Photon counting detectors in time delay summation mode
The radiation detector with multiple sensing elements and counters addresses the challenges of signal-to-noise ratio and motion blur in imaging systems by summing radiation particle counts across exposures, enhancing image quality in TDI mode.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/113932
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-21
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-27
AI Technical Summary
Existing imaging systems face challenges in achieving high signal-to-noise ratio and reducing motion blur, particularly in time delay integration (TDI) mode, when capturing images of objects using radiation detectors.
A radiation detector comprising multiple sensing elements and counters, which determines count numbers of radiation particles during exposures and sums these counts with carry-forward numbers from previous exposures to enhance image capture and processing.
The solution improves the signal-to-noise ratio and reduces motion blur in captured images, enabling more accurate and clear imaging, especially in TDI mode.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023113932_27022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PHOTON COUNTING DETECTORS IN TIME DELAY SUMMATION MODEBackground
[0001] An imaging system can include a radiation source and a radiation detector. The radiation source can send a radiation beam toward an object positioned between the radiation source and the radiation detector; and the radiation detector can capture an image of the object based on the interaction between the radiation beam and the object. The imaging system can operate in the time delay integration (TDI) mode so as to generate an image of the object with improved signal-to-noise ratio and reduced motion blur.Summary
[0002] Disclosed herein is a radiation detector comprising a first sensing element and a second sensing element. The radiation detector is configured to (A) determine a first count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during a first exposure, and (B) sum the first count number and a first carry forward number resulting in a second carry forward number, with the first carry forward number being related to a count number of radiation particles incident on a sensing element different from the first and second sensing elements. The radiation detector is configured to (A) determine a second count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during a second exposure subsequent to the first exposure, and (B) sum the second count number and the second carry forward number resulting in a third carry forward number.
[0003] In an aspect, the radiation detector further comprises a third sensing element. The radiation detector is configured to (A) determine a third count number of radiation particles incident on the third sensing element during a third exposure subsequent to the second exposure, and (B) sum the third count number and the third carry forward number resulting in a fourth carry forward number.
[0004] In an aspect, the radiation detector comprises a first counter configured to (A) determine the first count number, and (B) sum the first count number and the first carry forward number. The radiation detector comprises a second counter configured to (A) determine the second count number, and (B) sum the second count number and the second carry forward number.
[0005] In an aspect, the radiation detector is configured to transfer the second carry forward number from the first counter to the second counter.
[0006] In an aspect, the radiation detector comprises a first counter and a first register. The first counter is configured to determine the first count number. The first register is configured to sum the first count number and the first carry forward number. The radiation detector comprises a second counter and a second register. The second counter is configured to determine the second count number. The second register is configured to sum the second count number and the second carry forward number.
[0007] In an aspect, the radiation detector is configured to transfer the second carry forward number from the first register to the second register.
[0008] In an aspect, the radiation detector comprises a digital processor which comprises a computer memory. The first register and the second register are implemented in the computer memory.
[0009] In an aspect, the radiation detector is configured to capture an image of an object. A value of a picture element of the image is equal to the third carry forward number.
[0010] In an aspect, the radiation particles are X-rays.
[0011] In an aspect, the radiation detector comprises: a radiation absorption layer comprising an electrode; a first voltage comparator configured to compare a voltage of the electrode to a first threshold; a second voltage comparator configured to compare the voltage to a second threshold; a counter configured to register a number of photons absorbed by the radiation absorption layer; and a controller. The controller is configured to start a time delay from a time at which the first voltage comparator determines that an absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds an absolute value of the first threshold. The controller is configured to activate the second voltage comparator during the time delay. The controller is configured to cause the number registered by the counter to increase by one, if the second voltage comparator determines that an absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds an absolute value of the second threshold.
[0012] A system may include the radiation detector above, a radiation source, and a frame. The radiation source is configured to send a radiation beam toward an object. The frame is configured to rotate about an axis. The radiation detector is fixed to the frame. The radiation detector is configured to capture an image of the object based on an interaction between the radiation beam and the object. In an aspect, the system may further comprise a radiation source target fixed to the frame and configured to receive an electron beam and thereby emit the radiation beam.
[0013] A method of using this system includes: capturing with the radiation detector a first image of the object with (A) the frame rotating around the object and about the axis and (B) the radiation source remaining stationary at a first source position with respect to the object. Capturing the first image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a pulse of radiation particles toward the object during an exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector a count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the count number and a carry forward number resulting in another carry forward number, (D) sending, with the radiation source, another pulse of radiation particles toward the object during another exposure subsequent to the exposure, (E) determining, with the radiation detector, another count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the another exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the another count number and the another carry forward number; and after said capturing the first image is performed, capturing with the radiation detector a second image of the object with (A) the frame rotating around the object and about the axis and (B) the radiation source remaining stationary at a second source position with respect to the object. Capturing the second image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a pulse of radiation particles toward the object during an exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector a count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the count number and a carry forward number resulting in another carry forward number, (D) sending, with the radiation source, another pulse of radiation particles toward the object during another exposure subsequent to the exposure, (E) determining, with the radiation detector, another count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the another exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the another count number and the another carry forward number. The first source position is different from the second source position. The method may further include reconstructing a 3-dimensional image of the object based on at least the first image and the second image.
[0014] In an aspect, the radiation source (A) hops from point X to point Y through a series of points in between during said capturing the first image, (B) jumps from point Y back to point X after said capturing the first image and before said capturing the second image, and (C) hops from point X to point Y through a series of points in between during said capturing the second image. Both point X and point Y are relative to the frame.
[0015] In an aspect, the radiation source sending a radiation beam is implemented by directing an electron beam at a target spot on a radiation source target thereby generating the radiation beam from the target spot. Causing the radiation source to hop and jump comprises moving the target spot.
[0016] A system may include the radiation detector above and a radiation source configured to send a radiation beam toward a film. The radiation detector is configured to capture an image of the film based on an interaction between the radiation beam and the film. In an aspect, the system may further comprise a radiation source target configured to receive an electron beam and thereby emit the radiation beam.
[0017] A method of using the system above includes capturing with the radiation detector an image of the film with both the radiation source and the film (A) translating linearly relative to the radiation detector and (B) remaining stationary with respect to each other. Capturing the image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a first pulse of radiation particles toward the film during the first exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector the first count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the first exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the first count number and the first carry forward number resulting in the second carry forward number, (D) sending with the radiation source a second pulse of radiation particles toward the film during the second exposure subsequent to the first exposure, (E) determining with the radiation detector the second count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the second exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the second count number and the second carry forward number.
[0018] The film may include an anode layer, an electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer, with the electrolyte layer being sandwiched between the anode layer and the cathode layer.
[0019] Brief Description of Figures
[0020] Fig. 1A schematically shows a semiconductor radiation detector, according to an embodiment.
[0021] Fig. 1B shows the semiconductor radiation detector 100, according to an alternative embodiment.
[0022] Fig. 2 shows an exemplary top view of a portion of the detector in Fig. 1A, according to an embodiment.
[0023] Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B each show a component diagram of an electronic system of the detector in Fig. 1A or Fig. 1B, according to an embodiment.
