Systems and methods for multi-beam transmission
The method addresses the challenges of beam selection in multi-beam transmission by evaluating the combined properties of multiple beams, such as channel quality, feasibility, and reliability, to improve interference management and reliability in multi-beam transmission systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/116471
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-09-01
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-06
AI Technical Summary
Existing multi-beam transmission systems face challenges in selecting the optimal set of beams for communication, as individual beam-pairs may have good channel quality but interfere with each other when used together, and reliability is not adequately considered, especially in high SNR or SINR fluctuation scenarios.
A method for selecting a set of beams for multi-beam transmission by determining properties such as channel quality, feasibility, and reliability when multiple transmit and receive beams are used together, rather than evaluating each beam-pair individually.
This approach allows for the identification of beam pairs that may not be suitable for simultaneous use, improving the selection of beams that minimize interference and ensure reliability, thereby enhancing the overall performance of multi-beam transmission systems.
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Figure CN2023116471_06032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Systems and Methods for Multi-Beam TransmissionTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates to wireless communication, and more specifically to multi-beam transmission.BACKGROUND
[0002] Multi-beam transmission is the use of more than one transmit beam and / or more than one receive beam to communicate data to / from a user equipment (UE) over multiple beams. For example, multi-beam transmission may be used in multi-TRP technology in which more than one transmit beam is selected and used between the transmit-and-receive points (TRPs) and a UE. The TRPs can cooperate together and transmit data over multiple beams or one single beam. For a single-TRP, multi-beam transmission is also possible if the TRP is equipped with multi-panels that are capable of generating one transmit / receive beam per panel. The main differences between single-TRP multi-beam and multiple-TRP include the synchronization among the TRPs as well as data / channel state information (CSI) sharing between the TRPs. Multi-beam transmission, as used herein, encompasses multiple transmit and / or receive beams originating from the same entity (e.g. same TRP) or multiple transmit and / or receive beams originating from different entities (e.g. multiple TRPs, with each TRP transmitting a respective different transmit beam) .
[0003] The set of beams used for a multi-beam transmission consists of the one or more transmit beams and corresponding one or more receive beams used for the multi-beam transmission. For example, one or more TRPs of the network may transmit data to a UE in a multi-beam transmission using a set of beams. The set of beams may include, for example, two beam-pairs, each beam pair having a transmit beam (implemented by a TRP in this example) and a corresponding receive beam (implemented by the UE in this example) .
[0004] When implementing multi-beam transmission, selecting the set of beams to use for the multi-beam transmission poses a technical challenge.SUMMARY
[0005] Technical challenges associated with selection of the set of beams includes the following.
[0006] It is desired to select beams associated with good channel quality. In one approach, the channel quality of an individual beam-pair may be measured, e.g. using a Channel State Information Reference Signal (CSI-RS) transmitted on the transmit beam of the beam pair and received on the receive beam of the beam pair. If the channel quality is good, e.g. above a threshold associated with a metric, then the beam-pair may be included in the set of beams. This may be repeated for different beam-pairs, and the set of beams for the multi-beam transmission may be selected as the beam-pairs having the best channel quality. However, just because multiple beam-pairs are each optimal on their own (e.g. just because each beam-pair has a good channel quality when used on its own) , this does not mean that using those multiple beam-pairs together in a multi-beam transmission is a good choice. This is because the side lobes of the beams of different beam-pairs may interfere with each other, leading to cross-link interference. Additionally, it might be the case that some beam-pairs cannot be used simultaneously, e.g. because their transmit or receive beams need to be generated by the same panel, which may not possible for single radio frequency (RF) chain (per polarization) antenna panels.
[0007] Additionally, channel quality is conventionally the only property used to select a beam pair. However, good channel quality does not necessarily mean the beam pair is suitable for a multi-beam transmission because that good channel quality might quickly or intermittently degrade. In cases where there is high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) fluctuation, reliability may be an additional or possibly more important property to consider when selecting beams for multi-beam transmission. Depending upon the implementation, reliability may indicate the expected duration of time the link is stable, and / or the probability of the beams being blocked, and / or the average channel quality (such as channel quality indicator (CQI) or expected block error rate (BLER) ) over a longer period of time. In high SNR or SINR fluctuation scenarios, a beam pair with higher reliability may be preferred. It is also desired to possibly determine other properties, such as whether it is even feasible to simultaneously use two different beam pairs.
[0008] In some embodiments, there is provided a method for selecting a set of beams to use for multi-beam transmission. The selection is based on determining one or more properties of a transmission sent on that set of beams. The one or more properties are determined when the multiple transmit and / or receive beams of the set are used together, rather than considering each beam pair on an individual basis. The one or more properties that are determined may include properties beyond channel quality, e.g. they may include reliability and / or feasibility.
[0009] As one example, different sets of beams may first be determined, each set of beams referred to as a multi-path configuration (MPC) . Then, for each MPC, a multi-beam transmission may be transmitted on the one or more transmit beams and received by the one or more receive beams. A property of the transmission is determined. The property might be, for example, channel quality associated with the transmission, and / or feasibility of the transmission, and / or reliability associated with the transmission. The MPC having the best one or more properties may then be selected as the set of beams to use for the multi-beam transmission of data between the UE and one or more TRPs.
[0010] Technical benefits of some embodiments include the ability to determine a property of a transmission when multiple transmit and / or receive beams of a set (e.g. of an MPC) are used together, rather than considering a property of a transmission on each beam pair on an individual basis. The result may be more accurately capturing situations where simultaneous use of multiple beam pairs causes issues, such as interference reducing channel quality. Multiple beam pairs that are not feasible or do not work well together may also be identified and excluded, resulting in the selection of a better set of beams. Another technical benefit of some embodiments includes the ability to consider properties other than channel quality, such as reliability, and the ability to consider properties that are only applicable when multiple beam pairs are used together, such as feasibility. Another technical benefit of some embodiments includes the ability to implement beamforming, which may be particularly useful in high frequency communication systems, combined with the ability to select multiple beam pairs that work well together. For example, a set of beams may be selected that is feasible and / or has reduced interference and / or has acceptable channel quality and / or has low blockage and / or has uncorrelated channel paths and / or that mitigates beam blockage and / or that avoids high SINR fluctuations, etc. Embodiments may be implemented in uplink, downlink and / or sidelink. Embodiments may be implemented in multi-TRP or single TRP with single or multiple panels, with single or multiple RF chains per panel.
[0011] In one aspect, there is provided a method for transmission. The method may be performed by an apparatus, e.g. a UE. The method may include receiving information indicating one or more sets of beams. Each set of beams may include at least two transmit beams. Each of the transmit beams may have a corresponding one or more receive beams. The method may further include, for each set of beams: (1) receiving transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams, the transmission sent on the at least two transmit beams of the set; and (2) determining a property of the transmission. In some embodiments, the method may further include transmitting feedback based on the property determined for each set of beams.
[0012] In some embodiments, the information is first information, and the method may further include: receiving second information indicating a set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; and performing a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.
[0013] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission may include determining at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.
[0014] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission includes determining channel quality associated with the transmission, and determining the channel quality associated with the transmission includes: for each transmit beam of the set, measuring a reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) from the transmit beam; and determining the channel quality from the RS or SSB measured on each transmit beam. In some embodiments, determining the channel quality associated with the transmission further includes using the RS or SSB measured on each transmit beam to determine at least one of: total power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams; average power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams; an amount of cross-link interference between the receive beams that correspond to the transmit beams; a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) associated with the transmission; a communication rate associated with the transmission; or a communication error rate associated with the transmission.
[0015] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission comprises determining feasibility of the transmission. In some embodiments, determining the feasibility includes determining whether there is a conflict between two or more receive beams of the set of beams used to receive the transmission.
[0016] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission includes determining reliability associated with the transmission, and determining the reliability may include at least one of: determining a duration of time that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data; determining a probability that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data; determining whether one or more of the beams of the transmission is associated with interference; determining a blockage correlation between different beams of the transmission; determining an estimated correlation between different beams of the transmission; determining a SNR or SINR fluctuation associated with the beams of the transmission; determining a channel quality associated with the beams of the transmission; determining a communication rate associated with the beams of the transmission; determining a communication error rate associated with the beams of the transmission; determining an outage rate associated with the beams of the transmission; or determining a probability of a target data rate being satisfied for the beams of the transmission.
[0017] In some embodiments, the feedback may include at least one of: an indication of the property for one or more sets of beams; a score for one or more sets of beams; an indication of the set of beams that has a highest score; an indication of a communication rate for one or more sets of beams; a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; or for one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.
[0018] In some embodiments, the information indicating the one or more sets of beams may be received in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .
[0019] In some embodiments, there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam. In some embodiments, the method may further include receiving a transmission sent on the single transmit beam and also determining the property for the transmission sent on the single transmit beam. In some embodiments, the second information may indicate the set of beams having the single transmit beam.
[0020] In some embodiments, the method may further include receiving third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. In some embodiments, each transmit beam of the transmit beams may carry respective different bits. In some embodiments, the bits carried on each transmit beam may be based on a same one or more TBs. In some embodiments, the wireless communication may be performed according to the transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the transmission scheme may be one of: a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams; a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; or a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.
[0021] In some embodiments, an apparatus is provided to perform any of the methods. For example, the apparatus may include at least one processor and a memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform any of the methods. For example, the processor-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may cause the apparatus to: receive information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams; for each set of beams: (1) receive transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams, the transmission sent on the at least two transmit beams of the set; and (2) determine a property of the transmission; and transmit feedback based on the property determined for each set of beams. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises or is a chip, e.g. an integrated circuit (IC) chip. In some embodiments, the apparatus does not execute instructions by a processor to perform the methods, e.g. the apparatus may comprise circuitry such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , that performs the methods. More generally, the apparatus may comprise modules or units to perform the methods, e.g. a unit or module to receive the information indicating one or more sets of beams, a unit or module to receive each transmission, a unit or module to determine a property of the transmission, and a unit or module to transmit the feedback. In some embodiments, the apparatus may include means for performing the method steps, e.g. the apparatus may comprise a means to receive the information indicating one or more sets of beams, a means to receive each transmission, a means to determine a property of the transmission, and a means to transmit the feedback.
[0022] In another aspect, there is provided a method for transmission. The method may be performed by a device, e.g. a network device such as a TRP. The method may include transmitting information indicating one or more sets of beams. Each set of beams may include at least two transmit beams. Each of the transmit beams may have a corresponding one or more receive beams. The method may further include, for each set of beams: transmitting, to an apparatus, a transmission on the at least two transmit beams of the set; and receiving feedback from the apparatus, the feedback based on a property of the transmission determined by the apparatus for each set of beams.
[0023] In some embodiments, the information is first information, and the method may further include: based on the feedback, selecting a set of beams from the one or more sets of beams; transmitting second information indicating the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; and performing a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.
[0024] In some embodiments, the property of the transmission may include at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.
[0025] In some embodiments, the property of the transmission includes channel quality associated with the transmission, and for each set of beams the method may include: transmitting a reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) on each transmit beam of the set for use in determining the channel quality.
[0026] In some embodiments, the feedback may include at least one of: an indication of the property for one or more sets of beams; a score for one or more sets of beams; an indication of the set of beams that has a highest score; an indication of a communication rate for one or more sets of beams; a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; or for one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.
[0027] In some embodiments, the information indicating the one or more sets of beams may be transmitted in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .
[0028] In some embodiments, there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam. In some embodiments, the method may further include transmitting, to the apparatus, a transmission on the single transmit beam. In some embodiments, the second information may indicate the set of beams having the single transmit beam.
[0029] In some embodiments, the method may further include transmitting third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. In some embodiments, each transmit beam of the transmit beams carries respective different bits. In some embodiments, the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs. In some embodiments, the wireless communication is performed according to the transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the transmission scheme may be one of: a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams; a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; or a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.
[0030] In some embodiments, a device is provided to perform any of the methods. For example, the device may include at least one processor and a memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the device to perform any of the methods. For example, the processor-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may cause the device to: transmit information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams; for each set of beams: transmit, to an apparatus, a transmission on the at least two transmit beams of the set; and receive feedback from the apparatus, the feedback based on a property of the transmission determined by the apparatus for each set of beams. In some embodiments, the device comprises or is a chip, e.g. an integrated circuit (IC) chip. In some embodiments, the device does not execute instructions by a processor to perform the methods, e.g. the device may comprise circuitry such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , that performs the methods. More generally, the device may comprise modules or units to perform the methods, e.g. a unit or module to transmit the information indicating one or more sets of beams, a unit or module to transmit each transmission, and a unit or module to receive the feedback. In some embodiments, the device may include means for performing the method steps, e.g. the device may comprise a means to transmit the information indicating one or more sets of beams, a means to transmit each transmission, a means to receive the feedback.
[0031] In another aspect, there is provided a method for transmission. The method may be performed by an apparatus, e.g. a UE. The method may include receiving information indicating one or more sets of beams. Each set of beams may include at least two transmit beams. Each of the transmit beams may have a corresponding one or more receive beams. The method may further include, for each set of beams: transmitting a transmission on the at least two transmit beams.
[0032] In some embodiments, the information is first information, and the method may further include: receiving second information indicating a set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; and performing a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.
[0033] In some embodiments, transmitting the transmission on the at least two transmit beams may include transmitting a sounding reference signal (SRS) on each of the at least two transmit beams.
[0034] In some embodiments, the method may include, for each transmit-receive beam pair in the one or more sets of beams: transmitting an indication of channel quality associated with the beam-pair.
[0035] In some embodiments, the information indicating the one or more sets of beams may be received in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .
[0036] In some embodiments, there may also be at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam, and the method may further include transmitting a transmission on the single transmit beam. In some embodiments, the second information may indicate the set of beams having the single transmit beam.
[0037] In some embodiments, the method may further include receiving third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. In some embodiments, each transmit beam of the transmit beams may carry respective different bits. In some embodiments, the bits carried on each transmit beam may be based on a same one or more TBs. In some embodiments, the wireless communication may be performed according to the transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the transmission scheme may be one of: a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams; a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; or a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.
[0038] In some embodiments, an apparatus is provided to perform any of the methods. For example, the apparatus may include at least one processor and a memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform any of the methods. For example, the processor-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may cause the apparatus to: receive information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams; and for each set of beams: transmit a transmission on the at least two transmit beams. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises or is a chip, e.g. an integrated circuit (IC) chip. In some embodiments, the apparatus does not execute instructions by a processor to perform the methods, e.g. the apparatus may comprise circuitry such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , that performs the methods. More generally, the apparatus may comprise modules or units to perform the methods, e.g. a unit or module to receive the information indicating one or more sets of beams, and a unit or module to transmit each transmission. In some embodiments, the apparatus may include means for performing the method steps, e.g. the apparatus may comprise a means to receive the information indicating one or more sets of beams, and a means to transmit each transmission.
[0039] In another aspect, there is provided a method for transmission. The method may be performed by a device, e.g. a network device such as a TRP. The method may include transmitting information indicating one or more sets of beams. Each set of beams may include at least two transmit beams. Each of the transmit beams may have a corresponding one or more receive beams. The method may further include, for each set of beams: receiving transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams, the transmission sent on the at least two transmit beams of the set; and determining a property of the transmission.
[0040] In some embodiments, the information is first information, and the method may further include: based on the property determined for each set of beams, selecting a set of beams from the one or more sets of beams; transmitting second information indicating the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; and performing a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.
[0041] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission may include determining at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.
[0042] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission may include determining channel quality associated with the transmission. In some embodiments, determining the channel quality associated with the transmission may include: for each transmit beam of the set, measuring a sounding reference signal (SRS) from the transmit beam; and determining the channel quality from the SRS measured on each transmit beam. In some embodiments, determining the channel quality associated with the transmission may include using the SRS measured on each transmit beam to determine at least one of: total power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams; average power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams; an amount of cross-link interference between the receive beams that correspond to the transmit beams; a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) associated with the transmission; a communication rate associated with the transmission; or a communication error rate associated with the transmission.
[0043] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission may include determining feasibility of the transmission. In some embodiments, determining the feasibility of the transmission may include at least one of: receiving feedback indicating that the transmission is not feasible or determining that the received transmission has noise or interference above a threshold.
