Referring carrier phase measurements with a carrier frequency offset to a reference time

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to reporting carrier phase measurement. A user equipment (UE) and / or a positioning reference unit (PRU) receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple transmission reception points (TRPs). The UE and / or the PRU receive a reference signal and measure a carrier phase for the reference signal. The UE and / or the PRU determine the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal using the reference time. The UE and / or the PRU transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report to a location management function (LMF) including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

Description

Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 1 REFERRING CARRIER PHASE MEASUREMENTS WITH A CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSET TO A REFERENCE TIME RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 63 / 585,554 filed September 26, 2023, entitled “REFERRING CARRIER PHASE MEASUREMENTS WITH A CARRIER FREQUENCY OFFSET TO A REFERENCE TIME,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to using a reference time for carrier phase measurements. BACKGROUND

[0003] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations, which may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE), or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communications system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like)) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like). Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)). SUMMARY

[0004] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 2 “one or more of” or “one or both of”) indicates inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on.” Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[0005] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may include a UE for wireless communication to receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of transmission reception points (TRPs), receive a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, where the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time, and transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

[0006] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the UE receives the one or more reference signals within a time slot, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot. The UE receives the one or more reference signals within a subframe, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe. The UE receives the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is relative to a time slot of the multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The UE receives the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the UE, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the reference signal. The Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 3 first signaling indicating the reference time one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a coordinate universal time (UTC), a global positioning system (GNSS) time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, a system frame number (SFN), or a time slot for an indicated subcarrier spacing (SCS). The first signaling includes one or more of Long Term Evolution positioning protocol (LPP) signaling or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The reference signal is received from a TRP of the multiple TRPs.

[0007] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a processor for wireless communication to receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of TRPs; receive a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time; and transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

[0008] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the processor receives the one or more reference signals within a time slot, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot. The processor receives the one or more reference signals within a subframe, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe. The processor receives the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is relative to a time slot of the multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The processor receives the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the processor, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 4 associated with the reference signal. The first indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The reference signal is received from a TRP of the multiple TRPs.

[0009] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a method performed by a UE, the method including receiving first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of TRPs; receiving a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time; and transmitting second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

[0010] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the method further includes receiving the one or more reference signals within a time slot, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot. The method further includes receiving the one or more reference signals within a subframe, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe. The method further includes receiving the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is relative to a time slot of the multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The method further includes receiving the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the UE, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the reference signal. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 5 time slot as the reference signal, a symbol a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The reference signal is received from a TRP of the multiple TRPs.

[0011] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a PRU for wireless communication to receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of TRPs; receive a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time; and transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

[0012] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the PRU receives the one or more reference signals within a time slot, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot. The PRU receives the one or more reference signals within a subframe, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe. The PRU receives the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is relative to a time slot of the multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The PRU receives the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the positioning reference unit, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the reference signal. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 6 network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The reference signal is received from a TRP of the multiple TRPs.

[0013] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a method performed by a PRU, the method including receiving first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of TRPs; receiving a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time; and transmitting second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

[0014] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the method further includes receiving the one or more reference signals within a time slot, where the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot. The method further includes receiving the one or more reference signals within a subframe, where the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe. The method further includes receiving the one or more reference signals within multiple time slots, where the reference time is relative to a time slot of the multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The method further includes receiving the one or more reference signals within multiple time slots, where the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the positioning reference unit, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the reference signal. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 7 one or more reference signals include downlink The reference signal is received from a TRP of the multiple TRPs.

[0015] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a network entity for wireless communication to transmit first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple TRPs; and receive second signaling indicating one or more phase measurements including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the one or more reference signals and respective carrier phase measurements for the one or more reference signals.

[0016] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the reference time is a first symbol of a time slot based on the one or more reference signals spanning the time slot. The reference time is a first symbol of a subframe based on the one or more reference signals spanning the subframe. The reference time is relative to a time slot of multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals spanning the multiple time slots. The reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals spanning multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the one or more reference signals includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a respective carrier of the multiple TRPs associated with the one or more reference signals relative to a receiving device, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the one or more reference signals. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the one or more reference signals, a symbol index within a different time slot as the one or more reference signals, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The network entity is a location management function.

