Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a reception unit that receives information for a plurality of repetitions of a signal for sensing; and a control unit that controls reception of one or more repetitions among the plurality of repetitions on the basis of the information and controls the sensing on the basis of the one or more repetitions.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] Wireless sensing is being considered in future wireless communication systems (e.g., NR).

[0006] However, the details of wireless sensing have not been fully explored. If the details of wireless sensing are not clear, there is a risk that the sensing quality / communication quality will be degraded.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objects of the present disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that improve the resolution / accuracy of wireless sensing.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure has a receiving unit that receives information for multiple repetitions of a signal for sensing, and a control unit that controls the reception of one or more of the multiple repetitions based on the information, and controls the sensing based on the one or more repetitions.

[0009] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, the resolution / accuracy of wireless sensing can be improved.

[0010] FIGS. 1A and 1B show an example of a monostatic sensing scenario at a BS or a UE. FIGS. 2A and 2B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between BSs or between UEs. FIGS. 3A and 3B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between a BS and a UE. FIG. 4 shows an example of DMRS bundling. FIG. 5 shows an example of a transmit antenna design for implementing VA. FIGS. 6A and 6B show an example of transmit and receive antenna arrangements. FIG. 7 shows an example of a ULA antenna. FIGS. 8A and 8B show an example of antenna ports according to Options 1-1-1 and 1-1-2. FIG. 9 shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-3-1. FIG. 10 shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-3-2. FIG. 11 shows an example of sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A1-2. FIGS. 12A and 12B show an example of antenna port usage according to embodiment A2. FIGS. 13A and 13B are diagrams illustrating another example of antenna port usage according to embodiment A2. FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of resources for multiple sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-1. FIGS. 15A and 15B are diagrams illustrating an example of resource allocation according to embodiment A3-2-1. FIGS. 16A and 16B are diagrams illustrating an example of signal allocation to sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-2-2. FIG. 17 illustrates an example of Option 1-1 according to embodiment B1-2-1. FIGS. 18A to 18C illustrate an example of Option 1-2 according to embodiment B1-2-1. FIGS. 19A to 19C illustrate an example of Option 1-3 according to embodiment B1-2-1. FIG. 20 illustrates an example of FDRA according to embodiment B1-2-2. FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate an example of FDRA mapping according to embodiment B1-2-2. FIG. 22 illustrates an example of Option 2-1 according to embodiment B1-2-2. Figures 23A and 23B show an example of option 2-2, K=4, and M=4 in embodiment B1-2-2. Figures 24A and 24B show an example of options 2-3 and 2-4 in embodiment B1-2-2. Figures 25A and 25B show an example of repetition type / use. Figure 26 shows another example of repetition type / use.FIGS. 27A and 27B show an example of embodiment B1-3-4. FIGS. 28A and 28B show an example of option 1 of embodiment B1-4. FIGS. 29 and 29B show an example of option 2 of embodiment B1-4. FIG. 30 shows an example of option 3 of embodiment B1-4. FIG. 31 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. FIG. 32 is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. FIG. 33 is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 34 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 35 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0011] Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) The motivation for ISAC is to achieve high sensing performance and new / extended services by using various frequencies and cellular network equipment, and to optimize network parameters by analyzing real-time sensing data. Use cases and possible requirements for extending 5G systems to provide sensing services to address different target industries / applications are considered, and some use cases may also include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, camera).

[0012] For example, use case 1 is sensing for tourist destination traffic management. For example, use case 2 is intruder detection in a smart home environment.

[0013] ISAC considers sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing. Sensing-assisted communication includes sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation. Communication-assisted sensing includes network sensing and coordinated sensing. To achieve these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL) radio access technology (RAT), frame structure, and reference signals are considered. Furthermore, shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms for ISAC are considered, including higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing.

[0014] In ISAC, the challenges are unified waveforms that simultaneously meet the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirp signals), ISAC beamforming that simultaneously realizes communication (e.g., transmit signals, receive signals) and sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmit signals, reflected signals) through beamforming, and interference suppression between them, and CSI mining by AI that uses AI / DL networks to extract sensing information from channel information for communication (e.g., UL transmit signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals).

[0015] Three types of radar and communication systems have been considered based on whether the communication and radar (sensing) systems share hardware / bandwidth. The three types are independent radar and communication systems (independent systems), joint radar and communication systems (joint systems), and integrated radar and communication systems (integrated systems). In the following, we focus on ISAC systems, in which hardware and bandwidth are shared between the radar and communication systems.

[0016] (Wireless Sensing) Wireless sensing based on communication radio waves is a key means to enable the prospect of 6G cyber physical systems (CPS). ISAC can be realized by 5G-advanced (A) and 6G with the development of higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. The design of ISAC waveforms and sensing RS is a key technology for realizing wireless sensing.

[0017] Use cases for ISAC include the metaverse, high altitude platform station (HAPS) sensing, and crowd estimation. HAPS can be an aircraft with an altitude of about 20 km and can be used in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs).

[0018] HAPS sensing realizes ultra-remote distance sensing using echo signals based on the support of communication functions. Considering that the sensing distance depends on the strength of the echo signal, a sensing form or sensing sequence with an extremely low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is required to improve the SNR of the echo signal under a given transmission power.

[0019] (Sensing Method) Conventional communication systems include communication between one BS (base station, gNB) and one UE, and joint transmission between multiple BSs and one UE. Conventional radar systems include monostatic radars in which one radar transmits a radar signal and the radar receives an echo from a sensing target, and bistatic radars / multistatic radars in which one radar transmits a radar signal and one or more radars receive an echo from a sensing target.

[0020] Independent systems use separate hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications, which may be co-located or in separate locations.

[0021] A joint system uses the same hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications.

[0022] A unified system uses the same hardware and the same frequency bands for radar and communications.

[0023] Sensing in the ISAC system can be realized by any of the following sensing methods: - Monostatic sensing: Monostatic sensing using the idea of ​​monostatic radar. This sensing method requires one BS or one UE and performs sensing using echo signals. In this sensing method, there is no BS-to-BS, UE-to-UE, or BS-to-UE cooperation. A use case of this sensing method is, for example, imaging using terahertz. - Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing: Bistatic / multistatic sensing using bistatic radar / multistatic radar. This sensing method requires two or more BSs or two or more UEs and performs sensing using reflected signals. A use case of this sensing method is, for example, positioning. - UE-assisted sensing: UE-assisted sensing using the idea of ​​NR positioning. This sensing method requires a BS and a UE, and sensing is performed via communication (UL / DL) signals. This sensing method operates within the existing 5G NR framework. This sensing method requires a UE, and both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) sensing require high computational complexity. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, breath monitoring.

[0024] [Monostatic Sensing] This sensing method includes BS (gNB) monostatic sensing (FIG. 1A) and UE monostatic sensing (FIG. 1B).

[0025] A scenario suitable for monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: - The sensing target is in the vicinity of the sensing BS / UE and high or medium SNR of the echo signal is required. - The target may not have communication capabilities.

[0026] The capacity requirements for monostatic sensing have the following characteristics: - High capacity is required due to full duplex at the BS or UE.

[0027] The performance of monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: - High accuracy due to the absence of quantization - Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal - Latency is short.

[0028] [Bistatic Sensing / Multistatic Sensing] This sensing method includes bistatic sensing from BS to BS (BS-BS, BS1-BS2, gNB-to-gNB, gNB1-to-gNB2) (Figure 2A), bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-BS, UE-to-gNB) (Figure 2B), bistatic sensing from BS to UE (BS-UE, gNB-to-UE) (Figure 3A), and bistatic sensing from UE to UE (UE-UE, UE1-UE2, UE-to-UE, UE1-to-UE2) (Figure 3B).

[0029] A scenario suitable for BS-BS bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: - Tight synchronization and coordination between BSs is required, and scheduling coordination among multiple BSs is necessary. - The target may not have communication capabilities.

[0030] The capacity requirements for BS-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: - Low capacity can be realized due to half duplex - High capacity is required due to synchronization between BSs.

[0031] The performance of BS-BS bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: - High accuracy due to no quantization - Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal - Latency is moderate.

[0032] Scenarios suitable for UE-BS, BS-UE and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: - It requires communicating UEs to be around the target.

[0033] The capacity requirements for UE-BS bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: - Low capacity can be achieved due to half duplex - High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0034] The capacity requirements for BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: - Low capacity can be realized due to half duplex. - The UE needs sufficient computational resources and high accuracy in detecting reflected signals. - High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0035] The performance of UE-BS, BS-UE and UE-UE bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: - Medium accuracy due to quantization of feedback values ​​- Accuracy is related to configured resources and UE location - Long latency.

[0036] In each of the embodiments described below, the following scenarios and assumptions may be used: - In ISAC scenarios, communication and sensing functions are required. - For low complexity and backward compatibility, TDD (half duplex) may be assumed instead of full duplex at the BS and UE.

[0037] In a TDD-based ISAC system, sensing signals and reflected / echo signals are preferably transmitted and received in different time resources. For example, in BS-based sensing, including monostatic BS sensing and bistatic BS1-to-BS2 sensing, sensing signals are preferably transmitted in DL time resources, and reflected / echo signals are preferably received in UL time resources. For example, in UE-based sensing, including monostatic UE sensing and bistatic UE1-to-UE2 sensing, sensing signals are preferably transmitted in UL time resources, and reflected / echo signals are preferably received in DL time resources. In bistatic BS-to-UE sensing, DL time resources are preferably used for sensing. In bistatic UE-to-DL sensing, UL time resources are preferably used for sensing.

[0038] (Key performance indicators (KPIs) for sensing (from a use case perspective)) ISAC's KPIs are the area or range coverage of the sensing service, resolution (distance / speed), latency, refreshing rate, probability of non-detection or detection, confidence level, and false detection.

[0039] The KPIs considered for NR positioning were location accuracy, velocity accuracy, heading accuracy, timestamp accuracy, availability, latency, time to first decision, update rate, power consumption, energy per decision, and system scalability.

[0040] Different KPIs may be applied to different use cases. Some KPIs for sensing and positioning may be the same. The same KPIs may be applied to at least some of the use cases in sensing and positioning. Therefore, the design for NR positioning may be the baseline for sensing.

[0041] (NR Communication Frame Structure) In NR, a radio frame is fixed at 10 ms, a subframe is fixed at 1 ms, and a slot is defined as 14 OFDM symbols.

[0042] The numerology and CP length define the time characteristics of the OFDM symbol and the frequency characteristics of the PRB. The numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS) setting) is μ = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (SCS Δf = 2 μ - 15kHz is one of the following (corresponding to 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 960 [kHz] respectively). The SCS and symbol / slot duration change with numerology. The CP length is either normal CP or extended CP. When normal CP is used, the number of symbols per slot is 14. When extended CP is used, the number of symbols per slot is 12. Extended CP is only supported with 60kHz SCS (μ=2).

[0043] T c =1 / (Δf max ・N f ), Δf max =480kHz, N f = 4096, constant κ = T s / T c , T s =1 / (Δf ref ・N f,ref ), Δf ref =15kHz, N f,ref = 2018, the normal CP length is (144κ·2 -μ +16κ)・T c and 144κ 2 in the remaining symbols. -μ ・T c The extended CP length is 512κ・2 -μ ・T c The OFDM symbol length is 2048κ·2 -μ ・T cIn FR1, μ is 0 to 2. In FR2-1, μ is 2 to 4, with μ=4 used for SS / PBCH blocks only. In FR2-2, μ is 3 to 6.

[0044] The slot format defines the UL / DL / flexible resource allocation within one slot (14 OFDM symbols). The slot format indicates how each of the multiple symbols within a single slot is used (which symbols are used for UL and which symbols are used for DL ​​within a particular slot). Existing standards allow 61 predefined combinations of multiple symbols within a slot.

[0045] The guard period (GP) is the switching gap between UL and DL. The UL / DL transition time defined in the existing specifications is 13.02 μs for FR1 and 7.01 μs for FR2. UEs that are not capable of full-duplex communication should wait N seconds from the end of the last received DL symbol. Rx-Tx T c Transmitting an UL in the same cell earlier than later, or N from the end of the last transmitted UL symbol. Tx-Rx T c It is not expected to transmit UL in the same cell earlier than later.

[0046] The duration of the guard period must provide for the following four effects: - the air propagation time (T proc - Sufficient transition time (T) when the transmitter changes between the defined ON / OFF power levels. off->on , T on->off - Enough time for change between transmission and reception modes at the UE and BS (T Tx->Rx , T RX->Tx - Arrangement of margin for cell phase synchronization error (T sync ).

[0047] From the perspective of lower layers, there are some constraints (or considerations): - A guard period of a certain length (a certain number of guard symbols) is required when switching from DL to UL to avoid collisions between DL reception and UL transmission. - A guard period is not required when switching from UL to DL. A timing advance (TA) is used to align DL and UL. An RF propagation delay of around 300 ms to 1 μs is assumed.

[0048] (DMRS bundling: Physical layer procedures for data / Physical uplink shared channel related procedure / UE procedure for transmitting the physical uplink shared channel / UE procedure for determining time domain windows for bundling DM-RS (Rel. 17)) [Nominal TDW] When pusch-DMRS-Bundling is enabled for PUSCH transmission of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with a configured grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing over multiple (TBoMS), and when PUCCH-DMRS-Bundling is enabled for PUCCH transmission of PUCCH repetition, the UE determines one or more nominal (planned) time domain windows (TDWs) as follows:

[0049] - For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A, PUSCH repetition type B, and TBoMS, the duration of each nominal TDW, except the last nominal TDW, expressed in number of consecutive slots, is as follows: -- If pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength is configured, its duration is given by it. -- If pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength is not configured, its duration is calculated as min(maxDurationDMRS-Bundling,M), where maxDurationDMRS-Bundling is the maximum duration of the nominal TDW according to the UE capabilities. M is the duration in consecutive slots of N·K PUSCH transmissions, where N and K are as follows: -- For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A, N=1 and K is the number of repetitions. --- For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type B, N=1 and K is the nominal number of repetitions. --- For PUSCH transmissions of TBoMS, N is the number of slots used for transport block size (TBS) determination and K is the number of repetitions of the number of slots N used for TBS determination.

