 1500 psi on the hydraulic pressure gauge was applied to make the score line of a simulated tab. The depth of the score line was 0.18 mm. Shown in Figure 1 is a schematic of the coated panel (100) comprising the score line of the simulated tab (102). The simulated tab (102) extended perpendicularly to the long length(I) of the panel. The terminal points (104, 106) of the score line (which collectively form the front of the simulated tab, i.e. the portion of the tab that was first opened) were both arranged at an edge of the long length (I) of the panel. The dimensions of the simulated tab (102) were: A (48.0 mm); B (11.3 mm); C (24.0 mm); D (18.00 mm); E and F area (89.4 mm2); and G (10.6 mm). Lengths D extended from the upper terminal point of respective length C to the left and right vertex of circles E and F, respectively. Length G extended between the upper vertex of circles E and F. The panel was then removed from the press and two spaced parallel cuts were formed in the panel at the front end of the simulated tab along the score line. Each cut extended inward into the panel, perpendicularly to the long length, starting from the terminal points (104 and 106) of the score line. The cuts extended 6.4 mm into the panel along the respective portion of the score line and were spaced 11.3 mm apart. The panel was then fully immerged into deionized water for 30 minutes at 250 °F (121 °C). The panel was then removed and immediately submerged in 22°C DI water for 2 seconds. The panel was then removed from the deionized water. The cut portion of the simulated tab was bent 180° toward the coated face of the panel. The panel was then inserted into a vice where the panel was held along the long length, with the edge from which the score line extended being held in the vice. Pliers were then used to grip the cut portion of the simulated tab and then to pull the cut portion of the tab 180° across the coated face of the panel toward the opposite end of the tab at a rate of 1 second / cm. Feathering was then measured using a digital Microscope. The length of the coating that extended furthest into the tab opening was measured in mm and recorded. A lower feathering measurement indicated better adhesion.

[0349] Solvent Fraction Test: Solvent Fraction is a test designed to measure the degree of cure of a coating. A four square inch disk was punched out in a hold puncher. The diskwas then weighed on a four place balance. This was the “initial weight”. Samples were then placed into racks and soaked in MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) for 10 minutes. Next, samples were removed and placed into a 400° F oven for 2 minutes, removed from the oven, cooled, and weighed again. This value was the “post bake weight”. Next, the disk was placed into Sulfuric Acid (A298-212 Technical Grade available from Fisher Scientific) for 3 minutes to strip the coating from the metal. The panel was rinsed with water to remove the coating completely. Then the panel was dried and reweighed. This was the “final weight”. The equation used to determine Solvent Fraction is:(Initial weight - Post Bake weight) I (Initial weight - Final weight) x 100 = Solvent FractionThe lower the number for Solvent Fraction, means the less film is extracted by solvent due to higher crosslinking density, which will indicate better cure degree achieved.

[0350] Enamel rating before pack (ER): The enamel rating of the ends were measured using the Waco Enamel Rater test in which electrolyte was added to the plastic cup of Waco Enamel Rater, the can end was fitted onto the beveled end of the cup, and a vacuum applied to hold the end securely on the cup. When the cup was inverted, the electrode and can end were immersed in the electrolyte and the reading was displayed on the Enamel Rater.

[0351] Enamel rating after pack: 47 grams of the stock solution of L-85 was added to the can followed by the addition of 308 grams of carbonated water. A 202 type seamer was then used to seam an end onto the can. The can was then placed upside down (inverted) into a 100° F. (38° C.) incubator for 6 days). The can was then removed from the incubator, opened, and then measured using the Waco Enamel Rater test in which electrolyte was added to the plastic cup of Waco Enamel Rater, the can end was fitted onto the beveled end of the cup, and a vacuum applied to hold the end securely on the cup. When the cup was inverted, the electrode and can end were immersed in the electrolyte and the reading was displayed on the Enamel Rater.Liquor 85 Test Pack (L-85) stock solution:Deionized Water 917.3 gramsCitric Acid 92.0 grams85% Phosphoric Acid 33.3 gramsMorton Salt (Sodium Chloride) with no iodine 71 .0 grams

[0352] Pencil Hardness: Followed the method ASTM D3363 - 20 Standard Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test at ambient temperature.

[0353] Rivet Adhesion: Rivet adhesion test was used to determine the degree of adhesion. The contents of a 12 ounce (355 grams) can of Budweiser which had been cooled to 1.5°C overnight was gently transferred into an empty 12 ounce (355 grams) beverage can. A CDL seamer was then used to seam the can ends onto the body of the can. The cans were pasteurized in water bath at 160°F for 30 minutes, and cooled to ambient temperature. After that, cans were placed upside down (i.e. with the can end being tested being at the bottom) in an incubator and incubated at 38°C for 24 hours. After this time, the cans were removed from the incubator and the can was punctured at the bottom to empty the liquid. The coating delamination around the rivet area will be checked. Any delamination would be considered as a fail indicating poor adhesion.Table 5 - Coating performance

[0354] Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resins with acrylic-PVA additive copolymer