[0044] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission may include determining reliability associated with the transmission. In some embodiments, determining the reliability may include at least one of: determining a duration of time that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data; determining a probability that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data; determining whether one or more of the beams of the transmission is associated with interference; determining a blockage correlation between different beams of the transmission; determining an estimated correlation between different beams of the transmission; determining a SNR or SINR fluctuation associated with the beams of the transmission; determining a channel quality associated with the beams of the transmission; determining a communication rate associated with the beams of the transmission; determining a communication error rate associated with the beams of the transmission; determining an outage rate associated with the beams of the transmission; or determining a probability of a target data rate being satisfied for the beams of the transmission.
[0045] In some embodiments, based on the property determined for each set of beams, the method may further include determining at least one of: a score for one or more sets of beams; the set of beams that has a highest score; a communication rate for one or more sets of beams; a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; or for one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.
[0046] In some embodiments, the information indicating the one or more sets of beams may be transmitted in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .
[0047] In some embodiments, there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam. In some embodiments, the method may further include receiving a transmission sent on the single transmit beam and also determining the property for the transmission sent on the single transmit beam. In some embodiments, the second information may indicate the set of beams having the single transmit beam.
[0048] In some embodiments, the method may further include transmitting third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. In some embodiments, each transmit beam of the transmit beams may carry respective different bits. In some embodiments, the bits carried on each transmit beam may be based on a same one or more TBs. In some embodiments, the wireless communication may be performed according to the transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the transmission scheme may be one of: a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams; a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; or a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.
[0049] In some embodiments, a device is provided to perform any of the methods. For example, the device may include at least one processor and a memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the device to perform any of the methods. For example, the processor-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may cause the device to: transmit information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams; for each set of beams: receive transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams, the transmission sent on the at least two transmit beams of the set; and determine a property of the transmission. In some embodiments, the device comprises or is a chip, e.g. an integrated circuit (IC) chip. In some embodiments, the device does not execute instructions by a processor to perform the methods, e.g. the device may comprise circuitry such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , that performs the methods. More generally, the device may comprise modules or units to perform the methods, e.g. a unit or module to transmit the information indicating one or more sets of beams, a unit or module to receive each transmission, and a unit or module to determine the property of the transmission. In some embodiments, the device may include means for performing the method steps, e.g. the device may comprise a means to transmit the information indicating one or more sets of beams, a means to receive each transmission, a means to determine the property of the transmission.
[0050] Another technical challenge associated with multi-beam transmission is that it conventionally only supports one of two scenarios: (i) transmit independent data on the multiple transmit beams, thereby increasing transmission rate but reliability can be a problem; or alternatively (ii) transmit the same data on the multiple transmit beams, thereby increasing reliability through the use of repetition, but the transmission overhead can be a problem. It does not contemplate scenarios in which both reliability and increased transmission rate may be desired, possibly trading off between the two over time.
[0051] In some embodiments herein, a new framework for multi-beam transmission is provided in which different and / or configurable levels of reliability and rate are supported. In some embodiments, the level of reliability versus rate may be adapted over time. For example, the new framework may allow for multi-beam transmission schemes in which incremental redundancy (IR) is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams, or in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.
[0052] Technical benefits of some embodiments include the ability to have multi-beam transmission that trades off reliability versus rate depending upon the scenario, and possibly adapts over time. For example, when the channel quality is good, rate may be prioritized by transmitting different TBs on different transmit beams. When the channel quality is mediocre, space-time coding may be used to introduce some redundancy. When the channel quality is low, reliability may be prioritized by having more redundancy, e.g. transmitting the same TB on each transmit beam. By performing the tradeoff, target reliability and transmission rate may be achieved. Another technical benefit of some embodiments includes the ability to implement beamforming, which may be particularly useful in high frequency communication systems, combined with the ability to implement a framework for multi-beam transmission in which different and / or configurable levels of reliability and rate are supported. Another technical benefit of some embodiments is that the multi-beam transmission framework may be implemented in combination with the multi-beam selection (e.g. MPC selection) described herein, or may be implemented independent of the multi-beam selection (e.g. MPC selection) described herein. Embodiments may be implemented in uplink, downlink and / or sidelink. Embodiments may be implemented in multi-TRP or single TRP with single or multiple panels, with single or multiple RF chains per panel.
[0053] In one aspect, there is provided a method that may be performed by an apparatus, e.g. a UE. The method may include receiving information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on multiple transmit beams. Each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams may carry respective different bits. The bits carried on each transmit beam may be based on a same one or more TBs. The method may further include performing wireless communication according to the transmission scheme.
[0054] In some embodiments, the transmission scheme may be one of: a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams; a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; or a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.
[0055] In some embodiments, the transmission scheme may be a first transmission scheme, and the method may further include subsequently receiving additional information indicating a second transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the additional information indicating the second transmission scheme may be received in response to a reduction in a channel quality. In some embodiments, the method may include transmitting an indication of the channel quality.
[0056] In some embodiments, the information indicating the transmission scheme may be received in a downlink control information (DCI) . In some embodiments, the method may further include receiving a HARQ ID that associates a transmission related to a TB on one transmit beam with another transmission related to the TB on a different transmit beam.
[0057] In some embodiments, an apparatus is provided to perform any of the methods. For example, the apparatus may include at least one processor and a memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform any of the methods. For example, the processor-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may cause the apparatus to: receive information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on multiple transmit beams, where each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams carries respective different bits, and where the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; and perform wireless communication according to the transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises or is a chip, e.g. an integrated circuit (IC) chip. In some embodiments, the apparatus does not execute instructions by a processor to perform the methods, e.g. the apparatus may comprise circuitry such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , that performs the methods. More generally, the apparatus may comprise modules or units to perform the methods, e.g. a unit or module to receive the information indicating the transmission scheme, and a unit or module to perform the wireless communication. In some embodiments, the apparatus may include means for performing the method steps, e.g. the apparatus may comprise a means to receive the information indicating the transmission scheme, and a means to perform the wireless communication.
[0058] In another aspect, a method is provided that may be performed by a device, e.g. a network device such as a TRP. The method may include transmitting information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on multiple transmit beams. Each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams may carry respective different bits. The bits carried on each transmit beam may be based on a same one or more TBs. The method may further include performing wireless communication according to the transmission scheme.
[0059] In some embodiments, the transmission scheme may be one of: a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams; a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; or a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.
[0060] In some embodiments, the transmission scheme may be a first transmission scheme, and the method may further include subsequently transmitting additional information indicating a second transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the additional information indicating the second transmission scheme may be transmitted in response to a reduction in a channel quality. In some embodiments, the method may include receiving an indication of the channel quality.
[0061] In some embodiments, the information indicating the transmission scheme may be transmitted in a downlink control information (DCI) .
[0062] In some embodiments, the method may further include transmitting a HARQ ID that associates a transmission related to a TB on one transmit beam with another transmission related to the TB on a different transmit beam.
[0063] In some embodiments, a device is provided to perform any of the methods. For example, the device may include at least one processor and a memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the device to perform any of the methods. For example, the processor-executable instructions, when executed by the at least one processor, may cause the device to: transmit information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on multiple transmit beams, where each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams carries respective different bits, and where the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; and perform wireless communication according to the transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the device comprises or is a chip, e.g. an integrated circuit (IC) chip. In some embodiments, the device does not execute instructions by a processor to perform the methods, e.g. the device may comprise circuitry such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , that performs the methods. More generally, the device may comprise modules or units to perform the methods, e.g. a unit or module to transmit the information indicating the transmission scheme, and a unit or module to perform the wireless communication. In some embodiments, the device may include means for performing the method steps, e.g. the device may comprise a means to transmit the information indicating the transmission scheme, and a means to perform the wireless communication.
[0064] Finally, in an aspect there is provided a computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-readable instructions that, when executed, cause any of the methods described herein to be performed. The computer readable medium may be non-transitory. In another aspect, there is provided a computer program product having the instructions stored thereon for performing any of the methods described herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0065] Embodiments will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures wherein:
[0066] FIG. 1 is a network diagram of an example communication system;
[0067] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example electronic device;
[0068] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of another example electronic device;
[0069] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of example component modules;
[0070] FIG. 5 illustrates a device and apparatus performing a multi-beam transmission, according to one embodiment;
[0071] FIGs. 6 and 7 illustrate examples of multi-beam transmissions;
[0072] FIG. 8 illustrates a method for transmission performed by the device and apparatus, according to one embodiment;
[0073] FIGs. 9 and 10 illustrate examples of multi-beam transmissions;
[0074] FIGs. 11 and 12 illustrate examples of transmissions on a set of beams;
[0075] FIG. 13 illustrates a method for transmission performed by the device and apparatus, according to another embodiment;
[0076] FIGs. 14 and 15 illustrate examples of multi-beam transmissions;
[0077] FIG. 16 illustrates a multi-beam transmission with different example transmission schemes that trade-off transmission rate versus reliability;
[0078] FIG. 17 illustrates an example transmission scheme that may be configured when there are three transmit beams;
[0079] FIG. 18 illustrates a method performed by the device and apparatus, according to one embodiment; and
[0080] FIGs. 19 to 22 illustrate methods performed by a TRP and UE, according to various embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0081] For illustrative purposes, specific example embodiments will now be explained in greater detail below in conjunction with the figures.
[0082] The methods described herein are implemented in a communication system that implements wireless communication. Therefore, an example communication system that includes wireless communication is first described below.
[0083] Example communication systems and devices
[0084] Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system 100 is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network (RAN) 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) radio access network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) radio access network. One or more communication electric device (ED) 110a-120j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. Also, the communication system 100 comprises a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0085] FIG. 2 illustrates an example communication system 100. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast and unicast, etc. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, between its constituent elements. The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system and / or a non-terrestrial communication system. The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc. ) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of the terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in what may be considered a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. Compared to conventional communication networks, the heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks.
[0086] The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system. In the example shown, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a-110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , radio access networks (RANs) 120a-120b, non-terrestrial communication network 120c (which may also be a RAN or part of a RAN) , a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160. The RANs 120a-120b include respective base stations (BSs) 170a-170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a-170b. The non-terrestrial communication network 120c includes an access node 120c, which may be generically referred to as a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0087] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any other T-TRP 170a-170b and NT-TRP 172, the internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, ED 110a may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over an interface 190a with T-TRP 170a. In some examples, the Eds 110a, 110b and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink air interfaces 190b. In some examples, ED 110d may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over an interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0088] The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) in the air interfaces 190a and 190b. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may utilize other higher dimension signal spaces, which may involve a combination of orthogonal and / or non-orthogonal dimensions.
[0089] The air interface 190c can enable communication between the ED 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of Eds and one or multiple NT-TRPs for multicast transmission.
[0090] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the Eds 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130, and may or may not employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or Eds 110a 110b, and 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the Eds 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the Eds 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and to the internet 150. PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . Eds 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0091] FIG. 3 illustrates another example of an ED 110, a base station 170 (e.g. 170a, and / or 170b) , which will be referred to as a T-TRP 170, and a NT-TRP 172. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , internet of things (IOT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0092] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, an industrial device, or apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation Eds 110 may be referred to using other terms. Each ED 110 connected to T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0093] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g. as a transceiver. The transmitter (or transceiver) is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by the at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The receiver (or transceiver) is configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0094] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processing unit (s) 210. Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, and the like.
[0095] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the internet 150 in FIG. 1) . The input / output devices permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, such as a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, or touch screen, including network interface communications.
[0096] The ED 110 further includes a processor 210 for performing operations including those related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170, those related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170, and those related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g. by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g. beam angle information (BAI) , received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g. using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or T-TRP 170.
[0097] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0098] The processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g. in memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, and the processing components of the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , a graphical processing unit (GPU) , or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) .
[0099] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , or a wireless router, a relay station, a remote radio head, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, or a terrestrial base station, base band unit (BBU) , remote radio unit (RRU) , active antenna unit (AAU) , remote radio head (RRH) , central unit (CU) , distribute unit (DU) , positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be macro BSs, pico BSs, relay node, donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forgoing devices or apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) in the forgoing devices.
[0100] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment housing the antennas of the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment housing the antennas over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment housing the antennas of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0101] The T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to NT-TRP 172, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, and demodulating and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates the indication of beam direction, e.g. BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations which may be described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Dynamic signaling may be transmitted in a control channel, e.g. a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , and static or semi-static higher layer signaling may be included in a packet transmitted in a data channel, e.g. in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) .
[0102] A scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within or operated separately from the T-TRP 170. The scheduler 253 may schedule uplink, downlink, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free ( “configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0103] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0104] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the processing components of the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, and the processing components of the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC.
[0105] Although the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone, it is only as an example. The NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, and demodulating and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g. BAI) received from T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing, but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0106] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0107] The processor 276 and the processing components of the transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276 and the processing components of the transmitter 272 and receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0108] Note that “TRP” , as used herein, may refer to a T-TRP or a NT-TRP.
[0109] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0110] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, e.g. according to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 illustrates example units or modules in a device, such as in ED 110, in T-TRP 170, or in NT-TRP 172. For example, operations may be controlled by an operating system module. As another example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or a transmitting module. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Some operations / steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be an integrated circuit, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, they may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0111] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, T-TRP 170, and NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0112] Control information is referenced herein. Control information may sometimes instead be referred to as control signaling or signaling. In some cases, control information may be dynamically communicated, e.g. in the physical layer in a control channel, such as in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) or physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . An example of control information that is dynamically indicated is information sent in physical layer control signaling, e.g. uplink control information (UCI) sent in a PUCCH, downlink control information (DCI) sent in a PDCCH, or sidelink control information (SCI) sent in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . A dynamic indication may be an indication in lower layer, e.g. physical layer / layer 1 signaling, rather than in a higher-layer (e.g. rather than in RRC signaling or in a MAC CE) . A semi-static indication may be an indication in semi-static signaling. Semi-static signaling, as used herein, may refer to signaling that is not dynamic, e.g. higher-layer signaling such as RRC signaling and / or a MAC CE. Dynamic signaling, as used herein, may refer to signaling that is dynamic, e.g. physical layer control signaling sent in the physical layer, such as DCI sent in a PDCCH, UCI sent in a PUCCH, or SCI sent in a PSCCH.
[0113] FIG. 5 illustrates a device 352 and an apparatus 372 performing a multi-beam transmission, according to one embodiment. Note that the terms “apparatus” and “device” are simply labels used to distinguish between different entities more easily. An apparatus and a device are not necessarily different types of entities, e.g. an apparatus and a device might both be the same type of entity (e.g. they may both be a UE or a TRP) .
[0114] In the illustrated embodiment, the device 352 is part of a network (e.g. acting as an access point to the network) and the device 352 may be referred to as a network device. For example, the device 352 may be a TRP, such as T-TRP 170 or NT-TRP 172. In FIG. 5, the device 352 is specifically illustrated as a T-TRP as an example. In some cases, the device 352 might actually be implemented by a plurality of network devices, e.g. a plurality of TRPs that communicate with the apparatus 372, perhaps each TRP implementing a respective beam.
[0115] For the sake of example, FIG. 5 illustrates the device 352 sending a downlink multi-beam transmission in which the device 352 implements three transmit beams Tx1, Tx2, and Tx3 to send the transmission and the apparatus 372 implements one receive beam Rx1 to receive the transmission. The receive beam Rx1 is omnidirectional in this example, but it could instead be a directional beam, e.g. a narrow receive beam pointed in the general direction of the TRP 352. The multi-beam transmission has three paths P1, P2, and P3. Path P1 reflects off of an obstruction 322 (e.g. a building) , path P2 is line of sight (LOS) , and path P3 reflects off of another obstruction 324. In general, multiple beams might or might not travel correlated paths. If they travel uncorrelated paths, then multi-beam means multi-path. This is the situation in FIG. 5, where each transmit beam corresponds to a respective different path, and the paths are not correlated. If the multiple beams traveled correlated paths, then the multiple beams may result effectively in a lower number of paths. In other words, the rank for the transmission may be lower supporting a lower number of data streams. The network can only implement multiple beams, not necessarily multiple paths, but the device 352 may select the transmit beams based on knowledge of the paths, e.g. from sensing, in order to select multiple transmit beams that result in multiple paths.