[0050] - For PUCCH transmission of a PUCCH repetition, the duration of each nominal TDW, except the last nominal TDW, expressed in number of consecutive slots, is given by pucch-TimeDomainWindowLength, if configured. - If pucch-TimeDomainWindowLength is not configured, its duration is calculated as min(maxDurationDMRS-Bundling,M), where maxDurationDMRS-Bundling is the maximum duration of the nominal TDW according to the UE capabilities, and M is the duration in consecutive slots from the first slot determined for PUCCH transmission of the PUCCH repetition to the last slot determined for PUCCH transmission of the PUCCH repetition.

[0051] - For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 and PUSCH repetition type A with configuration grant when AvailableSlotCounting is enabled, and for PUSCH transmissions of TBoMS, the nominal TDW shall be as follows: -- The start of the first nominal TDW is the first slot determined for the first PUSCH transmission. -- The end of the last nominal TDW is the last slot determined for the last PUSCH transmission. -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the first slot determined for a PUSCH transmission after the last slot determined for a PUSCH transmission of the previous nominal TDW.

[0052] - For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 and PUSCH repetition type A with a configured grant when the UE is not configured with AvailableSlotCounting or when AvailableSlotCounting is disabled, and for PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type B, the nominal TDW shall be as follows: -- The start of the first nominal TDW is the first slot of the first PUSCH transmission. -- The end of the last nominal TDW is the last slot of the last PUSCH transmission. -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the first slot after the last slot of the previous nominal TDW.

[0053] For PUCCH transmissions of PUCCH repetitions, the nominal TDWs are as follows: -- The start of the first nominal TDW is the first slot determined for the first PUCCH transmission. -- The end of the last nominal TDW is the last slot determined for the last PUCCH transmission. -- The start of any other nominal TDW is the first slot determined for a PUCCH transmission after the last slot determined for a PUCCH transmission of the previous nominal TDW.

[0054] pusch-TimeDomainWindowLength sets the nominal TDW length for PUSCH DMRS bundling in number of consecutive slots. Its value must not exceed the maximum duration for PUSCH DMRS bundling specified in the UE radio access capability specification. For PUSCH repetition type A / B, if this field is not present, the UE applies a default value that is the minimum, in units of consecutive slots, of the duration for all PUSCH repetitions transmission and the maximum duration for PUSCH DMRS bundling, as specified in the UE radio access capability specification. For TBoMS, if this field is not present, the UE applies a default value that is the minimum, in units of consecutive slots, of the duration for TBoMS transmission and the maximum duration for PUSCH DMRS bundling, as specified in the UE radio access capability specification.

[0055] Actual TDW For PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots, the nominal TDW consists of one or more actual TDWs. The UE determines the actual TDW as follows:

[0056] The start of the first actual TDW is the first symbol of the first PUSCH transmission in a slot within the nominal TDW for PUSCH transmission of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots.

[0057] The end of the actual TDW is as follows: -- If the actual TDW reaches the end of the last PUSCH transmission within the nominal TDW, the end of the actual TDW is the last symbol of the last PUSCH transmission in a slot for any of the following PUSCH transmissions within the nominal TDW: PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots. -- If an event occurs within the nominal TDW that causes power consistency and phase continuity to be not maintained across any of the PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with a configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots, and the PUSCH transmission falls within a slot for any of the PUSCH transmissions of PUSCH repetition type A scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2, PUSCH repetition type A with a configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots, the end of the actual TDW is the last symbol of the PUSCH transmission prior to the event.

[0058] - When pusch-WindowRestart is enabled, the start of a new actual TDW is the first symbol of a PUSCH transmission within the nominal TDW after an event that causes power consistency and phase continuity to be not maintained across any of the PUSCH transmissions scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2: PUSCH repetition type A with a configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots, and that PUSCH transmission is within a slot for any of the PUSCH transmissions scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2: PUSCH repetition type A with a configuration grant, PUSCH repetition type B, and TB processing spanning multiple slots.

[0059] Joint Channel Estimation: The BS estimates the DMRS of PUSCH / PUCCH across multiple slots for improved channel estimation accuracy. To enable joint channel estimation of DMRS across multiple slots at the BS, the UE transmits multiple DMRS (DMRS bundles) for multiple PUSCH / PUCCH transmissions while maintaining power consistency and phase continuity within the actual TDW (Fig. 4).

[0060] The actual TDW is determined based on the nominal TDW and an event. The UE terminates the actual TDW before an event that causes power consistency and phase continuity to be lost. For example, events include frequency hopping (FH), timing advance (TA), downlink slots in unpaired spectrum, dropping of PUSCH / PUCCH, etc. Events can be classified into dynamic events and semi-static events. Dynamic events are events triggered by MAC CE or DCI (e.g., TA adjustment) other than FH and UL beam switching for multi-TRP operation. Semi-static events are events triggered by RRC parameters (e.g., DL slots configured by tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon / Dedicated) other than events such as FH and UL beam switching for multi-TRP operation.

[0061] (TB processing over multiple (TBoMS)) For a PUSCH scheduled by DCI format 0_1 ​​or DCI format 0_2, if numberOfSlotsTBoMS is present and greater than 1, the UE shall apply the TBoMS procedure when determining time domain resource allocation.

[0062] For PUSCH repetition type A and TBoMS, the starting symbol S relative to the start of the slot and the number of consecutive symbols L placed in the PUSCH, counting from symbol S, are determined from the start and length indicator SLIV of the indexed row.

[0063] In TBoMS, when transmitting a PUSCH scheduled with DCI format 0_1 ​​or 0_2 in a PDCCH with CRC scrambled with C-RNTI, MCS-C-RNTI, or CS-RNTI with NDI=1, the UE shall: - The number of slots N used for TBS determination is indicated by numberOfSlotsTBoMS. - The number of repetitions K of the number of slots N used for TBS determination is determined as follows: - If numberOfRepetitions is present in the resource allocation table, the number of repetitions K is equal to numberOfRepetitions. - Otherwise, K=1. - If the UE supports repetitions for TBoMS, the UE shall not expect N·K to be greater than 32.

[0064] TBoMS allows for coding gain through a lower coding rate and reduces bandwidth by distributing TBs across multiple slots.

[0065] The PUSCH in each of the N slots is arranged in the same symbol.

[0066] (Issue) To improve sensing accuracy, it is preferable to use a higher SNR in the sensing channel / signal. Higher transmission power in the sensing channel / signal may cause increased interference to sensing / communication. Therefore, it is possible to transmit the sensing channel / signal using lower power multiple times.

[0067] To improve the resolution and accuracy of the sensing distance, it is preferable to use a wider bandwidth (BW). Transmitting a wider bandwidth in a single transmission is difficult, especially when the UE transmits a sensing channel / signal. Therefore, it is possible to transmit a single channel / signal with a narrower bandwidth multiple times on different frequency resources.

[0068] It may be useful to sweep the narrow beam multiple times before obtaining information about the coarse location of the target.

[0069] Sensing parameters can be distance, angle, and speed. KPIs can be resolution (separable difference) and accuracy (error). The relationship between sensing parameters, KPIs, and the influence factors on the KPIs is as follows: - Distance resolution is expressed by ΔR=c / 2B. The influence factor for this is bandwidth B. - Distance accuracy is expressed by σ R =ΔR / sqrt(2 SINR)=c / (2B sqrt(2 SINR)). The influencing factors are bandwidth B, SINR, radar cross section (RCS), and algorithm. - Angular resolution is θ 3dB =0.886λ / D. The influencing factors are the antenna aperture D and frequency. - The angular accuracy is σ θ =θ 3dB / (1.6 sqrt(2 SINR)). The influencing factors are the antenna aperture D, SINR, RCS, and algorithm. - The velocity resolution is Δv=(λ / 2) Δf d =λ / (2T). The influencing factors are the duration T (or overhead) of the signal for sensing, and the frequency. - The speed accuracy is σ v =Δv / sqrt(2 SINR)=λ / (2MT sqrt(2 SINR)). The influencing factors are duration T, SINR, RCS, and algorithm. - The influencing factors for the sensing range of distance, angle, and velocity (maximum measurable distance, maximum measurable angle (viewing angle), maximum measurable velocity) are transmission power, frequency, and RCS.

[0070] Thus, sensing resources (bandwidth, time, antenna aperture) affect the resolution, and SINR affects the sensing accuracy.

[0071] However, the details of the sensing channel / signal repetition scheme have not been fully considered, such as time domain resources, frequency domain resources, repetition usage, sensing / measurement procedures, repetition transmission procedures, etc. If such details are not fully considered, it may result in a decrease in sensing resolution / accuracy.

[0072] Therefore, the present inventors have studied a method of repeated transmission in sensing.

[0073] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Each of the following embodiments (e.g., each case) may be used alone or in combination of at least two of them.

[0074] In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0075] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be read interchangeably.

[0076] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0077] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0078] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0079] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0080] In this disclosure, "having the capability of..." may be read interchangeably as "supporting / reporting the capability of...".

[0081] In this disclosure, a b , a_b, and a with b added to the bottom right of a may be read interchangeably. c , a^c, and the notation of a with c added to the upper right of a may be read interchangeably. b c, a_b^c, a notation with b added to the bottom right of a and c added to the top right, may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, ceil(x), ceiling function, and ceiling function may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, floor(x), floor function, and floor function may be read as interchangeable. In the present disclosure, x mod y, mod(x,y), mod function, and modulo operation may be read as interchangeable.

[0082] In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: time division multiplexing: TDM time-division-multiplexed: TDMed frequency division multiplexing: FDM frequency-division multiplexed: FDMed Next Generation-Radio Access Network: NG-RAN Access and Mobility Management Function: AMF Secure User Plane Location: SUPL SUPL Location Platform: SLP Location Management Function: LMF sensing function: SF LTE Positioning Protocol: LPP NR Positioning Protocol A: NRPPa terrestrial network: TN non-terrestrial network: NTN

[0083] In the present disclosure, sensing, wireless sensing, and measurement may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, measurement value, measurement result, and sensing information may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, location (location identification), positioning, position, position measurement, position estimation, measurement value, estimated value, measurement result, and sensing may be interchangeable.

[0084] In the present disclosure, sensing target, target, target, non-UE target, UE target, and sensing target may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, a sensing target may or may not have communication capability. In the present disclosure, a sensing target may include a UE. In the present disclosure, UE target, target with communication capability, target device, and UE may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, non-UE target and target without communication capability may be interchangeable.

[0085] In the present disclosure, the terms "first signal," "communication signal," "RS," "radar signal," "communication and radar hybrid signal," "integrated signal," "ISAC signal," "sensing signal," and "signal transmitted by a transmitter" may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms "second signal," "echo signal," "signal impacted by an object," "signal reflected by an object," "signal refracted by an object," "signal diffracted by an object," "signal transmitted and received by a sensing transceiver," and "signal received by a receiver" may be interchangeable.

[0086] In the present disclosure, the terms UE, base station (BS), station, node, sensing station, sensing transmitting station, sensing receiving station, sensing node, sensing entity, sensing device, wireless communication device, IAB, repeater, reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), transmitter, receiver, transceiver, and target may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms transmit, Tx, and transmitter may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms receive, Rx, and receiver may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms transmitter, sensing transmitting station, and transmitting node may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the terms receiver, sensing receiving station, and receiving node may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, the transmitter may be a BS / UE / wireless communication device / transceiver unit. In the present disclosure, the receiver may be a BS / UE / wireless communication device / transceiver unit. In the present disclosure, the transmitter and receiver may be one BS / UE / wireless communication device / transceiver / transceiver unit. In the present disclosure, a transmitter and receiver in the same location, a transceiver, an integrated transceiver, a BS, a UE, and a sensing station may be read interchangeably.

[0087] In the present disclosure, server, sensing server, positioning server, 5GC, core network, LMF, AMF, SF, SLP, BS, network (NW), management function, and function may be read interchangeably.

[0088] In the present disclosure, base station (BS), NG-RAN node, gNB, ng-eNB, NG-RAN, RAN, network (NW), TRP, TP, and RP may be read interchangeably.

[0089] In the present disclosure, antenna port, sensing antenna port, sensing antenna port, ISAC antenna port, and ISAC antenna port may be read interchangeably.

[0090] In the present disclosure, the time domain resource, one or more symbols / subslots / slots / subframes / radio frames may be read interchangeably.

[0091] In the present disclosure, frequency domain resources, one or more REs (subcarriers), RBs, resource block groups (RBGs), RB sets, subbands, BWPs, CCs, cells, carriers, and bands may be interchangeable.

[0092] In the present disclosure, the terms "coherent," "maintaining power consistency and phase continuity," and "coherent repetitive bundling," "coherent bundling," "joint channel estimation of bundles," "joint measurement of bundles," and "TBoMS" may be interchangeable.

[0093] In the present disclosure, sweeping, switching, and hopping may be read interchangeably.

[0094] In the present disclosure, the repetition factor, aggregation factor, and number of repetitions may be read interchangeably.

[0095] In the present disclosure, information / settings / instructions for sensing channels / signals, measurement resource settings for sensing channels / signals, sensing measurement resource settings, measurement resource settings, transmission resource settings for sensing channels / signals, sensing transmission resource settings, transmission resource settings, and information / settings / instructions for multiple repetitions of signals for sensing may be read interchangeably.

[0096] (Wireless Communication Method) <Virtual Aperture (VA)> Long-distance sensing scenarios (e.g., High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) sensing) or high-resolution imaging scenarios require high angular resolution and estimation accuracy, and therefore, related techniques are needed to improve sensing performance.