[0355] A polymer mixture was prepared by synthesizing an acrylic polymer containing VPA in the presence of polyvinyl butyral resins with the following components listed in Table 6.Table 6 - Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resins with acrylic-PVA additive copolymerComponent Part by WeightCharge #1Organic solvent 334Mowital B30HH1196Mowital B16H2196Cymel 501 OB343Lubricant 17Charge #2Methacrylic acid 72N-Butoxymethyl acrylamide (57.5% pure) 63Styrene 154Ethyl Acrylate 96VPA90 3.6Di-(tert-amyl) peroxide 16Organic solvent 36Charge #3Di-(tert-amyl) peroxide 13Organic solvent 14Charge #4Neutralizing agent 37Deionized water 1481Charge #5Phenodur PR516 / 60B421Defoamer 6Organic solvent 101commerical polyvinyl butyral (PVB) available from Kuraray2commerical polyvinyl butyral (PVB) available from Kuraray3partially n-butylated benzoguanamine resin available from Allnex4unplasticized phenolic resin available from Allnex

[0356] A three-litre round bottom, four-necked flask equipped with an agitator, a nitrogen inlet tube, a thermometer, and a reflux condenser was charged with Charge #1. The flask was heated gradually to reflux at around 127°C. In a separate vessel, a mixture of Charge #2 was prepared. At 127°C, the Charge #2 was added to the flask at a steady rate over 2 hours through additionSUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)column. When completed, the batch was held at 127°C for 10 minutes. Charge #3 then added and the batch was held at 125°C for 35 minutes. At the end of the hold, heat was turned off and the batch was then cooled down to 100°C to add Charge #4. After Charge #4 was completed, a dispersion was formed. Then Charge #5 was added. This batch yielded a polymer dispersion with 27.6% non-volatiles (NV), mean particle size of 99 nm, a Brookfield viscosity of 500 centipoise.

[0357] Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resins with acrylic additive

[0358] A polymer mixture was prepared by synthesizing an acrylic in the presence of polyvinyl butyral with the following components listed in Table 7.Table 7 - Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resins with acrylic additive copolymerComponent Part by WeightCharge #1Organic solvent 334Mowital B30HH 196Mowital B16H 196Cymel 501 OB 43Lubricant 17Charge #2Methacrylic acid 72N-Butoxymethyl acrylamide (57.5% pure) 63Styrene 154Ethyl Acrylate 100Di-(tert-amyl) peroxide 16Organic solvent 36Charge #3Di-(tert-amyl) peroxide 13Organic solvent 14Charge #4Neutralizing agent 37Deionized water 1481Charge #5Phenodur PR516 / 60B 21Defoamer 6Organic solvent 10

[0359] A three-litre round bottom, four-necked flask equipped with an agitator, a nitrogen inlet tube, a thermometer, and a reflux condenser was charged with Charge #1 . The flask was heatedgradually to reflux at around 127°C. In a separate vessel, a mixture of Charge #2 was prepared. At 127°C, the Charge #2 was added to the flask at a steady rate over 2 hours through addition column. When completed, the batch was held at 127°C for 10 minutes. Charge #3 then added and the batch was held at 125°C for 35 minutes. At the end of the hold, heat was turned off and the batch was then cooled down to 100°C to add Charge #4. After Charge #4 was completed, a dispersion was formed. Then Charge #5 was added. This batch yielded a polymer dispersion with 27.8% non-volatiles (NV), mean particle size of 101 nm, a Brookfield viscosity of 800 centipoise.

[0360] Coating Compositions

[0361] Inventive and comparative coating compositions were prepared by combining all the respective materials shown in Table 8 by mixing for 30 minutes with a mixing blade.Table 8 - Coating compositions3000 3000Testing methods

[0362] Test panel preparation: The above compositions were used to electrocoat aluminium panels by anodic electrodeposition. Panels were coated at approximately 2.0 milligrams per square inch. The coated panels were then baked in a simulated coil oven for a total of 12 seconds, with an air temperature sufficient to reach a peak metal temperature of 450° F. (232° C.) for approximately 2 seconds. The application parameters are shown in Table 9.

[0363] The coatings were tested according to the following test methods. The results are shown in Table 10.

[0364] Solvent Fraction Test: Solvent Fraction is a test designed to measure the degree of cure of a coating. A four square inch disk was punched out in a hold puncher. The disk was then weighed on a four place balance. This was the “initial weight”. Samples were then placed into racks and soaked in MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) for 10 minutes. Next, samples were removed and placed into a 400° F oven for 2 minutes, removed from the oven, cooled, and weighed again. This value was the “post bake weight”. Next, the disk was placed into Sulfuric Acid (A298-212 Technical Grade available from Fisher Scientific) for 3 minutes to strip the coating from the metal. The panel was rinsed with water to remove the coating completely. Then the panel was dried and reweighed. This was the “final weight”. The equation used to determine Solvent Fraction is:(Initial weight - Post Bake weight) / (Initial weight - Final weight) x 100 = Solvent FractionThe lower the number for Solvent Fraction, means the less film is extracted by solvent due to higher crosslinking density, which will indicate better cure degree achieved.

[0365] Coefficient of Friction: Coefficient of Friction was determined by testing an electrocoated flat panel with an Alltek digital mobility tester.

