Mine marking system

Abstract

The present invention relates to an assembly and a method for marking foreign bodies, in particular explosive ordnance, on the ground. The assembly consists of a rod assembly, a handling aid with a rod, which extends along the handling aid and is firmly connected thereto, an element for increasing visibility, located along the handling aid, little flags and receptacles for light sticks / lamps / barrier tape. A rod assembly can be integrated into a second rod assembly in order to extend the rod assembly. Another feature of the invention is the use of digitization and the combination with technologies such as QR codes or RFID chips in order to clearly, distinctly and permanently identify and localize the marked objects. This technology allows the centralized collection and processing of data and the coordination of measures taken for explosive ordnance neutralization. The system could also be used for other purposes such as planning and marking future military camp sites, and documenting and digitizing crime scenes or accident sites. Attaching a transmitter module to the rod assembly can be used to actively inform persons.

Description

Mine marking system

[0001] The invention relates to the methods and products specified in the preamble of the independent claims.

[0002] The current state of the art in explosive ordnance control and, in particular, mine marking is based on methods that may appear outdated in view of the rapidly evolving technology and the ever-increasing demands of the military and civilian environment.

[0003] Previous methods of mine marking in a military context rely heavily on manual processes and physical markers. Locations of explosive ordnance, particularly mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO), are identified and marked by soldiers, particularly by explosive ordnance reconnaissance (EOR) units. These markers serve to warn both friendly troops and the civilian population of potential dangers.

[0004] State-of-the-art technology involves the use of special, color-coded marking poles. These poles are typically about 600 mm long, weigh about 100 g, have a diameter of about 5 mm, and are made of metal. At the top of the pole is a ring-shaped eyelet with a diameter of about 35 mm. To mark the location of a discovered explosive ordnance, the pole is inserted into the ground near the object. A colored flag is attached to the pole to increase the visibility of the marker and provide specific information; for example, green indicates a marked path, yellow marks a searched area, and red signals the presence of explosive ordnance.

[0005] In addition to the physical marking, the discovering soldier must complete a report containing details such as the exact location of the ordnance, the type of ordnance (if known), the time of discovery, the reason for the placement or discharge of the ordnance, and any other observations or clues. This report is then written and submitted to the assigned explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) unit, which then assumes responsibility for the disposal of the ordnance.

[0006] The invention is set out in the appended claims. Technical task

[0007] The object underlying the invention concerns the identification, marking and subsequent mitigation or elimination of potential hazards, in particular with regard to munitions such as landmines or other explosive objects that have been deposited in or on the ground.

[0008] The traditional method of locating and marking explosive ordnance is time-consuming and potentially dangerous. It requires manual identification and marking of the location, often using improvised or inadequate means to mark the location. This can result in inaccurate or incomplete information about the exact location and type of the discovered object, which can lead to delays and hazards in defusing or removing the object.

[0009] Furthermore, there is a risk that the markers could be removed, moved, or tampered with by third parties, further compromising the safety of bomb disposal teams. Furthermore, these markers can be difficult to see or identify, especially in dense grass or difficult terrain.

[0010] Another problem is the lack of centralized documentation and processing of data on the identified objects and their precise locations. This can significantly complicate the coordination and planning of defusing or clearing operations.

[0011] Overall, there is an urgent need for an efficient, secure, and easy-to-use system for marking and documenting locations and for supporting the planning and execution of defusing or clearance operations. It should also offer a way to protect and secure the markings and associated data against tampering. Technical solution

[0012] As will become apparent from the following description, this problem is solved according to the characterizing part of the independent claims. Beneficial effects

[0013] All embodiments of the invention take the specific needs of operators and soldiers in explosive ordnance disposal into account. Compared to the state of the art, the mine marking system achieves significant improvements, particularly in terms of material selection, mechanics, and digitalization.

[0014] First of all, the use of plastics and fiber composite materials offers, in addition to the significant weight reduction compared to previous solutions, the advantage of magnetic neutrality, which eliminates interference with the mine detector.