[0017] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may further include a method performed by a network entity, the method including transmitting first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple TRPs; and receiving second signaling indicating one or more phase measurements including a Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 8 difference between the respective carrier phase for the one or more reference signals and respective carrier phase measurements for the one or more reference signals.

[0018] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the reference time is a first symbol of a time slot based on the one or more reference signals spanning the time slot. The reference time is a first symbol of a subframe based on the one or more reference signals spanning the subframe. The reference time is relative to a time slot of multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals spanning the multiple time slots. The reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals spanning multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the one or more reference signals includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a respective carrier of the multiple TRPs associated with the one or more reference signals relative to a receiving device, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the one or more reference signals. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the one or more reference signals, a symbol index within a different time slot as the one or more reference signals, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The network entity is a location management function. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0019] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a graph of maximum phase error as a function of symbol separation and carrier frequency, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figures 4 and 5 illustrate examples of resource diagrams in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 9

[0023] Figures 6 and 7 illustrate examples process flows, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] Figure 10 illustrates an example of a network equipment (NE) in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] Figure 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] A UE and a network entity, such as a base station, in a wireless communications system can communicate via TRPs to enhance the performance and reliability of a data transmission. For example, the TRPs can be positioned to increase a coverage area of a base station by relaying signals to UEs, can have one or more functionalities of a base station, or both. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless communications system can include PRUs to assist in determining the location or position of UEs within the wireless communications system. The PRU can have one or more functionalities of a base station and can transmit and or receive reference signals for determining location information of one or more UEs, such as PRSs. In some examples, there is a difference in frequency between the transmitted signal from one TRP and a received signal at another TRP or at a UE, which is referred to as carrier frequency offset. The carrier frequency offset can occur due to various reasons, including oscillator inaccuracies, Doppler effects, and environmental conditions. Unless a carrier frequency offset of a TRP relative to a UE and a downlink PRS is the same, the carrier frequency offset can result in errors in the measurement of carrier phase difference. Further, if the devices in the wireless communications system report the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 10 carrier frequency offset, the carrier phase both the report incurs high signaling overhead and inefficient use of time-frequency resources.

[0030] As described herein, a UE and / or a PRU uses a reference time to measure carrier phase with a carrier frequency offset. For example, an LMF can send control signaling to the UE and the PRU to configure a reference time, where the LMF is a network entity responsible for managing and tracking the location of UEs. The TRPs transmit reference signals (e.g., PRSs) to the UE and / or the PRU, and the UE and / or the PRU use the reference time to perform a carrier phase measurement that accounts for the carrier frequency offset. For example, the UE and / or the PRU perform a carrier phase measurement for each reference signal and subtract a carrier phase measurement offset determined using the reference time. The UE and / or the PRU can transmit a carrier phase measurement report including the value of the difference between the carrier phase measurement and the carrier phase measurement offset, which accounts for the carrier frequency offset. Thus, the UE and / or the PRU can account for the carrier frequency offset, which reduces signaling overhead and provides more efficient use of time-frequency resources.

[0031] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system.

[0032] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more NEs 102, one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or code division multiple access (CDMA), etc. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 11

[0033] The one or more NEs 102 may be throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NE 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, a radio access network (RAN), a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next- generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.

[0034] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NE 102.

[0035] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of- Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.

[0036] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 12

[0037] An NE 102 may support with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N6, or another network interface). In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106). In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs).

[0038] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC), or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management functions (AMF)) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc.) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NEs 102 associated with the CN 106.

[0039] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an S1, N2, N6, or another network interface). The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session). The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106).

[0040] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 13 various operations (e.g., wireless . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.

[0041] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., ^=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., ^=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., ^=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., ^=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., ^=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., ^=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.