[0024] Fig. 4 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through an electrode (upper curve) of a diode or an electrical contact of a resistor of a radiation absorption layer exposed to radiation, the electric current caused by charge carriers generated by a radiation particle incident on the radiation absorption layer, and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) , according to an embodiment.
[0025] Fig. 5 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through the electrode (upper curve) caused by noise (e.g., dark current) , and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) , in the electronic system operating in the way shown in Fig. 4, according to an embodiment.
[0026] Fig. 6 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through an electrode (upper curve) of the radiation absorption layer exposed to radiation, the electric current caused by charge carriers generated by a radiation particle incident on the radiation absorption layer, and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) , when the electronic system operates to detect incident radiation particles at a higher rate, according to an embodiment.
[0027] Fig. 7 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through the electrode (upper curve) caused by noise (e.g., dark current) , and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) , in the electronic system operating in the way shown in Fig. 6, according to an embodiment.
[0028] Fig. 8 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through the electrode (upper curve) caused by charge carriers generated by a series of radiation particles incident on the radiation absorption layer, and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode, in the electronic system operating in the way shown in Fig. 6 with RST expires before te, according to an embodiment.
[0029] Fig. 9 shows a flow chart for a method suitable for detecting radiation using a system such as the electronic system operating as shown in Fig. 4, according to an embodiment.
[0030] Fig. 10 shows a flow chart for a method suitable for detecting radiation using a system such as the electronic system operating as shown in Fig. 6, according to an embodiment.
[0031] Fig. 11A-Fig. 11E schematically show an imaging system in operation, according to an embodiment.
[0032] Fig. 12 shows a flowchart generalizing the operation of the imaging system, according to an embodiment.
[0033] Fig. 13A and Fig. 13B show counters and registers for the imaging system, according to different embodiments.
[0034] Fig. 14A-Fig. 14D schematically show an imaging system in operation, according to an alternative embodiment.
[0035] Fig. 15 shows a flowchart generalizing the operation of the imaging system of Fig. 14A-Fig. 14D, according to an embodiment.Detailed Description
[0036] RADIATION DETECTOR
[0037] Fig. 1A schematically shows a semiconductor radiation detector 100, according to an embodiment. The semiconductor radiation detector 100 may include a radiation absorption layer 110 and an electronics layer 120 (e.g., an Application Specific Integrated Circuit or ASIC) for processing or analyzing electrical signals incident radiation generates in the radiation absorption layer 110. In an embodiment, the semiconductor radiation detector 100 does not comprise a scintillator. The radiation absorption layer 110 may include a semiconductor material such as, silicon, germanium, GaAs, CdTe, CdZnTe, or a combination thereof. The semiconductor may have a high mass attenuation coefficient for the radiation energy of interest. The radiation absorption layer 110 may include one or more diodes (e.g., p-i-n or p-n) formed by a first doped region 111, one or more discrete regions 114 of a second doped region 113. The second doped region 113 may be separated from the first doped region 111 by an optional the intrinsic region 112. The discrete portions 114 are separated from one another by the first doped region 111 or the intrinsic region 112. The first doped region 111 and the second doped region 113 have opposite types of doping (e.g., region 111 is p-type and region 113 is n-type, or region 111 is n-type and region 113 is p-type) . In the example in Fig. 1A, each of the discrete regions 114 of the second doped region 113 forms a diode with the first doped region 111 and the optional intrinsic region 112. Namely, in the example in Fig. 1A, the radiation absorption layer 110 has a plurality of diodes having the first doped region 111 as a shared electrode. The first doped region 111 may also have discrete portions.
[0038] Fig. 1B shows the semiconductor radiation detector 100, according to an alternative embodiment. The semiconductor radiation detector 100 may include a radiation absorption layer 110 and an electronics layer 120 (e.g., an ASIC) for processing or analyzing electrical signals incident radiation generates in the radiation absorption layer 110. In an embodiment, the semiconductor radiation detector 100 does not comprise a scintillator. The radiation absorption layer 110 may include a semiconductor material such as, silicon, germanium, GaAs, CdTe, CdZnTe, or a combination thereof. The semiconductor may have a high mass attenuation coefficient for the radiation energy of interest. The radiation absorption layer 110 may not include a diode but includes a resistor.
[0039] When a radiation particle hits the radiation absorption layer 110 including diodes, it may be absorbed and generate one or more charge carriers by a number of mechanisms. A radiation particle may generate 10 to 100000 charge carriers. The charge carriers may drift to the electrodes of one of the diodes under an electric field. The field may be an external electric field. The electrical contact (or electrode) 119B may include discrete portions each of which is in electrical contact with the discrete regions 114. In an embodiment, the charge carriers may drift in directions such that the charge carriers generated by a single radiation particle are not substantially shared by two different discrete regions 114 ( “not substantially shared” here means less than 5%, less than 2%or less than 1%of these charge carriers flow to a different one of the discrete regions 114 than the rest of the charge carriers) . In an embodiment, the charge carriers generated by a single radiation particle can be shared by two different discrete regions 114.
[0040] Fig. 2 shows an exemplary top view of a portion of the semiconductor radiation detector 100 with a 4-by-4 array of discrete regions 114. Charge carriers generated by a radiation particle incident around the footprint of one of these discrete regions 114 are not substantially shared with another of these discrete regions 114. The area around a discrete region 114 in which substantially all (more than 95%, more than 98%or more than 99%of) charge carriers generated by a radiation particle incident therein flow to the discrete region 114 is called a pixel (also called a sensing element) associated with that discrete region 114. Namely, less than 5%, less than 2%or less than 1%of these charge carriers flow beyond the pixel. By measuring the drift current flowing into each of the discrete regions 114, or the rate of change of the voltage of each of the discrete regions 114, the number of radiation particles absorbed (which relates to the incident radiation intensity) and / or the energies thereof in the pixels associated with the discrete regions 114 may be determined. Thus, the spatial distribution (e.g., an image) of incident radiation intensity may be determined by individually measuring the drift current into each one of an array of discrete regions 114 or measuring the rate of change of the voltage of each one of an array of discrete regions 114. The pixels may be organized in any suitable array, such as, a square array, a triangular array and a honeycomb array. The pixels may have any suitable shape, such as, circular, triangular, square, rectangular, and hexangular. The pixels may be individually addressable.
[0041] When a radiation particle hits the radiation absorption layer 110 including a resistor but not diodes, it may be absorbed and generate one or more charge carriers by a number of mechanisms. A radiation particle may generate 10 to 100000 charge carriers. The charge carriers may drift to the electrical contacts 119A and 119B under an electric field. The field may be an external electric field. The electrical contact 119B includes discrete portions. In an embodiment, the charge carriers may drift in directions such that the charge carriers generated by a single radiation particle are not substantially shared by two different discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B ( “not substantially shared” here means less than 5%, less than 2%or less than 1%of these charge carriers flow to a different one of the discrete portions than the rest of the charge carriers) . In an embodiment, the charge carriers generated by a single radiation particle can be shared by two different discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B. Charge carriers generated by a radiation particle incident around the footprint of one of these discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B are not substantially shared with another of these discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B. The area around a discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B in which substantially all (more than 95%, more than 98%or more than 99%of) charge carriers generated by a radiation particle incident therein flow to the discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B is called a pixel associated with the discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B. Namely, less than 5%, less than 2%or less than 1%of these charge carriers flow beyond the pixel associated with the one discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B. By measuring the drift current flowing into each of the discrete portion of the electrical contact 119B, or the rate of change of the voltage of each of the discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B, the number of radiation particles absorbed (which relates to the incident radiation intensity) and / or the energies thereof in the pixels associated with the discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B may be determined. Thus, the spatial distribution (e.g., an image) of incident radiation intensity may be determined by individually measuring the drift current into each one of an array of discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B or measuring the rate of change of the voltage of each one of an array of discrete portions of the electrical contact 119B. The pixels may be organized in any suitable array, such as, a square array, a triangular array and a honeycomb array. The pixels may have any suitable shape, such as, circular, triangular, square, rectangular, and hexangular. The pixels may be individually addressable.