[0097] In conventional multi-input multi-output (MIMO) radar, larger VA can be achieved by designing the transmit / receive antenna arrangement (e.g., antenna spacing) and orthogonal signals across multiple transmit antennas, thereby achieving particularly better angular resolution.

[0098] For example, it is being considered to realize VA by adding a new transmit antenna for sensing with a larger antenna spacing (the transmit antenna spacing is equal to the receive antenna aperture) and using the new transmit antenna and TDM orthogonal signals.

[0099] However, the realization of such a VA poses problems of increased cost and complexity in design.

[0100] In addition, for example, it is being considered to realize VA by designing new transmitting antennas in the entire horizontal direction and new receiving antennas in the entire vertical direction for sensing, and using new transmitting / receiving antennas and TDM / CDM orthogonal signals.

[0101] However, the realization of the VA involves problems such as increased costs and poor suitability for communication.

[0102] Another issue is how to achieve VA in current systems with antenna spacing of a specific length (e.g., half wavelength) and digital / analog / hybrid digital-analog beamforming (BF) / antenna configurations.

[0103] For example, when creating a virtual antenna arrangement for a VA, there may be overlapping of antenna elements and unnecessary gaps between antenna elements in the real antenna arrangement.

[0104] Digital antennas in current communication systems are being considered for reuse in sensing applications to reduce costs.

[0105] However, VA in conventional MIMO radar systems requires specific transmit / receive antenna spacing design and hardware configuration.

[0106] An example of a method for realizing VA will be described below.

[0107] The transmit antennas may be divided into multiple transmission groups, and transmit precoding for each transmission group and virtual transmit antenna spacing after precoding may be designed to achieve VA.

[0108] Each transmission group may include one or more transmit antennas.

[0109] If a group contains multiple transmit antennas, it will result in a higher SNR but a smaller VA.

[0110] To achieve higher sensing performance, it is necessary to design the optimal number of transmitting antennas and transmitting groups.

[0111] Each transmission group may be configured with one transmission antenna, in which case transmission precoding may not be performed.

[0112] Also, for systems with identical transmit / receive antennas (e.g., dynamic TDD systems), antennas may be assigned semi-statically / dynamically for transmit and receive to achieve the expected VA.

[0113] The system model targeted by the VA may be a model using monostatic sensing of one or more targets, where the angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD) of a signal at the sensing object (e.g., a sensing station (e.g., a base station / terminal)) are equal.

[0114] Additionally, the system model targeted by the VA may be a model that uses sensing other than monostatic sensing of one or more targets.

[0115] 5 shows an example of a transmit antenna design for VA implementation. In this example, actual transmit antennas are first grouped and then divided into transmit groups 1 to 4. These divided transmit groups are generated as virtual transmit apertures (antennas).

[0116] Next, a receiving antenna corresponding to each transmitting group is designed to realize the virtual receiving aperture. The placement of each receiving antenna may be based on the location of each transmitting group. In this example, each receiving antenna is composed of 8x4 antenna elements.

[0117] Here, due to the presence of an inappropriate virtual transmit aperture, there may be non-expected / unwanted antenna spacing (e.g., the central (horizontal) row portion of the aperture shown in this example (indicated by the dashed line)) and virtual antenna overlap (e.g., the central (vertical) column portion of the aperture shown in this example (indicated by the dashed line)).

[0118] Therefore, this unexpected antenna spacing and virtual antenna overlap is corrected to achieve the expected virtual receive aperture.

[0119] There are several possible cases for arranging the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna.

[0120] For example, both the transmit and receive antennas may be located in one panel (antennas allocation case 1, see FIG. 6A).

[0121] Also, for example, the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna may be separately arranged on different panels (antenna arrangement case 2, see FIG. 6B).

[0122] In antenna arrangement case 1, N antennas spaced at half wavelength (λ / 2) intervals may be utilized / reused for transmission and reception. In other words, an antenna arrangement using a total of N antennas for transmission and reception may be required.

[0123] For example, for N Uniform Linear Array (ULA) antennas, 2M antennas may be used for transmission and N-2M antennas may be used for reception.

[0124] In this case, for example, 2M transmit antennas may be defined as two transmit groups each having M transmit antennas, arranged at two ends of the ULA antenna (see FIG. 7).

[0125] In such an antenna arrangement, to achieve VA, orthogonal signals may be transmitted from two transmission groups, which may be orthogonal in time / frequency / space / code resources, for example.

[0126] Beamforming with beam sweeping may be performed on multiple antennas in one transmission group.

[0127] There may be a gap between the distance of the transmit antennas required by the VA and the distance of the virtual transmit antennas between the transmission groups realized by transmit antenna selection and beamforming.

[0128] To correct this gap, a two-step estimation algorithm may be utilized.

[0129] In a two-step estimation algorithm, first, a coarse estimation based on signals transmitted by a certain transmitting group (eg, transmitting group 1) may be performed (step 1).

[0130] Next, the angle estimated in step 1 may be used to fix / correct the received signal of another transmission group (e.g., transmission group 2), and angle estimation may be performed using the fixed / corrected signal and VA (step 2).

[0131] The two-step estimation algorithm allows for a VA implementation that achieves higher performance than existing methods and achieves high SNR gains without hardware modifications.

[0132] [Analysis] The ISAC MIMO method can be classified into ISAC MIMO beamforming and ISAC VA.

[0133] In ISAC MIMO beamforming, sensing beams can be generated to cover a predefined sensing area.

[0134] The ISAC VA can achieve particularly improved angular resolution and accuracy of the signal.

[0135] ISAC MIMO beamforming and ISAC VA have in common the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver.

[0136] On the other hand, in ISAC MIMO beamforming, all transmit antennas are used, while in ISAC VA, some transmit antennas can be used.

[0137] Also, in ISAC MIMO beamforming, the same signal may correspond to different antennas, while in ISAC VA, different signals may correspond to different antennas.

[0138] Also, ISAC MIMO beamforming uses directional beamforming, while ISAC VA does not use directional beamforming.

[0139] To date, the design of spacing / position of transmitting / receiving antennas for sensing that differs from the half-wavelength spacing in communication systems has been considered, but there has been insufficient consideration given to the design of spacing / position of transmitting / receiving antennas with half-wavelength spacing (e.g., for realizing / generating VA).

[0140] Furthermore, there has been insufficient consideration given to the configuration / definition of antenna ports (for example, antenna ports for sensing) to support the ISAC MIMO system.

[0141] Also, there is insufficient consideration given to the construction / definition of orthogonal signals for multiple antenna ports (for example, for realizing / generating VA).

[0142] <Embodiment A1> (Analysis 1) In existing communication systems (e.g., NR) that only have a communication function, antenna ports are defined in logic, and there is no explicit relationship between the antenna ports and actual antennas / hardware.

[0143] Regarding polarization in existing communication systems, cross-polarization is defined as two ports.

[0144] Also, for panels in existing notification systems, in the case of a base station (BS) / UE with multiple panels (multi-panel), the panel / antenna port group is explicitly / implicitly defined for the transmitter / receiver.

[0145] In (existing / future) ISAC VA, transmit antennas / transmission groups / transmit antenna groups may be explicitly defined.

[0146] However, there is insufficient consideration on how to define antennas (transmitting antennas) / antenna groups to support ISAC MIMO schemes (eg, ISAC VA / ISAC MIMO transmission).

[0147] Therefore, in the following embodiment A1, the definition of the sensing antenna port will be explained.

[0148] An antenna port for sensing (hereinafter referred to as a sensing antenna port) may be defined.

[0149] The sensing antenna port may be associated with the antenna.

[0150] The association may be, for example, an explicit association or an implicit association.

[0151] Embodiment A1-1 A sensing antenna port may be associated with an antenna / antenna group.

[0152] The association may be, for example, an explicit association.

[0153] The association may be, for example, an association based on antenna hardware / antenna location.

[0154] The UE / BS may determine / decide on the association, for example, according to at least one of the following options 1-1-1 to 1-1-3.

[0155] [Option 1-1-1] The sensing antenna ports may be defined by polarization.

[0156] For example, an antenna with a first value of polarization (e.g., polarization index = 1) may be defined as a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0) (e.g., antenna port 0), and an antenna with a second value of polarization (e.g., polarization index = 2) may be defined as a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0157] The polarization may be, for example, linear polarization. The linear polarization may be, for example, X-polarization based on a first angle (e.g., +45°) and a second angle (e.g., −45°). In this case, the first angle may correspond to a first value of polarization and a first value / index (e.g., 0) of a sensing antenna port, and the second angle may correspond to a second value of polarization and a second value / index (e.g., 1) of a sensing antenna port.

[0158] Alternatively, the polarization may be, for example, circular polarization. In this case, right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0) (or a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1)), and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) may correspond to a polarization with a second value and a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1) (or a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0)).

[0159] Linear polarization may be used, for example, in a Terrestrial Network (TN).

[0160] Circular polarization may be used, for example, in Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs), such as networks that use satellites.

[0161] Furthermore, the polarization may be, for example, a combination of linear polarization and circular polarization. In this case, for example, a first angle (e.g., +45°) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), a second angle (e.g., −45°) may correspond to a polarization with a second value and a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1), RHCP may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a third value / index (e.g., 2), and LHCP may correspond to a polarization with a fourth value and a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 3).

[0162] This method eliminates the need to instruct the UE / BS on whether to use linear or circular polarization, thereby reducing signaling overhead.

[0163] The above-mentioned measures are merely examples, and other measures may be adopted.

[0164] 8A shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-1, where, in a single panel, an antenna with +45° polarization corresponds to sensing antenna port 0 (shown in solid lines) and an antenna with −45° polarization corresponds to sensing antenna port 1 (shown in dashed lines).

[0165] Option 1-1-1 allows for simple and clear definition of antenna ports, making implementation easier.

[0166] [Option 1-1-2] The sensing antenna port may be defined by the panel.

[0167] The association of the sensing antenna port may be, for example, the same association as that for the communication antenna port.

[0168] One or more panel / antenna port groups may correspond to one sensing antenna port (sensing antenna port index).

[0169] For example, a first panel / antenna port group (or a plurality of panels / antenna port groups) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), and a second panel / antenna port group (or a plurality of panels / antenna port groups) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0170] The number (maximum number) of panels implemented for sensing may be defined. The number (maximum number) of panels may be, for example, four.

[0171] For example, a panel (panel antenna) with a first index (e.g., 0), a panel (panel antenna) with a second index (e.g., 1), a panel (panel antenna) with a third index (e.g., 2), and a panel (panel antenna) with a fourth index (e.g., 3) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1), a sensing antenna port with a third value / index (e.g., 2), and a sensing antenna port with a fourth value / index (e.g., 3), respectively.

[0172] For example, a panel (panel antenna) with a first index (e.g., 0) and a panel (panel antenna) with a second index (e.g., 1) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), and a panel (panel antenna) with a third index (e.g., 2) and a panel (panel antenna) with a fourth index (e.g., 3) may correspond to a sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0173] 8B shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-2. This example shows a case of multiple panels (panel 1 and panel 2), where sensing antenna port 0 corresponds to panel 1 (panel 1 antenna) and sensing antenna port 1 corresponds to panel 2 (panel 2 antenna).

[0174] In addition, when the distance / spacing between the antennas on each panel is a and the distance / spacing between the antennas on adjacent panels is b, if a = b, the multi-panel may be defined as a uniform panel, and if a ≠ b, the multi-panel may be defined as a non-uniform panel.

[0175] According to Option 1-1-2, the definition of the sensing antenna port can be made easier by associating the panel with the sensing antenna port in the same way as the communication antenna port / antenna port group.

[0176] [Option 1-1-3] Sensing antenna ports may be defined by antennas / antenna groups (groupings).

[0177] [[Option 1-1-3-1]] The antenna grouping may be based on the antenna grouping in ISAC VA.

[0178] One antenna group may correspond to one sensing antenna port.

[0179] According to Option 1-1-3-1, existing antennas with half-wavelength distances / intervals, including existing UEs / BSs, can be used for ISAC VA, thereby achieving cost reduction.

[0180] 9 shows an example of antenna ports according to Option 1-1-3-1. In this example, multiple antennas within a single panel are grouped into antenna groups 1 to 4, each consisting of four antennas.

[0181] In this example, the antennas in antenna group 1 correspond to sensing antenna port 0, the antennas in antenna group 2 correspond to sensing antenna port 1, the antennas in antenna group 3 correspond to sensing antenna port 2, and the antennas in antenna group 4 correspond to sensing antenna port 3.

[0182] [[Option 1-1-3-2]] One antenna may correspond to one sensing antenna port.

[0183] According to option 1-1-3-2, by using a definition similar to that of MIMO radar, for example, it is possible to reduce costs and simplify implementation.

[0184] 10 shows an example of antenna ports according to option 1-1-3-2. In this example, one sensing antenna port (sensing antenna ports 0 to 3) corresponds to each different antenna.

[0185] In addition, when the horizontal distance / spacing between antennas within one panel is A and the horizontal distance / spacing between antennas within one panel is B, A may be equal to B or A may not be equal to B.

[0186] At least two of the above options 1-1-1 to 1-1-3 may be combined.

[0187] The combination may be, for example, a combination of some polarizations / panels / antennas / antenna groups.

[0188] For example, for one polarization, the above options 1-1-2 and 1-1-3 may be combined, in which case, for example, the antenna of the first polarization on the first panel (panel 1) may correspond to the sensing antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0), and the antenna of the first polarization on the second panel (panel 2) may correspond to the sensing antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1).

[0189] Also, for example, Options 1-1-1 and 1-1-3 may be combined for one panel. In this case, for example, the antenna of the first polarization on the first panel (panel 1) may correspond to the sensing antenna port of a first value / index (e.g., 0), and the antenna of the second polarization on the first panel (panel 1) may correspond to the sensing antenna port of a second value / index (e.g., 1). Also, the antennas of the first and second polarizations on the second panel (panel 2) may correspond to the sensing antenna port of a third value / index (e.g., 2).