[0042] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0043] Additionally, or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., ^=0, ^=1, ^=2, ^=3, ^=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 14 subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., ^=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.

[0044] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data). In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0045] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies). For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., ^=0), which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., ^=1), which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., ^=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies). For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., ^=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., ^=3), which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0046] The wireless communications system 100 can include one or more TRPs for extending a coverage range for communicating with a UE 104 and / or to improve a signal quality when Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 15 communicating with the UE 104. A TRP can similar functionality as a base station (e.g., a NE 102) and / or can have reduced functionality when compared to a base station. For example, the TRP can act as a relay to transmit signaling between a NE 102 and a UE 104. A UE 104 can communicate with multiple TRPs in a multi-TRP system.

[0047] In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 can include a PRU for positioning and location management. The PRU can transmit reference signals, such as PRSs to one or more UEs 104 for determining positioning information of the UE 104. Additionally, or alternatively, the PRU can report timing and synchronization information related to the positioning and location of the UEs 104. In some examples, the PRU can have one or more functionalities of a base station. In some other examples, the PRU can have reduced functionality (e.g., processing capability, transmission and reception capability, etc.) when compared with the base station.

[0048] One or more wireless devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., a NE 102, a UE 104, a TRP, a PRU, or one or more other devices) can perform measurements on one or more reference signals (e.g., downlink reference signals and uplink reference signals) to coordinate transmission and reception of data. For example, a NE 102 can send a downlink PRS to a UE 104 to determine positioning information of the UE 104. The NE 102 can send the PRSs to one or more UEs 104 via TRPs in broadcast signaling, unicast signaling, multicast signaling, or any other type of signaling. In some examples, the TRPs or other devices can use multiple carriers, where a carrier defines a set of frequency bands or channels used to transmit data. The UE 104 and the NE 102 can implement carrier phase positioning techniques to improve a resolution of a transmission, which can improve the positioning accuracy of wireless cellular networks. For relatively short carrier wavelengths (e.g., less than a threshold), the positioning accuracy of the carrier phase measurement technology is relatively high (e.g., greater than a threshold). However, because a carrier signal is periodic (e.g., a sinusoidal signal), a receiving device can measure a fractional part of the phase, or equivalently, the phase modulo 2^.

[0049] There can be a difference between a carrier frequency of a transmitted signal and a carrier frequency of the device which receives the transmitted signal, which is referred to as a carrier frequency offset. Carrier frequency offsets have a negative impact on the accuracy of carrier phase positioning. In some examples, carrier phase positioning techniques do not account for the issue of phase error and / or define an initial phase offsets among the PRS transmitters, between the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 16 PRS transmitters and the UE receivers, and the PRS transmitters and the PRU receivers to be static. Moreover, there can be frequency offsets among the PRS transmitters (e.g., a NE 102, a TRP, a PRU), which can cause the carrier phase offsets to change relative to each other over time. Similarly, there can be carrier frequency offsets between the PRS transmitters and a UE 104 and / or a PRU receiver, which can cause these phase offsets to change over time. That is, a frequency offset of a TRP relative to a PRU is different than a frequency offset of the TRP relative to a UE 104, so the carrier phase difference measurements have an error that depends on the difference of carrier frequency offsets and a numerical quantity of symbols separating the carrier phase measurement. Unless the carrier frequency offset of the TRP relative to the UE 104 and the downlink PRS is the same, the carrier frequency offset can result in very substantial errors in the measurement of carrier phase difference. The carrier phase difference measurement errors resulting from carrier frequency offset are a function of the difference in the carrier frequency offsets of the TRP relative to the UE 104 and / or the PRU, and the separation in time of the downlink PRS symbols from multiple TRPs.