[0042] The electronics layer 120 may include, for each pixel, an electronic system 121 suitable for processing or interpreting signals generated by radiation particles incident on said each pixel of the radiation absorption layer 110. The electronic system 121 may include an analog circuitry such as a filter network, amplifiers, integrators, and comparators, or a digital circuitry such as a microprocessors, and memory. The electronic system 121 may include components shared by the pixels or components dedicated to a single pixel. For example, the electronic system 121 may include an amplifier dedicated to each pixel and a microprocessor shared among all the pixels. The electronic system 121 may be electrically connected to the pixels by vias 131. Space among the vias may be filled with a filler material 130, which may increase the mechanical stability of the connection of the electronics layer 120 to the radiation absorption layer 110. Other bonding techniques are possible to connect the electronic system 121 to the pixels without using vias.
[0043] ELECTRONIC SYSTEM
[0044] Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B each show a component diagram of the electronic system 121, according to an embodiment. The electronic system 121 may include a first voltage comparator 301, a second voltage comparator 302, a counter 320, a switch 305, a voltmeter 306 and a controller 310.
[0045] The first voltage comparator 301 is configured to compare the voltage of an electrode (e.g., 119B of Fig. 1A or Fig. 1B) of a diode 300 to a first threshold. The diode may be a diode formed by the first doped region 111, one of the discrete regions 114 of the second doped region 113, and the optional intrinsic region 112. Alternatively, the first voltage comparator 301 is configured to compare the voltage of an electrical contact (e.g., a discrete portion of electrical contact 119B) to a first threshold. The first voltage comparator 301 may be configured to monitor the voltage directly, or calculate the voltage by integrating an electric current flowing through the diode or electrical contact over a period of time. The first voltage comparator 301 may be controllably activated or deactivated by the controller 310. The first voltage comparator 301 may be a continuous comparator. Namely, the first voltage comparator 301 may be configured to be activated continuously, and monitor the voltage continuously. The first voltage comparator 301 configured as a continuous comparator reduces the chance that the system 121 misses signals generated by an incident radiation particle. The first voltage comparator 301 configured as a continuous comparator is especially suitable when the incident radiation intensity is relatively high. The first voltage comparator 301 may be a clocked comparator, which has the benefit of lower power consumption. The first voltage comparator 301 configured as a clocked comparator may cause the system 121 to miss signals generated by some incident radiation particles. When the incident radiation intensity is low, the chance of missing an incident radiation particle is low because the time interval between two successive photons is relatively long. Therefore, the first voltage comparator 301 configured as a clocked comparator is especially suitable when the incident radiation intensity is relatively low. The first threshold may be 5-10%, 10%-20%, 20-30%, 30-40%or 40-50%of the maximum voltage one incident radiation particle may generate in the diode or the resistor. The maximum voltage may depend on the energy of the incident radiation particle (i.e., the wavelength of the incident radiation particle) , the material of the radiation absorption layer 110, and other factors. For example, the first threshold may be 50 mV, 100 mV, 150 mV, or 200 mV.
[0046] The second voltage comparator 302 is configured to compare the voltage to a second threshold. The second voltage comparator 302 may be configured to monitor the voltage directly, or calculate the voltage by integrating an electric current flowing through the diode or the electrical contact over a period of time. The second voltage comparator 302 may be a continuous comparator. The second voltage comparator 302 may be controllably activate or deactivated by the controller 310. When the second voltage comparator 302 is deactivated, the power consumption of the second voltage comparator 302 may be less than 1%, less than 5%, less than 10%or less than 20%of the power consumption when the second voltage comparator 302 is activated. The absolute value of the second threshold is greater than the absolute value of the first threshold. As used herein, the term “absolute value” or “modulus” |x| of a real number x is the non-negative value of x without regard to its sign. Namely, |x|= x if x >=0, and |x| = -x if x <0.
[0047] The second threshold may be 200%-300%of the first threshold. The second threshold may be at least 50%of the maximum voltage one incident radiation particle may generate in the diode or resistor. For example, the second threshold may be 100 mV, 150 mV, 200 mV, 250 mV or 300 mV. The second voltage comparator 302 and the first voltage comparator 301 may be the same component. Namely, the system 121 may have one voltage comparator that can compare a voltage with two different thresholds at different times.
[0048] The first voltage comparator 301 or the second voltage comparator 302 may include one or more op-amps or any other suitable circuitry. The first voltage comparator 301 or the second voltage comparator 302 may have a high speed to allow the system 121 to operate under a high flux of incident radiation. However, having a high speed is often at the cost of power consumption.
[0049] The counter 320 is configured to register a number of radiation particles reaching the diode or resistor. The counter 320 may be a software component (e.g., a number stored in a computer memory) or a hardware component (e.g., a 4017 IC and a 7490 IC) .
[0050] The controller 310 may be a hardware component such as a microcontroller and a microprocessor. The controller 310 is configured to start a time delay from a time at which the first voltage comparator 301 determines that the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold (e.g., the absolute value of the voltage increases from below the absolute value of the first threshold to a value equal to or above the absolute value of the first threshold) . The absolute value is used here because the voltage may be negative or positive, depending on whether the voltage of the cathode or the anode of the diode or which electrical contact is used. The controller 310 may be configured to keep deactivated the second voltage comparator 302, the counter 320 and any other circuits the operation of the first voltage comparator 301 does not require, before the time at which the first voltage comparator 301 determines that the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold. The time delay may expire before or after the voltage becomes stable, i.e., the rate of change of the voltage is substantially zero. The phase “the rate of change of the voltage is substantially zero” means that temporal change of the voltage is less than 0.1% / ns. The phase “the rate of change of the voltage is substantially non-zero” means that temporal change of the voltage is at least 0.1% / ns.
[0051] The controller 310 may be configured to activate the second voltage comparator during (including the beginning and the expiration) the time delay. In an embodiment, the controller 310 is configured to activate the second voltage comparator at the beginning of the time delay. The term “activate” means causing the component to enter an operational state (e.g., by sending a signal such as a voltage pulse or a logic level, by providing power, etc. ) . The term “deactivate” means causing the component to enter a non-operational state (e.g., by sending a signal such as a voltage pulse or a logic level, by cut off power, etc. ) . The operational state may have higher power consumption (e.g., 10 times higher, 100 times higher, 1000 times higher) than the non-operational state. The controller 310 itself may be deactivated until the output of the first voltage comparator 301 activates the controller 310 when the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold.
[0052] The controller 310 may be configured to cause the number registered by the counter 320 to increase by one, if, during the time delay, the second voltage comparator 302 determines that the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the second threshold.