[0190] The above-mentioned measures are merely examples, and other measures may be adopted.

[0191] According to the above embodiment A1-1, it is possible to appropriately specify an antenna that is suitable for any sensing method (e.g., ISAC MIMO beamforming in both monostatic and bistatic sensing) and that achieves better estimation performance of ISAC VA.

[0192] Embodiment A1-2 The sensing antenna port may be defined in logic.

[0193] An explicit association between the sensing antenna port and real hardware (e.g., antenna) may not be defined (see FIG. 11).

[0194] The antenna for each sensing antenna port may depend on the implementation of the UE / BS doing the sensing.

[0195] Embodiment A1-2 is particularly suitable for monostatic sensing without multi-BS / UE cooperation in the case of ISAC VA.

[0196] According to embodiment A1-2, it is possible to reduce the impact on specifications and to provide a configuration suitable for ISAC MIMO beamforming in both monostatic and bistatic sensing.

[0197] Embodiment A1-3 The sensing antenna port does not need to be defined.

[0198] The BS / UE may reuse antenna ports for communication for sensing.

[0199] According to embodiment A1-3, it is possible to reduce the impact on specifications and facilitate implementation of UE / BS.

[0200] According to the above embodiment A1, the sensing antenna port can be appropriately defined / used.

[0201] <Embodiment A2> (Analysis 2) The sensing antenna port defined in the above embodiment A1 can be used for MIMO transmission (including beamforming and VA generation).

[0202] The number of sensing antenna ports and the number of antennas on each port may vary based on sensing services / requirements, for example, based on at least one of sensing SNR, sensing range, angular resolution, and accuracy requirements.

[0203] In such a case, there has been insufficient consideration as to how to indicate / set the number of sensing antenna ports and the number of antennas per sensing antenna port.

[0204] Therefore, in the following embodiment A2, the indication / setting of the sensing antenna port will be described.

[0205] Information related to the sensing antenna ports of the BS / UE may be predefined.

[0206] Information related to the sensing antenna ports of the BS / UE may be semi-statically / dynamically instructed / configured to the UE / BS.

[0207] The BS / UE may determine / decide a sensing antenna port based on information related to the sensing antenna port and perform sensing using the determined sensing antenna port.

[0208] Information related to the sensing antenna ports of the BS / UE may be reported from the UE.

[0209] The information related to the sensing antenna ports may include, for example, at least one of the following information: - The number of sensing antenna ports; - The index of the sensing antenna port of the sensing station (e.g., BS / UE); - The definition / definition method of the sensing antenna port / antenna for each sensing antenna port.

[0210] The definition method of the sensing antenna port / antenna may include, for example, the number / position of the sensing antenna port / antenna.

[0211] The number of sensing antenna ports may indicate, for example, the number of sensing antenna ports that are actually used, the maximum number of sensing antenna ports that can be used, or both.

[0212] The index of the sensing antenna port may indicate, for example, the index of the sensing antenna port that is actually used, or may indicate a candidate index of a sensing antenna port that may be used, or may indicate both of them.

[0213] In the present disclosure, information related to a sensing antenna port, settings / instructions related to a sensing antenna port, and settings / instructions of information related to a sensing antenna port may be read interchangeably.

[0214] Information related to the sensing antenna port may be indicated using a specific interface / signaling.

[0215] For example, the UE may receive information related to the sensing antenna port from at least one of other UEs, a BS, and a specific network node (e.g., an LMF / SF (Sensing Function)) using the specific interface / signaling.

[0216] For example, the BS may receive information related to the sensing antenna port from at least one of other BSs, UEs, and specific network nodes (e.g., LMF / SF (Sensing Function)) using the specific interface / signaling.

[0217] The specific interface may be, for example, an Xn / X2 interface defined in an existing / future wireless communication system. The specific signaling may be, for example, specific signaling between BSs performing sensing. These interfaces / signaling may be used for, for example, at least one of monostatic BS sensing with BS cooperation, BS-to-BS bistatic sensing with BS cooperation, and BS-to-BS bistatic sensing without BS cooperation.

[0218] Furthermore, the specific interface may be, for example, a sidelink / PC5 interface. The specific signaling may be, for example, specific signaling between UEs performing sensing. These interfaces / signaling may be used for, for example, at least one of monostatic UE sensing with UE cooperation, UE-UE bistatic sensing with UE cooperation, and UE-UE bistatic sensing without UE cooperation.

[0219] Furthermore, the specific interface may be, for example, a Uu interface. The specific signaling may be, for example, specific signaling between a UE (e.g., a sensing UE) and a BS (e.g., a sensing BS). These interfaces / signaling may be used for, for example, bistatic sensing between a UE and a BS (e.g., UE-BS or BS-UE).

[0220] The specific signaling between the UE (e.g., sensing UE) and the BS (e.g., sensing BS) may be, for example, higher layer signaling (e.g., SIB / RRC / MAC CE), physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI / UCI), or a combination thereof.

[0221] The specific signaling may be, for example, F1-AP (Application Protocol) signaling from a DU (Distribution Unit) / CU (Central Unit), in which case IAB may be used for the signaling.

[0222] The specific signaling may be signaling related to the instruction / configuration of the LMF / SF.

[0223] The predefined / designated sensing antenna ports may be associated with sensing capabilities.

[0224] The settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port may be reconfigured by, for example, a BS (e.g., a sensing BS) / LMF / SF, or updated / reported by, for example, a UE (e.g., a sensing UE).

[0225] The reconfiguration / updating / reporting of the settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port may be based on, for example, the service / requirements / coverage area / reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR) related to sensing.

[0226] The number / index of sensing antenna ports for each sensing station (eg, BS / UE) may be determined based on, for example, the service / requirements / coverage area / reception quality for sensing.

[0227] The number of antennas for each sensing antenna port may be determined based on, for example, the number of antenna ports (required number) / reception quality.

[0228] For example, different time-frequency resources / antenna ports may be used for multiple sensing services corresponding to different sensing requirements, and the UE / BS may determine the time-frequency resources / antenna ports based on the sensing services corresponding to the sensing requirements.

[0229] For example, two antenna ports may be used for two sensing services.

[0230] For example, a first sensing antenna port may be used for a first service, such as intruder detection, and the first sensing antenna port may be an antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0) and may be used for beam sweeping.

[0231] For example, a second sensing antenna port may be used for a second service, such as localization and tracking, and the second sensing antenna port may be, for example, an antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1), and may be used for beamforming.

[0232] Also, for example, multiple sensing antenna ports may be used for multiple sensing areas, and the UE / BS may determine the sensing antenna ports based on the sensing areas.

[0233] For example, two sensing antenna ports may be utilized for two separate sensing areas, such as a first sensing antenna port (e.g., an antenna port with a first value / index (e.g., 0)) utilized for a first sensing area and a second sensing antenna port (e.g., an antenna port with a second value / index (e.g., 1)) utilized for a second sensing area.

[0234] For example, one sensing antenna port may be used for one sensing area, and in this case, for example, multiple (e.g., all) antennas of the sensing antenna port may be used.

[0235] 12A shows an example of antenna port usage according to embodiment A2. In this example, sensing antenna port 0 is used for sensing area 1, and sensing antenna port 1 is used for sensing area 2.

[0236] 12B shows another example of antenna port usage according to embodiment A2. In this example, one sensing antenna port 0 is used for one sensing area.

[0237] Also, for example, the number of antennas for a sensing antenna port may be determined based on reception quality (for example, SNR / SINR) related to sensing.

[0238] For example, if the reception quality (SNR / SINR) is higher than a certain threshold (e.g., in the case of a relatively small sensing area), one sensing antenna port may include fewer antennas than a certain threshold, since more antennas can produce better angular resolution.

[0239] For example, if the reception quality (SNR / SINR) is lower than a certain threshold (e.g., in the case of a relatively large sensing area (more than a certain threshold)), one sensing antenna port may include more antennas than a certain threshold. By configuring in this way, sensing with high beamforming gain can be performed.

[0240] As another example of antenna port utilization according to embodiment A2, in the example shown in Figure 13A, 12 antennas in one antenna port are used for sensing targets with a relatively low SNR, while in the example shown in Figure 13B, 4 antennas in one antenna port are used for sensing targets with a relatively high SNR.

[0241] Information regarding sensing services / requirements / sensing areas may be sent from a specific server / network node (e.g., LMF / SF).

[0242] Information regarding reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR) for sensing may be measured via a specific reference signal or may be determined based on the sensing area (e.g., radius of the area and / or whether it is indoor / outdoor sensing).

[0243] Reconfiguration (e.g., reconfiguration by a BS / network node (e.g., LMF / SF)) / update / reporting (e.g., reporting by a UE) of settings / instructions related to the sensing antenna port may be performed using specific signaling described in this embodiment.

[0244] The UE may report updated sensing antenna port related configurations based on certain conditions.

[0245] The UE may also send a request for an update of the configuration related to the sensing antenna port based on certain conditions.

[0246] The specific condition (trigger condition) may be defined in advance in a specification, or may be set / indicated to the UE using higher layer signaling (SIB / RRC / MAC CE) / physical layer signaling (DCI). The setting / indication may be performed, for example, when the UE supports (or reports its support for) a report / request based on the trigger condition.

[0247] The specific conditions may be defined / set / instructed based on, for example, sensing-related services / requirements / coverage area / reception quality (e.g., SNR / SINR).

[0248] Regarding the resetting / updating / reporting of information related to sensing antenna ports, resetting / updating / reporting of information related to some (partial) sensing antenna ports may be permitted.

[0249] The UE / BS may assume that the remaining information is unchanged if it is not reset / updated / reported. The UE / BS may maintain the settings / indications of the information before the reset / updated / reported for the remaining information.

[0250] According to the above embodiment A2, it is possible to appropriately perform settings / instructions regarding the sensing antenna port.

[0251] <Embodiment A3> (Analysis 3) To realize ISAC VA, orthogonal signals are required for multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0252] Furthermore, to achieve ISAC MIMO beamforming, orthogonal signals are not required for multiple sensing antenna ports (using the same signal is sufficient).

[0253] As such, there has been insufficient consideration of how to allocate resources and generate signals to multiple sensing antenna ports in different ISAC MIMO schemes.

[0254] Therefore, in the following embodiment A3, resources / signals for the sensing antenna port will be described.

[0255] Allocated resources (which may be simply referred to as resources) / sensing signals (which may be simply referred to as signals) for multiple sensing antenna ports in an ISAC system may be determined based on an ISAC MIMO scheme.

[0256] In the present disclosure, the ISAC MIMO scheme, the sensing scheme, the ISAC scheme, the ISAC MIMO-related scheme, the sensing-related scheme, and the ISAC-related scheme may be read interchangeably.

[0257] The information about the sensing scheme may be configured / instructed to the UE / BS using the specific interface / signaling described in the above embodiment A2. The UE / BS may determine the sensing scheme to use based on the configuration / instruction by the information about the sensing scheme.

[0258] The UE / BS may determine the resources / signals / sequences corresponding to the multiple sensing antenna ports based on the information about the sensing scheme.

[0259] The UE / BS may also determine which sensing scheme to use based on specific conditions, which may be predefined in a specification or may be configured / instructed to the UE / BS using a specific interface / signaling as described in embodiment A2 above.

[0260] <<Embodiment A3-1>> For example, when the sensing scheme is a first scheme (for example, an ISAC MIMO beam homing scheme), at least one of the same resource and signal / sequence may be allocated to a plurality of sensing antenna ports.

[0261] The resources may include, for example, time / frequency resources for sensing.

[0262] The signal / sequence may include, for example, at least one of a specific reference signal (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS / SSB) and a new signal / sequence (e.g., a specific chirp sequence / waveform).

[0263] 14 shows an example of resources for multiple sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-1. In this example, sensing antenna port 0 and sensing antenna port 1 are assigned to the same time / frequency resource.

[0264] In this example, sensing beam / precoder 0 is used for the signal corresponding to sensing antenna port 0, and sensing beam / precoder 1 is used for the signal corresponding to sensing antenna port 1.

[0265] <<Embodiment A3-2>> For example, when the sensing scheme is the second scheme (e.g., the ISAC VA scheme), at least one of orthogonal (different) resources and signals / sequences may be assigned to multiple sensing antenna ports.

[0266] The resources may include, for example, time / frequency resources for sensing.

[0267] The signal / sequence may include, for example, at least one of a specific reference signal (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS / SSB) and a new signal / sequence (e.g., a specific chirp sequence / waveform).

[0268] [Embodiment A3-2-1] Orthogonal (different) time / frequency resources may be allocated to different sensing antenna ports.

[0269] For example, resources for the first sensing antenna port (port 0) and resources for the second sensing antenna port (port 1) may be frequency division multiplexed (FDM) (see FIG. 15A).

[0270] For example, resources for the first sensing antenna port (port 0) and resources for the second sensing antenna port (port 1) may be time division multiplexed (TDM) (see FIG. 15B).

[0271] In the above two examples, the cases where each resource is FDM and the cases where each resource is TDM are shown, but each resource may be both FDM and TDM.

[0272] According to embodiment A3-2-1, resource allocation for sensing estimation can be simplified.

[0273] [Embodiment A3-2-2] Orthogonal (different) signals / sequences (sequences of signals) may be assigned to different sensing antenna ports.

[0274] In other words, the signals for different sensing antenna ports may be signals having code division orthogonality.

[0275] For example, different RS ports of a particular RS (e.g., PRS / SRS / CSI-RS) may be assigned to different sensing antenna ports, and the different RS ports may be orthogonal to each other.

[0276] 16A illustrates an example of signal allocation to sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-2-2. In this example, VAs are generated for different RS ports (RS ports 0 and 1), with RS port 0 corresponding to sensing antenna port 0 and RS port 1 corresponding to sensing antenna port 1.