[0050] The carrier frequencies for UEs 104, TRPs (e.g., the PRS transmitters), and the PRUs are not the same. The carrier frequency tolerance which for the UEs 104, a base station (e.g., a NE 102), and TRPs can be defined as a maximum frequency error that is a function of a carrier frequency, expressed in gigahertz (GHz). In some examples, a UE 104 and / or a PRU can transmit carrier phase information to a network entity (e.g., an LMF) that provides for the network entity to derive the initial phase offsets among the devices that transmitted the PRSs and between the devices that transmitted the PRSs and the devices that receive the PRSs. In one embodiment, a respective PRS receiving device transmits carrier frequency offset information corresponding to the PRS transmitters. In another embodiment, the respective PRS receiving device transmits a set of carrier phase differences corresponding to the PRS transmitters. For example, The expected value of thecarrier phase measurement error can be computed as ^ ^Δ^^^ ^^ ^^^,^^ − Δ^^,^^^ ^, where Δ^^,^^ andΔ^^^^,^^ denote the phase rotation over one symbol ofTRP relative to the UEthe PRU, respectively, and n is the difference in the symbol indices of the downlink PRS symbols between two instances of a PRS. The maximum carrier phase difference measurement as a function of carrier frequency and the number of symbols separating the PRS from the two different TRPs is described in further detail with respect to Figure 2. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 17

[0051] The LMF uses the carrier frequency corresponding to the set of PRSs and / or the set of carrier phase differences to derive the initial phase offsets and remove the mean phase measurement error from the carrier phase measurements when performing carrier phase positioning. An LMF can include a location management server in a CN 106. The LMF receives measurements and assistance information, (e.g., from a radio access network (RAN) and / or a UE 104) and derives positioning information and / or location information for a target UE 104. In some cases, the TRPs are at fixed, known locations and the PRUs are also at fixed, known locations. Therefore, the phase information between the TRPs and the PRUs can be used to solve for the initial phase offsets of the TRPs, thereby enabling compensation for phase measurement error when solving for an unknown location of the UE 104.

[0052] However, a UE 104 and a PRU reporting carrier frequency offset information to an LMF, and the LMF calculating an expected value of a carrier phase measurement error to determine a carrier phase measurement for PRSs received at the UE 104 and the PRU results in high signaling overhead and inefficient use of time-frequency resources due to the signaling reporting the carrier phase information and the processing performed by the LMF. Thus, a UE 104 and / or a PRU can use a common reference time to account for the carrier phase measurement error prior to reporting carrier phase measurements to a network entity (e.g., the LMF). The LMF can configure the reference time, such as a symbol, a UTC time, a GNSS time, or the like as a reference time for the UE 104 and the PRU to use when measuring carrier phase of received PRSs. The LMF receives the carrier phase measurement report from the UE 104 and / or the PRU and can utilize the values to determine positioning and / or location of the UE 104 without further processes to remove the error (e.g., because the error is already removed by the UE 104 and the PRU).

[0053] Figure 2 illustrates an example of a graph 200 of maximum phase error as a function of symbol separation and carrier frequency, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The carrier frequency offsets between one or more TRP transmitters and a UE 104 and / or a PRU receiver can result in relatively large measurement errors which depend on both the time distance between the PRS symbols and the carrier frequency.

[0054] If the PRS measurements are taken within a same subframe, then a maximum distance between PRS symbols is 13 symbols. A subframe can span multiple time slots, where each time slot Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 18 includes multiple symbols. Conversely, if the symbols are in different subframes, then the maximum distance can be much larger.

[0055] To enable a network entity (e.g., an LMF) to correct carrier phase difference measurement errors due to carrier frequency offsets, the carrier frequency offset should be measured by both a UE 104 and a PRU for each TRP for which measurements are taken, and these carrier frequency offsets should be reported to the LMF. If carrier phase measurements are reported by the UE 104 and the PRU, the numerical quantity of symbols separating the measured downlink PRS for any two TRPs is reported to the LMF. If carrier phase difference measurements are reported by the UE 104 and the PRU, the numerical quantity of symbols separating the measured downlink PRS used for the carrier phase difference measurement is reported to the LMF. However, reporting of the carrier frequency offsets or the number of symbols separating the measured downlink PRS results in relatively high signaling overhead and inefficient allocation of time- frequency resources.