[0053] The controller 310 may be configured to cause the voltmeter 306 to measure the voltage upon expiration of the time delay. The controller 310 may be configured to connect the electrode to an electrical ground, so as to reset the voltage and discharge any charge carriers accumulated on the electrode. In an embodiment, the electrode is connected to an electrical ground after the expiration of the time delay. In an embodiment, the electrode is connected to an electrical ground for a finite reset time period. The controller 310 may connect the electrode to the electrical ground by controlling the switch 305. The switch may be a transistor such as a field-effect transistor (FET) .
[0054] In an embodiment, the system 121 has no analog filter network (e.g., a RC network) . In an embodiment, the system 121 has no analog circuitry.
[0055] The voltmeter 306 may feed the voltage it measures to the controller 310 as an analog or digital signal.
[0056] The system 121 may include a capacitor module 309 electrically connected to the electrode of the diode 300 or the electrical contact, wherein the capacitor module is configured to collect charge carriers from the electrode. The capacitor module can include a capacitor in the feedback path of an amplifier. The amplifier configured as such is called a capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) . CTIA has high dynamic range by keeping the amplifier from saturating and improves the signal-to-noise ratio by limiting the bandwidth in the signal path. Charge carriers from the electrode accumulate on the capacitor over a period of time ( “integration period” ) (e.g., as shown in Fig. 4, between t0 to t1, or t1-t2) . After the integration period has expired, the capacitor voltage is sampled and then reset by a reset switch. The capacitor module can include a capacitor directly connected to the electrode.
[0057] ELECTRODE CURRENT AND VOLTAGE
[0058] Fig. 4 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through the electrode (upper curve) caused by charge carriers generated by a radiation particle incident on the diode or the resistor, and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) . The voltage may be an integral of the electric current with respect to time. At time t0, the radiation particle hits the diode or the resistor, charge carriers start being generated in the diode or the resistor, electric current starts to flow through the electrode of the diode or the resistor, and the absolute value of the voltage of the electrode or electrical contact starts to increase. At time t1, the first voltage comparator 301 determines that the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold V1, and the controller 310 starts the time delay TD1 and the controller 310 may deactivate the first voltage comparator 301 at the beginning of TD1. If the controller 310 is deactivated before t1, the controller 310 is activated at t1. During TD1, the controller 310 activates the second voltage comparator 302. The term “during” a time delay as used here means the beginning and the expiration (i.e., the end) and any time in between. For example, the controller 310 may activate the second voltage comparator 302 at the expiration of TD1. If during TD1, the second voltage comparator 302 determines that the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the second threshold V2 at time t2, the controller 310 causes the number registered by the counter 320 to increase by one. At time te, all charge carriers generated by the radiation particle drift out of the radiation absorption layer 110. At time ts, the time delay TD1 expires. In the example of Fig. 4, time ts is after time te; namely TD1 expires after all charge carriers generated by the radiation particle drift out of the radiation absorption layer 110. The rate of change of the voltage is thus substantially zero at ts. The controller 310 may be configured to deactivate the second voltage comparator 302 at expiration of TD1 or at t2, or any time in between.
[0059] The controller 310 may be configured to cause the voltmeter 306 to measure the voltage upon expiration of the time delay TD1. In an embodiment, the controller 310 causes the voltmeter 306 to measure the voltage after the rate of change of the voltage becomes substantially zero after the expiration of the time delay TD1. The voltage at this moment is proportional to the amount of charge carriers generated by a radiation particle, which relates to the energy of the radiation particle. The controller 310 may be configured to determine the energy of the radiation particle based on voltage the voltmeter 306 measures. One way to determine the energy is by binning the voltage. The counter 320 may have a sub-counter for each bin. When the controller 310 determines that the energy of the radiation particle falls in a bin, the controller 310 may cause the number registered in the sub-counter for that bin to increase by one. Therefore, the system 121 may be able to detect a radiation image and may be able to resolve radiation energies of each radiation particle.
[0060] After TD1 expires, the controller 310 connects the electrode to an electric ground for a reset period RST to allow charge carriers accumulated on the electrode to flow to the ground and reset the voltage. After RST, the system 121 is ready to detect another incident radiation particle. Implicitly, the rate of incident radiation particles the system 121 can handle in the example of Fig. 4 is limited by 1 / (TD1+RST) . If the first voltage comparator 301 has been deactivated, the controller 310 can activate it at any time before RST expires. If the controller 310 has been deactivated, it may be activated before RST expires.
[0061] Fig. 5 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through the electrode (upper curve) caused by noise (e.g., dark current, background radiation, scattered X-rays, fluorescent X-rays, shared charges from adjacent pixels) , and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) , in the system 121 operating in the way shown in Fig. 4. At time t0, the noise begins. If the noise is not large enough to cause the absolute value of the voltage to exceed the absolute value of V1, the controller 310 does not activate the second voltage comparator 302. If the noise is large enough to cause the absolute value of the voltage to exceed the absolute value of V1 at time t1 as determined by the first voltage comparator 301, the controller 310 starts the time delay TD1 and the controller 310 may deactivate the first voltage comparator 301 at the beginning of TD1. During TD1 (e.g., at expiration of TD1) , the controller 310 activates the second voltage comparator 302. The noise is very unlikely large enough to cause the absolute value of the voltage to exceed the absolute value of V2 during TD1. Therefore, the controller 310 does not cause the number registered by the counter 320 to increase. At time te, the noise ends. At time ts, the time delay TD1 expires. The controller 310 may be configured to deactivate the second voltage comparator 302 at expiration of TD1. The controller 310 may be configured not to cause the voltmeter 306 to measure the voltage if the absolute value of the voltage does not exceed the absolute value of V2 during TD1. After TD1 expires, the controller 310 connects the electrode to an electric ground for a reset period RST to allow charge carriers accumulated on the electrode as a result of the noise to flow to the ground and reset the voltage. Therefore, the system 121 may be very effective in noise rejection.
[0062] Fig. 6 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through the electrode (upper curve) caused by charge carriers generated by a radiation particle incident on the diode or the resistor, and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) , when the system 121 operates to detect incident radiation particles at a rate higher than 1 / (TD1+RST) . The voltage may be an integral of the electric current with respect to time. At time t0, the radiation particle hits the diode or the resistor, charge carriers start being generated in the diode or the resistor, electric current starts to flow through the electrode of the diode or the electrical contact of resistor, and the absolute value of the voltage of the electrode or the electrical contact starts to increase. At time t1, the first voltage comparator 301 determines that the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold V1, and the controller 310 starts a time delay TD2 shorter than TD1, and the controller 310 may deactivate the first voltage comparator 301 at the beginning of TD2. If the controller 310 is deactivated before t1, the controller 310 is activated at t1. During TD2 (e.g., at expiration of TD2) , the controller 310 activates the second voltage comparator 302. If during TD2, the second voltage comparator 302 determines that the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the second threshold V2 at time t2, the controller 310 causes the number registered by the counter 320 to increase by one. At time te, all charge carriers generated by the radiation particle drift out of the radiation absorption layer 110. At time th, the time delay TD2 expires. In the example of Fig. 6, time th is before time te; namely TD2 expires before all charge carriers generated by the radiation particle drift out of the radiation absorption layer 110. The rate of change of the voltage is thus substantially non-zero at th. The controller 310 may be configured to deactivate the second voltage comparator 302 at expiration of TD2 or at t2, or any time in between.