[0116] The device 352 is illustrated in more detail in FIG. 5. Although the device 352 is illustrated as a unitary entity, in implementation the parts of the device 352 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the device 352 may be located remote from the equipment housing the antennas and / or panels of the device 352, and may be coupled to the equipment housing the antennas / panels over a communication link (not shown) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term device 352 may also or instead refer to one or more modules (e.g. an integrated circuit) on the network side that perform processing operations, such as scheduling, message generation, encoding / decoding, etc., and that are not necessarily part of the equipment housing the antennas and / or panels of the device 352.
[0117] The device 352 is shown to include a transmitter 354 and receiver 356, which may be integrated as a transceiver. The transmitter 354 and receiver 356 are coupled to one or more antennas / panels 358. The processor 360 of the device 352 performs (or controls the device 352 to perform) the operations described herein as being performed by the device 352. Wirelessly communicating with apparatus 372 may refer to transmitting a wireless communication from the device 352 to the apparatus 372, or receiving a wireless communication from the apparatus 372, or both transmitting a wireless communication to and receiving a wireless communication from the apparatus 372. Wireless communication involving a transmission from the device 352 to the apparatus 372 may involve arranging data in a message format, encoding the message, modulating, performing beamforming, etc. Wireless communication involving receiving a transmission from the apparatus 372 may involve performing beamforming, demodulating and decoding the received messages, etc.
[0118] Although not illustrated, the processor 360 may form part of the transmitter 354 and / or receiver 356. The device 352 further includes a memory 362 for storing data. “Data” , as used herein, also encompasses control information, including control information dynamically sent (e.g. in a control channel) . “Data” and “information” are used interchangeably.
[0119] The processor 360 and processing components of the transmitter 354 and receiver 356 may be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g. in memory 362) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 360 and / or processing components of the transmitter 354 and / or receiver 356 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC.
[0120] If the device 352 is T-TRP 170, then the transmitter 354 may be or include transmitter 252, the receiver 356 may be or include receiver 254, the processor 360 may be or include processor 260 and may implement scheduler 253, and the memory 362 may be or include memory 258. If the device 352 is NT-TRP 172, then the transmitter 354 may be or include transmitter 272, the receiver 356 may be or include receiver 274, the processor 360 may be or include processor 276, and the memory 362 may be or include memory 278.
[0121] The apparatus 372 is also illustrated in more detail in FIG. 5. The apparatus 372 includes a transmitter 374 and receiver 376, which may be integrated as a transceiver. The transmitter 374 and receiver 376 are coupled to one or more antennas / panels 378. The processor 380 of the apparatus 372 performs (or controls the apparatus 372 to perform) the operations described herein as being performed by the apparatus 372. Wirelessly communicating with device 352 may refer to transmitting a wireless communication from the apparatus 372 to the device 352, or receiving a wireless communication from the device 352, or both transmitting a wireless communication to and receiving a wireless communication from the device 352. Wireless communication involving a transmission from the apparatus 372 to the device 352 may involve arranging data in a message format, encoding the message, modulating, performing beamforming, etc. Wireless communication involving receiving a transmission from the device 352 may include performing beamforming, demodulating and decoding the received messages, etc.
[0122] Although not illustrated, the processor 380 may form part of the transmitter 374 and / or receiver 376. The apparatus 372 further includes a memory 382 for storing data.
[0123] The processor 380 and processing components of the transmitter 374 and receiver 376 may be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g. in memory 382) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 380 and / or processing components of the transmitter 374 and / or receiver 376 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC.
[0124] If the apparatus is a UE or other ED 110, then the transmitter 374 may be or include transmitter 201, the receiver 376 may be or include receiver 203, the processor 380 may be or include processor 210, and the memory 382 may be or include memory 208. If the apparatus 372 is a NT-TRP 172 (e.g. a drone) , then the transmitter 374 may be or include transmitter 272, the receiver 376 may be or include receiver 274, the processor 380 may be or include processor 276, and the memory 382 may be or include memory 278.
[0125] Although the device 352 is illustrated in FIG. 5 as a T-TRP, the device 352 need not be a T-TRP (e.g. it could be a NT-TRP) , and more generally the device 352 need not even be a TRP. Moreover, although the apparatus 372 is illustrated in FIG. 5 as a UE, the apparatus 372 need not be a UE. For example, the device 352 and apparatus 372 might be two entities communicating over sidelink or over backhaul. Therefore, “device 352” and “apparatus 372” are used more generally herein in most embodiments below, rather than referring to TRPs and UEs.
[0126] The device 352 and / or apparatus 372 can implement beamforming. Beamforming can focus the wireless signal in a specific direction, so that the power in that direction is higher than an omnidirectional transmission. A transmit beam may be implemented by performing signal processing that causes the transmitted signals from a plurality of antenna elements to experience constructive interference and form a signal beam towards a particular direction. A receive beam may be implemented by performing signal processing on a received signal in a way that causes the received signal to experience constructive interference in a particular direction. However, a beam does not necessarily have to be pointed in a particular direction, e.g. it can be omnidirectional. A beam pair consists of a transmit beam implemented by the entity transmitting a wireless signal, and a corresponding receive beam implemented by another entity to receive the wireless signal. The transmit beam and the corresponding receive beam in the beam pair may be generally pointed towards each other, although this is not necessary. Multi-beam transmission is the use of more than one transmit beam and / or more than one receive beam.
[0127] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a downlink multi-beam transmission in which the set of beams consists of three transmit beams Tx1, Tx2, Tx3, and one corresponding receive beam Rx1. In this example, each transmit beam Tx1, Tx2, and Tx3 has the same corresponding receive beam Rx1. Although there is only one receive beam, the set of beams may still be said to include three beam pairs, where each beam pair consists of a respective different one of the transmit beams along with the same receive beam.
[0128] FIG. 6 illustrates a few other examples of downlink multi-beam transmissions. In Example A of FIG. 6, the set of beams consists of two beam pairs: a first beam pair having a transmit beam Tx1 and corresponding receive beam Rx1, and a second beam pair having a transmit beam Tx2 and corresponding receive beam Rx2. In this example, each transmit beam has one corresponding receive beam. In Example B of FIG. 6, the set of beams consists of transmit beams Tx1 and Tx2 originating from different TRPs 352a and 352b, and corresponding receive beams Rx1, Rx2, and Rx3. The transmit beam Tx1 from TRP 352a is an omnidirectional transmit beam having two corresponding receive beams Rx1 and Rx2 because in this example there is an additional path created by the reflection off of obstruction 326. The transmit beam Tx2 from TRP 352b has a single corresponding receive beam Rx3.
[0129] FIGs. 5 and 6 illustrate downlink multi-beam transmission. FIG. 7 provides a few examples of uplink multi-beam transmission. In Example A of FIG. 7, the set of beams consists of two beam pairs: a first beam pair having a transmit beam Tx1 and corresponding receive beam Rx1, and a second beam pair having a transmit beam Tx2 and corresponding receive beam Rx2. In this example, each transmit beam has one corresponding receive beam. Example B of FIG. 7 is a variation of Example A of FIG. 7 in which the two receive beams Rx1 and Rx2 are implemented by different TRPs.
[0130] Many other examples of multi-beam transmissions are possible, e.g. in the uplink and / or in the downlink and / or in a sidelink (not illustrated) and / or in backhaul (not illustrated) . In general, a set of beams of a multi-beam transmission includes one or more transmit beams, with each of the one or more transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams. The transmit and receive beams might or might not be grouped into beam pairs. In one example, there are at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams has a corresponding one or more receive beams, where the one or more receive beams may be different for different transmit beams, or a same receive beam may correspond to multiple transmit beams.
[0131] FIG. 8 illustrates a method for transmission performed by the device 352 and the apparatus 372, according to one embodiment. At step 402, the device 352 transmits information indicating one or more sets of beams. Each set of beams may include at least two transmit beams. Each of the transmit beams has a corresponding one or more receive beams. At step 404, the apparatus 372 receives the information indicating the one or more sets of beams.
[0132] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of sets of beams that may be indicated in step 402 / 404 of FIG. 8. In the example of FIG. 9, there are two sets of beams, but in general there could be more. It could also sometimes be the situation that there is only one set of beams, e.g. when there is no selection amongst different sets of beams, but instead only one set of beams is determined and used. In the example of FIG. 9 it is assumed that the device 352 is a single TRP, but in general the device 352 may be distributed, e.g. different transmit beams may originate from different TRPs, where the device 352 represents the group of TRPs and / or a network device controlling / coordinating the TRPs.
[0133] In the example of FIG. 9, each set of beams is referred to as a multi-path configuration (MPC) . More generally, the term “MPC” , as used herein, refers to a set of beams, and therefore “MPC” and “set of beams” may be used interchangeably. A first set of beams, referred to as MPC 1, consists of three different transmit beams, each having a corresponding same omnidirectional receive beam. A second set of beams, referred to as MPC 2, consists of two transmit beams, each having a corresponding different receive beam. The set of MPCs in FIG. 9 is an example of the information in step 402 / 404 of FIG. 8 that indicates the sets of beams. Each MPC defines a respective set of beams. The way in which an MPC is indicated is implementation specific. In one example, DCI, e.g. the quasi co-location (QCL) type D field, is used to indicate the beams in an MPC. For example, the beam pair Tx1, Rx1 may be referred to as “QCL 1” because the beam information is carried in a first QCL field. QCL 2 and QCL 3 may be similarly defined. In some embodiments, all beam pairs in MPC 1 may have the same QCL state because the receive beam is the same for each beam pair. Other ways to indicate the beams of an MPC are possible. In one embodiment, candidate beam pairs are defined in advance, e.g. in a look up table (LUT) stored by both the apparatus 372 and the device 352. An MPC is then indicated by indicating a set of one or more indices, each index corresponding to a respective beam pair defined in the LUT. In some embodiments, a beam pair is directly indicated by indicating angles (e.g. angle of departure / arrival, and / or zenith angle, etc. ) , and / or a selection from a codebook, and / or using a beam identifier, and / or using QCL, and / or some combination of the foregoing, etc. Therefore, an indication might or might not be in a QCL field in DCI.
[0134] In one example, the information transmitted in step 402 of FIG. 8 and received in step 404, that indicates the one or more sets of beams, is information carried in DCI. For example, the information may be in transmission configuration indicator (TCI) information of DCI and / or in one or more QCL fields of DCI. Existing standards utilizes QCL and TCI as a method to convey knowledge about a beam pair such that the transmitter and receiver utilize the same channel path and to improve the channel estimation at the receiver. The QCL and / or TCI may be modified or supplemented to include indicating MPCs.
[0135] It may sometimes be the case that different beams are used at different times in an MPC. For example, FIG. 10 illustrates a variation of MPC 1 of FIG. 9 in which MPC 1 is defined over two time slots. In time slot 1, transmit beams Tx1 and Tx 2 are transmitted to result in paths P1 and P2, and in time slot 2, transmit beams Tx2 and Tx3 are transmitted to result in paths P2 and P3. Therefore, in some embodiments an MPC may refer to a configuration of paths and / or beams used for different time slots, where the configuration defines which paths and / or beams to be used at a given time slot. In the example in FIG. 10, there are in total three paths defined by three transmit / receive beam pairs. Each path / beam pair is defined by respective information in a QCL field, and therefore each path / beam pair is referred to as a “QCL” . At time slot 1, QCL1 and QCL2 are used, and at time slot 2, QCL1 and QCL 3 are used.
[0136] Therefore, in general, the transmit beams in an MPC need not necessarily be in the same time slot, e.g. there may be time-domain multiplexing.
[0137] Returning to FIG. 8, for each set of beams, the steps 406 to 410 are performed. At step 406, the device 352 transmits, to the apparatus 372, a transmission on the one or more transmit beams of the set. In one example, there are at least two transmit beams in a set of beams, and so the transmission is sent on those at least two transmit beams. At step 408, the apparatus 372 receives the transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams. At step 410, the apparatus 372 determines a property of the transmission. A property may alternatively be referred to as a metric. Steps 406 to 410 are repeated for each set of beams in the one or more sets of beams.
[0138] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of steps 406 and 408 for an example set of beams. In the example, a transmission 382 is sent on two transmit beams (Tx1 and Tx2) of the set and received on two receive beams (Rx1 and Rx2) of the set. Specifically, Tx1 / Rx1 form a first beam pair defining one path of the transmission, and Tx2 / Rx2 form a second beam pair defining a second path of the transmission. In the example, the transmission 382 includes transmitting at least one reference signal on each transmit beam. For example, as illustrated, a CSI-RS1 is transmitted on Tx1 and received on Rx1, and a CSI-RS2 is transmitted on Tx2 and received on Rx2. The apparatus 372 determines a property of the transmission 382, e.g. using CSI-RS1 and CSI-RS2.
[0139] In some embodiments, determining a property of the transmission at step 410 of FIG. 8 includes determining at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.
[0140] For example, in some embodiments, the property of the transmission determined includes channel quality associated with the transmission. The channel quality may be determined in different ways. For example, determining the channel quality may include the apparatus 372 measuring, for each transmit beam of the set, a reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) from the transmit beam, and then determining the channel quality from the RS or SSB measured on each transmit beam. In one example, assuming the example situation in FIG. 11, the apparatus 372 may determine the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of received CSI-RS1 and the SINR of received CSI-RS2, and the SINRs act as a measurement of channel quality. For example, if it were the case that transmit beams Tx1 and Tx2 had sidelobes that significantly interfered with each other, the SINR of the received CSI-RS1 and CSI-RS2 may be low, indicating a low channel quality for that set of beams. A SSB may be used instead of (or in addition to) a RS, e.g. to determine a SINR of the received SSB. Therefore, in some embodiments at least one RS and / or a SSB is transmitted on each transmit beam for use in determining the channel quality.
[0141] In some embodiments, determining the channel quality associated with the transmission may include using the RS and / or SSB measured on each transmit beam to determine at least one of the following:
[0142] (1) Total power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams. For example, in the example of FIG. 11, the power of CSI-RS1 received on Rx1 corresponding to Tx1 may be measured as Power1, the power of CSI-RS2 received on Rx2 corresponding to Tx2 may be measured as Power2, and the total power may be Power1 + Power2. The total power may be indicative of the channel quality. And / or
[0143] (2) Average power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams. For example, continuing the example of FIG. 11, the average power may be (Power1 + Power2) / 2, and the average power may be indicative of channel quality. Alternatively, and / or additionally, average power may be the average measured over time, e.g. using a sequence of RSs and / or SSBs transmitted on each beam. And / or
[0144] (3) An amount of cross-link interference between the receive beams that correspond to the transmit beams. For example, continuing the example of FIG. 11, the apparatus 372 may measure the amount of cross-link interference between the signal (e.g. CSI-RS1) received on beam Rx1 and the signal (e.g. CSI-RS2) received on beam Rx2. The more cross-link interference, the lower the channel quality. And / or
[0145] (4) A SNR or SINR associated with the transmission. For example, continuing the example of FIG. 11, a SINR of a signal (e.g. CSI-RS) received on each of Rx1 and Rx2 may be indicative of channel quality, e.g. the lower the SINR the worse the channel quality. And / or
[0146] (5) A communication rate associated with the transmission. For example, continuing the example of FIG. 11, communication rate, such as bit rate, block rate, or frame rate, may be determined or inferred, e.g. using one or more CSI-RSs received on each of the receive beams Rx1 and Rx2. The communication rate may be indicative of the channel quality, e.g. the lower the communication rate the worse the channel quality. And / or
[0147] (6) A communication error rate associated with the transmission. For example, continuing the example of FIG. 11, communication error rate, such as bit error rate (BER) , block error rate (BLER) , or frame error rate (FER) , may be determined or inferred, e.g. using one or more CSI-RSs received on each of the receive beams Rx1 and Rx2. The communication error rate may be indicative of the channel quality, e.g. the higher the communication error rate the worse the channel quality.
[0148] In the examples above, the channel quality may be determined having regard to the multi-beam transmission as a whole, rather than each beam pair individually, which provides a more accurate indication of what the channel quality will be like for a multi-beam transmission on the set of beams. For example, with reference to the example in FIG. 11, beam-pair Tx1 / Rx1 and beam-pair Tx2 / Rx2 might have good channel quality individually, but when the transmission is sent on both beam pairs together, the resulting determined channel quality might be bad because of interference between Tx1 and Tx2.