[0015] In terms of mechanics, the handle module or handling aid is firmly connected to the rod and the flag, allowing for a central and clear arrangement of all functional elements. This not only simplifies handling of the system but also helps accelerate work progress. Furthermore, the mushroom-shaped geometry of the handle module allows the rod to be inserted into the ground without additional tools and provides a potential impact surface for pushing the rod deeper into the ground. Winding the flag around the handle module and securing it with the locking element prevents uncontrolled unwinding of the flag. The mine marking system is therefore lightweight and compact to transport. Furthermore, no separate fixing material is required.

[0016] The ability to combine multiple mine marking systems into a set and carry them in suitable containers, such as a bag, also facilitates transport and storage. Furthermore, the mine marking system can be easily integrated into the operator's equipment, enabling quick and efficient marking of minefields.

[0017] If the flags are required in different colors depending on the situation, for example yellow, green, white, red, etc., it is possible to take the flag required on site from a set of flags carried along and attach it to the handling aid or handle module in the field.

[0018] The use of digitalization technologies is another significant advantage of the proposed mine-marking system. By affixing a unique and permanent QR code or a similar, distinctive marking to each mine-marking system, for example, on the handling aid or handle module and / or on any element that increases visibility, such as a flag, important information such as the exact position of the mines can be recorded and stored, particularly using a dedicated app. Furthermore, this reference can be used to store additional information, such as observations, object descriptions, and images. This not only allows for immediate and centralized collection and processing of data, but also for coordinated and efficient further processing, ultimately facilitating the defusing of the marked mines.

[0019] Finally, incorporating an electronic storage medium such as an RFID chip into the handle module / handling aid significantly increases the security of the overall process, as the data or position data stored on it can be used to confirm that the mine marking system has not been moved or replaced due to tampering. A passive RFID tag, which does not require its own power supply for the handle module, is particularly suitable.

[0020] shows the front view of a first rod assembly with wound flag.

[0021] shows the front view of the first rod assembly with the unwound, single-colored flag.

[0022] shows the from the left.

[0023] shows the front view of the first rod assembly with the locking element released.

[0024] shows the first rod assembly with secured barrier tape.

[0025] shows the front view of the first rod assembly into which another first rod assembly is inserted.

[0026] shows with a glow stick mounted horizontally.

[0027] shows rear view of with glow stick as locked into recess.

[0028] shows an upper section of the handle module of the first rod assembly with a vertically inserted glow stick.

[0029] shows a section of a handle module with two glow sticks “latched in” on the side and another free interface for a glow stick.

[0030] shows front view of a second rod assembly with unwound, two-colored flag, bent glow stick and elastic locking cord.

[0031] shows from the left.

[0032] shows from above.

[0033] shows an isometric view from below.

[0034] shows with QR code on the flag as well as in the handling aid / in the handle module permanently integrated RFID chip / transmitter module. Description of the execution types

[0035] A summary of the drawings 1 to 10 illustrates the structure of a first rod assembly (10) according to the invention for marking foreign bodies, in particular munitions, on the ground.

[0036] A rod (20) runs along the underside of the rod assembly (10), which can be made of metal or wood. However, the rod (20) is preferably made of a fiber-reinforced, preferably glass-fiber-reinforced, composite material. This rod (20) serves to securely anchor the rod assembly (10) in the ground and ensure the necessary stability.

[0037] The rod (20) preferably has a cylindrical cross-section and is preferably made of solid material, but may also have any other cross-section, for example a square cross-section, a rectangular cross-section, a T-shaped cross-section or a cross-shaped cross-section.

[0038] The rod (20) can also be designed as a hollow body (20) and thus as a tube (20).

[0039] In the upper region of the rod assembly (10), a handle module (11) or a handling aid (11) is preferably arranged on the rod (20). This handle module may be elongated and mushroom-shaped (12) and thus blunt on its upper side. This shape serves to improve comfort when handling the rod assembly (10) and also serves as a pressure surface when the rod (20) is driven into the ground. It is understood that the rod (20) itself can also fulfill this function; in this case, its upper section is to be regarded as an integral handle module (11).

[0040] An element for increasing visibility (23), for example a flag (23), made of a thermoplastic film, such as a polyethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, or polyester film, is preferably arranged along the handle module (11). The flag (23) can also be made of a thermosetting film, a plastic fabric, a textile fabric, any material, at least one plastic plate, or the like. The flag (23) serves as a visible marking element and can also bear information or markings—such as, for example and preferably, a QR code (26)—which are necessary for clear and permanent, and thus unmistakable, identification or further processing.