[0056] In some examples, to reduce signaling overhead and improve resource allocation efficiency, a network entity (e.g., an LMF) can configure a common reference time for the UE 104 and the PRU. The UE 104 and / or the PRU can use the common reference time for measuring the downlink PRSs and can remove any phase change due to the carrier frequency offset from the common reference time until the time of measurement. The UE 104 and / or the PRU can transmit a report including the measurements with the removed phase change to the network entity. The network entity can use the PRS phase measurements to determine carrier phase difference measurements for two TRPs. Additionally, or alternatively, the downlink PRS carrier phase measurements from a same TRP can be combined and / or averaged prior to either reporting the carrier phase measurement or determining and reporting the carrier phase difference for two TRPs.

[0057] Figure 3 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 300 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The example wireless communications system 300 includes a one or more TRPs 302 (e.g., two TRPs 302), a UE 104, a PRU 304, and an LMF 306, which may be examples of the corresponding devices as described with reference to Figure 1. The UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 can transmit signaling to the LMF 306 via respective uplink communication links 308. For example, the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 may transmit data, control signaling, or both to the LMF 306 via the uplink communication link 308. Similarly, the LMF 306 may transmit signaling to Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 19 the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 via respective communication links 310. For example, the LMF 306 may transmit data, control signaling, or both to the UE 104 via the downlink communication link 310. Additionally, or alternatively, the LMF 306 can communicate with the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 via the TRPs 302 by using the communication links 312.

[0058] The LMF 306 can send a reference time indication 314 that includes a common reference time to the UE 104 and the PRU 304. For example, the LMF 306 can send the reference time indication 314 to the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 via the downlink communication links 310. In some other examples, the LMF 306 can send the reference time indication 314 to the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 via one or more of the TRPs 302 using the communication links 312. The UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 can use the common reference time for measuring one or more downlink PRSs 316.

[0059] In some examples, there is a carrier frequency offset between a TRP 302 and a PRU 304. A mean of the measured phase for the TRP 302 can vary with the time index of a PRS 316 within a slot or subframe. Let ^^,^,^denote the demodulated downlink PRS symbol received from a TRP l on the ithsubcarrier and kthsymbol, which is given by Equation 1: ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^#$ &'#$,!" ^ % ^ ,!" ^) #$*+,^^ ^)#$ -$,!" ^)!"*+,.(1) where ^^,^,^denotes the subcarrier spacing, Δ0^^,^^^ denotes the frequency offset of the carrier of the lthTRP relative to that of a UE receiver, 2^= 3^⁄4 denotes the propagation delay corresponding to thedistance 3^ between the lth TRP and the UE 104, ^^^^^*0, denotes the initial phase of a UE carrier,^^^*0, denotes the initial phase (for n=0) of the transmitter carr th^ ier for the l TRP, and ^^,^ is theadditive noise at the output of the demodulator for the k-th symbol of the i-th subcarrier.

[0060] In some examples, the phase increment Δ^^^,^^^ denotes the change in the phase of the carrier of the lthTRP relative to that of the UE carrier over the period of one symbol and is given byEquation 2:Δ^^^ ^,^^ = Δ0 ^^ ^,^^ 78, (2)Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 20 #$where 78is the symbol period. The phase term,!"9^^is due to the frequency offset of the subcarrier with the correlator demodulator and isto Equation 3:arg=^> ^ ^^#$ B?@A+&F^,!"3CG. (3) Multiplying ^ by the conjugate ^^∗,^,^(assumed to have unit amplitude) yields Equation 4: #$^^^^^ #$ &' ,!" #$^^^ ^^^^^ ,!" ^ % ^ ( &' ^) *+,^^ ^)#$ -$,!" ^)!"*+,.(4) The^#$^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^#$ ^ ,!" #$,!" ^ % ^ 9 ^^ ^) *+,^^ ^)#$ -$,!" ^)!"*+,.ö ø (5)= =^^^^^#$^,!"^^^^* ^^− ^^^*G (6)Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 21 where the expected value Z^X^,^,^^ = 0. The portion of Z [arg^J^,^,^^\ is given by the term, −^01+ R Δ0 + Δ0^^,^^^ ^ 2^.[arg^J^,^,^^\ are independent of the symbol index, k, except for the term T Δ^^^,^^^ . In some examples, there is more than one PRS 316 in the slot from the lthTRP. To coherently combine the phase measurements for the symbols from the lthTRP, the carrier phase term dependent on the symbol index must be removed from the phase measurement.