[0149] Returning to the method of FIG. 8, in some embodiments a property of the multi-beam transmission determined at step 410 may be or include feasibility. Feasibility might or might not be determined in addition to channel quality or any other property. Determining feasibility may include determining whether there is a conflict between two or more receive beams of the set of beams used to receive the transmission. For example, FIG. 12 illustrates an example in which the receive beams Rx1 and Rx2 in the set of beams are both narrow beams in the same direction. However, in this example it is not possible for the apparatus 372 to simultaneously generate Rx1 and Rx2, e.g. because of a hardware restriction at the apparatus 372 such as there being only one panel that can generate a beam in that direction (referred to as “panel conflict” ) . Unlike channel quality, determining the property of feasibility need not involve measuring a received signal, but instead may be based on the apparatus’s 372 knowledge of the existence of a conflict due to a limitation of the apparatus 372. For example, when the apparatus 372 receives the indication of the MPC in FIG. 12, the apparatus 372 identifies the panel conflict and hence lack of feasibility.
[0150] In some embodiments, if two paths (two beam-pairs) inside of an MPC are configured to be used simultaneously and their Tx beams or Rx beams are supposed to be generated by the same transmission or receive panel with one radio frequency (RF) chain per panel per polarization, then there is panel conflict. The MPC may be considered infeasible or an “invalid” configuration because two beams cannot be generated by the same panel at the same time.
[0151] In some embodiments, a property of the multi-beam transmission determined in step 410 of FIG. 8 may be or include reliability. Depending upon the implementation, reliability may indicate the expected duration of time the link is stable, and / or the probability of the beams being blocked, and / or the average channel quality (such as channel quality indicator (CQI) or expected block error rate (BLER) ) over a longer period of time, etc. Reliability may be a useful property to determine because in high SNR or SINR fluctuation scenarios, a set of beams with higher reliability may be preferred. For example, it may be preferred to have a set of beams that provides good channel quality over a long period of time, rather than a set of beams that provides excellent channel quality for a very short period of time followed by intermittent periods of poor channel quality.
[0152] In some embodiments, determining the reliability of the transmission may include at least one of:
[0153] (1) Determining a duration of time that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data. The expression “useful for communicating data” , as used herein, refers to the beams meeting a particular standard (e.g. quality standard) for communicating data, e.g. a channel quality above a threshold. If, for example, the beams were only useful for communicating data for short bursts of time, then reliability may be considered low. And / or
[0154] (2) Determining a probability that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data. And / or
[0155] (3) Determining whether one or more of the beams of the transmission is associated with interference and / or blockage. For example, the apparatus 372 might know from tracking previous behaviour that the panel at which a receive beam is received is a panel that is intermittently blocked by a user’s hand. As another example, if the apparatus 372 is a laptop that has remained stationary (e.g. at a person’s desk) , the apparatus 372 may know that some panels have good reliability, but other panels are subject to a lot of interference because of the direction in which they face. And / or
[0156] (4) Determining a blockage correlation between different beams of the transmission. In some embodiments, blockage correlation indicates the probability that beam B is blocked when beam A is blocked. For example, in FIG. 10, P1 and P3 may be used alternatively as the environment implies that if P1 (or P3) is blocked, it is not correlated with P3 (or P1) being blocked. Accordingly, blockage of P1 can be seen as independent from P3 blockage, and hence blockage of P1 does not increase the probability of P3 being blocked. Beams can also be correlated inversely in terms of blockage. For example, when two beams are generated from two panels on different sides of a phone, it is likely that when the user hand blocks one panel, that the other panel will not be blocked. Accordingly, such beams of inverse blockage correlation may be preferred to combat blockage and increase link reliability. And / or
[0157] (5) Determining an estimated correlation between different beams of the transmission. And / or
[0158] (6) Determining a SNR or SINR fluctuation associated with the beams of the transmission. And / or
[0159] (7) Determining a channel quality associated with the beams of the transmission. And / or
[0160] (8) Determining a communication rate associated with the beams of the transmission. And / or
[0161] (9) Determining a communication error rate associated with the beams of the transmission. And / or
[0162] (10) Determining an outage rate associated with the beams of the transmission. And / or
[0163] (11) Determining a probability of a target data rate being satisfied for the beams of the transmission.
[0164] The items in the list above each provide a measure of reliability, and they may be determined over or within a certain period of time. The list above includes many examples in part because reliability might be defined in different ways depending upon the implementation, and depending on how reliability is defined there may be different ways of measuring the reliability using the received transmission. In many cases, since reliability relates to how the channel changes over time, reliability may be determined over a longer period of time. For example, the reliability of a beam-pair in a set of beams may be based on the average channel quality of that beam-pair over a long period rather than a specific time point. In another example, a reliable set of beams may mean that the beams can be used a relatively long time (e.g. 100ms for stationary, and 10ms for fast moving like car) without being blocked or experiencing significantly degraded SNR or SINR. In another scenario, reliability might be defined as a communication rate above a certain rate, where the communication rate may be based on measured parameters, e.g. based on measured SNR or SINR. In another scenario, reliability might be defined as beams unlikely to be blocked (e.g. probability of beam blockage below a particular threshold) . The apparatus 372 might know which beams are likely to be blocked based on what path each beam is associated with, which the apparatus 372 may determine from sensing its environment.
[0165] In some embodiments, the apparatus 372 may determine whether a set of beams are reliable assuming a certain communication rate requirement, a certain communication error rate, and / or a certain delay requirement. For example, a beam and / or the whole set of beams may need to be reliable when the communication rate of the transmission is above a minimum threshold, e.g. a wider beam may be more reliable but it only supports a low communication rate and therefore is not considered to meet the required standard. In another example, reliability might mean staying below a certain communication error rate threshold for a given rate and / or delay requirement. In some embodiments, the reliability may be determined for a given rate requirement or max rate / MCS at a given reliability requirement.
[0166] In some embodiments, reliability may be distinguished from channel quality as follows. The average SNR or SINR of a sequence of reference signals may be a measure of channel quality, whereas the variation of that SNR or SINR may be a measure of reliability. For example, reliability may be considered poor if a very high SNR (or SINR) is followed by a very low SNR (or SINR) , even if the channel quality (based on the average of the SNRs or SINRs) is still good. In some embodiments, channel quality may be considered a short-term parameter and reliability a longer-term parameter.
[0167] In some embodiments, the property determined at step 410 of FIG. 8 may be a combination of channel quality, feasibility, and / or reliability. For example, all three may be determined for each set of beams (e.g. each MPC) .
[0168] Continuing with the method of FIG. 8, at step 412, the apparatus 372 transmits feedback based on the property of the transmission determined by the apparatus 372 for each set of beams. At step 414, the device 352 receives the feedback. The purpose of the feedback may be to establish / provide a suggestion on which set of beams is the best or proper one to use for a subsequent multi-beam data transmission, e.g. based on the property determined for each set of beams.
[0169] In some embodiments, the feedback includes at least one of:
[0170] (1) An indication of the property determined for one or more sets of beams. For example, the property of the transmission determined for each set of beams may be sent to the device 352, so that the device 352 can select which set of beams is the best or proper one to use for a subsequent multi-beam transmission of data. And / or
[0171] (2) A score for one or more sets of beams. For example, the property of the transmission determined for each set of beams may be mapped to an overall value ( “score” ) for that set of beams. The scores may be sent to the device 352, so that the device 352 can select which set of beams is the best or proper one to use for a subsequent multi-beam transmission of data (e.g. select the set of beams having the highest score) . Note that “score” as used herein may be interchangeably called another term, e.g. “value” , “performance value” , “performance score” , “quality value” , or “quality score” , etc. And / or
[0172] (3) An indication of the set of beams that has a highest score. For example, continuing the example above, instead of feeding back all the scores to the device 352, the apparatus 372 can just feed back an indication of which set of beams has the highest score. And / or
[0173] (4) An indication of a communication rate for one or more sets of beams. For example, the communication rate determined for each set of beams may be fed back to the device 352, so that the device 352 can select which set of beams is the best or proper one to use for a subsequent multi-beam transmission of data (e.g. select the set of beams having the highest communication rate) . And / or
[0174] (5) A recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication. For example, the apparatus 372 can determine which set of beams to use for a subsequent multi-beam transmission of data, e.g. based on the property determined for each set of beams, and indicate that set of beams to the device 352. The recommendation may simply be a value indicating one or more sets of beams that can or must be used. And / or
[0175] (6) For one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid. For example, any set of beams that are not feasible and / or have too low of a channel quality and / or are not reliable may be considered invalid. The remaining valid sets of beams may be indicated, and the device 352 may select a set of beams that is valid to use for a subsequent multi-beam transmission of data.
[0176] In some embodiments, the feedback may be in the form of reported values that might, for example, indicate one or several good MPC indices, scores of MPCs for feasibility, quality and / or reliability.
[0177] Note that although FIG. 8 illustrates a single transmission of feedback at step 412, alternatively there could be multiple transmissions of feedback. For example, rather than step 412, step 410 may be modified to transmit feedback (e.g. the property determined) for each set of beams. That is, step 412 could be omitted and step 410 could be modified to also include transmitting feedback related to the determined property of the transmission, in which case feedback may be transmitted each time step 410 is performed.
[0178] The method of FIG. 8 includes the following additional steps that are all optional and hence shown using stippled lines. At step 416, based on the feedback, the device 352 selects a set of beams from the one or more sets of beams (assuming there is more than one set of beams to choose from) . For example, the device 352 may select the set of beams having the best determined property. At step 418, the device 352 transmits information indicating the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. The information indicating the set of beams may be explicit (e.g. a field indicating the selected set of beams) or implicit (e.g. implied based on a subsequent transmission) . The information indicating the set of beams may be included in dynamic signaling (e.g. DCI) or semi-static signaling (e.g. RRC or MAC-CE) . The information is received by the apparatus 372 at step 420. At step 422, the device 352 and the apparatus 372 perform a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. For example, the wireless communication may be a multi-beam transmission of data from the device 352 to the apparatus 372 on the set of beams.
[0179] Steps 406 to 410 of FIG. 8 involve the device 352 sending a transmission on one or more transmit beams and the apparatus 372 receiving that transmission on one or more receive beams. However, the wireless communication in step 422 does not necessarily have to be a transmission from the device 352 to the apparatus 372. Channel reciprocity may be assumed to implement a receive beam in the same direction as a transmit beam in the set of beams, and vice versa, such that the wireless communication in step 422 may be or include a transmission from the apparatus 372 to the device 352. For example, the apparatus 372 may form one or more beams in the same direction as its receive beam (s) , but for transmitting, and the device 352 may form one or more beams in the same direction as its transmit beam (s) , but for receiving.
[0180] In some embodiments of the method of FIG. 8, there may be at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam and / or having a single receive beam. Steps 406 to 410 may also be performed for this set of beams. For example, if there is a set of beams having only a single transmit beam, steps 406 to 410 may include the device 352 transmitting the transmission on the single transmit beam, the apparatus 372 receiving that transmission, and the apparatus 372 determining a property for that transmission sent on the single transmit beam. It might be the case in some embodiments that the set of beams selected in step 416 and indicated in step 418 is the set of beams having the single transmit beam.
[0181] In some embodiments, the one or more sets of beams of FIG. 8 might actually only be a single set of beams, e.g. one MPC is selected and indicated at step 402. In this situation, the apparatus 372 measures a property of the transmission of that single set of beams at step 410 and sends feedback at step 412. The feedback might simply be a binary indication of whether the selected MPC is valid or invalid. For example, the MPC may be invalid if the channel quality of the transmission is below a certain threshold and / or if a reliability threshold is not met and / or if the beams are not feasible (e.g. panel conflict at the apparatus 372) . If the feedback is “MPC is invalid” , then in some embodiments the method of FIG. 8 is repeated for a different MPC selected by the device 352.
[0182] The method of FIG. 8 assumes that there is one or more sets of beams. For example, at step 402 the device 352 transmits, to the apparatus 372, information indicating the one or more sets of beams. In some embodiments, the network (e.g. device 352) determines each set of beams to be included in the one or more sets of beams. Each set of beams may be referred to as an MPC, such that the information indicating the one or more sets of beams in steps 402 and 404 of FIG. 8 is information indicating one or more MPCs. The way in which the MPCs are selected is implementation specific. In one example, “MPC 1” in FIG. 10 might have been selected using feedback from the apparatus 372 and / or sensing (such as radar) from the device 352 to allow the device 352 to discover that QCL 2 is LOS, QCL 1 is reflection off of a north building, and QCL 3 is reflection off of a south building. The device 352 then selects MPC 1 to ensure diversity by having line-of-sight (LOS) , which is QCL 2, in both time slots, but the other beam-pair changing from QCL 1 in time slot 1 to QCL 3 in time slot 2. In some implementations, sensing might be used by the network to map knowledge of the area to determine paths, with those paths associated with respective beams.
[0183] The following is noted in relation to determining the MPCs. Firstly, as mentioned earlier, different beams could correspond to a same path. To ensure high reliability, it is recommended to identify beams corresponding to uncorrelated transmission paths and use these beams as components of an MPC. However, it is not mandatory that the beams inside an MPC are uncorrelated, and the identification process for the high and low correlated beam pairs may be transparent to the apparatus 372. By measuring the property of a transmission for each MPC, in the manner described in the method of FIG. 8, MPCs with correlated beams will likely not be preferred (e.g. the measured property yields a poor result) compared to MPCs with uncorrelated beams.
[0184] Different transmission paths may be differentiated by the QCLs itself. For example, when the QCLs includes the angle of arrival (AoA) / zenith of arrival (ZoA) information, the apparatus 372 can differentiate these beams and send it back to the device 352. For example, the apparatus 372 can send back beam information in terms of AoA and / or ZoA information to allow device 352 to determine different beam pairs to include in an MPC, preferably uncorrelated with each other. The information sent back from the apparatus 372 may indicate whether receive beams are the same or not across two or more beam-pairs.
[0185] In some embodiments, the device 352 may also or instead reconstruct the environment by sensing techniques, e.g. using radar. The device 352 may then infer the different paths to the apparatus 372 by using the location of the apparatus 372, which might have been provided by the apparatus 372 using GPS. An MPC may then be constructed based on the beams that provide the different paths to the apparatus 372.
[0186] Prior information can be used when determining the MPCs. For example, the number of beams simultaneously used may be limited by (e.g. not larger than) the number of apparatus 372 panels and the number of device 352 panels. This may limit the size of an MPC. As another example, the LoS beam / path may need to be used across multiple time slots. Another example may relate to there being a transmission requirement, e.g. if a high reliability is required, it may be better if each MPC includes more beams / paths. As another example, MPCs may be avoided that cause a panel conflict at the device 352.
[0187] In summary, different approaches can be used while determining the sets of beams (the MPCs) , some of which are described above. If necessary, the device 352 could enumerate all possible combinations of paths and establish the MPCs as including a respective different MPC for every possible combination of paths.
[0188] In some embodiments, to possibly simplify MPC selection, the apparatus 372 and device 352 can maintain a list of candidate MPCs, where a candidate MPC is an MPC that may possibly be used for the multi-beam transmission. For example, the candidate MPCs may be determined in advance and the list of candidate MPCs stored at both the apparatus 372 and the device 352. MPC selection can be limited to the candidate MPCs. After receiving the feedback at step 414 of FIG. 8, the device 352 can ask the apparatus 372 to update the candidate MPCs, e.g. to exclude candidate MPCs that are invalid so that those invalid MPCs cannot be selected for use. Therefore, there can be more than one MPC maintained at the apparatus 372 and only one of them will be selected for transmission. A similar strategy has been used for TCI-State in 5G NR. At most 8 TCI-States can be activated and stored inside a codepoint table and only one of the TCI-States will be eventually selected by the DCI. Therefore, the MPC may be sent to the apparatus 372 inside the TCI-State, and reuse this procedure. One example data structure is as follows. The whole mpc-Content is inside the TCI-State and transmitted to the UE. Although QCLs are already inside TCI, they are the QCLs used for a specific transmission, namely for one time slot from one panel. The mpc-Content here provides the information of QCLs used for all time slots from all panels. The following is an example data structure shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0189] Another example data structure is as follows. If the previously measured MPCs are stored, only the mpc-Id needs to be transmitted to the apparatus 372. The following is an example data structure shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0190] In some embodiments, the apparatus 372 can activate more than one TCI-State after receiving the activation signalling from MAC-CE and each of them includes one MPC. Later the device 352 can make a final decision on the MPC by selecting its corresponding TCI-State before the transmission. Therefore, the MPC configuration signalling follows the same procedure as the TCI-State activation and selection, which can be periodic or aperiodic.