[0041] The QR code can preferably be printed on the flag (23), but can also be applied to the flag (23) in any other way, such as with a laser or with a sticker.

[0042] The flag (23) can be single-colored, such as yellow, green, white, red, etc., but is preferably at least bicolored, partially in a signal color (24), such as red, and partially in a contrasting color (25), such as white, to increase visibility even at greater distances. Applied color patterns can also be repeated.

[0043] The handle module (11) can also – like the flag (23) – carry information or markings that are necessary for clear, unmistakable and permanent identification or further processing.

[0044] The flag (23) itself or the position of the flag (23) can be fixed by a position-adjustable, for example pivotable, locking element (15) mounted on the handle module (11). The locking element (15) also allows the flag (23) to be secured in a wound position around the handle module (11), from which it can be unwound as needed.

[0045] Furthermore, the handle module (11) can have at least one preferably integral interface (13), for example a suspension or holding eyelet (13), for example for a glow stick (30) and / or a lamp (30). The suspension or holding eyelets (13) can be designed such that glow sticks (30) and / or lamps (30) of different sizes and diameters can be inserted through the recesses (13) or snapped into the receptacles (13) and can then be securely held on the handle module (11) and thus on the rod assembly (10). This detail demonstrates the sophisticated functionality of the rod assembly (10), which is designed for practical and versatile use.

[0046] The various components of the rod assembly (10), i.e. the handle module (11), the rod (20), the flag (23) and the locking element (15), are preferably firmly connected to one another and are preferably made of plastic or fiber composite material in order to ensure a robust yet lightweight construction.

[0047] For digital tracking and processing of the foreign bodies marked with the rod assembly (10), the rod assembly (10) is preferably uniquely marked by a passive RFID tag (27) in or on the handle module (11), on which, for example, contact information for explosive ordnance disposal can also be stored. It is understood that the marking may also be implemented using another storage medium or a QR code (26) on the flag (23) or the handle module (11) without departing from the scope of the invention; the same applies to an assembly (10) without any marking (26, 27).

[0048] In a further variant, for example, an active, electronic transmitter module (27), for example and preferably with an integrated GPS transmitter / receiver module, can be attached to the handle module (11) and thus to the rod assembly (10), which continuously or cyclically transmits a signal to warn people, equipped for example with a suitable app on their smartphone or people with special receiving devices, of foreign objects found, in particular explosive devices that have been marked with the rod assembly (10).

[0049] The transmitter module (27) can be activated and thus switched on by the operator after the rod assembly (10) has been inserted into the ground to mark foreign objects, in particular explosive devices.

[0050] In this case, for example, the coordinates of foreign bodies found, in particular explosive ordnance, which have been marked with the rod assembly (10), can be displayed directly on the smartphone and / or the receiving device and / or the rod assembly (10) which marks the foreign bodies found, in particular explosive ordnance, can be located.

[0051] The attachment of an electronic transmitter module (27) does not affect the previously described, unique, unmistakable, and permanent identification of the rod assembly (10). All described components can be attached to the rod assembly (10) independently of one another and can be used independently of one another and / or together.

[0052] In one variant, the tasks of an RFID chip (27) can be taken over by the electronic transmission module (27) and / or such a chip (27) can be an integral part of the electronic transmission module (27).

[0053] The handle module (11), the rod (20), the flag (23), and the locking element (15) are made, for example, of plastic, with at least the rod (20) preferably being glass fiber reinforced due to its mechanical load and being joined to the handle module (11) in the same way as the flag (23) and the locking element (15). For this purpose, the flag (23) can be attached to the handle module (11) - preferably after applying contact information for explosive ordnance defense and a unique code - by, for example, locking it to the handle module (11), clamping it to the locking element (15), or molding it onto it during the injection molding process. In one variant, for example, the handle module (11) and the flag (23) could be made as a single piece, i.e., from the same material, for example, a thermoplastic or fiber composite material.In a further variant, for example, the handle module (11) and rod (20) could be made of one piece, i.e., the same material, such as a thermoplastic or fiber composite. In a further variant, biological or bio-based materials, such as natural fibers, could be used to manufacture the described components: handle module (11), rod (20), flag (23), and locking element (15). A combination of these variants is also possible.