[0277] Orthogonal chirp sequences may also be assigned to different sensing antenna ports.

[0278] 16B shows another example of signal assignment to sensing antenna ports according to embodiment A3-2-2. In this example, VA is generated for different chirp waveforms (chirps 0 and 1), with chirp 0 corresponding to sensing antenna port 0 and chirp 1 corresponding to sensing antenna port 1.

[0279] Also, specific codes (eg, orthogonal cover codes / cyclic shifts) may be assigned to different sensing antenna ports.

[0280] In addition, the resources / signals / sequences for each sensing antenna port in embodiment A3-2 may be configured / instructed to the UE / BS using the specific interface / signaling described in embodiment A2 above.

[0281] This setting / instruction may be set / instructed in common with the setting / instruction regarding the sensing antenna port described in embodiment A2 above, or may be set / instructed separately from the setting / instruction regarding the sensing antenna port described in embodiment A2 above.

[0282] Furthermore, the setting / instruction may be set / instructed together with the setting / instruction of sensing resources (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols / slots) / frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers / resource blocks / resource block groups) for sensing), or may be set / instructed separately from the setting / instruction of sensing resources.

[0283] According to the above embodiment A3, it is possible to appropriately allocate sensing antenna port resources / signals / sequences to a plurality of sensing antenna ports.

[0284] <Embodiment A4> In the ISAC system, it is being considered that communication resources and sensing resources are multiplexed in the time domain, frequency domain, space domain, power domain, and code domain.

[0285] However, there has been insufficient consideration of the details of multiplexing methods in the spatial domain, particularly between communication resources and sensing resources.

[0286] Therefore, in the following embodiment A4, allocation of antenna ports for communication and antenna ports for sensing will be described.

[0287] Antenna ports for communication / sensing may be predefined.

[0288] Antenna ports for communication / sensing may be allocated semi-statically / dynamically (explicitly / implicitly).

[0289] Embodiment A4-1 Antenna ports for communication and sensing (general antenna ports) may be defined.

[0290] The communication and sensing antenna ports may be antenna ports that can be used for both communication and sensing.

[0291] For example, a communication and sensing antenna port may be used for sensing and communication without explicitly defining a sensing antenna port.

[0292] The communication and sensing antenna ports may be configured / instructed to the UE / BS using, for example, specific interfaces / signaling as described in embodiment A2 above.

[0293] The UE / BS may determine whether to use multiple communication and sensing antenna ports for communication and sensing based on communication traffic load / sensing requirements.

[0294] For example, when the communication traffic load is higher than a certain threshold, multiple specific antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 0 to 11) may be used for communication, and multiple other antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 12 to 15) may be used for sensing.

[0295] For example, if the sensing requirements are higher than a certain threshold, multiple specific antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 0 to 3) may be used for communication, and multiple other antenna ports (e.g., antenna ports 4 to 15) may be used for sensing.

[0296] The embodiment A4-1 is particularly suitable when the same antenna design is used for sensing and communication.

[0297] According to embodiment A4-1, it is possible to design antenna ports simply and flexibly.

[0298] Embodiment A4-2 A sensing antenna port and a communication antenna port may be defined separately.

[0299] The UE / BS does not need to assume dynamic allocation / switching / adjustment of antenna ports for sensing and antenna ports for communication.

[0300] When a sensing antenna is designed / configured, the UE / BS may assume that the antenna port corresponding to the sensing antenna will not be used for communication.

[0301] According to embodiment A4-2, antenna ports can be appropriately utilized in an ISAC scenario when different antenna designs are used for sensing and communication.

[0302] <Embodiment B1> This embodiment relates to reception / measurement of a channel / signal for sensing using repetition.

[0303] Reception / measurement of sensing channels / signals using repetition may be supported. The UE may support reception / measurement of sensing channels / signals using repetition.

[0304] <<Embodiment B1-1>> Repetition Factor (Number of Repetitions) One or more candidate values ​​of the repetition factor may be supported. The UE may support one or more candidate values ​​of the repetition factor, may use one candidate value of the repetition factor, or may use one of multiple candidate values ​​of the repetition factor.

[0305] The maximum supported repetition factor may be defined by the specification.

[0306] If multiple possible values ​​of the repetition factor are supported, the repetition factor for repeated measurements of the sensing channel / signal may be determined by at least one of several options:

[0307] - Option 1: The repetition factor may be explicitly configured / indicated for each measurement resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal (sensing measurement resource configuration). -- Variation: The repetition factor may be configured / indicated on a cell-wide basis, a UE group-wide basis, or a UE-specific basis.

[0308] - Option 2: The repetition factor may be implicitly determined by the number of resources in the time / frequency / space / coding domains configured / indicated for the sensing measurement resource configuration. The repetition factor may be the number of resources. -- Variation: The repetition factor may be implicitly determined by the resources in the time / frequency / space / coding domains configured / indicated for the sensing measurement resource configuration. For example, the repetition factor may be determined based on the CS index / waveform / base sequence of the configured sensing RS. For example, if a specific CS index / waveform / base sequence is configured for the sensing RS, the repetition factor may be a specific value. For example, the repetition factor may be determined based on the duration of the configured sensing time domain resource (e.g., if the duration is shorter than X, the repetition factor is Y). For example, the repetition factor may be determined based on the bandwidth (BW) of the configured sensing frequency domain resource (e.g., if the BW is narrower than X, the repetition factor is Y).

[0309] - Option 3: The repetition factor may be determined based on the sensing use case / requirement, which may be, for example, the sensing coverage radius, the required accuracy, etc. If the use case / requirement is BS-BS bistatic sensing, the repetition factor may be determined by higher layers.

[0310] - Variations - Multiple candidate values ​​of the repetition factor may be supported for multiple values ​​of sensing coverage (e.g., radius, distance, area, location, cell, etc.). For example, a larger candidate value of the repetition factor may be supported for a larger sensing coverage, and a smaller candidate value of the repetition factor may be supported for a smaller sensing coverage. For example, if the use case / requirement is NTN, a larger candidate value of the repetition factor may be supported, and if the use case / requirement is TN, a smaller candidate value of the repetition factor may be supported. - Multiple candidate values ​​of the repetition factor may be supported for multiple sensing methods. - Multiple candidate values ​​of the repetition factor may be configured / indicated / determined / reported for at least one of the UE, UE group, BWP, TRP, beam ID, spatial filter, and measurement resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal.

[0311] - Variations: Repetitions that are canceled / dropped (or not received) due to overlapping UL slots / symbols / resources for sensing and / or (UL) slots / symbols / resources for communication may or may not be counted for the repetition factor (the repetitions may or may not be included in the number of repetitions up to the repetition factor). UL slots / symbols / resources for sensing and / or (UL) slots / symbols / resources for communication may be indicated as TDD configuration and / or UL / DL channel / signal resources. In other words, the repetition factor may be interpreted as slots / symbols / resources that are available for repetition, or as slots / symbols / resources including slots / symbols / resources that are not available for repetition.

[0312] <<Embodiment B1-2>> Multiple Repetition Parameters For multiple repetitions of a sensing channel / signal, contiguous or discontinuous time domain resources may be supported. The UE may support / use contiguous or discontinuous time domain resources for multiple repetitions of a sensing channel / signal.

[0313] The UE may support the same or different resources, including frequency domain resources, beams, and / or antennas / ports, for multiple repetitions of the sensing channel / signal.

[0314] <<<Embodiment B1-2-1>>> Time Domain Resource Allocation (TDRA) The time domain resource pattern for repetition in the sensing measurement resource configuration may follow at least one of several options 1-x below: - Option 1-1: Multiple repetitions may be consecutive (back-to-back / consecutive). Multiple repetitions may be arranged in consecutive time domain resources. The starting symbol of a later repetition may be arranged in the symbol following the ending symbol of the previous repetition. - Option 1-2: Multiple repetitions may be arranged in consecutive slots. - Option 1-3: Multiple repetitions may be arranged in non-consecutive slots.

[0315] In Options 1-2 / 1-3, there may be sections between multiple repetitions that do not assume transmission or reception of time domain resources for other signals such as communications or for beam / frequency switching / measurement.

[0316] In Option 1-2 / 1-3, at least one of the following options may be supported: - Option 1: one repetition is placed in one slot; - Option 2: one or more consecutive repetitions are placed in one slot; - Option 3: one or more non-consecutive repetitions are placed in one slot.

[0317] At least one of the repetition factor K, the number of repetitions in one slot Nr, and the number of slots for all repetitions Ns may be set / indicated / determined / reported for at least one of the UE, UE group, BWP, TRP, beam ID, spatial filter, and measurement resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0318] In the example of option 1-1 in FIG. 17, K=4 repetitions are placed consecutively.

[0319] In the example of Option 1-2 and Alternative 1 and K=Ns=4 in Figure 18A, K=4 repeats are placed in four consecutive slots. In the example of Option 1-2 and Alternative 2 and K=8, Ns=2, Ns=4 in Figure 18B, K=8 repeats are placed in four consecutive slots, with two repeats placed consecutively in each slot. In the example of Option 1-2 and Alternative 3 and K=8, Ns=2, Ns=4 in Figure 18C, K=8 repeats are placed in four consecutive slots, with two repeats placed non-consecutively in each slot.

[0320] In the example of Options 1-3 and Alternative 1 and K=Ns=2 in Figure 19A, the K=2 repetitions are placed in two non-contiguous slots. In the example of Options 1-3 and Alternative 2 and K=4, Ns=2, Ns=2 in Figure 19B, the K=4 repetitions are placed in two non-contiguous slots, with two repetitions placed contiguously in each slot. In the example of Options 1-3 and Alternative 3 and K=4, Ns=2, Ns=2 in Figure 19C, the K=4 repetitions are placed in two non-contiguous slots, with two repetitions placed contiguously in each slot.

[0321] The determination / configuration / indication of time domain resources may be according to at least one of the following options:

[0322] Option a: In the measurement resource configuration of sensing channels / signals, the time domain resources for each repetition are configured / indicated independently / individually / separately. This option is more suitable for Options 1-2 / 1-3, but may also be applied to Option 1-1.

[0323] Option b: The TDRA for the first repetition is determined / set / indicated. The TDRA may include a starting position and a length. The TDRA for the remaining repetitions may be determined based on the first repetition and other parameters. The TDRA for multiple repetitions may have at least one of the same length for each repetition and the same symbol placement for each slot.

[0324] The setting / instruction parameters required to determine the TDRA for all iterations may follow at least one of several TDRA pattern and parameter combinations below.

[0325] --The parameters may be set / instructed for the measurement resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal.

[0326] -- Variation: Which option / choice applies to the measurement resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal may be explicitly indicated by the configuration or may be implicitly determined by the configuration parameters. For example, if the configuration parameters for Option 1-1 are set, Option 1-1 may be applied. For example, if the configuration parameters for Option 1-3 + Option 3 are set, Option 1-3 + Option 3 may be applied.

[0327] -- Combinations of TDRA patterns and parameters: -- When the TDRA pattern follows Option 1-1 (multiple repetitions are arranged consecutively): The parameters may include the TDRA of the first repetition and a repetition factor. -- When the TDRA pattern follows Option 1-2 + Option 1 (multiple repetitions are arranged in consecutive slots, with a single repetition in each slot, and the same symbol arrangement is applied in each slot): The parameters include the TDRA of the first repetition and may include at least one of the repetition factor and the number of slots for the multiple repetition. -- When the TDRA pattern follows Option 1-2 + Option 2 (multiple repetitions are arranged in consecutive slots, with one or more consecutive repetitions in each slot, and the same symbol arrangement is applied in each slot): The parameters include the TDRA of the first repetition and may include at least one of the repetition factor, the number of slots for the multiple repetition, and the number of repetitions in a slot. --- When the TDRA pattern follows Option 1-2 + Option 3 (multiple repetitions are arranged in consecutive slots, one or more non-consecutive repetitions are arranged in each slot, and the same symbol arrangement is applied in each slot): The parameters include the TDRA of the first repetition, and may include at least one of the following: a repetition factor, the number of slots for the multiple repetitions, the number of repetitions in a slot, and the number of symbols (spacing, symbol offset) between two adjacent repetitions in a slot. --- When the TDRA pattern follows Option 1-3 + Option 1 (multiple repetitions are arranged in non-consecutive slots, a single repetition is arranged in each slot, and the same symbol arrangement is applied in each slot): The parameters include the TDRA of the first repetition, and may include at least one of the following: a repetition factor, the number of slots for the multiple repetitions, the number of repetitions in a slot, and the slot offset (spacing, number of slots) between two adjacent non-consecutive slots.--- Case where the TDRA pattern follows Option 1-3 + Option 2 (multiple repetitions are arranged in non-contiguous slots, with one or more consecutive repetitions arranged in each slot, and the same symbol arrangement is applied in each slot): The parameters include the TDRA of the first repetition, and may also include at least one of the repetition factor, the number of slots for the multiple repetitions, the slot offset (spacing, number of slots) between two adjacent non-contiguous slots, and the number of repetitions in one slot. --- Case where the TDRA pattern follows Option 1-3 + Option 3 (multiple repetitions are arranged in non-contiguous slots, one or more non-contiguous repetitions are arranged in each slot, and the same symbol arrangement is applied in each slot): The parameters include the TDRA of the first repetition, and may also include at least one of the repetition factor, the number of slots for the multiple repetitions, the slot offset (spacing, number of slots) between two adjacent non-contiguous slots, the number of repetitions in one slot, and the number of symbols (spacing, symbol offset) between two adjacent repetitions in one slot.

[0328] <<<Embodiment B1-2-2>>> Frequency Domain Resource Allocation (FDRA) The time domain resource pattern for repetition in the sensing measurement resource configuration may follow at least one of the following options.

[0329] - Option a: Multiple frequency domain resources may be configured / indicated for the measurement resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal (sensing measurement resource configuration). This option may be in accordance with at least one of the following examples.