[0191] In some embodiments of the method of FIG. 8, step 402 may include or consist of sending a “measurement request” instructing the apparatus 372 to perform steps 408 and 410 for each set of beams, and instructing the apparatus 372 to perform step 412. The measurement request may be explicit, e.g. a field in control information, or the measurement request may be implicit, e.g. receiving the information indicating the one or more sets of beams at step 404 acts as the measurement request.
[0192] In one example, a set of beams is referred to as an MPC, the measurement request is referred to as an “MPC measurement request” , and the MPC measurement request includes at least two components:
[0193] (1) mpc-Content: which indicates the MPC and includes at least the mpc-id and the path for each time slot. This component may be used to indicate the MPCs to the apparatus 372.
[0194] (2) feedback-Option: which indicates the required feedback value (e.g. the form of the feedback in step 412) . For example, the feedback value may be scores, indices or other meaningful values to indicate the measurement / determination of the property of each MPC.
[0195] There are also some optional components that may be included inside an MPC measurement request, e.g. :
[0196] (A) rate-Requirement: which indicates the rate requirement of the current transmission. And / or
[0197] (B) reliability-Requirement: which indicates the reliability requirement of the current transmission. The reliability requirement may be used to decide the achievable rate at the reliability requirement. This reliability requirement may be the expected BLER, such as 0.1 or 0.00001.
[0198] The rate-Requirement and / or reliability-Requirement may be useful for situations in which the apparatus 372 indicates (via feedback step 412) whether an MPC is valid (suitable) or invalid (not suitable) , e.g. binary feedback "yes" or "no" . To determine if an MPC is suitable, the device 352 can tell the apparatus 372 what is the rate and reliability requirement needed for the MPC to be considered valid.
[0199] One example of the data structure for an MPC measurement request is as follows. The mpc-Id may be an integer with a value from 0 to N_mpc. This value range implicitly defines the maximum number of MPCs that can be sent for measurement (i.e. the maximum number of MPCs in the set of MPCs) . The beams, defined by QCLs, being used at each time slot are listed in a SEQUENCE separately. The maximum length of the SEQUENCE, N_qcl, implicitly limits the maximum number of beams being used at any given time slot. The maximum number of time slots for the multi-beam transmission can be set as a fixed number, for example 3. If only the first two time slots are being used, the third time slot slot3-Qcls can be empty. The following is an example data structure shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0200] In some embodiments, the MPC measurement request signalling may be periodic or aperiodic. It may be triggered by DCI to capture the short-term channel condition, or triggered by MAC-CE / RRC-signalling to capture the long-term channel condition. It is also possible that one MPC measurement request is associated with more than one MPC. In this case, there can be more than one mpc-Content inside the request signalling.
[0201] Example data structures for the feedback transmitted in step 412 of FIG. 8 will now be described. In one example, a set of beams is referred to as an MPC, the feedback is referred to as “MPC measurement feedback” , and the MPC measurement feedback may include one or more from these three components:
[0202] (1) mpc-Id, which is the MPC identifier (ID) when the feedback is for a specific MPC.
[0203] (2) feedback-Option, which the feedback value option (e.g. indicating whether the feedback is a measurement of the property, or a score, or a binary indication of valid / invalid, etc. ) . And
[0204] (3) feedback-Value, which is the feedback value.
[0205] In one example, the mpc-Id can be an integer and can be defined in the same range as the mpc-Id inside the mpc-Content. The feedback-Option indicates the meaning of the feedback value and it does not have to be the same as that in the MPC measurement request. If the feedback-Option is scores, the feedback-Value can be the measurement of the MPC in terms of quality and reliability. If the MPC is not valid, the value of quality and reliability can be a specific number. The quality of an MPC can be the total or the average received power of all paths at the measurement time point. The reliability of an MPC can be a function of the reliabilities of each individual path such as the expected duration of being stable, or the probability of being blocked. It can also be the estimated correlation of paths or the minimum number of stable paths that can be maintained at the same time. Both of quality and reliability can be quantized into integers. For examples, the minimum average received power, such as -20 dBm, can be indicated by a quality score 1 and the quality score of an invalid MPC or an MPC with less average received power than the predefined minimum one can be 0. Each incremental value represents a fixed increase of the received power, such as 2 dB. The minimum average stable time, such as 1 ms, can be indicated by a reliability score 1 and the reliability score of an invalid MPC or an MPC with less average stable time than the predefined minimum one can be 0. Each incremental value represents a fixed increase of the stable time, such as 1 ms. The following is an example data structure shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0206] In another example, the mpc-Id can be an integer and can be defined in the same range as the mpc-Id inside the mpc-Content. The feedback-Option indicates the meaning of the feedback value. If the feedback-Option is score-given-rate, the feedback-Value can be the maximum rate of the MPC on the condition that the reliability-Requirement in the MPC measurement request is met. For example, the maximum channel quality index (CQI) values of all paths can be obtained with respect to some target reliability values. Then the CQI values can be combined to derive an overall CQI value of the MPC at the given reliability requirement. If the MPC is not valid, the feedback-Value can be 0, or a specific number. The following is an example data structure shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0207] In another example, one or more good MPCs can be reported to the network by their IDs. The measurement values will not be reported. The following is an example data structure shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0208] In some embodiments, the MPC measurement feedback corresponds to the MPC measurement request. If the MPC measurement request is triggered by DCI, the MPC measurement feedback can be reported over PUSCH / PUCCH. If the MPC measurement request is triggered by MAC-CE / RRC-signalling, the MPC measurement feedback can be reported over PUCCH.
[0209] FIG. 13 illustrates a method for transmission performed by the device 352 and the apparatus 372, according to another embodiment. The method of FIG. 13 generally parallels the method of FIG. 8, except that the device 352 measures the property of the transmission instead of the apparatus 372. Therefore, it is not necessary for the apparatus 372 to provide feedback to the device 352.
[0210] At step 502, the device 352 transmits information indicating one or more sets of beams. Each set of beams may include at least two transmit beams. Each of the transmit beams has a corresponding one or more receive beams. At step 504, the apparatus 372 receives the information indicating the one or more sets of beams.
[0211] Steps 502 and 504 are the same as steps 402 and 404 of FIG. 8, and all of the embodiments and examples described in relation to these steps of FIG. 8 (e.g. MPC definition, MPC selection, MPC measurement request, etc. ) equally apply to the method of FIG. 13. Each set of beams includes at least one transmit beam for use by the apparatus 372 and at least one receive beam for use by the device 352. The information indicating the one or more sets of beams may be transmitted by the device 352 in one or more QCL fields of DCI, or in any other ways described herein (e.g. described earlier in relation to steps 402 and 404 of FIG. 8) .
[0212] After step 504, steps 506 to 510 are performed for each set of beams. At step 506, the apparatus 372 transmits, to the device 352, a transmission on the one or more transmit beams of the set. In one example, there are at least two transmit beams in a set of beams, and so the transmission is sent on those at least two transmit beams. At step 508, the device 352 receives the transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams. At step 510, the device 352 determines a property of the transmission. Steps 506 to 510 are repeated for each set of beams in the one or more sets of beams.
[0213] FIG. 14 illustrates an example of steps 506 and 508 for an example set of beams. In the example, a transmission 582 is sent on two transmit beams (Tx1 and Tx2) of the set and received on two receive beams (Rx1 and Rx2) of the set. Specifically, Tx1 / Rx1 form a first beam pair defining one path of the transmission, and Tx2 / Rx2 form a second beam pair defining a second path of the transmission. In the example, the transmission 582 includes the apparatus 372 transmitting at least one sounding reference signal (SRS) on each transmit beam. For example, as illustrated, a SRS1 is transmitted on Tx1 and received on Rx1, and a SRS2 is transmitted on Tx2 and received on Rx2. The device 352 determines a property of the transmission 582, e.g. using SRS1 and SRS2.
[0214] The example properties of the transmission that may be determined at step 510 of FIG. 13, and the way in which they may be determined, are the same as explained above in relation to step 410 of FIG. 8, and all the remarks and explanation from FIG. 8 equally apply, with the following differences. The main difference is that the device 352 determines the property instead of the apparatus 372. Another difference is that the SRS may be used as the reference signal instead of a CSI-RS or SSB to determine a property of the transmission. Another possible difference is the way feasibility may be determined. In particular, if a set of beams is invalid for the device 352 (e.g. panel conflict at the device 352) , then the device 352 can simply not include that invalid set of beams in the sets of beams. If a set of beams is invalid for the apparatus 372 (e.g. panel conflict at the apparatus 372) , apparatus 372 may send a message to the device 352 indicating the set of beams is invalid, or alternatively the apparatus 372 may just not send the transmission for that set of beams in step 506 (i.e. essentially skip step 506 for the invalid set of beams) , in which case the device 352 can determine that the set of beams is invalid because there is only noise received at step 508.
[0215] In some embodiments, determining the property of the transmission at step 510 includes determining at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.
[0216] In some embodiments, channel quality associated with the transmission is determined at step 510, and determining the channel quality includes: for each transmit beam of the set, measuring a SRS from the transmit beam and determining the channel quality from the SRS measured on each transmit beam. In some embodiments, determining the channel quality may include using the SRS measured on each transmit beam to determine at least one of: total power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams; and / or average power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams; and / or an amount of cross-link interference between the receive beams that correspond to the transmit beams; and / or an SNR or SINR associated with the transmission; and / or a communication rate associated with the transmission; and / or a communication error rate associated with the transmission.
[0217] In some embodiments, the property of the transmission determined in step 510 includes feasibility of the transmission, and the feasibility is determined by at least one of: the device 352 receiving feedback from the apparatus 372 (not illustrated in FIG. 13) indicating that the transmission is not feasible, or the device 352 determining that the received transmission at step 508 has noise or interference above a threshold.
[0218] In some embodiments, the property of the transmission determined in step 510 includes reliability of the transmission, and the reliability is determined by the device 352 by at least one of: determining a duration of time that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data; and / or determining a probability that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data; and / or determining whether one or more of the beams of the transmission is associated with interference; and / or determining a blockage correlation between different beams of the transmission; and / or determining an estimated correlation between different beams of the transmission; and / or determining a SNR or SINR fluctuation associated with the beams of the transmission; and / or determining a channel quality associated with the beams of the transmission; and / or determining a communication rate associated with the beams of the transmission; and / or determining a communication error rate associated with the beams of the transmission; and / or determining an outage rate associated with the beams of the transmission; and / or determining a probability of a target data rate being satisfied for the beams of the transmission.
[0219] After steps 506 to 510 is repeated for each set of beams, the device 352 may analyze or compare the property determined for each set of beams to reach a conclusion on which set of beams is acceptable or best or proper for use in a subsequent multi-beam data transmission between the device 352 and the apparatus 372. For example, based on the property determined for each set of beams, the device 352 may determine at least one of: a score for one or more sets of beams; and / or the set of beams that has a highest score; and / or a communication rate for one or more sets of beams; and / or a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; and / or for one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.
[0220] The method of FIG. 13 includes the following additional steps that are all optional and hence shown using stippled lines. At step 516, based on the property determined for each set of beams, the device 352 selects a set of beams from the one or more sets of beams (assuming there is more than one set of beams to choose from) . For example, the device 352 may select the set of beams having the best determined property. At step 518, the device 352 transmits information indicating the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. The information indicating the set of beams may be explicit (e.g. a field indicating the selected set of beams) or implicit (e.g. implied based on a subsequent transmission) . The information indicating the set of beams may be included in dynamic signaling (e.g. DCI) or semi-static signaling (e.g. RRC or MAC-CE) . The information is received by the apparatus 372 at step 520. At step 522, the device 352 and the apparatus 372 perform a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. For example, the wireless communication may be a multi-beam transmission of data from the apparatus 372 to the device 352 on the set of beams.
[0221] Steps 506 to 510 of FIG. 13 involve the apparatus 372 sending a transmission on one ore more transmit beams and the device 352 receiving that transmission on one or more receive beams. However, the wireless communication in step 522 does not necessarily have to be a transmission from the apparatus 372 to the device 352. Channel reciprocity may be assumed to implement a transmit beam in the same direction as a receive beam in the set of beams, and vice versa, such that the wireless communication in step 522 may be or include a transmission from the device 352 to the apparatus 372. For example, the device 352 may form one or more beams in the same direction as its receive beam (s) , but for transmitting, and the apparatus 372 may form one or more beams in the same direction as its transmit beam (s) , but for receiving.
[0222] In some embodiments of the method of FIG. 13, there may be at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam and / or having a single receive beam. Steps 506 to 510 may also be performed for this set of beams. For example, if there is a set of beams having only a single transmit beam, steps 506 to 510 may include the apparatus 372 transmitting the transmission on the single transmit beam, the device 352 receiving that transmission, and the device 352 determining a property for that transmission sent on the single transmit beam. It might be the case in some embodiments that the set of beams selected in step 516 and indicated in step 518 is the set of beams having the single transmit beam.
[0223] In some embodiments, the one or more sets of beams of FIG. 13 might actually only be a single set of beams, e.g. one MPC is selected and indicated at step 502. In this situation, the device 352 measures a property of the transmission of that single set of beams at step 510 and determines whether the selected MPC is valid or invalid. For example, the MPC may be invalid if the channel quality of the transmission is below a certain threshold and / or if a reliability threshold is not met and / or if the beams are not feasible (e.g. panel conflict at the apparatus 372) . If the MPC is invalid, then in some embodiments the method of FIG. 13 is repeated for a different MPC selected by the device 352.
[0224] In some embodiments of the method of FIG. 13, the following additional optional step may be performed (not illustrated) . For each transmit-receive beam pair in one or more sets of beams, the apparatus 372 may transmit an indication of channel quality associated with that beam-pair. For example, for a given beam pair the apparatus 372 measures the channel quality using one or more reference signals transmitted from the device 352 to the apparatus 372 on the beam pair. The apparatus 372 then reports that channel quality measurement to the device 352.
[0225] Framework for multi-beam transmission
[0226] Regardless of how the beams of a multi-beam transmission are selected, e.g. regardless of whether the methods described in relation to FIGs. 8 to 14 are performed, the presence of multiple beams means that there is a possibility to increase transmission rate, e.g. by transmitting independent data on the multiple beams. However, for certain important data, e.g. certain control signaling, reliability may be more important, and so the presence of multiple beams means that there is alternatively a possibility for redundancy. FIG. 15 illustrates an example downlink multi-beam transmission in which there are two beam pairs: Tx1, Rx1 and Tx2, Rx2. In Example A of FIG. 15, two different TBs are being transmitted in parallel: TB1 on the first beam pair, and TB2 on the second beam pair. In this case, each transmit beam transmits respective different bits, and the bits carried on each transmit beam is based on a different TB. Transmission rate is increased because bits from different TBs are being transmitted in parallel. Example B of FIG. 15 illustrates an alternative scenario in which the same TB (TB1) is being transmitted on each beam pair. The redundant transmission of TB1 provides for a more reliable transmission of TB1, i.e. provides a higher probability that TB1 will be correctly decoded by the apparatus 372.
[0227] Having available only the scenarios described above is restrictive because it means only one of two scenarios: (i) transmit independent data on the multiple transmit beams, thereby increasing transmission rate but reliability can be a problem (e.g. Example A of FIG. 15) ; or alternatively (ii) transmit the same data on the multiple transmit beams, thereby increasing reliability through the use of repetition but the transmission overhead can be a problem (e.g. Example B of FIG. 15) . It does not contemplate scenarios in which both reliability and increased transmission rate may be desired, possibly trading off between the two over time. There is no support of other transmission schemes that can achieve a trade-off between the level of reliability and rate, and there is no flexibility that the transmission scheme can adapt over time to fulfill the different requirement of rate and reliability.