[0054] A set of flags, for example, in different colors, can be carried. During operations, a flag in the desired color can be taken from the set depending on the situation and attached to the handling aid or handle module on site.

[0055] Particularly preferably, the element for increasing visibility (23) or the flag (23), the rod (20) and the RFID chip (27) are inserted into the injection mold and the handle module (11) is injection molded using the injection molding process, preferably with at least one interface for receiving a glow stick (30) and / or a lamp (30) and / or a rod (20) of a second rod assembly (10) and / or a locking element (15).

[0056] As delivered, the flag (23) is preferably wound around the handle module (11) and secured in this position with the locking element (15). This prevents it from unwinding uncontrollably.

[0057] Several such rod assemblies (10) can be combined into a set and packed, for example, in a suitable bag or pouch. The bags or pouches containing the rod assemblies (10) can be stored, for example, in a leg pocket, bag, or in or on the operator's backpack.

[0058] The function and use of the system in mine marking will now be explained in detail with reference to the drawings. Typically, the operator carries several rod assemblies (10) in the delivery state shown in Figure 1, which are stored, for example, in a leg pocket or in or on a backpack. This allows for quick access and promotes work progress.

[0059] If the operator encounters a foreign object in or on the ground, they pick up a rod assembly (10). They grasp the handle module (11) and release the locking element (15), allowing the flag (23) to unwind. All of these functional elements are clearly arranged and centrally mounted. When the locking element (15) is folded back in, the configuration shown in Figure 2 is created.

[0060] The operator then presses the blunt top surface (12) of the handle module (11) with the heel of their hand to drive the rod (20) into the ground (not shown). This mushroom-shaped geometry (12) of the handle module (11) can also be used as a striking surface (12) for inserting the rod (20) into the ground.

[0061] If necessary, the operator can unwind a barrier tape (29) from the vehicle, attach it to the side of the handle module (11), and secure it with the locking element (15) (Figure 5). The barrier tape (29) does not need to be threaded through, and the barrier tape's reel body (29) does not obstruct the vehicle's path.

[0062] The rod assembly (10) is designed such that a further rod assembly (10) can be inserted with its rod (20) into the upper side (12) of the handle module (11) of another rod assembly (10). Preferably, a locking lug (14) arranged in the handle module (11) of the lower rod assembly (10) engages in a contrary locking groove (22) on the underside of the rod (20) inserted into the handle module (11). This prevents the upper rod assembly (10) from leaving the lower rod assembly (10) in an uncontrolled manner, particularly in strong winds.

[0063] This extension option is particularly useful when an object to be marked is located in tall grass and therefore requires an elevation of the marking position.

[0064] It is understood that the extension of the rod assembly (10) can also be achieved, for example, by a separate extension element (not shown) which can be connected to the rod (20) or, for example, with a telescopic rod (20) (not shown).

[0065] The aforementioned at least one suspension or holding eyelet (13) on the handle module (11) offers the operator the option of attaching a glow stick (30) or a lamp (30). This allows the rod assembly (10) to be better and earlier detected, especially at dusk or at night.

[0066] The receiving geometry and thus interface in the top side (12) of the handle module (11) in order to be able to insert a second rod assembly (10) with its rod (20) (), can also be used to hold a glow stick (30) or a lamp (30) ().

[0067] Beyond these mechanical functions, the clear, unmistakable and permanent marking (26, 27) on / in the handle module (11) and / or flags (23) opens up considerable digitalization potential, which benefits the operator and the entire explosive ordnance disposal unit.

[0068] For this purpose, the unique and permanent identification (26, 27) is scanned or read, for example, using a standard smartphone, and stored, for example, via a special "bombardment control app." The position coordinates are also automatically stored. A wrist-mounted mini-computer or a "smartwatch" could also be used for this purpose.

[0069] The operator also has the option of adding additional information to the respective location. This could include messages, observations, anomalies, clues, object descriptions, images, etc. This allows all object information to be collected centrally and processed without delay. The resulting work at the designated locations, such as the defusing of a mine, can be coordinated centrally.

[0070] The images captured by the phone's camera are continuously compared with a database managed locally on the smartphone or externally, for example, in the cloud. Image recognition software equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) then determines the type and model of ammunition potentially found by the user, allowing this information to be immediately overlaid on the image provided by the smartphone's camera. When the shutter button is pressed, the information displayed—e.g., at the bottom of the image to avoid obscuring anything—is saved with the image file and can be shared with it. This information serves as a reference for the expert user to better assess the threat situation.