[0366] Rivet Adhesion and Blush: Rivet adhesion and blush test was used to determine the degree of adhesion. The contents of a 12 ounce (355 grams) can of Budweiser which had been cooled to 1 .5°C overnight was gently transferred into an empty 12 ounce (355 grams) beverage can. A CDL seamer was then used to seam the can ends onto the body of the can. The cans were pasteurized in water bath at 165°F for 30 minutes, and cooled to ambient temperature. The cans were then placed upside down (i.e. with the can end being tested being at the bottom) in an incubator and incubated at 38°C for 24 hours. After this time, the cans were removed from the incubator and the can was punctured at the bottom to empty the liquid. The coating delamination around the rivet area was then checked. Any delamination was considered as a fail indicating poor adhesion. Blush was rated on scale of 1-10 with 10 being the best possible performance.Table 9 - Application parametersTable 10 - Coating performance

[0367] Polyester-graft-VPA copolymer

[0368] A polyester-graft-VPA copolymer was prepared from the components of Table 11 as follows:Table 11 - Polyester-graft- VPAComponent Part by WeightCharge #1Dynapol L9121300Organic solvent 200Charge #2VPA90 12Organic solvent 20 tert-Butyl Perbenzoate 8Organic solvent 19Charge #3 tert-Butyl Peroctoate 1 .5Organic solvent 8Charge #4Organic solvent 147Neutralisation agent 21DI Water 691Commercial polyester available from Evonik Chemical

[0369] A one-litre round bottom, four-necked flask equipped with an agitator, a nitrogen inlet tube, a thermometer, and a reflux condenser was charged with Charge #1 . The flask was heated gradually to 140°C and hold for 1 hour until solid polyester was all dissolved. In a separate vessel, a mixture of Charge #2 was prepared. After 1 hour hold, batch temperature was reduced to 135°C and Charge #2 was added to the flask at a steady rate over 2 hours through an addition column. When completed, the batch was held for 15 minutes, and then the batch temperature was reduced to 120°C. At 120°C, Charge #3 was added. The heat was then turned off and Charge #4 was added. This batch yielded a polymer dispersion with 40.63% NV, a Brookfield viscosity of 24,910 centipoise, and a number average molecular weight of 13,443.

[0370] Coating composition

[0371] Inventive and comparative example coating compositions were prepared by combining all of the respective materials shown in Table 12 under mixing for 15 minutes with a mixing blade.Table 12 - Coating compositionsSUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)100 100

[0372] Application of Coatings

[0373] Coated panels were obtained by drawing paints over chromium pretreated aluminium panels (Henkel 702N, AA5182 Alloy) using a wire wound rod to obtain dry coating weight of approximately 6.5 to 7.5 mg / square inch (msi). Coated panels were then immediately placed into a three-zone, gas-fired, conveyor oven for 10 seconds and baked to a peak metal temperature of 465 °F (240.5 °C).

[0374] Testing methods

[0375] The coatings were tested according to the following test methods. The results are shown in Table 13.

[0376] Hot Feathering: The hot feathering property of the coatings was evaluated by the following test protocol: A chromium pretreated aluminium panels (Henkel 702N, AA5182 Alloy) having a thickness of 0.21 mm was coated with a coating composition to give a film weight 7.0 mg / in2. The panel was then baked in a three zone coil oven to a peak metal temperature of 240°C. The panel was then cut into a 50.8 mm by 88.9 mm piece, with the substrate grain running perpendicular to the long length of the cut panel. The test panel coated side up was then inserted between the score tool and the anvil in a Carver press. The long edge of the panel was abutted against the guide block on the inside of the press. The valve on the base of the press was tightened to clamp the panel into the Carver press. A force of 1500 psi on the hydraulic pressure gauge was applied to make the score line of a simulated tab. The depth of the score line was 0.18 mm. Shown in Figure 1 is a schematic of the coated panel (100) comprising the score line of the simulated tab (102). The simulated tab (102) extended perpendicularly to the long length (I) of the panel. The terminal points (104, 106) of the score line (which collectively form the front of the simulated tab, i.e. the portion of the tab that was first opened) were both arranged at an edge of the long length (I) of the panel. The dimensions of the simulated tab (102) were: A (48.0 mm); B (11.3 mm); C (24.0 mm); D (18.00 mm); E and F area (89.4 mm2); and G (10.6 mm). Lengths D extended from the upper terminal point of respective length C to the left and right vertex of circles E and F, respectively. Length G extended between the upper vertex of circles E and F. The panel wasthen removed from the press and two spaced parallel cuts were formed in the panel at the front end of the simulated tab along the score line. Each cut extended inward into the panel, perpendicularly to the long length, starting from the terminal points (104 and 106) of the score line. The cuts extended 6.4 mm into the panel along the respective portion of the score line and were spaced 11.3 mm apart. The panel was then fully immerged into deionized water for 30 minutes at 250 °F (121 °C). The panel was then removed and immediately submerged in 22°C DI water for 2 seconds. The panel was then removed from the deionized water. The cut portion of the simulated tab was bent 180° toward the coated face of the panel. The panel was then inserted into a vice where the panel was held along the long length, with the edge from which the score line extended being held in the vice. Pliers were then used to grip the cut portion of the simulated tab and then to pull the cut portion of the tab 180° across the coated face of the panel toward the opposite end of the tab at a rate of 1 second / cm. Feathering was then measured using a digital Microscope. The length of the coating that extended furthest into the tab opening was measured in mm and recorded. A lower feathering measurement indicated better adhesion.