[0228] In embodiments below, a new framework for multi-beam transmission is provided in which there are different transmission schemes to select between, providing for a configurable level of reliability and / or rate. Each transmit beam of the multi-beam transmission carries respective bits. The bits are based on (e.g. equal to, relating to, and / or derived from) one or more TBs. The bits carried on each transmit beam may be based on a same one or more TBs, or instead different transmit beams may carry bits based on different TBs. The specific bits transmitted vary depending upon the selected transmission scheme. The selected transmission scheme may possibly be switched during operation, e.g. on a dynamic or semi-static basis depending upon the quality of the link, which may provide flexibility for the multi-beam transmission scheme to adapt over time to fulfill the different requirement of rate and reliability.
[0229] For example, FIG. 16 illustrates the same example multi-beam transmission from FIG. 15, but with different example transmission schemes that trade-off transmission rate versus reliability. The bits transmitted on transmit beam Tx1 and received on corresponding receive beam Rx1 will be referred to as the “bits of beam pair 1” . The bits transmitted on the transmit beam Tx2 and received on the corresponding receive beam Rx2 will be referred to as the “bits of beam pair 2” . In example transmission scheme (1) , different bits are carried on different transmit beams, and the bits carried on each transmit beam belong to different TBs. Example transmission scheme (1) is the same as Example A of FIG. 15, i.e. independent data transmission on each beam pair, which provides for increased transmission rate. In example transmission scheme (2) , the same bits are carried on each transmit beams. Example transmission scheme (2) is the same as Example B of FIG. 15, i.e. redundant transmission, which provides for increased reliability. In example transmission scheme (3) , there is redundancy of some TBs (e.g. TB1) , but not of all TBs (e.g. not TBs TB2, TB3, TB4, and TB5) . For example, TB1 might carry important information. Example transmission scheme (3) provides a hybrid between transmission rate and reliability. In example transmission schemes (4) to (8) , each transmit beam carries respective different bits, but the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs. In example transmission scheme (4) , a first redundancy version (e.g. RV0) of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam, and a second redundancy version (e.g. RV1) of the TB is transmitted on the other transmit beam. In example transmission scheme (5) , the systematic bits of a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam, and the parity bits of that TB are transmitted on the other transmit beam. In example transmission scheme (6) , a TB is transmitted on one of the transit beams, and a modified version of that TB (TB’) is transmitted on the other transmit beam. In example transmission scheme (7) , a first version of a TB (TB’) is transmitted on one of the transmit beams, and a second version of that TB (TB”) is transmitted on the other transmit beam. The first version and second version of the TB might be, e.g. different redundancy versions or different subsets of the TB. In another example, the first version of the TB may be the TB modified in a first way, and the second version of the TB may be the TB modified in a second way. In example transmission scheme (8) , an Alamouti space-time block code (STBC) is used to transmit TBs. This is only an example. Any type of space-time coding may be used, and there may be different transmission schemes to select between that employ different space-time coding schemes.
[0230] It may be possible to switch between the transmission schemes during operation to trade off reliability versus rate depending upon the scenario. For example, when the channel quality is good, rate may be prioritized by using example transmission scheme (1) . When the channel quality begins to drop, transmission scheme (8) may be used to introduce some redundancy. When the channel quality becomes low, reliability may be prioritized by having more redundancy, e.g. switching to transmission scheme (2) , (4) , or (5) . The device 352 may configure the transmission scheme and possibly adapt it over time. The configuration may be in control information that is transmitted dynamically or semi-statically.
[0231] The example transmission schemes (1) to (8) illustrated in FIG. 16 are only examples. There may be more, fewer, and / or different transmission schemes defined. As one example, there may be an additional transmission scheme defined referred to as “coherent transmission” , where multiple transmission points transmit the same signal each with a respective time advance to ensure that the signals will arrive at the receiver at the same time, such that they can be directly combined, achieving a higher SNR or SINR. Also, there may be more transmit beams and / or transmit-receive beam pairs than that illustrated in FIG. 16. Also, the specific example set of beams illustrated in FIG. 16 is just an example. Also, if there are more than two transmit beams, then there may be other transmission schemes that may be defined that are not possible in the example in FIG. 16. For example, FIG. 17 illustrates an example multi-beam transmission scheme that may be configured when there are three transmit beams. Transmit beam Tx1 transmits the bits of TB1, transmit beam Tx2 transmits the bits of TB2, and transmit beam Tx3 transmits bits that are based on both TB1 and TB2, e.g. TB1+TB2. This offers some redundancy, but higher transmission rate than sending the exact same thing on each transmit beam. The transmission scheme in FIG. 17 may be one of several different transmission schemes that may be configured and selected from during operation.
[0232] In short, whenever there are multiple beams for a multi-beam transmission, the bits transmitted over the multiple beams are a function of (e.g. based on) the data to be transmitted. Different functions of the data (e.g. bits based on a same one or more TB and / or bits based on different TBs) may be configured, each representing a different transmission scheme. In some embodiments, there may a plurality of transmission schemes defined in advance, e.g. via a LUT stored at the device 352 and at the apparatus 372, and the particular transmission scheme to use may be signaled by the device 352, e.g. by signaling an ID in the LUT that corresponds to the particular transmission scheme. The device 352 may dynamically or semi-statically change the transmission scheme over time, e.g. based on channel conditions.
[0233] FIG. 18 illustrates a method performed by the device 352 and the apparatus 372, according to one embodiment. At step 602, the device 352 transmits information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more TBs will be communicated on multiple transmit beams. At step 604, the apparatus 372 receives the information. In some embodiments, the information may be sent in dynamic signaling, e.g. in DCI. In other embodiments, the information may be sent in semi-static signaling, e.g. in RRC signaling or in a MAC-CE.
[0234] In some embodiments, the transmission scheme indicated in the information transmitted in step 602 and received in step 604 may be a transmission scheme in which each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams carries respective different bits. For example, in example transmission schemes (1) and (3) to (8) of FIG. 16, each transmit beam carries respective different bits. As another example, in the example transmission scheme in FIG. 17 each transmit beam carries respective different bits. However, it might not always be the case that the transmission scheme is one in which each transmit beam carries respective different bits. For example, in example transmission scheme (2) of FIG. 1, the two transmit beams carry the exact same bits.
[0235] In some embodiments, the transmission scheme indicated in the information transmitted in step 602 and received in step 604 may be a transmission scheme in which the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs. That is, the bits carried on each transmit beam may be based on a set of one or more TBs, and that set of one or more TBs is the same for each transmit beam. The expression “based on” a same one or more TBs means that the bits transmitted on each transmit beam may be equal to or a function of the same one or more TBs. For example, in example transmission scheme (2) of FIG. 16, the bits transmitted on each transmit beam are equal to the bits of TB1 and TB2. Whereas, in the example transmission schemes (4) to (8) of FIG. 16, the bits transmitted on each transmit beam are equal to a function of the same TBs TB1 and TB2. However, in these examples, different functions of the same TBs are applied for each transmit beam, to result in different bits transmitted on each transmit beam, with the bits transmitted on each transit beam still being based on the same TB1 and TB2. In the example transmission scheme in FIG. 17, the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on the same set of TBs (TB1, TB2) , but different transmit beams carry different functions of TB1 and TB2. Specifically, the bits on Tx1 are those of only TB1, the bits of Tx2 are those only of TB2, and the bits of Tx3 are those of a combination of bits from TB1 and TB2. Note that it is not always the case that a transmission scheme is such that the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs. For example, in example transmission scheme (1) of FIG. 17 the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on different TBs. That is, one transmit beam carries bits based on a first set of TBs (TB1, TB3, TB5, …) , and the other transmit beam carries bits based on a different second set of TBs (TB2, TB4, TB6, …) .
[0236] In some embodiments, prior to performing step 602 of FIG. 18, the network (e.g. device 352) may need to make a decision as to which multi-beam transmission scheme to use / indicate in step 602. Th multi-beam transmission scheme may be selected based on the requirement, possibly having regard to channel quality. In some embodiments, if high reliability is required, transmission schemes such as coherent transmission, repetition or incremental redundancy can be used. In some embodiments, if high rate is required, different data streams may be transmitted over multiple paths. In some embodiments, if moderate rate-reliability is required, some advanced coding schemes such as space-time code may be used.
[0237] Continuing the method of FIG. 18, at step 606 the device 352 and the apparatus 372 perform wireless communication according to the transmission scheme indicated in step 602 / 604. The wireless communication may include the device 352 transmitting TBs to the apparatus 372 (which is the case in the examples of FIGs. 16 and 17) . Alternatively, or additionally, the wireless communication may include the apparatus 372 transmitting TBs to the device 352. In any case, the transmissions are performed on the multiple beams and follow the transmission scheme defining how the TBs are to be communicated.
[0238] In some embodiments, the transmission scheme of FIG. 18 is one of: a transmission scheme in which different TBs are transmitted on different transmit beams (e.g. example (1) in FIG. 16) ; or a transmission scheme in which the same TBs are transmitted on different transmit beams (e.g. example (2) in FIG. 16) ; or a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy (IR) is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams (e.g. example (4) in FIG. 16) ; or a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam (e.g. example (5) in FIG. 16) ; or a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam (e.g. example (6) in FIG. 16) ; or a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam (e.g. example (7) in FIG. 16) ; or a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way (e.g. example (7) of FIG. 16) ; or a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams (e.g. example (8) of FIG. 16) . Depending upon the implementation, the example transmission scheme in FIG. 17 might be a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB (e.g. TB1) over more than one transmit beam, and / or the example transmission scheme in FIG. 17 might be a transmission scheme in which a TB (e.g. TB1) is transmitted on one transmit beam (e.g. Tx1) and a modified version of the TB (e.g. TB1+TB2) is transmitted on a different transmit beam (e.g. Tx3) .
[0239] In some embodiments of the method of FIG. 18, the transmission scheme indicated in step 602 / 604 is a first transmission scheme, and the method further includes the device 352 subsequently transmitting (and the apparatus 372 receiving) additional information indicating a second transmission scheme. The additional information indicating the second transmission scheme may be transmitted / received in response to a reduction in a channel quality. For example, the first transmission scheme may prioritize higher transmission rate over reliability, but in response to a reduction in channel quality, the second transmission scheme may instead be indicated and used, where the second transmission scheme prioritizes reliability (e.g. more redundancy) over higher transmission rate. In some embodiments, the method of FIG. 18 therefore also includes the apparatus 372 transmitting to the device 352 an indication of the channel quality, which may have been measured (for example) using a CSI-RS. In another embodiment, the channel quality may be determined directly by the device 352, e.g. using a SRS sent from the apparatus 372.
[0240] In some embodiments, it may be necessary for the entity receiving the multi-beam transmission to be able to associate different transmissions with each other, e.g. if TB1 is transmitted on transmit beam 1 and a modified version of TB1 (TB1’) is transmitted on transmit beam 2, then the entity receiving the transmission needs to know which received transmissions relate to the same TB (TB1 and TB1’) to perform appropriate combining in decoding (e.g. for joint decoding) . This may be achieve using HARQ IDs. For example, in some embodiments of FIG. 18, during the wireless communication a HARQ ID is transmitted / received that associates a transmission related to a TB on one transmit beam with another transmission related to the same TB on a different transmit beam.
[0241] By specifying the related HARQs, it is possible to know which received TBs should be decoded together. One example is as follows. DCI schedules a first transmission related to a TB associated with a first HARQ ID. A related transmission of that TB is also being transmitted on one or more other beams. A "related-harqs" field in control signaling (e.g. in the DCI) indicates the HARQ ID for that related transmission so that the receiver can combine / joint decode. In some embodiments, the related HARQ ID (s) is / are transmitted as part of the information in step 602 of FIG. 18.
[0242] In some embodiments, the information indicating the transmission scheme that is transmitted at step 602 and received at step 604 may be referred to as a “multi-path transmission (MPT) scheme configuration” . In some embodiments, the MPT scheme configuration includes at least to components: (1) “Scheme” , which indicates the scheme (s) being used, and (2) “Related-HARQS” , which provides the related HARQs using the scheme. In some embodiments, the related HARQs component may indicate the time slots in each beam having a transmission associated with a same TB, e.g. indicated by a common HARQ process ID that may be signaled.
[0243] An example data structure defining one example MPT scheme configuration is as follows. The data structure is shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0244] In some embodiments, the MPT scheme configuration can be directly inside DCI. The HARQ-ID is for the current TB. By looking at the related-HARQs inside MPT-scheme-conf, related TBs can be found for joint decoding. The following is an example data structure shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0245] In some embodiments, the MPT scheme configuration can be inside TCI-state. By looking at the tci-id inside the DCI, the TCI-state can be found, then the MPT scheme configuration can be found. The following is an example data structure shown in a format that may be implemented in programming code:
[0246] In some embodiments, the MPT scheme configuration signalling can be periodic or aperiodic. It may be triggered by DCI to quickly adapt to short-term channel change, or triggered by MAC-CE / RRC-signalling to select the MPT scheme suitable for the long-term channel condition.
[0247] The framework for multi-beam transmission described above may be independent of how the set of beams is determined, e.g. it may be independent of any of the methods described in relation to FIGs. 8 to 14. However, in some embodiments the multi-beam transmission framework may be combined with or part of the methods described in relation to FIGs. 8 to 14. For example, in some embodiments the method of FIG. 8 and / or the method of FIG. 13 may include the device 352 transmitting, and the apparatus 372 receiving, information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more TBs will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams. Each transmit beam of the transmit beams may carry respective different bits. The bits carried on each transmit beam may be based on a same one or more TBs. The wireless communication of step 422 of FIG. 8 and step 522 of FIG. 13 may be performed according to the transmission scheme. In some embodiments, the transmission scheme is one of: a transmission scheme in which IR is used to transmit different RVs of a TB on different transmit beams; or a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam; or a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; or a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam; or a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; or a transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.
[0248] Additional embodiments
[0249] For completeness, some additional example embodiments are disclosed, some of which combine the multi-beam selection (e.g. of FIG. 8 or 13) and the multi-beam transmission scheme framework (e.g. of FIG. 18) .
[0250] FIG. 19 illustrates a method performed by a TRP and UE, according to one embodiment. The TRP is an example of device 352, and the UE is an example of apparatus 372. FIG. 19 is an example of FIG. 8 supplemented with some additional steps, including steps related to a multi-path transmission framework. Each set of beams is referred to as an MPC in this method. The multi-beam transmission scheme selected is referred to as a “MPT scheme” .
[0251] At step 702, the TRP first selects the MPCs to use, e.g. to be measured. The MPCs may be selected in the way described earlier, e.g. in relation to FIG. 8. At step 704, the TRP sends the MPC measurement request to the UE, e.g. the MPC measurement request described earlier (in relation to FIG. 8) that indicates the MPCs to the UE. Step 704 is an example of step 402 of FIG. 8. At step 706, the TRP then sends CSI-RSs beamformed as indicated by the MPCs. Step 706 is an example of step 406 of FIG. 8. At step 708, the UE estimates the MPCs, e.g. through measurement and sensing. Step 708 is an example of step 410 of FIG. 8. For example, the TRP beamforming indicated by the MPC is applied to CSI-RSs, which are received and measured by the UE with the corresponding UE beamforming indicated by the MPC. At step 710, the UE provides feedback, e.g. feeds back the measurement and / or any other information. Step 710 is an example of step 412 of FIG. 8. At step 712, the TRP updates the candidate MPCs based on the feedback, e.g. to exclude MPCs that are invalid. At step 714, the TRP sends a message instructing the UE to update the candidate MPCs in the same way, which the UE does at step 716. At step 718, the TRP selects an MPC and / or an MPT scheme. Step 718 is an example of step 416 of FIG. 8. The method will assume that both an MPC and MPT scheme is selected. At step 720, the TRP sends a PDCCH with downlink (DL) scheduling, the PDCCH indicating the MPC and MPT scheme. At step 722, the TRP transmits data over the beams of the selected MPC (an example of step 422 of FIG. 8) , according to the selected MPT scheme (an example of step 606 of FIG. 18) . At step 724, the UE decodes related TBs together according to the selected MPT scheme (an example of step 422 of FIG. 8 and step 606 of FIG. 18) .