[0063] The controller 310 may be configured to extrapolate the voltage at te from the voltage as a function of time during TD2 and use the extrapolated voltage to determine the energy of the radiation particle.
[0064] After TD2 expires, the controller 310 connects the electrode to an electric ground for a reset period RST to allow charge carriers accumulated on the electrode to flow to the ground and reset the voltage. In an embodiment, RST expires before te. The rate of change of the voltage after RST may be substantially non-zero because all charge carriers generated by the radiation particle have not drifted out of the radiation absorption layer 110 upon expiration of RST before te. The rate of change of the voltage becomes substantially zero after te and the voltage stabilized to a residue voltage VR after te. In an embodiment, RST expires at or after te, and the rate of change of the voltage after RST may be substantially zero because all charge carriers generated by the radiation particle drift out of the radiation absorption layer 110 at te. After RST, the system 121 is ready to detect another incident radiation particle. If the first voltage comparator 301 has been deactivated, the controller 310 can activate it at any time before RST expires. If the controller 310 has been deactivated, it may be activated before RST expires.
[0065] Fig. 7 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through the electrode (upper curve) caused by noise (e.g., dark current, background radiation, scattered radiations, fluorescent X-rays, shared charges from adjacent pixels) , and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) , in the system 121 operating in the way shown in Fig. 6. At time t0, the noise begins. If the noise is not large enough to cause the absolute value of the voltage to exceed the absolute value of V1, the controller 310 does not activate the second voltage comparator 302. If the noise is large enough to cause the absolute value of the voltage to exceed the absolute value of V1 at time t1 as determined by the first voltage comparator 301, the controller 310 starts the time delay TD2 and the controller 310 may deactivate the first voltage comparator 301 at the beginning of TD2. During TD2 (e.g., at expiration of TD2) , the controller 310 activates the second voltage comparator 302. The noise is very unlikely large enough to cause the absolute value of the voltage to exceed the absolute value of V2 during TD2. Therefore, the controller 310 does not cause the number registered by the counter 320 to increase. At time te, the noise ends. At time th, the time delay TD2 expires. The controller 310 may be configured to deactivate the second voltage comparator 302 at expiration of TD2. After TD2 expires, the controller 310 connects the electrode to an electric ground for a reset period RST to allow charge carriers accumulated on the electrode as a result of the noise to flow to the ground and reset the voltage. Therefore, the system 121 may be very effective in noise rejection.
[0066] Fig. 8 schematically shows a temporal change of the electric current flowing through the electrode (upper curve) caused by charge carriers generated by a series of radiation particles incident on the diode or the resistor, and a corresponding temporal change of the voltage of the electrode (lower curve) , in the system 121 operating in the way shown in Fig. 6 with RST expires before te. The voltage curve caused by charge carriers generated by each incident radiation particle is offset by the residue voltage before that photon. The absolute value of the residue voltage successively increases with each incident photon. When the absolute value of the residue voltage exceeds V1 (see the dotted rectangle in Fig. 8) , the controller starts the time delay TD2 and the controller 310 may deactivate the first voltage comparator 301 at the beginning of TD2. If no other radiation particle incidence on the diode or the resistor during TD2, the controller connects the electrode to the electrical ground during the reset time period RST at the end of TD2, thereby resetting the residue voltage. The residue voltage thus does not cause an increase of the number registered by the counter 320.
[0067] OPERATION FLOWCHARTS
[0068] Fig. 9 shows a flow chart for a method suitable for detecting radiation using a system such as the system 121 operating as shown in Fig. 4. In step 901, compare, e.g., using the first voltage comparator 301, avoltage of an electrode of a diode or an electrical contact of a resistor exposed to radiation, to the first threshold. In step 902, determine, e.g., with the controller 310, whether the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold V1. If the absolute value of the voltage does not equal or exceed the absolute value of the first threshold, the method goes back to step 901. If the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold, continue to step 903. In step 903, start, e.g., using the controller 310, the time delay TD1. In step 904, activate, e.g., using the controller 310, a circuit (e.g., the second voltage comparator 302 or the counter 320) during the time delay TD1 (e.g., at the expiration of TD1) . In step 905, compare, e.g., using the second voltage comparator 302, the voltage to the second threshold V2. In step 906, determine, e.g., using the controller 310, whether the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the second threshold V2. If the absolute value of the voltage does not equal or exceed the absolute value of the second threshold, the method goes to step 910. If the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the second threshold, continue to step 907. In step 907, cause, e.g., using the controller 310, the number registered in the counter 320 to increase by one. In optional step 908, measure, e.g., using the voltmeter 306, the voltage upon expiration of the time delay TD1. In optional step 909, determine, e.g., using the controller 310, the radiation particle energy based the voltage measured in step 908. There may be a counter for each of the energy bins. After measuring the radiation particle energy, the counter for the bin to which the photon energy belongs can be increased by one. The method goes to step 910 after step 909. In step 910, reset the voltage to an electrical ground, e.g., by connecting the electrode of the diode or an electrical contact of a resistor to an electrical ground. Steps 908 and 909 may be omitted, for example, when neighboring pixels share a large portion (e.g., >30%) of charge carriers generated from a single photon.
[0069] Fig. 10 shows a flow chart for a method suitable for detecting radiation using the system such as the system 121 operating as shown in Fig. 6. In step 1001, compare, e.g., using the first voltage comparator 301, a voltage of an electrode of a diode or an electrical contact of a resistor exposed to radiation, to the first threshold. In step 1002, determine, e.g., with the controller 310, whether the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold V1. If the absolute value of the voltage does not equal or exceed the absolute value of the first threshold, the method goes back to step 1001. If the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the first threshold, continue to step 1003. In step 1003, start, e.g., using the controller 310, the time delay TD2. In step 1004, activate, e.g., using the controller 310, a circuit (e.g., the second voltage comparator 302 or the counter 320) during the time delay TD2 (e.g., at the expiration of TD2) . In step 1005, compare, e.g., using the second voltage comparator 302, the voltage to the second threshold. In step 1006, determine, e.g., using the controller 310, whether the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the second threshold V2. If the absolute value of the voltage does not equal or exceed the absolute value of the second threshold, the method goes to step 1010. If the absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds the absolute value of the second threshold, continue to step 1007. In step 1007, cause, e.g., using the controller 310, the number registered in the counter 320 to increase by one. The method goes to step 1010 after step 1007. In step 1010, reset the voltage to an electrical ground, e.g., by connecting the electrode of the diode or an electrical contact of a resistor to an electrical ground.
[0070] The semiconductor radiation detector 100 may be used for phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI) (also known as phase-sensitive X-ray imaging) . PCI encompasses techniques that form an image of an object at least partially using the phase shift (including the spatial distribution of the phase shift) of an X-ray beam caused by that object. One way to obtain the phase shift is transforming the phase into variations in intensity.
[0071] PCI can be combined with tomographic techniques to obtain the 3D-distribution of the real part of the refractive index of the object. PCI is more sensitive to density variations in the object than conventional intensity-based X-ray imaging (e.g., radiography) . PCI is especially useful for imaging soft tissues.