[0377] Solvent Fraction Test: Solvent Fraction is a test designed to measure the degree of cure of a coating. A four square inch disk was punched out in a hold puncher. The disk was then weighed on a four place balance. This was the “initial weight”. Samples were then placed into racks and soaked in MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) for 10 minutes. Next, samples were removed and placed into a 400° F oven for 2 minutes, removed from the oven, cooled, and weighed again. This value was the “post bake weight”. Next, the disk was placed into Sulfuric Acid (A298-212 Technical Grade available from Fisher Scientific) for 3 minutes to strip the coating from the metal. The panel was rinsed with water to remove the coating completely. Then the panel was dried and reweighed. This was the “final weight”. The equation used to determine Solvent Fraction is:(Initial weight - Post Bake weight) I (Initial weight - Final weight) x 100 = Solvent FractionThe lower the number for Solvent Fraction, means the less film is extracted by solvent due to higher crosslinking density, which will indicate better cure degree achieved.

[0378] Enamel rating before pack (ER). The enamel rating of the ends were measured using the Waco Enamel Rater test in which electrolyte was added to the plastic cup of Waco Enamel Rater, the can end was fitted onto the beveled end of the cup, and a vacuum applied to hold the end securely on the cup. When the cup was inverted, the electrode and can end were immersed in the electrolyte and the reading was displayed on the Enamel Rater.Table 13 - Coating performance

[0379] Attention is directed to all papers and documents which are filed concurrently with or previous to this specification in connection with this application and which are open to public inspection with this specification, and the contents of all such papers and documents are incorporated herein by reference.

[0380] All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and / or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and / or steps are mutually exclusive.

[0381] Each feature disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings) may be replaced by alternative features serving the same, equivalent or similar purpose, unless expressly stated otherwise. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is one example only of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

[0382] The disclosure is not restricted to the details of the foregoing embodiment(s). The disclosure extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A coating composition comprising: a. a film former material; and b. a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein(i) the coating composition comprises a polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein the block and / or graft copolymer comprises a polyester (co)polymer and a (co)polymer(B), wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group; and / or(ii) the coating composition comprises a copolymer additive, wherein the copolymer additive comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, wherein the copolymer additive is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material with the polymerisable material.

2. A coating composition according to claim 1 , wherein the film former material comprises a film former polyester (co)polymer, film former (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, and / or a film former polyvinyl butyral material.

3. A (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer film former material, wherein (co)polymer(A) is a polyester (co)polymer and (co)polymer(B) comprises a residue of a polymerisable material, wherein the residue comprises a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group.

4. A coating composition or copolymer according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer is obtainable by reacting reactants comprising (co)polymer(B) material with a (co)polymer(A), wherein the (co)polymer(A) comprises a substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group, wherein the (co)polymer(B) material is reacted with the (co)polymer(A) so that the (co)polymer(B) material bonds to the (co)polymer(A) via the substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group.

5. A coating composition or copolymer according to claim 4, wherein the (co)polymer(A) comprising a substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group is obtainable by reacting reactants comprising a substantially terminal hydroxyl-functionalgroup or a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-functional group of a (co)polymer(A)- precursor with a material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof to form (co)polymer(A) comprising a substantially terminal ethylenically unsaturated functional group.

6. A coating composition or copolymer according to claim 5, wherein the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof comprises an anhydride, a vinyl monomer and / or an acrylic monomer.

7. A coating composition or copolymer according to claim 6, wherein the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal hydroxyl-group, comprises (meth)acrylic acid anhydride, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, dodecenyl succinic anhydride, and / or maleic anhydride, and / or wherein the material comprising an ethylenically unsaturated group or precursor thereof, such as for a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block copolymer obtainable from a (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprising a substantially terminal carboxylic acid-group, comprises an epoxy functional acrylic monomer.

8. A coating composition or copolymer according to any preceding claim, wherein the film former material comprises a (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer.

9. A coating composition or copolymer according to claim 8, wherein the (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) graft copolymer is obtainable by reacting reactants comprising (co)polymer(B) material with a (co)polymer(A) to form a (co)polymer(B) grafted onto the (co)polymer(A) via a functionality on the (co)polymer(A).

10. A coating composition according to any of claims 2 or 4 to 9, wherein the (co)polymer(A) / (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprises a polyester (co)polymer, a polyurethane (co)polymer; a polyolefin (co)polymer, such as polybutadiene; and / or an epoxy (co)polymer, such as an epoxy (co)polymer that is substantially free of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE), and derivatives thereof.

11. A coating composition according to any of claims 2 or 4 to 10, wherein the (co)polymer(A) / (co)polymer(A)-precursor comprises a polyester (co)polymer.

12. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 3 to 9 or 11 , wherein the polyester (co)polymer is obtainable by polymerizing a polyacid component with a polyol component.

13. A coating composition or copolymer according to any preceding claim, wherein the polyester (co)polymer of the polyester-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer is obtainable by polymerizing reactants comprising:a polyacid component, witha polyol component, and wherein at least one of the polyacid component and / or the polyol component comprises a functional monomer operable to impart functionality on to the polyester (co)polymer, so that a (co)polymer(B) grafted with the polyester (co)polymer can be formed via the use of said functionality.