[0071] In an advanced embodiment, glasses-like mixed or augmented reality viewing devices ("AR headsets") are used, which offer the user the ability to display information directly in their field of vision. The lenses remain transparent but overlay images or text onto the real environment. A device of this type designed for civilian purposes, for example, is marketed by Microsoft Corporation under the name "HoloLens." The functions described below could be implemented based on such a commercially available headset; AR contact lenses or tactical glasses with ballistic lenses could also be used.

[0072] In this application, the wearer of such an AR headset is shown threats in the terrain that have been detected or already marked by the software. For example, if they look into a field in which several objects have been marked, this landscape is overlaid with symbols that allow them to intuitively locate the marked objects within the landscape. The wearer's distance from the stored location of the object can also be displayed in this way. In addition, information or images stored by the marker can be displayed. This enables members of the military, non-governmental organizations, and the civilian population to immediately recognize threats in their surroundings without the need for a map or display, as they are displayed directly in their field of vision.

[0073] The information system also enables EOD units and their troop formations to access all available information at any time and without delay. After completion of work at the respective location, the explosive ordnance disposal app can be used to report the completion to the central coordination office.

[0074] When a mine marking system (10) is embedded in the ground near an object to be marked, the determined object information, and in particular the position coordinates, are also stored, possibly automatically, on the chip (27). The data can be encrypted completely or partially upon storage, for example according to a hierarchical authorization concept. This allows emergency services to quickly determine at a later time what object information is available and, in particular, whether the mine marking system (10) is still in the same, original location. This makes it possible to quickly determine whether the mine marking system (10) has been moved to another location, for example, by a third party, or whether several mine marking systems (10) have been swapped.

[0075] As an alternative to an inserted chip (27), the data can also be stored in a database or blockchain, which, however, requires a network connection.

[0076] In addition, the system offers other possible applications, such as planning and marking a future camp setup for the troops or the optimal position for a vehicle or ammunition depot.

[0077] The mine marking system (10) can also be used for forensic documentation of crime scenes and / or accident sites. For example, the mine marking system (10) can be used to reliably mark the location of corpse discovery sites, body parts, shell casings, murder weapons, clothing, vehicles, vehicle parts, lanes, etc.

[0078] A very efficient and error-free digitization of forensic investigation results can be ensured by the mine marking system (10).

[0079] A summary of drawings 11 to 15 shows a structure of a second rod assembly (18) according to the invention for marking foreign bodies, in particular munitions, on the ground.

[0080] In the minimalist design of the second rod assembly (18), particular emphasis was placed on ensuring that the weight can be further reduced compared to the first rod assembly (10) without having to forego essential features of the rod assembly (10) already shown.

[0081] In particular, the handle module (11) was designed to be very slim and the locking element (15) was replaced by an equally easy-to-use stretchable band (19) or a rubber element (19).

[0082] The stretchable band (19) or the rubber element (19) can serve not only to fix a wound-up flag (23) and / or a barrier tape (29), but also to fix a glow stick (30) and / or a lamp (30) to the handle module (11).

[0083] The possibility of inserting a second rod assembly (18) into a first rod assembly (18) in the upper side (12) of the handle module (11) is not shown in this embodiment.

[0084] With the embodiment of the rod assembly (18), a weight of the mine marking system (10) of ≤ 50% compared to the prior art can be achieved.

[0085] Reference Symbol Description 10 Mine marking system; first rod assembly; rod assembly 11 Grip module; handling aid 12 Mushroom head; blunt top; striking surface 13 Recess; receptacle; interface; suspension and holding eyelet 14 Latching lug 15 Locking element 16 Pivot bearing 17 Latching area 18 Second rod assembly 19 Stretchable band; elastic cord; rubber element 20 Rod; tube 21 Tip 22 Latching groove 23 Element for increasing visibility; flag 24 Signal color (e.g. red) 25 Contrast color (e.g. white) 26 QR code 27 RFID chip; storage medium, transmitter module 29 Barrier tape 30 Glow stick, lamp 31 Band / cord end