[0072] IMAGING SYSTEM
[0073] Fig. 11A schematically shows an imaging system 1100, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the imaging system 1100 may include a radiation source 1122, the radiation detector 100, and a frame 1140.
[0074] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 may be fixed to the frame 1140.
[0075] In an embodiment, the radiation source 1122 may send a radiation beam 1124 (e.g., X-rays) toward an object 1190 positioned between the radiation source 1122 and the radiation detector 100.
[0076] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 may capture an image of the object 1190 in a single exposure based on the interaction between the radiation beam 1124 and the object 1190.
[0077] The interaction between the radiation beam 1124 and the object 1190 may include scenarios such as: (A) some of the radiation particles of the radiation beam 1124 that are incident on the object 1190 are blocked by the object 1190, and (B) some of the radiation particles of the radiation beam 1124 that are incident on the object 1190 travel through the object 1190 without changing their directions.
[0078] In an embodiment, the imaging system 1100 may include a radiation source target 1120. In an embodiment, the radiation source 1122 may be implemented by directing an electron beam (not shown) at a target spot 1122ts on the radiation source target 1120, thereby generating the radiation beam 1124 from the target spot 1122ts (as shown) .
[0079] In an embodiment, the radiation source target 1120 may be fixed to the frame 1140.
[0080] OPERATION OF IMAGING SYSTEM IN TDS MODE
[0081] In an embodiment, the imaging system 1100 may capture a first image of the object 1190 in the TDS (time delay summation) mode as follows. For illustration, the radiation detector 100 may include 4 sensing elements 150.0, 150.1, 150.2, and 150.3 arranged in a column (as shown) .
[0082] In an embodiment, the frame 1140 may rotate counterclockwise around the object 1190 and about an axis (not shown) as the radiation detector 100 captures the first image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode. In an embodiment, the axis may be perpendicular to the page. In an embodiment, the axis may intersect the object 1190.
[0083] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 may capture the first image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode via multiple exposures. In an embodiment, during each exposure, the radiation beam 1124 may be a pulse of radiation particles toward the object 1190.
[0084] EXPOSURES TO GET DATA FOR GENERATING FIRST IMAGE
[0085] With reference to Fig. 11A, assume that during an exposure E0, as a result of the radiation beam 1124 from the radiation source 1122, a radiation ray 1126 travels from a point 1192 of the object 1190 to the sensing element 150.0 (as shown) . As a result, the counter 320 (Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B) for the sensing element 150.0 counts and registers a count number N0 of radiation particles incident on the sensing element 150.0 during the exposure E0. Note that the counter 320 counts and registers the number of radiation particles (e.g., number of photons) , not an amount of electric charges.
[0086] In an embodiment, the count number N0 may be considered a carry forward number C1.
[0087] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11B, during an exposure E1 subsequent to the exposure E0, as a result of the radiation beam 1124 from the radiation source 1122, the radiation ray 1126 travels from the point 1192 of the object 1190 to the sensing element 150.1 (as shown) . As a result, the counter 320 (Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B) for the sensing element 150.1 counts and registers a count number N1 of radiation particles incident on the sensing element 150.1 during the exposure E1.
[0088] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 may sum the count number N1 and the carry forward number C1 resulting in a carry forward number C2.
[0089] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11C, during an exposure E2 subsequent to the exposure E1, as a result of the radiation beam 1124 from the radiation source 1122, the radiation ray 1126 travels from the point 1192 of the object 1190 to the sensing element 150.2 (as shown) . As a result, the counter 320 (Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B) for the sensing element 150.2 counts and registers a count number N2 of radiation particles incident on the sensing elements 150.2 during the exposure E2.
[0090] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 may sum the count number N2 and the carry forward number C2 resulting in a carry forward number C3.
[0091] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11D, during an exposure E3 subsequent to the exposure E2, as a result of the radiation beam 1124 from the radiation source 1122, the radiation ray 1126 travels from the point 1192 of the object 1190 to the sensing element 150.3 (as shown) . As a result, the counter 320 (Fig. 3A and Fig. 3B) for the sensing element 150.3 counts and registers a count number N3 of radiation particles incident on the sensing elements 150.3 during the exposure E3.
[0092] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 may sum the count number N3 and the carry forward number C3 resulting in a carry forward number C4.
[0093] In an embodiment, the radiation source 1122 may remain stationary at a first source position relative to the object 1190 throughout the exposures (i.e., the exposures E0-E3 of Fig. 11A-Fig. 11D) during which the radiation detector 100 captures (i.e., obtains photon counts and generates) the first image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode.
[0094] FIRST IMAGE GENERATION
[0095] In an embodiment, the first image of the object 1190 may be generated as follows. For the point 1192 of the object 1190, the carry forward number C4 may be used as the value of the picture element of the first image corresponding to the point 1192. In an embodiment, for other points of the object 1190, the values of the picture elements of the first image corresponding to these points may be determined in a manner similar to the manner in which the value of the picture element of the first image corresponding to the point 1192 is generated.
[0096] In an embodiment, the imaging system 1100 may capture a second image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode in a manner similar to the manner in which the imaging system 1100 captures the first image in TDS mode as described above.
[0097] In an embodiment, the radiation source 1122 may remain stationary at a second source position relative to the object 1190 (as shown in Fig. 11E) throughout the exposures during which the radiation detector 100 captures (i.e., obtains photon counts and generates) the second image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode.
[0098] In an embodiment, the first source position (shown in Fig. 11A-Fig. 11D) of the radiation source 1122 may be different from the second source position (shown in Fig. 11E) of the radiation source 1122 such that the first image and the second image of the object 1190 are in effect captured from 2 different angles relative to the object 1190.
[0099] RADIATION SOURCE JUMPS RELATIVE TO FRAME
[0100] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11A-Fig. 1E, during the capturing of the first image in the TDS mode, the radiation source 1122 may move around relative to the frame 1140 (although the radiation source 1122 remains stationary relative to the object 1190) .
[0101] Specifically, in an embodiment, the radiation source 1122 may hop from a point X (Fig. 11A) relative to the frame 1140 to a point Y (Fig. 11D) relative to the frame 1140 through a series of points in between (2 points in Fig. 11B and Fig. 11C) . Note that “X” and “Y” are used for easy reference and not shown in Fig. 11A-Fig. 11E.
[0102] Then, in an embodiment, after the capturing of the first image and before the capturing of the second image, the radiation source 1122 may jump from point Y back to point X (Fig. 11E) .
[0103] Then, in an embodiment, during the capturing of the second image in the TDS mode, the radiation source 1122 may again hop from point X to point Y through a series of points in between (2 points in Fig. 11B and Fig. 11C respectively) .
[0104] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11A, the radiation source 1122 sending the radiation beam 1124 may be implemented by directing the electron beam at the target spot 1122ts on the radiation source target 1120 thereby generating the radiation beam 1124 from the target spot 1122ts. As a result, with reference to Fig. 11A-Fig. 11E, in an embodiment, the radiation source 1122 may be caused to hop and jump as described above by moving the target spot 1122ts (i.e., by directing the electron beam at different positions of the target spot 1122ts on the radiation source target 1420) .
[0105] FLOWCHART FOR OPERATION OF IMAGING SYSTEM
[0106] Fig. 12 shows a flowchart 1200 generalizing the operation of the imaging system 1100, according to an embodiment.