14. A coating composition or copolymer according to claim 12 or 13, wherein the polyacid comprises maleic acid; fumaric acid; itaconic acid; adipic acid; azelaic acid; succinic acid; sebacic acid; glutaric acid; decanoic diacid; dodecanoic diacid; phthalic acid; isophthalic acid; 5-tert-butylisophthalic acid; tetrachlorophthalic acid; tetrahydrophthalic acid; trimellitic acid; naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid; terephthalic acid; hexahydrophthalic acid; methylhexahydrophthalic acid; dimethyl terephthalate; cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; chlorendic anhydride; 1,3-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; 1 ,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid; tricyclodecane polycarboxylic acid; endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic acid; endoethylene hexahydrophthalic acid; cyclohexanetetra carboxylic acid; cyclobutane tetracarboxylic; a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms; esters and anhydrides of all the aforementioned acids or combinations thereof.

15. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein the polyacid comprises terephthalic acid (TPA), dimethyl terephthalate, isophthalic acid (IPA), dimethyl isophthalic acid, 1 ,4 cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 2,6- naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, fumaric anhydride; and / or a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms.

16. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 12 to 15, wherein the polyol comprises alkylene glycols, such as ethylene glycol; propylene glycol; diethylene glycol; dipropylene glycol; triethylene glycol; tripropylene glycol; hexylene glycol; polyethylene glycol; polypropylene glycol and neopentyl glycol; hydrogenated bisphenol A; cyclohexanediol; propanediols including 1 ,2-propanediol; 1 ,3-propanediol; butyl ethyl propanediol; 2-methyl-1 ,3-propanediol; and 2-ethyl-2-butyl-1 ,3-propanediol; butanediols including 1,4-butanediol; 1 ,3-butanediol; and 2-ethyl-1 ,4-butanediol; pentanediols including trimethyl pentanediol and 2-methylpentanediol; cyclohexanedimethanol;hexanediols including 1 ,6-hexanediol; 2,2,4,4-tetraalkylcyclobutane-1 ,3-diol (TACD), such as 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-diol (TMCD), 2,2,4-trimethyl-1 ,3-pentanediol (TMPD), butanediol, caprolactonediol, for example, the reaction product of a reaction mixture comprising epsilon-capro lactone and ethylene glycol; hydroxyalkylated bisphenols; polyether glycols, for example, poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol; trimethylol propane; pentaerythritol; di-pentaerythritol; trimethylol ethane; trimethylol butane; dimethylol cyclohexane; bio-derived polyols such as glycerol, sorbitol and isosorbide; a monomer having an aliphatic group containing at least 15 carbon atoms; or combinations thereof.

17. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 12 to 16, wherein the polyol comprises a polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups.

18. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 12 to 17, wherein the polyol comprises >0.1 and / or <10wt%, such as >0.5 and / or <8wt%, of a polyol having at least three hydroxyl groups as a proportion of the solid weight of the polyol component.

19. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 12 to 18, wherein the polyol component comprises ethylene glycol (EG), 1 ,2-propylene glycol (PG), 2-methyl propanediol (2-MPD), neopentyl glycol (NPG), 1 ,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM), butyl ethyl propane diol (BEPD), trimethylolpropane (TMP), tricyclodecane dimethanol, butanediol and / or 1 ,6 hexanediol.

20. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 12 to 19, wherein the polyacid component and / or the polyol component comprises a Tg enhancing monomer comprising:(I) an optionally substituted naphthalene group-containing polyacid or polyol, or hydrogenated derivative thereof;(II) a polyacid or polyol comprising two optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered cyclic groups, wherein the cyclic groups do not share an atom, and wherein the cyclic groups are directly bonded or are separated by one carbon atom;(ill) an optionally substituted furan group-containing polyacid or polyol;(iv) an optionally substituted fused bicyclic group-containing polyacid or polyol, wherein each ring is a five membered ring and in which one or both rings may comprise a heteroatom in the ring;(v) an optionally substituted bridged tricyclodecane group-containing polyacid or polyol;(vi) an optionally substituted bridged norbornene-group containing polyacid or polyol, or hydrogenated derivative thereof;(vii) an optionally substituted 5 or 6 membered cycloalkyl or aromatic group- containing polyacid or polyol;(viii) a branched alkyl group-containing polyacid or polyol monomer wherein the monomer comprises at least one quaternary carbon atom and is formed of from 5 to 10 carbon atoms, and wherein the carbon atoms bonded to the acid or hydroxyl groups are primary carbon atoms;(ix) an optionally substituted tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane-group containing polyacid or polyol; and / or(x) an aliphatic polyacid or polyol monomer wherein the monomer comprises a tetracyclic hydrocarbon ring structure.

21. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 13 to 20, wherein the functional monomer of the polyester (co)polymer of the polyester-(co)polymer(B) graft copolymer comprise maleic acid, maleic anhydride and / or fumaric acid.

22. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 2 to 21 , wherein the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer is formed from (co)polymer(A) and (co)polymer(B) in a weight ratio of from 99wt% to 50wt% (co)polymer(A) to from 50wt% to 1wt% (co)polymer(B),23. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 2 to 22, wherein the (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer is formed from (co)polymer(A) and (co)polymer(B) in a weight ratio of from 90wt% to 65wt% (co)polymer(A) to from 35wt% to 10wt% (co)polymer(B).

24. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 23, wherein the film former material comprises a film former polyvinyl butyral material.

25. A coating composition according to claim 24, wherein the polyvinyl butyral material has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of > 10,000 Da.