[0330] -- Example 1: Frequency domain resources for each repetition are configured / indicated independently / separately / separately.

[0331] -- Example 2: The number of frequency domain resources to be configured / instructed is smaller than the repetition factor to be configured / instructed. For example, M frequency domain resources are configured, and the repetition factor is determined to be K, where K>M. Each frequency domain resource may be one or more RBs. In mapping from the configured / instructed frequency domain resources to the repetition index (or from the repetition index to the configured / instructed frequency domain resources), cyclic mapping or sequential mapping may be applied. The mapping may follow at least one of the following options:

[0332] --- Option 1: Cyclic Mapping: First, for the first M iterations out of K iterations, each iteration index is mapped one-to-one (respectively) to M frequency domain resources. For the remaining iterations, each iteration index is cyclically mapped to frequency domain resources. As in the example of Figure 20, two frequency domain resources (FDRA #1 and #2) are configured for K=4 iterations (iterations #1 to #4), and when Option 1 is applied, iterations #1, #2, #3, and #4 are mapped to FDRA #1, #2, #1, and #2, as in the example of Figure 21A.

[0333] --- Option 2: Sequential mapping: K repetitions are grouped into M repetition groups, each group containing consecutive repetitions. Each repetition group is mapped to one frequency domain resource. When two frequency domain resources (FDRA #1 and #2) are configured for K=4 repetitions (repetitions #1 to #4) and Option 2 is applied, repetitions #1, #2, #3, and #4 are mapped to FDRA #1, #1, #2, and #2, as in the example of Figure 21B. This mapping may follow at least one of several Option 2-x below: --- Option 2-1: Each repetition group except the last or first repetition group contains ceil(K / M) repetitions. The last or first repetition group contains (K mod M) frequency domain resources (mod(k,M) frequency domain resources). --- Option 2-2: Each of the first or last K1 repetition groups contains floor(K / M) repetitions. The last or first (K-K1) repeat group contains ceil(K / M) repeats, where K1=K mod M (K1=mod(k,M)).

[0334] --- Variation: Whether cyclic mapping or sequential mapping is applied may be determined by specifications or by configuration / instruction of the BS / LMF / SF.

[0335] - Option b: Frequency domain resources for the first iteration are determined / configured / indicated. The determination of frequency domain resources for the remaining iterations may follow at least one of several options 2-x below.

[0336] -- Option 2-1: The RB arrangement for the remaining repetitions is the same as that of the first repetition.

[0337] -- Option 2-2: Inter-repetition hopping is applied.

[0338] -- Option 2-3: Inter-slot hopping is applied.

[0339] -- Option 2-4: Inter-repetition-group hopping is applied.

[0340] The parameters required in options 2-2 / 2-3 / 2-4 may be at least one of the following parameters:

[0341] --- Number of hops. The parameter may follow at least one of the following options: --- Option 1: The parameter is defined by the specification. --- Option 2: The parameter is configured / instructed for the sensing measurement resource configuration. --- Option 3: The parameter is determined based on the repetition factor. For example, number of hops = repetition factor K. --- Variation: The maximum value of the number of hops may be defined by the specification or may depend on the UE capabilities.

[0342] --- Hopping offset (frequency offset, RB offset). The parameter may follow at least one of the following options: --- Option 1: Set / instructed for sensing measurement resource configuration. --- Option 2: The parameter is determined based on the number of RBs or bandwidth of the first repetition, for example, hopping offset = B1, where B1 may be the number of RBs for the first repetition. --- Option 3: The parameter is determined based on the frequency sweeping bandwidth that is set / instructed / defined, or based on the bandwidth that is set / instructed for all repetitions, for example, hopping offset = M / N, where M is the number of RBs in the bandwidth of all repetitions, and N may be the number of hops.

[0343] --- Repetition group size. In option 2-4, it is the number of repetitions in one repetition group. The parameter may follow at least one of the following options: --- Option 1: The parameter is defined by the specification. --- Option 2: The parameter is set / instructed for the sensing measurement resource configuration. --- Option 3: The parameter is determined based on the repetition bundle size. The repetition bundle size may follow embodiment B1-3-1 described below. --- Option 4: The parameter is determined based on the number of hops. For example, the repetition group size may be K / N, where K is the repetition factor and N is the number of hops.

[0344] -- At least one of the above parameters may be set / indicated / determined / reported for at least one of the UE, UE group, BWP, TRP, beam ID, spatial filter, and sensing channel / signal measurement resource setting.

[0345] 22 shows an example of Option 2-1, K=4. In this example, no frequency hopping is performed, and the frequency domain resources of K=4 repetitions are the same.

[0346] --- In Option 2-2, if the repetition factor is assumed to be K, the number of hops is assumed to be M, the hopping offset is assumed to be RB_offset, and the start RB of the first repetition is assumed to be RB_start_0, the frequency domain resource of the kth repetition (0≦k<K) may be as follows: --- The start RB may be RB_start_0 + (k mod M)*RB_offset, or may be (RB_start_0 + (k mod M)*RB_offset) mod RB_BWP. --- The number of RBs in each repetition / each hop may be the same as the number of RBs in the first repetition.

[0347] 23A shows an example of Option 2-2, K=4, and M=4. In this example, inter-repetition frequency hopping is performed, and the starting RB of the frequency domain resource of the second or subsequent repetition is determined based on the starting RB of the frequency domain resource of the previous repetition plus a hopping offset. FIG. 23B shows an example of Option 2-2, K=4, and M=2.

[0348] -- In option 2-3, if the repetition factor (in N slots) is assumed to be K (N may be less than or equal to K), the number of hops is assumed to be M, the hopping offset is assumed to be RB_offset, and the start RB of the first repetition is assumed to be RB_start_0, the frequency domain resources of one or more repetitions in the nth slot (0≦n<N) may be as follows: -- The start RB may be RB_start_0 + (n mod M)*RB_offset, or may be (RB_start_0 + (n mod M)*RB_offset) mod RB_BWP. -- The number of RBs in each repetition / each hop may be the same as the number of RBs in the first repetition.

[0349] 24A shows an example of Option 2-3, K=4, and M=2. In this example, inter-slot frequency hopping is performed, and the starting RB of the repeating frequency domain resources in the second and subsequent slots is determined based on the starting RB of the repeating frequency domain resources in the immediately preceding slot plus a hopping offset.

[0350] --- In Option 2-4, if the repetition factor is assumed to be K, the number of repetition groups is assumed to be X, the number of hops is assumed to be M, the hopping offset is assumed to be RB_offset, and the start RB of the first repetition is assumed to be RB_start_0, the frequency domain resources of one or more repetitions in the xth (0≦x<X) repetition group may be as follows: --- The start RB may be RB_start_0 + (x mod M)*RB_offset, or may be (RB_start_0 + (x mod M)*RB_offset) mod RB_BWP. --- The number of RBs in each repetition / each hop may be the same as the number of RBs in the first repetition.

[0351] 24B shows an example of Option 2-4, K=4 and M=2. In this example, inter-repetition group frequency hopping is performed, and the start RB of the repeating frequency domain resources in the second or subsequent repetition groups is determined based on the value obtained by adding a hopping offset to the start RB of the repeating frequency domain resources in the immediately preceding repetition group.

[0352] <<Embodiment B1-3>> Repetition Type / Usage Multiple repetition types / usages may be defined / supported for multiple repeated measurements of sensing channels / signals. The multiple repetition types / usages may include, for example, at least one of coherent repetition bundling (coherent repetition processing), frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, and antenna / port switching. The UE may support at least one of the multiple repetition types / usages.

[0353] Combinations of two or more of the types / applications may be defined / supported, such as at least one of: a combination of coherent repeat bundling and frequency sweeping, a combination of coherent repeat bundling and beam sweeping, a combination of coherent repeat bundling and antenna / port switching, a combination of frequency sweeping and beam sweeping, and a combination of frequency sweeping and antenna / port switching.

[0354] Defining / supporting different types / uses of repetitions can achieve different advantages and requirements / characteristics, as follows: The advantage of coherent repetition bundling is the performance gain due to coherent processing / detection of multiple repetitions. Conditions enabling coherent processing may be required. This type / use can improve SNR and sensing accuracy. As in the example of FIG. 25A, when the repetition type / use is coherent repetition bundling, multiple coherent repetitions are transmitted. The same frequency domain resource and the same beam may be used across the multiple repetitions. The advantage of frequency sweeping is that each repetition with a narrow bandwidth is used to sweep / measure a wider bandwidth. For example, even low-end devices such as RedCap, which support narrower bandwidths, can sweep / measure a wider bandwidth. A frequency switching gap may be required. This type / use can use a wider bandwidth, improving sensing range accuracy and resolution. As in the example of FIG. 25B, when the repetition type / use is frequency sweeping, multiple repetitions using different frequency domain resources are transmitted. The same beam may be used across the multiple repetitions. - An advantage of beam sweeping is that each repetition of a narrow beam direction is used to sweep / measure a wider direction. A beam switching gap may be required. According to this type / application, beam sweeping and a wider field of view angle can be realized. As in the example of FIG. 26, when the repetition type / application is beam sweeping, multiple repetitions using different beams (beams #1 to #4) are transmitted. The same frequency domain resource may be used across the multiple repetitions. - An advantage of antenna / port switching is that VA is realized, as in at least one of embodiments A1 to A4. An antenna / port switching gap may be required. According to this type / application, sensing angle resolution can be improved.

[0355] In an ISAC system, one or more types / uses of recurrence may be supported.

[0356] If multiple types / applications of repetitions are supported (for a particular sensing method), the type / application for multiple repetitive measurements of a sensing channel / signal may be determined according to at least one of several options below.

[0357] - Option 1: The repetition type / use may be explicitly configured / instructed for the sensing measurement resource configuration. -- Variation: The repetition type / use configuration / instruction may be cell-wide, UE group-wide, or UE-specific. -- If the repetition type / use configuration / instruction is not provided by the BS / LMF / SF, a default type / use may be applied. For example, the default type / use may be coherent repetition bundling, frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, or antenna / port switching.

[0358] Option 2: The repetition type / application may be determined by the UE based on the sensing use case / requirements. The use case / requirements may include, for example, at least one of a required sensing coverage radius, a required accuracy, and a required sensing resolution. For example, if the sensing use case / requirements include a target location that is unknown, the repetition type / application may include beam sweeping. For example, if the sensing use case / requirements include at least one of frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, and antenna / port switching, the repetition type / application may not include coherent repetition bundling because power consistency and phase continuity are not maintained during multiple repetitions.

[0359] - Option 3: The repetition type / use may be implicitly determined by the configured parameters. For example, the determination of the repetition type / use may be in accordance with at least one of the following: -- If multiple frequency domain resources are configured / indicated or frequency hopping (offset) is configured / indicated, the repetition type / use may be frequency sweeping. -- If multiple beam / spatial relationship parameters are configured / indicated, the repetition type / use may be beam sweeping. -- If multiple antenna / port resources are configured / indicated, the repetition type / use may be antenna / port switching.

[0360] <<<Embodiment B1-3-1>>> Coherent Repeat Bundling The repeat bundle size (the number of repeats in one repeat bundle) may be defined by a specification, may be directly set / instructed by the BS / LMF / SF, or may be calculated / determined based on the number of repeat bundles. The number of repeat bundles may be defined by a specification, may be set / instructed by the BS / LMF / SF. For example, if the repeat type / use is coherent repeat bundling, there may be one repeat bundle for all repeats (the repeat bundle size may be equal to the repeat factor). For example, if the repeat type / use is a combination of coherent repeat bundling and frequency / beam / antenna / port sweeping / switching, there may be M repeat bundles for all repeats (the repeat bundle size may be less than or equal to the repeat factor).

[0361] <<<<<Parameters>>>> Embodiment B1-2-1 / At least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. For TDRA, at least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. For FDRA, at least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-2 may be applied.

[0362] Which choice / option in embodiment B1-2-1 / embodiment B1-2-2 is applicable may depend on the type / application of the repetition. For example, if the type / application of the repetition is coherent repetition bundling, the following may be applied: - For TDRA (for multiple repetitions in one repetition bundle), option 1-1 (consecutive repetitions) or option 1-2 (consecutive slots) in embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. - For all repetitions (in one repetition bundle), the FDRA, beam, and antenna / port may be the same.

[0363] <<<<<Variations>>>> Within one repetition bundle, maintaining power consistency and phase continuity may be assumed.

[0364] For support of joint channel estimation for PUSCH / PUSCH DMRS bundling, power consistency and phase continuity conditions are required, which may also be required or assumed to enable iterative joint / coherent processing of sensing channels / signals.

[0365] When the repetition type / application is coherent repetition bundling, the UE operation for repetitive decoding / measurement of the sensing channel / signal may follow at least one of the following options.

[0366] - Option 1: The UE assumes that power consistency and phase continuity (of sensing channels / signals / multiple repetitions) are maintained within a repetition bundle, in other words, the UE does not expect any event to occur that would cause power consistency and phase continuity (of sensing channels / signals / multiple repetitions) to not be maintained within a repetition bundle.

[0367] Option 2: If any event occurs that causes power consistency and phase continuity (of sensing channels / signals / multiple repetitions) to be disrupted, the UE assumes that power consistency and phase continuity (of sensing channels / signals / multiple repetitions) within a repetition bundle are disrupted, or that power consistency and phase continuity of one or more repetitions (of sensing channels / signals / multiple repetitions) prior to the event are disrupted. Events that cause power consistency and phase continuity to be disrupted may include at least one of the following events: Event 1: At least one of any sensing UL slots / symbols / resources and any communication (UL) slots / symbols / resources within a span (period) of multiple repetitions within a repetition bundle. The event may include communication slots / symbols / resources, or may include slots / symbols / resources of communication slots / symbols / resources of only different link directions (UL). -- Event 2: A gap between any two consecutive repetitions in a repetition bundle that exceeds X symbols / X ms. For example, X may be defined by the specification, set / instructed by the BS / LMF / SF, or based on UE capabilities. -- Event 3: Dropping / cancellation of a repetition in a repetition bundle due to overlap with at least one of the sensing UL slots / symbols / resources and communication (UL) slots / symbols / resources. -- Event 4: At least one of beam switching, antenna / port switching, and frequency hopping / switching across multiple repetitions in one repetition bundle.