[0107] In step 1210, the operation may include capturing with the radiation detector a first image of the object with (A) the frame rotating around the object and about the axis and (B) the radiation source remaining stationary at a first source position with respect to the object, wherein said capturing the first image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a pulse of radiation particles toward the object during an exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector a count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the count number and a carry forward number resulting in another carry forward number, (D) sending with the radiation source another pulse of radiation particles toward the object during another exposure subsequent to the exposure, (E) determining with the radiation detector another count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the another exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the another count number and the another carry forward number. For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 11A-Fig. 11D, the radiation detector 100 captures the first image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode with (A) the frame 1140 rotating around the object 1190 and about the axis and (B) the radiation source 1122 remaining stationary at the first source position relative to the object 1190.
[0108] In step 1220, after said capturing the first image is performed, capturing with the radiation detector a second image of the object with (A) the frame rotating around the object and about the axis and (B) the radiation source remaining stationary at a second source position with respect to the object , wherein said capturing the second image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a pulse of radiation particles toward the object during an exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector a count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the count number and a carry forward number resulting in another carry forward number, (D) sending with the radiation source another pulse of radiation particles toward the object during another exposure subsequent to the exposure, (E) determining with the radiation detector another count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the another exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the another count number and the another carry forward number, wherein the first source position is different from the second source position. For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 11E, the radiation detector 100 captures the second image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode with (A) the frame 1140 rotating around the object 1190 and about the axis and (B) the radiation source 1122 remaining stationary at the second source position relative to the object 1190, and wherein the first source position is different from the second source position.
[0109] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0110] COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
[0111] In an embodiment, a 3-dimensional image of the object 1190 may be reconstructed based on at least the first image and the second image of the object 1190.
[0112] COUNTER BOTH COUNTS AND SUMS
[0113] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11A-Fig. 11E and Fig. 13A, the counter 320 for each sensing element of the 4 sensing elements 150.0-150.3 may (A) determine the count number of radiation particles incident on said each sensing element, and (B) sum the count number and the carry forward number from the preceding counter 320.
[0114] For example, the counter 320.2 for the sensing element 150.2 may (A) determine the count number N2 of radiation particles incident on the sensing element 150.2 during the exposure E2, and (B) sum the count number N2 and the carry forward number C2 from the counter 320.1 resulting in the carry forward number C3. Similarly, the counter 320.3 for the sensing element 150.3 may (A) determine the count number N3 of radiation particles incident on the sensing element 150.3 during the exposure E3, and (B) sum the count number N3 and the carry forward number C3 from the counter 320.2 resulting in the carry forward number C4.
[0115] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11A-Fig. 11E and Fig. 13A, the radiation detector 100 may transfer the carry forward number from a counter 320 for a sensing element 150 to the counter 320 for the next sensing element 150. For example, the radiation detector 100 may transfer the carry forward number C2 from the counter 320.1 to the counter 320.2. Similarly, the radiation detector 100 may transfer the carry forward number C3 from the counter 320.2 to the counter 320.3.
[0116] COUNTER COUNTS AND REGISTER SUMS
[0117] In an alternative embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11A-Fig. 11E and Fig. 13B, the radiation detector 100 may include a register 325 for each sensing element 150.
[0118] In an embodiment, the counter 320 for each sensing element of the 4 sensing elements 150.0-150.3 may determine the count number of radiation particles incident on said each sensing element 150, and the register 325 for said each sensing element 150 may sum said count number and the carry forward number from the register 325 for the preceding sensing element 150.
[0119] For example, the counter 320.2 for the sensing element 150.2 may determine the count number N2 of radiation particles incident on the sensing element 150.2 during the exposure E2, and the register 325.2 sums the count number N2 and the carry forward number C2 from the register 325.1 resulting in the carry forward number C3. Similarly, the counter 320.3 for the sensing element 150.3 may determine the count number N3 of radiation particles incident on the sensing element 150.3 during the exposure E3, and the register 325.3 sums the count number N3 and the carry forward number C3 from the register 325.2 resulting in the carry forward number C4.
[0120] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 11A-Fig. 11E and Fig. 13B, the radiation detector 100 may transfer the carry forward number from the register 325 for a sensing element 150 to the register 325 for the next sensing element 150. For example, the radiation detector 100 may transfer the carry forward number C2 from the register 325.1 to the register 325.2. Similarly, the radiation detector 100 may transfer the carry forward number C3 from the register 325.2 to the register 325.3.
[0121] In an embodiment, the radiation detector 100 may include a digital processor (not shown) which may include a computer memory (not shown) , and the registers 325.0-325.3 may be implemented in the computer memory.
[0122] ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0123] RADIATION DETECTOR MOVES LINEARLY
[0124] Fig. 14 schematically shows an imaging system 1400, according to an embodiment. In an embodiment, the imaging system 1400 may include a radiation source 1422 and the radiation detector 100.
[0125] In an embodiment, the radiation source 1422 may send a radiation beam 1424 toward a film 1490 positioned between the radiation source 1422 and the radiation detector 100.
[0126] In an embodiment, the imaging system 1400 may capture an image of the film 1490 in the TDS mode in a manner similar to the manner in which the imaging system 1100 captures the first image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode (Fig. 11A-Fig. 11D) .
[0127] In an embodiment, a difference between (A) the manner in which the imaging system 1400 captures the image of the film 1490 in the TDS mode and (B) the manner in which the imaging system 1100 captures the first image of the object 1190 in the TDS mode may be that in the imaging system 1400, the radiation detector 100 may move linearly relative to the film 1490 as the radiation detector 100 captures (i.e., obtain photon counts and then generate) the image of the film 1490 in the TDS mode.
[0128] Specifically, with reference to Fig. 14A-Fig. 14D, in an embodiment, the radiation source 1422 and the film 1490 may (A) translate (move without rotating) linearly relative to the radiation detector 100 and (B) remain stationary with respect to each other as the radiation detector 100 captures the image of the film 1490 in the TDS mode.
[0129] For illustration, with reference to Fig. 14A-Fig. 14D, the radiation detector 100 of the imaging system 1400 may have 27 sensing elements 150 arranged in 3 rows and 9 columns. For simplicity, only the 3 sensing elements 150 of the first column are shown in Fig. 14A-Fig. 14D. The remaining 8 columns of sensing elements 150 are behind the first column and therefore hidden from view.
[0130] In an embodiment, the film 1490 may include an anode layer, an electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer, with the electrolyte layer being sandwiched between the anode layer and the cathode layer. In other words, the film 1490 may be a battery film.
[0131] In an embodiment, with reference to Fig. 14A, the imaging system 1400 may include a radiation source target 1420. In an embodiment, the radiation source 1422 sending the radiation beam 1424 may be implemented by directing an electron beam (not shown) at a target spot 1422ts on the radiation source target 1420, thereby generating the radiation beam 1424 from the target spot 1422ts (as shown) . As a result, with reference to Fig. 14A-Fig. 14D, moving the radiation source 1422 can be done by moving the target spot 1422ts (i.e., by directing the electron beam at different spots on the radiation source target 1420) .
[0132] In an embodiment, the radiation source target 1420 may remain stationary relative to the radiation detector 100 while the radiation source 1422 and the film 1490 translate linearly relative to the radiation detector 100 for the radiation detector 100 to capture the image of the film 1490 in the TDS mode.