26. A coating composition according to claim 24 or 25, wherein the polyvinyl butyral material has a Mw of > 25,000 Da.

27. A coating composition according to any of claims 24 to 26, wherein the polyvinyl butyral material has a degree of butyration of >10 mol% and / or <100 mol%, such as >30 mol% and / or <100 mol%.

28. A coating composition according to any of claims 24 to 27, wherein the polyvinyl butyral material has a residual OH content of >1 mol% and / or <50 mol%.

29. A coating composition according to any of claims 24 to 28, wherein the film former polyvinyl butyral material comprises: a) a first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer, and b) a second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer having a higher weight-average molecular weight (Mw) than the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer.

30. A coating composition according to claim 29, wherein the Mw of the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer is > 5,000 Da, such as >10,000 Da.31 . A coating composition according to claim 29 or 30, wherein the Mw of the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer is >20,000 Da, such as >25,000 Da.

32. A coating composition according to any of claims 29 to 31 , wherein the Mw of the first and / or second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer is <75,000 Da, such as <50,000 Da.

33. A coating composition according to any of claims 29 to 32, wherein the Mw of the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer is <25,000 Da, such as <20,000 Da.

34. A coating composition according to any of claims 29 to 33, wherein the first and / or second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer has a degree of butyration of >10 mol% and / or <100 mol%, such as >30 mol% and / or <100 mol%.

35. A coating composition according to any of claims 29 to 34, wherein the first polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer has a residual OH content of >1 mol% and / or <20 mol% such as >5 mol% and / or <20 mol%.

36. A coating composition according to any of claims 29 to 35, wherein the second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymer has a residual OH content >10 mol% and / or <50 mol%, such as <40 mol%.

37. A coating composition according to any of claims 29 to 36, wherein the weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers is up to 10:1, such as up to 7:1.

38. A coating composition according to any of claims 29 to 37, wherein the weight ratio of the first:second polyvinyl butyral (co)polymers is up to 1 :10, such as up to 1 :7.

39. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 37, wherein (co)polymer(B) comprises the polymerisable material residue comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group.

40. A coating composition according to any of claims 4 to 39, wherein the (co)polymer(B) material comprises a polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or a precursor thereof.

41. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 40, wherein the (co)polymer(B), (co)polymer(B) material and / or copolymer additive comprises a phosphonic acid- and / or a sulfonic acid-functional group.

42. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 41 , wherein the (co)polymer(B), (co)polymer(B) material and / or copolymer additive comprises a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate-functional group.

43. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 42, wherein the (co)polymer(B), (co)polymer(B) material and / or copolymer additive comprises a phosphonic acid-functional group.

44. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 43, wherein the polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof comprises a vinyl monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, such as vinylsulfonic acid, a vinylsulfate, vinylphosphonic acid and / or a vinylphosphate; a styrene and / or ally monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, for example styrene phosphonic acid and / or allyl phosphonic acid; and / or an acrylic monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, for example acrylic phosphate and / or 2-sulfoethylmethacryloate.

45. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 44, wherein the polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof comprises a vinyl monomer having a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof, such as vinylsulfonic acid, a vinylsulfate, vinylphosphonic acid and / or a vinylphosphate.

46. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 45, wherein the (co)polymer(B) material comprises ethylenically unsaturated material.

47. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 46, wherein the (co)polymer(B) material comprises ethylenically unsaturated material wherein the (co)polymer(B) is obtainable by polymerising an ethylenically unsaturated material withthe polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group, or precursor thereof.

48. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 47, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated material of the (co)polymer(B) material and / or the copolymer additive comprises an acrylic monomer.

49. A coating composition or copolymer according to claim 48, wherein the acrylic monomer comprises (meth)acrylic acid, methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate; propyl (meth)acrylate; butyl (meth)acrylate; cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate; benzyl methacrylate; 2- ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate; isobornyl (meth)acrylate; lauryl (meth)acrylate; hydroxyl- functional acrylates such as hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, amine-functional acrylates such as dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate, butylamino ethyl (meth)acrylate, and / or glycidyl-f unctional acrylates such as glycidyl (meth)acrylate.

50. A coating composition or copolymer according to claim 49 or 50, wherein the acrylic monomer comprises methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl(meth)acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylic acid, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, allyl (meth)acrylate, dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate and / or butylamino ethyl (meth)acrylate.

51. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 50, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated material comprises a vinyl material comprising an aromatic group.

52. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 51 , wherein the ethylenically unsaturated material comprises an acrylamide material, such as an ether functional acrylamide material.

53. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 52, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated material comprises acid functionality.

54. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 53, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated material comprises hydroxyl functionality.

55. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 54, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or the copolymer additive is formed from ^0.1 % of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as >0.3wt%.

56. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 55, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or the copolymer additive is formed from >0.5 % of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed.

57. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 56, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or the copolymer additive is formed from <90% of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as <60 wt%.

58. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 57, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or the copolymer additive is formed from <20% of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as =£15 wt%.

59. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 58, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or the copolymer additive is formed from <10% of a monomer comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or precursor thereof by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as ^5 wt%.

60. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 59, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or the copolymer additive is formed from >50 % of the ethylenically unsaturated material by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as >60 wt%.

61. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims to 60, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or the copolymer additive is formed from <99.9 % of the ethylenically unsaturated material by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as ^99.7 wt%.

62. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 61 , wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or the copolymer additive is formed from >5 % of a hydroxyl functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed.

63. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 62, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from >8 % of a hydroxyl functionalmonomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed.

64. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 63, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from >5 % of an acid functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as >10 wt% or >15 wt%.

65. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 64, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from <9 % of an acid functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as ^5 wt%.

66. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 65, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from <0.5 % of an acid functional monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed.

67. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 66, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from >20 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as ^30 wt% or >35 wt%.

68. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 67, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from >50 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as S70 wt%.

69. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 68, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from >75 % of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed.

70. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 69, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from <99% of an acrylic monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as <98 wt%.

71. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 70, wherein the ethylenically unsaturated material of the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive comprises <20% of a cyclic vinyl material, such as an aromatic cyclic material, forexample styrene, by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as <10 wt%.

72. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 70, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive is formed from >20 % of an aromatic group- containing monomer by total weight of the monomers from which the (co)polymer(B) / copolymer additive is formed, such as 230 wt% or >35 wt%.

73. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 72, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 21 ,000 Da, such as 22,000 Da.

74. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 73, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has a Mn of 23,000 Da, such as or 23,100 Da.

75. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 74, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has a Mn of 25,000 Da or 26,000 Da.

76. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 75, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has a Mn of =£15,000 Da, such as =£12,000 Da.

77. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 76, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has a Mn of =£10,000 Da, such as =£5,000 Da.

78. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 74 or 76 to 77, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has a Mn of or <4,900 Da, such as ^4,500 Da.

79. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 78, wherein the copolymer additive is a film former material.

80. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 79, wherein the coating composition comprises at least two different film former materials, such as a film former copolymer additive and a film former polyvinyl butyral material.

81. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 80, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has a gross OHV of >0 mg KOH / g, such as 210 mg KOH / g.

82. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 81 , wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has a gross OHV of <410 mg KOH / g, such as of <200 mg KOH / g.

83. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 82, wherein the (co)polymer(B) and / or copolymer additive has an AV of >5 KOH / g and / or <200 KOH / g.

84. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 83, wherein the composition comprises 21% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as 21 .4wt%.

85. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 84, wherein the composition comprises 21 .5% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition.

86. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 85, wherein the composition comprises 210% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition.

87. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 86, wherein the composition comprises 220% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition.

88. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 87, wherein the composition comprises 280% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as <70wt%.

89. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 88, wherein the composition comprises 260% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition.

90. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 89, wherein the composition comprises 240% of the copolymer additive by total solid weight of the composition, such as 230%.91 . A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 90, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material, has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 24,000 Da,92. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 91 , wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material, has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 28,000 Da.

93. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 92, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material; and / or a coating formed from the coating composition, has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of a Mn of 235,000 Da, such as 230,000 Da.

94. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 93, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material, has a gross OHV of from >0 and / or <120 mg KOH / g, such as <70 KOH / g.

95. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 94, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material, has an AV of 23 KOH / g, such as 26 KOH / g.

96. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 95, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material, has an AV of 250 KOH / g, such as 240 KOH / g.

97. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 96, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material; and / or a coating formed from the coating composition, has a Tg of 225°.

98. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 97, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material; and / or a coating formed from the coating composition, has a Tg of 240°C99. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 98, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material; and / or a coating formed from the coating composition, has a Tg of 250°C.

100. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 99, wherein the film former material, such as film former polyester (co)polymer, (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer and / or polyvinyl butyral material; and / or a coating formed from the coating composition, has a Tg of <200°C. such as 2120°C.

101. A coating composition according to any of claims 1, 2 or 4 to 100, wherein the coating composition comprises 250% of film former material, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition, such as 260 wt%.

102. A coating composition according to any of claims 1, 2 or 4 to 101 , wherein the coating composition comprises 250% of film former polyester (co)polymer and / or (co)polymer(A)-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

103. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 102, wherein the coating composition comprises >50% of film former polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

104. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 103, wherein the coating composition comprises 260% of film former polyester (co)polymer and / or (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

105. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 104, wherein the coating composition comprises 260% of film former polyester-(co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

106. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 105, wherein the coating composition comprises 210% of film former polyvinyl butyral material, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

107. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 106, wherein the coating composition comprises 220% of film former polyvinyl butyral material, based on the total solid weight of the coating composition.

108. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 107, wherein the coating composition comprises <80% of a film former polyvinyl butyral material by solid weight of the coating composition, such as <70wt%.

109. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 108, wherein the coating composition comprises <60% of a film former polyvinyl butyral material by solid weight of the coating composition.

110. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 109, wherein the coating composition comprises 270% of a polyester (co)polymer and / or a (co)polymer(A)- (co)polymer(B) block and / or graft copolymer by total solid weight of film former material, such as 280wt% or 290wt%.11 1. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 110, wherein the coating composition comprises 220% of a polyvinyl butyral film former material by total solid weight of film former material, such as 230wt% or 240wt%.

112. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 111 , wherein the coating composition comprises <80% of a polyvinyl butyral film former material by total solid weight of film former material, such as <70wt% or <60wt%.

113. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 112, wherein the composition is an aqueous coating composition.

114. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 112, wherein the composition is an organic solventborne coating composition.

115. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 114, wherein the composition comprises a crosslinking material.

116. A coating composition according to claim 1 15, wherein the crosslinking material comprises a phenolic resin; aminoplast resin; amino resin; epoxy resin; isocyanate resin; beta-hydroxy (alkyl) amide resin; alkylated carbamate resin; polyacid; anhydride; organometallic acid-functional material; polyamine; and / or polyamide.

117. A coating composition according to claim 115 or 116, wherein the crosslinking material comprises a phenolic resin and / or an aminoplast resin.

118. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 15 to 1 17, wherein the crosslinking material comprises a material according to formula (III)wherein Ri represents hydrogen, alkyl (such as Ci to C20 alkyl), aryl (such as C4 to C24 aryl), aralkyl (such as C5 to C25 aralkyl), or — NRsR?;R2 to R7 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl (such as Ci to C20 alkyl), aryl (such as C4 to C2 aryl), aralkyl (such as C5 to C25 aralkyl) or — CHRsORg; wherein Rs and Rg each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl (such as Ci to C20 alkyl), aryl (such as C4 to C24 aryl), aralkyl (such as C5 to C25 aralkyl), alkoxyalkyl (such as C2 to C40 alkoxyalkyl) or an alkaryl (such as C5 to C25 alkaryl);wherein at least one of R2 to Rs, or Rz to R7 when present, is — CHRsORg, for example all of Rz to Rs, or Rz to R7 when present, may be — CHRsORg119. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 15 to 1 18, wherein the crosslinking material comprises benzoguanamine or derivatives thereof, such as butylated and / or methylated benzoguanamine.

120. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 15 to 1 19, wherein the crosslinking material according to formula (III) comprises an at least partially butylated benzoguanamine.

121. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 15 to 120, wherein the crosslinking material according to formula (III) is self-curing.

122. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 15 to 121 , wherein the crosslinking material comprises an aminoplast crosslinker, such as a benzoguanamine or a derivative thereof, and a phenolic crosslinker.

123. A coating composition according to any of claims 115 to 122, wherein the coating composition comprises at least 0.5 wt% crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition, such as at least 1 wt%.

124. A coating composition according to any of claims 115 to 123, wherein the coating composition comprises <70wt% crosslinking material based on the total solid weight of the coating composition, such as <60wt%.

125. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 124, wherein the coating composition comprises <1% by solid weight of the coating composition of a curing catalyst additive, such as <0.7 wt%.

126. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 125, wherein the coating composition comprises <0.5 wt% by solid weight of the coating composition of a curing catalyst additive, such as ^0.25 wt%.

127. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 126, wherein the coating composition comprises ^0.1 wt% by solid weight of the coating composition of a curing catalyst additive, such as ^0.05 wt%.

128. A coating composition according to any of claims 106 to 127, wherein the curing catalyst additive is a metal compound such as stannous octoate; stannous chloride; butyl stannoic acid (hydroxy butyl tin oxide); monobutyl tin tris (2-ethylhexanoate); chloro butyl tindihydroxide; tetra-n-propyl titanate; tetra-n-butyl titanate; zinc acetate; an acid compound such as phosphoric acid; para-toluene sulphonic acid; dodecyl benzene sulphonic acid (DDBSA) such as blocked DDBSA, tetra alkyl zirconium material, antimony trioxide and / or germanium dioxide.

129. A coating composition according to any of claims 106 to 128, wherein the curing catalyst additive is a small molecule curing catalyst additive.

130. A coating composition or copolymer according to any of claims 1 to 129, wherein polymerisable material comprising a sulfonic acid-, a sulfate-, a phosphonic acid- and / or a phosphate- functional group or a precursor thereof and / or (co)polymer(B) is obtained in presence of a dialkyl peroxide polymerisation initiator.

131. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 130, wherein a cured film formed from the coating composition having a film weight of 7 mg / in2has an enamel rating after pack of 216 mA, such as 215 mA.

132. A coating composition according to any claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 131 , wherein a cured film formed from the coating composition has a solvent fraction of 216%, such as 212%.

133. A coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 132, wherein a cured film formed from the coating composition has a feathering of 22.5 mm, such as 20.6 mm.

134. A coated substrate comprising a coating extending over at least a part of the substrate, wherein the coating is obtainable from a coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 133.

135. A method of coating at least a portion of a substrate, the method comprising: a. contacting a coating composition with the substrate; b. curing the coating composition on the substrate to form a coating; wherein coating composition is according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 133.

136. A package coated at least in part with a coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 133.

137. A package at least partially coated with a coating system that comprises a top-coat coating formed from a composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 133.

138. A method of reducing enamel rating, solvent fraction and / or feathering comprising,a. contacting a coating composition with the substrate; b. curing the coating composition on the substrate to form a coating; wherein coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 133.

139. Use of a coating composition according to any of claims 1 , 2 or 4 to 133 to reduce enamel rating, solvent fraction and / or feathering.

140. A use, method, coated substrate or package according to any of claims 134 to 139, wherein the coated portion of the substrate / package is metal.

141. A use, method, coated substrate or package according to any of claims 134 to 140 wherein the substrate / package is a food and / or beverage can.

142. A use, method, coated substrate or package according to claims 134 to 141 wherein the coating is applied to the interior of the package or can.

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