[0252] In the embodiment of FIG. 19, the data transmission of step 722 is downlink. FIG. 20 illustrates a variation in which the data transmission is uplink. Steps 702 to 718 are the same as FIG. 19. At step 742, the TRP sends a PDCCH with uplink (UL) scheduling, the PDCCH indicating the MPC and MPT scheme. At step 744, the UE transmits the scheduled data over the beams of the MPC (an example of step 422 of FIG. 8) , according to the MPT scheme (an example of step 606 of FIG. 18) . At step 746, the TRP decodes related TBs together according to the MPT scheme (an example of step 422 of FIG. 8 and step 606 of FIG. 18) .
[0253] FIG. 21 illustrates a method performed by a TRP and UE, according to another embodiment. The TRP is an example of device 352, and the UE is an example of apparatus 372. FIG. 21 is an example of FIG. 13 supplemented with some additional steps, including additional steps related to the multi-path transmission framework. Each set of beams is referred to as an MPC in this method. The multi-beam transmission scheme selected is referred to as a “MPT scheme” .
[0254] At step 752, the TRP first selects the MPCs to use, e.g. to be measured. The MPCs may be selected in the way described earlier. At step 754, the TRP sends the MPC measurement request to the UE, e.g. the MPC measurement request described earlier that indicates the MPCs to the UE. Step 754 is an example of step 502 of FIG. 13. At step 756, the UE optionally sends an indication / estimation of a measurement of a property or metric (e.g. a measurement of channel quality) for each beam pair in each of one or more MPCs. The property or metric measured might be based on that specified in the MPC measurement request. Although the UE may have sent its measurement of the beam-pairs before, this can still be meaningful. For example, the UE feedback for beam-pairs may only include channel quality, while the measurement request asks for other scores, such that those other scores are transmitted at step 756. Another example can be that the previous measurement may be out of date, and a new measurement (transmitted at step 756) can provide more recent information. In all, by optionally sending its measurement of the beam-pairs based on the metrics inside the measurement request, UE can provide additional information from its side.
[0255] At step 758, the UE sends SRSs beamformed as indicated by the MPCs. Step 758 is an example of step 506 of FIG. 13. At step 760, the TRP estimates the MPCs, e.g. through measurement and sensing. Step 760 is an example of step 510 of FIG. 13. For example, the UE beamforming indicated by the MPC is applied to SRSs, which are received and measured by the TRP with the corresponding TRP beamforming indicated by the MPC. The MPC measurement procedure is an implementation issue at the TRP, and the TRP does not have to share this information with UE. The TRP simply needs to use this information to ask the UE to update the candidate MPCs and make a final decision on the MPC to select for the data transmission.
[0256] At step 762, the TRP updates the candidate MPCs based on the results of step 760, e.g. to exclude MPCs that are invalid. At step 764, the TRP sends a message instructing the UE to update the candidate MPCs in the same way, which the UE does at step 766. At step 768, the TRP selects an MPC and / or an MPT scheme. Step 768 is an example of step 516 of FIG. 13. The method will assume that both an MPC and an MPT scheme is selected. At step 770, the TRP sends a PDCCH with downlink (DL) scheduling, the PDCCH indicating the MPC and MPT scheme. At step 772, the TRP transmits data over the beams of the selected MPC (an example of step 522 of FIG. 13) , according to the selected MPT scheme (an example of step 606 of FIG. 18) . At step 774, the UE decodes related TBs together according to the selected MPT scheme (an example of step 522 of FIG. 13 and step 606 of FIG. 18) .
[0257] In the embodiment of FIG. 21, the data transmission of step 772 is downlink. FIG. 22 illustrates a variation in which the data transmission is uplink. Steps 752 to 768 are the same as FIG. 21. At step 792, the TRP sends a PDCCH with uplink (UL) scheduling, the PDCCH indicating the MPC and MPT scheme. At step 794, the UE transmits the scheduled data over the beams of the MPC (an example of step 522 of FIG. 13) , according to the MPT scheme (an example of step 606 of FIG. 18) . At step 796, the TRP decodes related TBs together according to the MPT scheme (an example of step 522 of FIG. 8 and step 606 of FIG. 18) .
[0258] In view of the above, there are many different embodiments described herein. The disclosure in the different embodiments may be combined with each other. Further explanation and technical benefits of some embodiments will now be described.
[0259] Embodiments herein relate to beamforming, and in particular multi-beam transmission. Beamforming may have a technical benefit in that the highly directive energy transmission of a directed beam may lead to reduced interference between two transmission streams. For example, the transmit beams Tx1 and Tx2 in FIG. 11 described earlier is an example of directed beams that can have reduced interference compared to omnidirectional beams. Beamforming techniques may be particularly useful in high frequency communication systems where either or both the TRP and the UE can be equipped with large antenna arrays to enable beamforming. Therefore, embodiments herein may be implemented in high frequency communication systems. However, narrow high frequency beams may be more susceptible to failure. For example, they may be partially or totally blocked, leading to high SNR or SINR fluctuation over time. Therefore, it may be necessary or crucial to carefully monitor and select the appropriate transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) beam-pairs for communication. Advantageously, some embodiments herein relate to TX-RX beam pair selection via selecting an MPC in the manner described herein, e.g. such as in step 416 of FIG. 8 and step 516 of FIG. 13. Narrow beams may require channel state information knowledge with high accuracy and high resolution and accuracy RF chains and phase shifters. The information of beam-pairs may be indirectly communicated by QCL of the TCI in DCI (e.g. like in the examples explained in relation to FIG. s. 9 and 10) , although as discussed earlier other methods of indicating beam-pairs or MPCs are contemplated.
[0260] When communication happens over one beam (pair) , the communication link may have different possible transmission rates and associated block error rates (BLERs) . The trade-off between the higher rates and the resulting block error rates is conventionally controlled by the choice of modulation and coding scheme (MCS) . The MCS provides various configurations that may allow both the transmitter and receiver to select a rate and BLER that satisfy the rate and reliability requirement of that transmission. The selection of MCS may be based on the communication requirements and CQI. The reliability may be quantified by different target rate / error / delay profiles, such as ergodic rate, outage capacity, etc. As disclosed herein, to possibly improve the reliability and / or the transmission rate, multi-beam transmission may be used which involves the transmission of data over multiple beams, in the manner described herein, e.g. via selection of an MPC and then using that MPC to implement the multi-beam transmission framework described herein, such as by establishing and selecting between options (1) to (8) in the table of FIG. 16. In an MPC, a beam-pair defines a transmission path associated with one or more scattered channel paths, but different beam-pairs may correspond at least partially to the same channel path (s) . It means if one beam-pair is blocked, other beam-pairs will also be affected. To try to ensure higher reliability, in some embodiments beams of an MPC are identified that correspond to uncorrelated channel paths, and these beams (e.g. an MPC having such beams) are selected for the multi-beam transmission.
[0261] In some scenarios, the transmission may play a crucial role in achieving the target reliability and transmission rate. In situations where high reliability is required, the same data packet, through repetition or a function thereof such as incremental redundancy, may be transmitted over all beams to reduce the probability of being blocked and increase the combined signal power. On the other hand, if high transmission rates are required, different data can be transmitted over different beams to maximize the overall throughput. Advantageously, in some embodiments herein, a framework for multi-beam transmission is disclosed that allows for selection between multiple different transmission schemes, trading off reliability versus transmission rate. For example, the example framework described in relation to FIG. 16 is provided in which it is possible to select between the multiple different transmission schemes enumerated in the table of FIG. 16.
[0262] Some embodiments herein are advantageously directed to the goal of mitigating beam blockage, to combat high SINR fluctuations caused by highly fluctuating short-term fading, interference and / or the environment (controlled e.g. RIS, or uncontrolled, moving objects) , and to provide a flexible framework for multi-beam transmission (e.g. to satisfy the different rate-reliability requirement when multi-beam communication is used) . This may be achieved in some embodiments by selecting an MPC based on measurement of a property of a transmission on the MPC, in the manner described herein (e.g. by implementing FIG. 8 or FIG. 13) , and by selection of a suitable multi-beam transmission scheme via the multi-beam transmission scheme framework described herein (e.g. by implementing FIG. 18) .
[0263] In some embodiments, one or more of the following may be achieved over conventional systems. Beam-pairs and / or MPCs as a whole may be considered, as is the case in the methods of FIGs. 8 and 13. The feedback related to the measured property of each set of beams is not necessarily limited to good beam indices, and it may be used to control the overall rate in some embodiments. The SRS may be used in some embodiments to find good beam-pairs and / or good MPCs, e.g. by implementing the method of FIG. 13, 21, or 22. The transmit beams do not necessarily have to be at the same time slot, e.g. time domain multiplexing may be considered / accommodated. There is an ability to determine a property of a transmission when multiple transmit and / or receive beams of an MPC are used together, rather than considering a property of a transmission on each beam pair on an individual basis. The result may be more accurately capturing situations where simultaneous use of multiple beam pairs causes issues, such as interference reducing channel quality. Multiple beam pairs that are not feasible or do not work well together may also be identified and excluded, resulting in the selection of a better set of beams. There is an ability to consider properties other than channel quality, such as reliability, and the ability to consider properties that are only applicable when multiple beam pairs are used together, such as feasibility. For example, as described earlier, the property determined in step 410 of FIG. 8 and step 510 of FIG. 13 may include reliability and / or feasibility. There is an ability to have multi-beam transmission that trades off reliability versus rate depending upon the scenario, and possibly adapt the trade-off over time, e.g. as is the case in the method described in relation to FIG. 18.
[0264] Some embodiments provide a benefit in that they do not perform beam switching based on sensing information. For example, the methods of FIGs. 8 and 13 do not perform switching based on sensing information. For beam switching with sensing information, the requirement of sensing in terms of signaling overhead, sensing accuracy, information ageing, and hardware can be relatively high. The sensing information needs to be accurate in certain level of degree. If the sensing error is too large, the TRP cannot correctly predict the blockage and the best beam at the next time point. Also, the sensing delay should be small. Sensing operation is typically performed periodically to reduce the complexity and save the power. If the environment changes between two sensing operations, the TRP cannot notice this change and would not be able to make the beam switching decision. Apart from the periodicity delay, the processing delay and the feedback delay all contribute to the sensing delay.
[0265] Some embodiments use multi-beam transmission to solve the beam blockage problem and / or high SINR fluctuations (e.g. by selection of a suitable MPC in the way described in relation to FIGs. 8 and 13) , and / or to meet / ensure a certain level of rate-reliability requirement (e.g. using the multi-beam transmission scheme framework described in relation to FIG. 18) . Some embodiments are advantageously directed to selecting which beam-pairs will be used for multi-beam transmission via selection of a MPC described herein. In conventional systems, each beam-pair / transmission beam is measured separately and beam-pairs / beams with top scores are used. While each beam-pair may be optimal on its own based on some metrics / property, using them together may not always be the best choice. Instead, some embodiments herein find out different configurations of reasonable beam-pairs that can be used together, and directly measure and select from such configurations. An example is the methods of FIGs. 8 and 13. By measuring beam-pairs in an MPC together, the MPC measurement may be more accurate. Moreover, the selection property / metric may be more than just channel quality. For example, some embodiments emphasize that reliability should also be considered, and the beam pair with higher reliability may be preferred to avoid high SNR or SINR fluctuation.
[0266] Some embodiments herein, such as the method of FIG. 18, are advantageously directed to indicating a data transmission scheme over multiple beams. In some previous systems, only the repeated data (or its equivalent) or the independent data are allowed over multiple beams to either achieve high reliability or high rate. New transmission schemes that may achieve a different or even configurable level of reliability and rate are necessary but not allowed because the current two schemes are defined separately. Instead, some embodiments herein, such as the method of FIG. 18, advantageously provide a framework such that other transmission schemes may be supported and may be adapted based on the different requirements of reliability and rate.
[0267] Advantageously, some embodiments herein may be deployed in high frequency communication system where both a TRP and a UE may perform beamforming, although it is not necessary for both to perform beamforming, e.g. a UE may implement a single omnidirectional beam, like in the FIG. 5 example. In some embodiments, the system can be frequency division duplex (FDD) or time division duplex (TDD) . Embodiments may be implemented in uplink, downlink and / or side-link. Embodiments may be implemented in multi-TRP or single TRP with single or multiple panels, with single or multiple RF chains per panel. For example, there may be a single TRP with multiple panels (e.g. like in Example A of FIG. 6) , such that there are more than one beam-pairs that are available for data transmission to a UE. As another example, there may be multiple TRPs (e.g. like in Example B of FIG. 6) , where there are more than one beam-pairs that are available for data transmission to a UE. Some embodiments may provide a general solution to meet the different requirements of rate and reliability. One example technical means for doing so is the method of FIG. 18. Some embodiments of FIG. 18 may support high reliability, high rate, and configurable reliability-rate.
[0268] Some advantageous points and corresponding technical effects of some embodiments are as follows. The ability to measure and select paths to be used jointly (e.g. by implementing the method of FIG. 8 or 13) , which may result in more accurate measurement and selection of the set of beams. The ability to measure and predict the reliability of paths to be used (e.g. by implementing the method of FIG. 8 or 13) , which may result in more reasonable path selection when a high reliability is required. The ability to have a multi-beam transmission scheme adaptation framework (e.g. by implementing the method of FIG. 18) , which may enable transmission scheme adaptation to achieve different rate-reliability requirements.
[0269] Conclusion
[0270] Note that the expression “at least one of A or B” , as used herein, is interchangeable with the expression “A and / or B” . It refers to a list in which you may select A or B or both A and B. Similarly, “at least one of A, B, or C” , as used herein, is interchangeable with “A and / or B and / or C” or “A, B, and / or C” . It refers to a list in which you may select: A or B or C, or both A and B, or both A and C, or both B and C, or all of A, B and C. The same principle applies for longer lists having a same format.