[0368] <<<<Embodiment B1-3-2>>> Frequency Sweeping <<<<Parameters>>>> At least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-1 / Embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. For TDRA, at least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. For FDRA, at least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-2 may be applied.

[0369] Which choices / options in embodiment B1-2-1 / embodiment B1-2-2 are applicable may depend on the type / application of the repetition. For example, if the type / application of the repetition is frequency sweeping, the following may apply.

[0370] For multiple-repetition TDRA, Option 1-2 (consecutive slots) or Option 1-3 (discontinuous slots) in embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. At least one of the following limitations / restrictions may be applied: -- A gap between two consecutive repetitions is required that is equal to or greater than the minimum gap required for frequency switching. For example, the gap between two consecutive repetitions is equal to or greater than a value defined in the specifications. -- The length of the minimum gap may depend on at least one of the SCS of the sensing channel / signal, the frequency range, and the UE capability. -- Multiple repetitions may or may not be limited to the same BWP. When multiple repetitions are configured across multiple BWPs, a BWP switching delay may be applied between the multiple repetitions.

[0371] For multiple-iteration FDRA, options 2-2 / 2-3 / 2-4 in embodiment B1-2-2 may be applied.

[0372] - For all iterations, the beams and antennas / ports may be the same.

[0373] <<<<Embodiment B1-3-3>>> Beam / Antenna / Port Sweeping / Switching <<<<<Parameters>>>> At least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-1 / Embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. For TDRA, at least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. For FDRA, at least one of several choices / options in Embodiment B1-2-2 may be applied.

[0374] Which choices / options in embodiment B1-2-1 / embodiment B1-2-2 are applicable may depend on the type / application of the repetition. For example, if the type / application of the repetition is at least one of beam sweeping and antenna / port sweeping / switching, the following may apply.

[0375] For multi-repetition TDRA, Option 1-2 (consecutive slots) or Option 1-3 (discontinuous slots) in embodiment B1-2-1 may be applied. At least one of the following limitations / restrictions may be applied: -- A gap between two consecutive repetitions must be equal to or greater than the minimum gap required for frequency switching. For example, the gap between two consecutive repetitions is equal to or greater than a value defined in the specification. -- The length of the minimum gap may depend on at least one of the SCS of the sensing channel / signal, the frequency range, and the UE capabilities.

[0376] For multiple-repetition FDRA, option 2-1 in embodiment B1-2-2 may be applied, or options 2-2 / 2-3 / 2-4 in embodiment B1-2-2 may be applied.

[0377] For multiple repeat antennas / ports, at least one of embodiments A1 to A4 may be applied.

[0378] <<<Embodiment B1-3-4>>> Combination of Coherent Repetition Bundling and Frequency / Beam / Antenna / Port Sweeping / Switching A repetition bundle may include multiple repetitions with the same frequency / beam / antenna / port resources. Multiple repetition bundles may have different frequency / beam / antenna / port resources. The repetition bundle size and repetition factor may be determined in the same manner as in embodiment B1-3-1.

[0379] For multiple repetitions within one repeat bundle, embodiment B1-3-1 may be reused / repurposed.

[0380] The multiple repetition bundles may conform to at least one of the following: - By replacing "repetition" in embodiment B1-3-2 with "repetition bundle," embodiment B1-3-2 may be reused / repurposed for a combination of coherent repetition bundling and frequency sweeping. In the example of the combination of coherent repetition bundling and frequency sweeping in FIG. 27A , repetition bundle #1 includes repetitions #1 and #2, and repetition bundle #2 includes repetitions #3 and #4. Frequency hopping (inter-repetition-bundle frequency hopping) is performed between repetition bundles #1 and #2. The same beam is used in repetition bundles #1 and #2. - By replacing "repetition" in embodiment B1-3-3 with "repetition bundle," embodiment B1-3-3 may be reused / repurposed for a combination of coherent repetition bundling and beam / antenna / port sweeping / switching. In the example of the combination of coherent repeat bundling and beam sweeping in Figure 27B, repeat bundle #1 includes repeats #1 and #2, and repeat bundle #2 includes repeats #3 and #4. Beam switching is performed between repeat bundles #1 and #2. The same frequency domain resources are used in repeat bundles #1 and #2.

[0381] <<Embodiment B1-4>> Sensing / Measurement Result Reporting One or More Sensing / Measurement Results for Multiple Repetitions of Sensing Channels / Signals may be Supported. The UE may support / perform reporting of one or more sensing / measurement results for multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals. The reporting may follow at least one of several options:

[0382] - Option 1: The UE may report the sensing / measurement results for each iteration independently / individually / separately. For example, the UE may report the sensing / measurement results for each iteration after all iterations. In the example of Figure 28A, the UE calculates the sensing / measurement results for each iteration for K=4 iterations and reports K results based on each of the K iterations independently / individually / separately. For example, the UE may report the sensing / measurement results for each iteration after each iteration. In the example of Figure 28B, the UE calculates and reports the sensing / measurement results based on each iteration for K=4 iterations after each iteration.

[0383] Option 2: The UE may report sensing / measurement results independently / separately / separately for each resource of a repetition / beam / frequency hop / antenna (or port) / repetition bundle. For example, the UE may report sensing / measurement results for each set of repetitions that have at least one of the same values ​​for the beam / frequency hop / antenna (or port) resource and the repetition bundle. In the example of FIG. 29A, if K=8 repetitions include four sets, each of which includes two repetitions, the UE calculates sensing / measurement results for each set and reports four results based on each of the four sets independently / separately / separately. For example, the UE may report sensing / measurement results for each set of repetitions that have the same resource of a repetition / beam / frequency hop / antenna (or port) / repetition bundle after each set of repetitions. In the example of FIG. 29B, if K=8 repetitions include four sets, each of which includes two repetitions, the UE calculates and reports sensing / measurement results based on each set after each set.

[0384] Option 3: The UE may report one result of sensing / measurement for multiple iterations. In the example of Figure 30, the UE calculates and reports one result of sensing / measurement based on at least one of the K=4 iterations.

[0385] - Variation: Which of options 1 / 2 / 3 is applied may depend on the repetition type / application. For example, if the repetition type / application is coherent repetition bundling, option 3 may be applied. For example, if the repetition type / application is frequency / beam / antenna / port sweeping / switching, option 1 / 2 may be applied.

[0386] In option 3, the timing of reporting the sensing / measurement results may follow at least one of the following timings:

[0387] Timing 1: The reporting timing is after the last iteration. The UE does not need to decode / measure / calculate the sensing / measurement channel / signal for each iteration. For example, the UE may decode / measure / calculate the sensing / measurement channel / signal only after the last iteration by combining all iterations.

[0388] Timing 2: The reporting timing is after any iteration. For example, if the sensing / measurement is successful, the UE may report the sensing / measurement result. Early termination of multiple iterations may be supported. For example, after successfully reporting the sensing / measurement result, the UE may or may not perform measurement / reception for the remaining iterations of the sensing / measurement. For example, after successfully reporting the sensing / measurement result, the UE may receive an early termination command from the BS / LMF / SF / transmitting UE. If the UE receives the early termination command, it may not perform measurement / reception for the remaining iterations of the sensing / measurement. If the latency of the result reporting is small, early termination of the sensing channel / signal iterations is possible, thereby saving resources. The UE needs to decode / measure / calculate the sensing channel / signal for each iteration. Early termination of multiple iterations can reduce power consumption and improve frequency utilization efficiency.

[0389] In option 3, the content of the reporting of the sensing / measurement results may follow at least one of the following options:

[0390] -- Option 1: The report content is the sensing / measurement results for each resource of the repetition / beam / frequency hop / antenna (or port) / repetition bundle.

[0391] Option 2: The report content is the sensing / measurement results for (up to) X resources of a repetition / beam / frequency hop / antenna (or port) / repetition bundle (and (up to) X indices of the corresponding repetition / frequency / beam / repetition bundle). --- The value of X may be defined by the specification, determined by the UE capability, or set / instructed by the BS / LMF / SF. --- The (up to) X resources of a repetition / beam / frequency hop / antenna (or port) / repetition bundle may be determined / selected based on the sensing / measurement results (quantity). Resources corresponding to results that satisfy the condition may be included in the (up to) X resources. The results may be at least one of the estimated distance / velocity / angle and the SNR / RSRP of each repetition. The conditions may include at least one of the following: estimated distance / velocity / angle within a specific range, SNR / RSRP higher than a specific threshold, highest SNR / RSRP, or top X SNR / RSRP. --- Sensing / measurement results for multiple resources of a repetition / beam / frequency hop / antenna (or port) / repetition bundle may be averaged / filtered.

[0392] -- Option 3: The report content is the sensing / measurement results for all iterations.

[0393] For example, the content of the report may be an averaged / filtered value of multiple sensing / measurement results for all repetitions, or an averaged / filtered value of up to X results based on each of up to X repetitions. The up to X repetitions may include a repetition corresponding to a result (quantity) that satisfies a condition. The result may be at least one of the estimated distance / velocity / angle and the SNR / RSRP of each repetition. The condition may include at least one of the estimated distance / velocity / angle being within a specific range, the SNR / RSRP being higher than a specific threshold, the highest SNR / RSRP, or the top X SNR / RSRP. For example, the condition may be that the estimated distance / velocity / angle is within a specific range and the measured SNR / RSRP is higher than a specific threshold.

[0394] For example, the content of the report may be multiple sensing / measurement results for one iteration (one iteration index). The one iteration may be a iteration among multiple iterations that corresponds to a result (quantity) that satisfies a condition. The result may be at least one of the estimated distance / velocity / angle and the SNR / RSRP of each iteration. The condition may include at least one of the estimated distance / velocity / angle being within a specific range, the SNR / RSRP being higher than a specific threshold, the highest SNR / RSRP, or the top X SNR / RSRP. For example, the condition may be having the highest SNR / RSRP among one or more iterations corresponding to the distance / velocity / angle within a specific range.

[0395] -- In option 2 / 3, specific ranges / thresholds may be defined by the specification or set / instructed by the BS / LMF / SF.

[0396] According to this embodiment, the UE can properly receive / measure the channel / signal for sensing using repetition.

[0397] <Embodiment B2> This embodiment relates to the transmission of sensing channels / signals using repetition.

[0398] Transmission of sensing channel / signal using repetition may be supported. The UE may support transmission of sensing channel / signal using repetition.

[0399] <<Embodiment B2-1>> Repetition Factor (Number of Repetitions) One or more candidate values ​​for the repetition factor may be supported. The UE may support one or more candidate values ​​for the repetition factor, may use one candidate value for the repetition factor, or may use one of multiple candidate values ​​for the repetition factor.

[0400] The maximum supported repetition factor may be defined by the specification.

[0401] If multiple possible values ​​of the repetition factor are supported, the repetition factor for repeated measurements of the sensing channel / signal may be determined by at least one of several options:

[0402] - Option 1: The repetition factor may be explicitly configured / indicated for each transmission resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal (sensing transmission resource configuration). -- Variation: The repetition factor may be configured / indicated on a cell-wide basis, a UE group-wide basis, or a UE-specific basis.

[0403] - Option 2: The repetition factor may be implicitly determined by the number of resources in the time / frequency / space / coding domain that are configured / indicated for the sensing transmission resource configuration.

[0404] Option 3: The repetition factor may be determined based on the sensing use case / requirements, which may be, for example, the sensing coverage radius, the required accuracy, etc.

[0405] - Variations Repetitions that are canceled / dropped (or not transmitted) due to overlapping DL slots / symbols / resources for sensing and / or DL ​​slots / symbols / resources for communication may or may not be counted for the repetition factor (the repetition may or may not be included in the number of repetitions up to the repetition factor). UL slots / symbols / resources for sensing and / or DL ​​slots / symbols / resources for communication may be indicated as TDD configuration and / or UL / DL channel / signal resources. In other words, the repetition factor may be interpreted as slots / symbols / resources that are available for repetition, or as slots / symbols / resources including slots / symbols / resources that are not available for repetition.

[0406] <<Embodiment B2-2>> Multiple Repetition Parameters For multiple repetitions of a sensing channel / signal, contiguous or discontinuous time domain resources may be supported. The UE may support / use contiguous or discontinuous time domain resources for multiple repetitions of a sensing channel / signal.

[0407] The UE may support the same or different resources, including frequency domain resources, beams, and / or antennas / ports, for multiple repetitions of the sensing channel / signal.

[0408] Details of this embodiment may be according to embodiment B1-2 with some modifications: "Measurement resource configuration" is replaced by "Transmission resource configuration".

[0409] <<Embodiment B2-3>> Repetition Type / Usage Multiple repetition types / usages may be defined / supported for multiple repeated measurements of sensing channels / signals. The multiple repetition types / usages may include, for example, at least one of coherent repetition bundling (coherent repetition processing), frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, and antenna / port switching. The UE may support at least one of the multiple repetition types / usages.

[0410] Details of this embodiment may follow embodiment B1-3 with the following modifications: - Multiple repetitions of "measurement" / "decoding" / "reception" are replaced with multiple repetitions of "transmission". - "measurement resource configuration" is replaced with "transmission resource configuration". - In embodiment B1-3-1, the following modifications are made: -- "The UE assumes that power consistency and phase continuity (of sensing channel / signal / multiple repetitions) are maintained" is replaced with "The UE maintains power consistency and phase continuity (of sensing channel / signal / multiple repetitions)". -- "The UE assumes that power consistency and phase continuity (of sensing channel / signal / multiple repetitions) are not maintained" is replaced with "The UE may not maintain power consistency and phase continuity (of sensing channel / signal / multiple repetitions)". -- "sensing UL slots / symbols / resources" is replaced with "sensing DL slots / symbols / resources". "(UL) slots / symbols / resources for communication" is replaced with "(DL) slots / symbols / resources for communication".