Claims

Rod assembly (10, 18) for marking foreign bodies, in particular munitions, on the ground, preferably equipped with a handling aid (11) and / or an element for increasing visibility (23), wherein at least one component of the rod assembly (10, 18) is equipped with at least one clear, unmistakable and permanent, preferably digital, marking (26, 27). Rod assembly (10, 18) according to claim 1 with a storage medium (27), preferably a passive RFID tag (27) in or on the handling aid (11), wherein the marking (26, 27) is stored on the storage medium (27) and / or a QR code (26) is on the element for increasing the visibility (23) and / or the handling aid (11). Rod assembly (10, 18) according to claims 1 and 2, wherein the handling aid (11) is an elongated handle module (11) with a preferably blunt upper side (12) and the rod assembly (10, 18) comprises a rod (20) running opposite the upper side (12) in an extension of the handle module (11) and / or an element for increasing visibility (23) preferably arranged on the handle module (11), wherein the handle module (11), the rod (20) and the element for increasing visibility (23) are particularly preferably permanently and firmly connected to the rod assembly (10, 18). Rod assembly (10, 18) according to claims 1 to 3, wherein the rod (20) consists of a fiber-reinforced, preferably glass-fiber-reinforced fiber composite material. Rod assembly (10, 18) according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the element for increasing the visibility (23) consists of thermoplastic and / or thermosetting film and / or plastic fabric and / or textile fabric and / or any material and / or at least one plastic plate. Rod assembly (10, 18) according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the handling aid (11) is designed on the upper side to receive the rod of a further, identical rod assembly (10), and preferably has at least one interface (13), for example for receiving a glow stick (30) and / or a lamp (30), or a locking element (15) in order to secure an element for increasing the visibility (23) in the wound-up position and / or a barrier tape and / or a glow stick (30) and / or a lamp (30). A rod assembly (10, 18) according to claim 2, arranged to determine its location and store its coordinates on the storage medium (27) when the rod (20) is driven into the ground, and to redetermine the location at a later time and compare it with the coordinates stored on the storage medium (27) to determine whether it has been moved to a different location. Method for producing the rod assembly (10, 18) according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized by the following steps: at least the handling aid (11) is produced by injection molding and the rod (20) and the element for increasing visibility (23) are joined to the handling aid (11). Method according to the preceding claim, wherein particularly preferably in injection molding the element for increasing the visibility (23), the rod (20) and the RFID chip (27) are inserted into the injection mold and the handling aid (11) is injection molded with preferably at least one interface for receiving a glow stick (30) and / or a lamp (30) and / or a rod (20) of a second rod assembly (10, 18) and / or a locking element (15). A method for using the rod assembly (10, 18) according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized by the following steps: The rod assembly (10, 18) is stowed, for example, in a leg pocket, bag, or in or on a backpack; a foreign body in or on the ground is detected; the rod assembly (10, 18) is grasped with one hand; the element for increasing visibility (23) is unwound or unfolded, for example by releasing a locking element (15); the rod (20) is driven into the ground, for example by pressing on the upper side (12) with the ball of the hand; and, if necessary, barrier tape (29) is applied laterally to the handling aid (11) and secured with the locking element (15); and, if necessary, a glow stick (30) or a lamp (30) is activated and attached to the rod assembly (10, 18). Method according to the preceding claim 10, wherein the rod (20) of a further, identical rod assembly (10, 18) is inserted into the upper side (12) of the handling aid (11). Method according to claims 10 to 11, wherein the marking (26, 27) is scanned or read out by means of a smartphone and / or minicomputer and is stored centrally or decentrally, for example in a blockchain, together with associated location coordinates and with images of the foreign body and preferably further information on the marked assembly (10, 18). The method of claim 12, wherein image recognition software compares the image recordings with a database of known munitions to obtain information about the foreign object, and the smartphone displays the image recordings of the foreign object together with the information. Method according to the preceding claims 10 to 13, wherein the location coordinates are stored, preferably automatically and / or with an external aid, on a storage medium (27) in or on the rod assembly (10, 18) when its rod (20) has been driven into the ground. Method according to claims 10 to 14, wherein the stored location coordinates of the rod assembly (10, 18) are compared with the actual location coordinates of the rod assembly (10, 18) before removal or defusing of the foreign body.

Images