[0271] Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific features and embodiments thereof, various modifications and combinations can be made thereto without departing from the invention. The description and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded simply as an illustration of some embodiments of the invention as defined by the appended claims, and are contemplated to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that fall within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
[0272] Moreover, any module, component, or device exemplified herein that executes instructions may include or otherwise have access to a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile disc (DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device or accessible or connectable thereto. Any application or module herein described may be implemented using computer / processor readable / executable instructions that may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
Claims
1.A method for transmission, comprising:receiving information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams;for each set of beams:receiving transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams, the transmission sent on the at least two transmit beams of the set; anddetermining a property of the transmission; andtransmitting feedback based on the property determined for each set of beams.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the information is first information, and wherein the method further comprises:receiving second information indicating a set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; andperforming a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.3.The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining at least one of:channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.4.The method of claim 3, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining channel quality associated with the transmission, and wherein determining the channel quality associated with the transmission comprises:for each transmit beam of the set, measuring a reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) from the transmit beam; anddetermining the channel quality from the RS or SSB measured on each transmit beam.5.The method of claim 4, wherein determining the channel quality associated with the transmission further comprises using the RS or SSB measured on each transmit beam to determine at least one of:total power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams;average power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams;an amount of cross-link interference between the receive beams that correspond to the transmit beams;a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) associated with the transmission;a communication rate associated with the transmission; ora communication error rate associated with the transmission.6.The method of any one of claims 3 to 5, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining feasibility of the transmission, and wherein determining the feasibility comprises determining whether there is a conflict between two or more receive beams of the set of beams used to receive the transmission.7.The method of any one of claims 3 to 6, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining reliability associated with the transmission, and wherein determining the reliability comprises at least one of:determining a duration of time that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data;determining a probability that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data;determining whether one or more of the beams of the transmission is associated with interference;determining a blockage correlation between different beams of the transmission;determining an estimated correlation between different beams of the transmission;determining a SNR or SINR fluctuation associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a channel quality associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a communication rate associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a communication error rate associated with the beams of the transmission;determining an outage rate associated with the beams of the transmission; ordetermining a probability of a target data rate being satisfied for the beams of the transmission.8.The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the feedback comprises at least one of:an indication of the property for one or more sets of beams;a score for one or more sets of beams;an indication of the set of beams that has a highest score;an indication of a communication rate for one or more sets of beams;a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; orfor one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.9.The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the information indicating the one or more sets of beams is received in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .10.The method of claim 2, wherein there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam, and wherein the method further comprises receiving a transmission sent on the single transmit beam and also determining the property for the transmission sent on the single transmit beam.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the second information indicates the set of beams having the single transmit beam.12.The method of claim 2 or claim 10 or claim 11, further comprising receiving third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams, wherein each transmit beam of the transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; and wherein the wireless communication is performed according to the transmission scheme.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.14.An apparatus comprising:at least one processor; anda memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to:receive information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams;for each set of beams:receive transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams, the transmission sent on the at least two transmit beams of the set; anddetermine a property of the transmission; andtransmit feedback based on the property determined for each set of beams.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the information is first information, and wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the apparatus to:receive second information indicating a set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; andperform a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.16.The apparatus of claim 14 or 15, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining channel quality associated with the transmission, and wherein the apparatus is to determine the channel quality associated with the transmission by performing operations including:for each transmit beam of the set, measuring a reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) from the transmit beam; anddetermining the channel quality from the RS or SSB measured on each transmit beam.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the apparatus is to determine the channel quality associated with the transmission by performing operations including using the RS or SSB measured on each transmit beam to determine at least one of:total power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams;average power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams;an amount of cross-link interference between the receive beams that correspond to the transmit beams;a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) associated with the transmission;a communication rate associated with the transmission; ora communication error rate associated with the transmission.19.The apparatus of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining feasibility of the transmission, and wherein the apparatus is to determine the feasibility by determining whether there is a conflict between two or more receive beams of the set of beams used to receive the transmission.20.The apparatus of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining reliability associated with the transmission, and wherein the apparatus is to determine the reliability by at least one of:determining a duration of time that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data;determining a probability that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data;determining whether one or more of the beams of the transmission is associated with interference;determining a blockage correlation between different beams of the transmission;determining an estimated correlation between different beams of the transmission;determining a SNR or SINR fluctuation associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a channel quality associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a communication rate associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a communication error rate associated with the beams of the transmission;determining an outage rate associated with the beams of the transmission; ordetermining a probability of a target data rate being satisfied for the beams of the transmission.21.The apparatus of any one of claims 14 to 20, wherein the feedback comprises at least one of:an indication of the property for one or more sets of beams;a score for one or more sets of beams;an indication of the set of beams that has a highest score;an indication of a communication rate for one or more sets of beams;a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; orfor one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.22.The apparatus of any one of claims 14 to 21, wherein the information indicating the one or more sets of beams is to be received in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .23.The apparatus of claim 15, wherein there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam, and wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the apparatus to receive a transmission sent on the single transmit beam and also determine the property for the transmission sent on the single transmit beam.24.The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the second information indicates the set of beams having the single transmit beam.25.The apparatus of claim 15 or claim 23 or claim 24, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the apparatus to receive third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams, wherein each transmit beam of the transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; and wherein the wireless communication is performed according to the transmission scheme.26.The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.27.The apparatus of any one of claims 14 to 26, wherein the apparatus is a user equipment (UE) .28.A method for transmission, comprising:transmitting information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams;for each set of beams: transmitting, to an apparatus, a transmission on the at least two transmit beams of the set; andreceiving feedback from the apparatus, the feedback based on a property of the transmission determined by the apparatus for each set of beams.29.The method of claim 28, wherein the information is first information, and wherein the method further comprises:based on the feedback, selecting a set of beams from the one or more sets of beams;transmitting second information indicating the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; andperforming a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.30.The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein the property of the transmission comprises at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the property of the transmission comprises channel quality associated with the transmission, and wherein for each set of beams the method comprises:transmitting a reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) on each transmit beam of the set for use in determining the channel quality.32.The method of any one of claims 28 to 31, wherein the feedback comprises at least one of:an indication of the property for one or more sets of beams;a score for one or more sets of beams;an indication of the set of beams that has a highest score;an indication of a communication rate for one or more sets of beams;a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; orfor one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.33.The method of any one of claims 28 to 32, wherein the information indicating the one or more sets of beams is transmitted in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .34.The method of claim 29, wherein there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam, and wherein the method further comprises transmitting, to the apparatus, a transmission on the single transmit beam.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the second information indicates the set of beams having the single transmit beam.36.The method of claim 29 or claim 34 or claim 35, further comprising transmitting third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams, wherein each transmit beam of the transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; and wherein the wireless communication is performed according to the transmission scheme.37.The method of claim 36, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.38.A device comprising:at least one processor; anda memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the device to:transmit information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams;for each set of beams: transmit, to an apparatus, a transmission on the at least two transmit beams of the set; andreceive feedback from the apparatus, the feedback based on a property of the transmission determined by the apparatus for each set of beams.39.The device of claim 38, wherein the information is first information, and wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to:based on the feedback, select a set of beams from the one or more sets of beams;transmit second information indicating the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; andperform a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.40.The device of claim 38 or 39, wherein the property of the transmission comprises at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.41.The device of claim 40, wherein the property of the transmission comprises channel quality associated with the transmission, and wherein for each set of beams the device is to transmit a reference signal (RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB) on each transmit beam of the set for use in determining the channel quality.42.The device of any one of claims 38 to 41, wherein the feedback comprises at least one of:an indication of the property for one or more sets of beams;a score for one or more sets of beams;an indication of the set of beams that has a highest score;an indication of a communication rate for one or more sets of beams;a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; orfor one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.43.The device of any one of claims 38 to 42, wherein the information indicating the one or more sets of beams is for transmission in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .44.The device of claim 39, wherein there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam, and wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to transmit, to the apparatus, a transmission on the single transmit beam.45.The device of claim 44, wherein the second information indicates the set of beams having the single transmit beam.46.The device of claim 39 or claim 44 or claim 45, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to transmit third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams, wherein each transmit beam of the transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; and wherein the wireless communication is performed according to the transmission scheme.47.The device of claim 46, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.48.The device of any one of claims 38 to 47, wherein the device is a network device.49.A method for transmission, comprising:transmitting information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams;for each set of beams:receiving transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams, the transmission sent on the at least two transmit beams of the set; anddetermining a property of the transmission.50.The method of claim 49, wherein the information is first information, and wherein the method further comprises:based on the property determined for each set of beams, selecting a set of beams from the one or more sets of beams;transmitting second information indicating the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; andperforming a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.51.The method of claim 49 or 50, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining at least one of: channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.52.The method of claim 51, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining channel quality associated with the transmission, and wherein determining the channel quality associated with the transmission comprises:for each transmit beam of the set, measuring a sounding reference signal (SRS) from the transmit beam; anddetermining the channel quality from the SRS measured on each transmit beam.53.The method of claim 52, wherein determining the channel quality associated with the transmission further comprises using the SRS measured on each transmit beam to determine at least one of:total power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams;average power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams;an amount of cross-link interference between the receive beams that correspond to the transmit beams;a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) associated with the transmission;a communication rate associated with the transmission; ora communication error rate associated with the transmission.54.The method of any one of claims 51 to 53, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining feasibility of the transmission, and wherein determining the feasibility of the transmission comprises at least one of:receiving feedback indicating that the transmission is not feasible or determining that the received transmission has noise or interference above a threshold.55.The method of any one of claims 51 to 54, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining reliability associated with the transmission, and wherein determining the reliability comprises at least one of:determining a duration of time that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data;determining a probability that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data;determining whether one or more of the beams of the transmission is associated with interference;determining a blockage correlation between different beams of the transmission;determining an estimated correlation between different beams of the transmission;determining a SNR or SINR fluctuation associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a channel quality associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a communication rate associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a communication error rate associated with the beams of the transmission;determining an outage rate associated with the beams of the transmission; ordetermining a probability of a target data rate being satisfied for the beams of the transmission.56.The method of any one of claims 49 to 55, wherein based on the property determined for each set of beams, the method further comprises determining at least one of:a score for one or more sets of beams;the set of beams that has a highest score;a communication rate for one or more sets of beams;a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; orfor one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.57.The method of any one of claims 49 to 56, wherein the information indicating the one or more sets of beams is transmitted in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .58.The method of claim 50, wherein there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam, and wherein the method further comprises receiving a transmission sent on the single transmit beam and also determining the property for the transmission sent on the single transmit beam.59.The method of claim 58, wherein the second information indicates the set of beams having the single transmit beam.60.The method of claim 50 or claim 58 or claim 59, further comprising transmitting third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams, wherein each transmit beam of the transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; and wherein the wireless communication is performed according to the transmission scheme.61.The method of claim 60, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.62.A device comprising:at least one processor; anda memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the device to:transmit information indicating one or more sets of beams, each set of beams including at least two transmit beams, and each of the transmit beams having a corresponding one or more receive beams;for each set of beams:receive transmission on the one or more receive beams corresponding to each of the transmit beams, the transmission sent on the at least two transmit beams of the set; anddetermine a property of the transmission.63.The device of claim 62, wherein the information is first information, and wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to:based on the property determined for each set of beams, select a set of beams from the one or more sets of beams;transmit second information indicating the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams; andperform a wireless communication on the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams.64.The device of claim 62 or 63, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining at least one of:channel quality associated with the transmission, feasibility of the transmission, or reliability associated with the transmission.65.The device of claim 64, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining channel quality associated with the transmission, and wherein the device is to determine the channel quality associated with the transmission by performing operations including:for each transmit beam of the set, measuring a sounding reference signal (SRS) from the transmit beam; anddetermining the channel quality from the SRS measured on each transmit beam.66.The device of claim 65, wherein the device is to determine the channel quality associated with the transmission by using the SRS measured on each transmit beam to determine at least one of:total power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams;average power received on the one or more receive beams corresponding to the transmit beams;an amount of cross-link interference between the receive beams that correspond to the transmit beams;a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) associated with the transmission;a communication rate associated with the transmission; ora communication error rate associated with the transmission.67.The device of any one of claims 64 to 66, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining feasibility of the transmission, and wherein the device is to determine the feasibility of the transmission by at least one of:receiving feedback indicating that the transmission is not feasible or determining that the received transmission has noise or interference above a threshold.68.The device of any one of claims 64 to 67, wherein determining the property of the transmission comprises determining reliability associated with the transmission, and wherein the device is to determine the reliability by at least one of:determining a duration of time that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data;determining a probability that the beams of the transmission will remain useful for communicating data;determining whether one or more of the beams of the transmission is associated with interference;determining a blockage correlation between different beams of the transmission;determining an estimated correlation between different beams of the transmission;determining a SNR or SINR fluctuation associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a channel quality associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a communication rate associated with the beams of the transmission;determining a communication error rate associated with the beams of the transmission;determining an outage rate associated with the beams of the transmission; ordetermining a probability of a target data rate being satisfied for the beams of the transmission.69.The device of any one of claims 62 to 68, wherein based on the property determined for each set of beams, the device is to determine at least one of:a score for one or more sets of beams;the set of beams that has a highest score;a communication rate for one or more sets of beams;a recommendation for one or more sets of beams to be used for communication; orfor one or more of the sets of beams, an indication of whether that set of beams is valid.70.The device of any one of claims 62 to 69, wherein the information indicating the one or more sets of beams is for transmission in one or more quasi co-location (QCL) fields of downlink control information (DCI) .71.The device of claim 63, wherein there is also at least one set of beams having a single transmit beam, and wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to receive a transmission sent on the single transmit beam and also determine the property for the transmission sent on the single transmit beam.72.The device of claim 71, wherein the second information indicates the set of beams having the single transmit beam.73.The device of claim 63 or claim 71 or claim 72, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to transmit third information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on the transmit beams of the set of beams selected from the one or more sets of beams, wherein each transmit beam of the transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; and wherein the wireless communication is performed according to the transmission scheme.74.The device of claim 73, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.75.The device of any one of claims 62 to 74, wherein the device is a network device.76.A method comprising:receiving information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on multiple transmit beams, wherein each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; andperforming wireless communication according to the transmission scheme.77.The method of claim 76, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.78.The method of claim 76 or claim 77, wherein the transmission scheme is a first transmission scheme, and wherein the method further comprises subsequently receiving additional information indicating a second transmission scheme, wherein the additional information indicating the second transmission scheme is received in response to a reduction in a channel quality.79.The method of claim 78, wherein the method comprises transmitting an indication of the channel quality.80.The method of any one of claims 76 to 79, wherein the information indicating the transmission scheme is received in a downlink control information (DCI) .81.The method of any one of claims 76 to 80, further comprising receiving a HARQ ID that associates a transmission related to a TB on one transmit beam with another transmission related to the TB on a different transmit beam.82.An apparatus comprising:at least one processor; anda memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to:receive information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on multiple transmit beams, wherein each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; andperform wireless communication according to the transmission scheme.83.The apparatus of claim 82, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.84.The apparatus of claim 82 or claim 83, wherein the transmission scheme is a first transmission scheme, and wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the apparatus to subsequently receive additional information indicating a second transmission scheme, wherein the additional information indicating the second transmission scheme is received in response to a reduction in a channel quality.85.The apparatus of claim 84, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the apparatus to transmit an indication of the channel quality.86.The apparatus of any one of claims 82 to 85, wherein the information indicating the transmission scheme is to be received in a downlink control information (DCI) .87.The apparatus of any one of claims 82 to 86, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the apparatus to receive a HARQ ID that associates a transmission related to a TB on one transmit beam with another transmission related to the TB on a different transmit beam.88.The apparatus of any one of claims 82 to 87, wherein the apparatus is a user equipment (UE) .89.A method comprising:transmitting information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on multiple transmit beams, wherein each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; andperforming wireless communication according to the transmission scheme.90.The method of claim 89, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.91.The method of claim 89 or claim 90, wherein the transmission scheme is a first transmission scheme, and wherein the method further comprises subsequently transmitting additional information indicating a second transmission scheme, wherein the additional information indicating the second transmission scheme is transmitted in response to a reduction in a channel quality.92.The method of claim 91, wherein the method comprises receiving an indication of the channel quality.93.The method of any one of claims 89 to 92, wherein the information indicating the transmission scheme is transmitted in a downlink control information (DCI) .94.The method of any one of claims 89 to 93, further comprising transmitting a HARQ ID that associates a transmission related to a TB on one transmit beam with another transmission related to the TB on a different transmit beam.95.A device comprising:at least one processor; anda memory storing processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the device to:transmit information indicating a transmission scheme defining how one or more transport blocks (TBs) will be communicated on multiple transmit beams, wherein each transmit beam of the multiple transmit beams carries respective different bits, and wherein the bits carried on each transmit beam are based on a same one or more TBs; andperform wireless communication according to the transmission scheme.96.The device of claim 95, wherein the transmission scheme is one of:a transmission scheme in which incremental redundancy is used to transmit different redundancy versions (RVs) of a TB on different transmit beams;a transmission scheme in which systematic bits associated with a TB are transmitted on one transmit beam and parity bits associated with the TB are transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a modified version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which a first version of a TB is transmitted on one transmit beam and a different second version of the TB is transmitted on a different transmit beam;a transmission scheme in which one transmit beam carries a TB modified in a first way and a different transmit beam carries the TB modified in a second way; ora transmission scheme in which space-time coding is used to transmit a TB on multiple transmit beams.97.The device of claim 95 or claim 96, wherein the transmission scheme is a first transmission scheme, and wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to subsequently transmit additional information indicating a second transmission scheme, wherein the additional information indicating the second transmission scheme is transmitted in response to a reduction in a channel quality.98.The device of claim 97, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to receive an indication of the channel quality.99.The device of any one of claims 95 to 98, wherein the information indicating the transmission scheme is for transmission in a downlink control information (DCI) .100.The device of any one of claims 95 to 99, wherein the instructions, when executed, further cause the device to transmit a HARQ ID that associates a transmission related to a TB on one transmit beam with another transmission related to the TB on a different transmit beam.101.The device of any one of claims 95 to 100, wherein the device is network device.102.An apparatus configured with one or more means to perform any one of the method of claims 14-27, and 76-81.103.A device configured with one or more means to perform any one of the method of claims 28-37, 49-61, and 89-94.
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