[0411] <<Embodiment B2-4>> Stopping Repetitions When a specific condition is met, stopping repetitions before completing transmission of all repetitions may be supported. The UE may support / execute stopping repetitions before completing transmission of all repetitions when a specific condition is met. The specific condition may include one of the following conditions, or may include an AND / OR of two or more of the following conditions:

[0412] Condition 1: The UE receives specific information from the sensing side or the BS / LMF / SF. The sensing side may be the BS in UE-BS bistatic sensing or the UE in UE-UE bistatic sensing. The specific information may be a request / command for early termination or the result of sensing / measurement.

[0413] Condition 2: The UE considers / determines that the transmitted repetitions are sufficient for sensing accuracy / resolution. For example, condition 2 may be a condition for UE monostatic sensing. For example, if the DL measurement results during the repetitions are good enough compared to a specific / configured threshold, the UE considers / determines that the transmitted repetitions are sufficient for sensing accuracy / resolution.

[0414] According to this embodiment, the UE can properly transmit the sensing channel / signal using repetition.

[0415] <Variation> BS Operation The BS may support reception / measurement of channels / signals for repetitive sensing. The details may follow embodiment B1 with some modifications: - "UE" is replaced by "BS". - "UL" is replaced by "DL".

[0416] The BS may support the transmission of sensing channels / signals using repetition, the details of which may follow embodiment B2 with some modifications: - "UE" is replaced by "BS", - "DL" is replaced by "UL".

[0417] <Variation> Setting / instruction of parameters related to embodiment B1 In BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE monostatic sensing, related parameters may be set / instructed to the UE by the BS via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE or by the LMF / SF via LPP for each measurement resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0418] In UE1-UE2 bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to UE2 from the BS via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE, or from the LMF / SF via LPP, or from UE1 via sidelink, for each measurement resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0419] In BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to BS2 from BS1 via Xn or from LMF / SF via NRPPa for each measurement resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0420] In UE-BS bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / indicated to the BS from the LMF / SF via the NRPPa for each measurement resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal.

[0421] <Variation> Setting / instruction of parameters related to embodiment B2 In UE-BS bistatic sensing, related parameters may be set / instructed to the UE from the LMF / SF via the LPP for each transmission resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0422] In UE1-UE2 bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to UE1 from the BS via SIB / DCI / RRC IE / MAC CE, or from the LMF / SF via LPP, or from UE2 via sidelink, for each transmission resource configuration of the sensing channel / signal.

[0423] In BS1-BS2 bistatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to BS1 from BS2 via Xn or from LMF / SF via NRPPa for each transmission resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0424] In BS-UE bistatic sensing and UE monostatic sensing, relevant parameters may be set / instructed to the BS from the LMF / SF via NRPPa for each transmission resource setting of the sensing channel / signal.

[0425] <Supplementary Information> [Notification of Information to UE] In the above-described embodiments, any information may be notified to the UE (from a network (NW) (e.g., a base station (BS))) (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0426] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not defined in existing standards.

[0427] When the notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0428] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0429] [Notification of Information from UE] In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE (to the NW) (in other words, transmission / report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0430] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID, which is not defined in existing standards, in the MAC subheader.

[0431] If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0432] Furthermore, any information in the above-described embodiments may be notified from the UE periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0433] [Application of Each Embodiment] At least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied when a specific condition is met. The specific condition may be defined in a standard or may be notified to a UE / BS using higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling.

[0434] The specific conditions may indicate at least one of the following: - being set to enable at least one of the above-mentioned embodiments.

[0435] At least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied only to UEs that have reported or support a particular UE capability.

[0436] The specific UE capability may indicate at least one of the following: - The UE supports specific processes / operations / controls / information for at least one of the above embodiments. - The UE supports measurement of channels / signals with multiple repetitions for sensing (multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals). - Supported values ​​of repetition factors for measurement of channels / signals with multiple repetitions for sensing. - The maximum value of the repetition factor for measurement of channels / signals with multiple repetitions for sensing. - The UE supports measurement of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals in consecutive / discontinuous slots. - The UE supports measurement of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals, consecutive / discontinuous. - The UE supports measurement of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals with coherent bundling. - The UE supports measurement of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals with frequency sweeping (using different frequency domain resources). - The UE shall support multiple repetitions of measurement / reception of the sensing channel / signal with beam sweeping (using different beams). - The UE shall support multiple repetitions of measurement of the sensing channel / signal with antenna / port sweeping (using different antennas / ports). - The time gap required for frequency switching in multiple repetitions of measurement of the sensing channel / signal. - The time gap required for beam switching in multiple repetitions of measurement of the sensing channel / signal. - The time gap required for antenna / port switching in multiple repetitions of measurement of the sensing channel / signal. - The UE shall support one reporting of sensing / measurement results for all repetitions. - The UE shall support independent / separate / separate reporting of sensing / measurement results for multiple repetitions. - The UE shall support stopping reception / measurement for the remaining repetitions after reporting the sensing / measurement results for one repetition.- The UE supports transmission of channels / signals with multiple repetition for sensing (multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals). - Supported values ​​of repetition factor for transmission of channels / signals with multiple repetition for sensing. - Maximum value of repetition factor for transmission of channels / signals with multiple repetition for sensing. - The UE supports transmission of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals in consecutive / non-consecutive slots. - The UE supports transmission of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals, consecutive / non-consecutive. - The UE supports transmission of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals with coherent bundling. - The UE supports transmission of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals with frequency sweeping (using different frequency domain resources). - The UE supports transmission of multiple repetitions of sensing channels / signals with beam sweeping (using different beams). - The UE supports multiple repeat transmissions of the sensing channel / signal with antenna / port sweeping (using different antennas / ports). - The time gap required for frequency switching in multiple repeat transmissions of the sensing channel / signal. - The time gap required for beam switching in multiple repeat transmissions of the sensing channel / signal. - The time gap required for antenna / port switching in multiple repeat transmissions of the sensing channel / signal. - The UE supports stopping transmission of remaining repeats after detection of an early termination request / command.

[0437] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, a band, a band combination, a BWP, a component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0438] Furthermore, the specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied to all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0439] Furthermore, at least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied when a UE configures / activates / triggers specific information related to the above-described embodiments (or performs the operations of the above-described embodiments) through higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling. The specific information may indicate at least one of the following: - Information indicating enabling / disabling the operations of the above-described embodiments. - RRC parameters for a specific release (e.g., Rel. 18 / 19). In Rel. YY (e.g., YY is 18 or greater), the RRC parameters enabling operation XXX may be represented as XXX_rYY (XXX-rYY).

[0440] If the UE does not support at least one of the specific UE capabilities or is not configured with the specific information, the UE may apply, for example, Rel. 15 / 16 behavior.

[0441] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplemented with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives information for multiple repetitions of a signal for sensing; and a control unit that controls reception of one or more repetitions of the multiple repetitions based on the information and controls the sensing based on the one or more repetitions. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the information indicates at least one of a number of the multiple repetitions, at least one time domain resource of the multiple repetitions, at least one frequency domain resource of the multiple repetitions, and a type of the multiple repetitions. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the multiple repetitions are transmitted using at least one of coherent bundling, frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, and antenna or port sweeping. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplements 1 to 3, wherein the control unit reports a result of at least one measurement based on the one or more repetitions.

[0442] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplemented with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives information for multiple repetitions of a signal for sensing; and a control unit that controls transmission of the multiple repetitions based on the information. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the information indicates at least one of a number of the multiple repetitions, at least one time domain resource of the multiple repetitions, at least one frequency domain resource of the multiple repetitions, and a type of the multiple repetitions. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the control unit controls the multiple repetitions using at least one of coherent bundling, frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, and antenna or port sweeping. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 3, wherein the control unit stops transmission of the multiple repetitions before completion of transmission of the multiple repetitions if a condition is met.

[0443] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0444] 31 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0445] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0446] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (Master Node (MN)), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (Secondary Node (SN)). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0447] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0448] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The locations and numbers of the cells and user terminals 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0449] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CCs) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0450] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band higher than 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

[0451] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0452] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0453] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0454] The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). A single network node may provide multiple functions. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

[0455] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0456] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the wireless communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0457] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (e.g., other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0458] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0459] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), or the like may be used as an uplink channel.

[0460] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, a System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit a Master Information Block (MIB).

[0461] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0462] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be replaced with DL data, and the PUSCH may be replaced with UL data.

[0463] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources for searching for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0464] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," "CORESET configuration," and the like in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0465] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0466] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0467] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

[0468] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as a reference signal.

[0469] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or the like may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0470] The core network 20 (a server in the core network 20) ​​may transmit a request or assistance data related to sensing. Based on the request, the base station 10 may control at least one of reporting a result of the sensing, activating or deactivating transmission of a reference signal for the sensing, configuring or updating the reference signal, activating or deactivating measurements for the sensing, and updating the sensing method. Based on the request or assistance data, the user terminal 20 may transfer either the capability for the sensing or the result of the sensing.

[0471] 32 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

[0472] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0473] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0474] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0475] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0476] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be configured from a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be configured from a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be configured from a reception processing unit 1212, the RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0477] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0478] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0479] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0480] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0481] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0482] The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

[0483] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

[0484] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0485] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0486] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0487] The transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0488] The transceiver 120 may transmit information for multiple repetitions of the sensing signal, and the controller 110 may control the transmission of the multiple repetitions based on the information.

[0489] The transceiver 120 may transmit information for multiple repetitions of a signal for sensing, and the controller 110 may control reception of one or more of the multiple repetitions based on the information, and control the sensing based on the one or more repetitions.

[0490] (User terminal) Fig. 33 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0491] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0492] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0493] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0494] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0495] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0496] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0497] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0498] The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0499] The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0500] The transmitter / receiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0501] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0502] The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

[0503] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

[0504] The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

[0505] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0506] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0507] Note that the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0508] The transceiver 220 may receive information (settings / instructions) for multiple repetitions of a signal for sensing. The controller 210 may control reception of one or more of the multiple repetitions based on the information, and control the sensing based on the one or more repetitions.

[0509] The information may indicate at least one of a number of the plurality of repetitions, at least one time domain resource of the plurality of repetitions, at least one frequency domain resource of the plurality of repetitions, and a type of the plurality of repetitions.

[0510] The multiple repetitions may be transmitted using at least one of coherent bundling, frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, and antenna or port sweeping.

[0511] The controller 210 may report the results of at least one measurement based on the one or more repetitions.

[0512] The transceiver 220 may receive information for multiple repetitions of the sensing signal, and the controller 210 may control the transmission of the multiple repetitions based on the information.

[0513] The information may indicate at least one of a number of the plurality of repetitions, at least one time domain resource of the plurality of repetitions, at least one frequency domain resource of the plurality of repetitions, and a type of the plurality of repetitions.

[0514] The controller 210 may control the multiple iterations using at least one of coherent bundling, frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, and antenna or port sweeping.

[0515] If a condition is met, the controller may stop the transmission of the multiple repetitions before completion of the transmission of the multiple repetitions.

[0516] (Hardware Configuration) Note that the block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0517] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0518] For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 34 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0519] In the present disclosure, the terms apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be used interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0520] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0521] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0522] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0523] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be implemented in a similar manner.

[0524] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EEPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0525] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0526] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0527] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0528] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0529] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0530] (Modifications) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0531] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0532] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0533] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

[0534] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0535] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0536] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

[0537] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0538] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0539] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0540] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0541] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0542] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0543] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI, each of which may be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0544] In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0545] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0546] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0547] The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0548] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0549] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0550] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0551] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0552] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0553] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0554] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0555] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0556] Note that the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, such as an RRC Connection Setup message or an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0557] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0558] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0559] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0560] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0561] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0562] In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0563] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0564] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0565] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0566] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0567] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) property," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0568] In the present disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0569] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. The "spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and the TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and the spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0570] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0571] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within that coverage.

[0572] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0573] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0574] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0575] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0576] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0577] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0578] 35 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0579] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by a user.

[0580] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (for example, an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0581] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0582] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0583] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0584] The driving assistance system unit 64 includes various devices for providing functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0585] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0586] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0587] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0588] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0589] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0590] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a sidelink channel.

[0591] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0592] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0593] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0594] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802. The present invention may be applied to systems that use IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0595] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0596] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0597] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0598] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0599] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some kind of action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0600] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0601] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ...." "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ...." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (e.g., if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0602] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0603] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0604] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0605] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0606] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0607] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0608] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with "i-th" (i is an arbitrary integer) attached (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable with "i-th highest").

[0609] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0610] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after a time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0611] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0612] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A terminal having a receiving unit that receives information for multiple repetitions of a signal for sensing, and a control unit that controls the reception of one or more of the multiple repetitions based on the information, and controls the sensing based on the one or more repetitions.

2. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the information indicates at least one of a number of the multiple repetitions, at least one time domain resource of the multiple repetitions, at least one frequency domain resource of the multiple repetitions, and a type of the multiple repetitions.

3. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the multiple repetitions are transmitted using at least one of coherent bundling, frequency sweeping, beam sweeping, and antenna or port sweeping.

4. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the control unit reports a result of at least one measurement based on the one or more repetitions.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising the steps of: receiving information for multiple repetitions of a signal for sensing; controlling reception of one or more repetitions of the multiple repetitions based on the information; and controlling the sensing based on the one or more repetitions.

6. A base station having: a transmitting unit that transmits information for multiple repetitions of a signal for sensing; and a control unit that controls the transmission of the multiple repetitions based on the information.

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