[0133] FLOWCHART FOR OPERATION OF IMAGING SYSTEM 1400
[0134] Fig. 15 shows a flowchart 1500 generalizing the operation of the imaging system 1400 of Fig. 14, according to an embodiment.
[0135] In step 1410, the operation may include capturing with the radiation detector an image of the film with both the radiation source and the film (A) translating linearly relative to the radiation detector and (B) remaining stationary with respect to each other, wherein said capturing the image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a first pulse of radiation particles toward the object during the first exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector the first count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the first exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the first count number and the first carry forward number resulting in the second carry forward number, (D) sending with the radiation source a second pulse of radiation particles toward the object during the second exposure subsequent to the first exposure, (E) determining with the radiation detector the second count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the second exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the second count number and the second carry forward number. For example, in the embodiments described above, with reference to Fig. 14A-Fig. 14D, the radiation detector 100 captures the image of the film 1490 in the TDS mode, with both the radiation source 1422 and the film 1490 (A) translating linearly relative to the radiation detector 100 and (B) remaining stationary with respect to each other.
[0136] While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims.
Claims
1.A radiation detector, comprising a first sensing element and a second sensing element,wherein the radiation detector is configured to (A) determine a first count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during a first exposure, and (B) sum the first count number and a first carry forward number resulting in a second carry forward number, with the first carry forward number being related to a count number of radiation particles incident on a sensing element different from the first and second sensing elements, andwherein the radiation detector is configured to (A) determine a second count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during a second exposure subsequent to the first exposure, and (B) sum the second count number and the second carry forward number resulting in a third carry forward number.2.The radiation detector of claim 1, further comprising a third sensing element, wherein the radiation detector is configured to (A) determine a third count number of radiation particles incident on the third sensing element during a third exposure subsequent to the second exposure, and (B) sum the third count number and the third carry forward number resulting in a fourth carry forward number.3.A system, comprising the radiation detector of claim 1, a radiation source, and a frame,wherein the radiation source is configured to send a radiation beam toward an object,wherein the frame is configured to rotate about an axis,wherein the radiation detector is fixed to the frame, andwherein the radiation detector is configured to capture an image of the object based on an interaction between the radiation beam and the object.4.The system of claim 3, further comprising a radiation source target fixed to the frame and configured to receive an electron beam and thereby emit the radiation beam.5.A system, comprising the radiation detector of claim 1 and a radiation source configured to send a radiation beam toward a film,wherein the radiation detector is configured to capture an image of the film based on an interaction between the radiation beam and the film.6.The system of claim 5, further comprising a radiation source target configured to receive an electron beam and thereby emit the radiation beam.7.The radiation detector of claim 1,wherein the radiation detector comprises a first counter configured to (A) determine the first count number, and (B) sum the first count number and the first carry forward number, andwherein the radiation detector comprises a second counter configured to (A) determine the second count number, and (B) sum the second count number and the second carry forward number.8.The radiation detector of claim 7, wherein the radiation detector is configured to transfer the second carry forward number from the first counter to the second counter.9.The radiation detector of claim 1,wherein the radiation detector comprises a first counter and a first register, wherein the first counter is configured to determine the first count number,wherein the first register is configured to sum the first count number and the first carry forward number,wherein the radiation detector comprises a second counter and a second register,wherein the second counter is configured to determine the second count number, andwherein the second register is configured to sum the second count number and the second carry forward number.10.The radiation detector of claim 9, wherein the radiation detector is configured to transfer the second carry forward number from the first register to the second register.11.The radiation detector of claim 9,wherein the radiation detector comprises a digital processor which comprises a computer memory, andwherein the first register and the second register are implemented in the computer memory.12.The radiation detector of claim 1,wherein the radiation detector is configured to capture an image of an object, andwherein a value of a picture element of the image is equal to the third carry forward number.13.The radiation detector of claim 1, wherein the radiation particles are X-rays.14.The radiation detector of claim 1, wherein the radiation detector comprises:a radiation absorption layer comprising an electrode;a first voltage comparator configured to compare a voltage of the electrode to a first threshold;a second voltage comparator configured to compare the voltage to a second threshold;a counter configured to register a number of photons absorbed by the radiation absorption layer; anda controller,wherein the controller is configured to start a time delay from a time at which the first voltage comparator determines that an absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds an absolute value of the first threshold,wherein the controller is configured to activate the second voltage comparator during the time delay, andwherein the controller is configured to cause the number registered by the counter to increase by one, if the second voltage comparator determines that an absolute value of the voltage equals or exceeds an absolute value of the second threshold.15.A method of using the system of any one of claims 3-4, the method comprising:capturing with the radiation detector a first image of the object with (A) the frame rotating around the object and about the axis and (B) the radiation source remaining stationary at a first source position with respect to the object, wherein said capturing the first image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a pulse of radiation particles toward the object during an exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector a count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the count number and a carry forward number resulting in another carry forward number, (D) sending, with the radiation source, another pulse of radiation particles toward the object during another exposure subsequent to the exposure, (E) determining, with the radiation detector, another count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the another exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the another count number and the another carry forward number; andafter said capturing the first image is performed, capturing with the radiation detector a second image of the object with (A) the frame rotating around the object and about the axis and (B) the radiation source remaining stationary at a second source position with respect to the object, wherein said capturing the second image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a pulse of radiation particles toward the object during an exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector a count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the count number and a carry forward number resulting in another carry forward number, (D) sending, with the radiation source, another pulse of radiation particles toward the object during another exposure subsequent to the exposure, (E) determining, with the radiation detector, another count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the another exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the another count number and the another carry forward number,wherein the first source position is different from the second source position.16.The method of claim 15, further comprising reconstructing a 3-dimensional image of the object based on at least the first image and the second image.17.The method of claim 15, wherein the radiation source(A) hops from point X to point Y through a series of points in between during said capturing the first image,(B) jumps from point Y back to point X after said capturing the first image and before said capturing the second image, and(C) hops from point X to point Y through a series of points in between during said capturing the second image,wherein both point X and point Y are relative to the frame.18.The method of claim 17,wherein the radiation source sending a radiation beam is implemented by directing an electron beam at a target spot on a radiation source target thereby generating the radiation beam from the target spot, andwherein causing the radiation source to hop and jump comprises moving the target spot.19.A method of using the system of any one of claims 5-6, the method comprising capturing with the radiation detector an image of the film with both the radiation source and the film (A) translating linearly relative to the radiation detector and (B) remaining stationary with respect to each other, wherein said capturing the image comprises (A) sending with the radiation source a first pulse of radiation particles toward the film during the first exposure, (B) determining with the radiation detector the first count number of radiation particles incident on the first sensing element during the first exposure, (C) summing with the radiation detector the first count number and the first carry forward number resulting in the second carry forward number, (D) sending with the radiation source a second pulse of radiation particles toward the film during the second exposure subsequent to the first exposure, (E) determining with the radiation detector the second count number of radiation particles incident on the second sensing element during the second exposure, and (F) summing with the radiation detector the second count number and the second carry forward number.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the film comprises an anode layer, an electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer, with the electrolyte layer being sandwiched between the anode layer and the cathode layer.
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