[0062] Let ]^,^,^denote the phase of J^,^,^so that, as above, ]^,^,^is represented according to Equation 7: ^#$]^,^,^ = arg^J^,^,^^ = mod =−^0 ^^ ^ ,!" ^^1 + R Δ0 + Δ0^,^^ ^ 2^ + 9 ^^ + ^^ *0, + T Δ^^^ ^^^,^^ − ^^^*0, +(7)a referred carrier phase measurement according to Equation 8:]^ = _`3 ^^^,^,^ ^]^,^,^ − T a^^,^^ , 2^ ^ , (8)and Z^]^^,^,^^ is calculated according to Equation 9: ^#$Z^]^^,^,^^ = mod=−^01+ R Δ0 + Δ0^^,^^^ ^ 2^+^ ,!"^^+ ^^^^*0,− ^^^^^*0,, 2^G. (9)downlink PRS 316 transmitted from a same TRP 302 and in the same subcarrier can be averaged. For the b+-th TRP, let c*R+, b+, denote the set of symbol indices, k, for which the PRSs 316 are transmitted in subcarrier R+. With this notation, the phase measurements for TRP b+ and subcarrierR+ can be combined to form an average referred carrier phase measurement for the slot and thesubcarrier according to Equation 10: gh^ =ie,j, efor which the mean value is the#$^ = ^^^^,!"− ^^^^Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 22

[0063] For two TRP’s with indices b+and the UE 104 can compute the carrier phasedifference for a subcarrier R+ using either the referred carrier phase measurements ]^^e,^,^e and]^^e,^,^e, or the average referred carrier phase measurements for the slot given ̅^e,^e and ]̅^e,^e . Incase using the referred carrier phase measurements, the carrier phase difference is given to Equation 12:mod^]^^e,^,^e − ]^^e,^,^e , 2^ ^Δ^^^^ 0 ^^, 2^ ^\ = mod W*01+ R+Δ0 ^2^− 2^^ + Δ0^^^2^

[0064] In theAttorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 23 +difference and is given by Equation 15: Z [mod^]̅^e,^e− ]̅^e,^e, 2^ ^\ == mod W*01+ R+Δ0,^2^e− 2^e^ + Δ0^^e^,^^2^e− Δ0^^^e,^^2^e+ Theof the referred carrier phase difference due to the averaging of more noise terms. The increase in the signal-to-noise ratio of the average referred carrier phase difference measurement is given approximately by the ratio|l*^e,^e,|^|l*^e,^e,|? .

[0065] In the same manner as the UE 104, carrier phase measurements are taken at the PRU 304. For the PRU 304, let ^^,^,^denote the demodulated downlink PRS 316 symbol received from TRP l on the ithsubcarrier and kthsymbol which is given by Equation 16: &'#$^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^ r^ ,q-! ^^ -where ^^,^,^, denotes the subcarrier spacing, Δ0^^,^^^^denotes the frequency offset of the carrier of the lthTRP relative to that of the PRU receiver, 2^s= 3^s⁄ 4 denotes the propagation delay corresponding to the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 24 distance 3^sbetween the lthTRP and the PRU ^^^^^^*0,denotes the initial phase of the PRU carrier, ^^^^*0,denotes the initial phase (for n=0) of the transmitter carrier for the lthTRP, and ^^,^is the additive noise at the output of the demodulator for the kthsymbol of the ithsubcarrier.

[0066] The phase increment Δ^^^,^^^^denotes the change in the phase of the carrier of the lthTRP relative to that of the UE carrier over the period of one symbol given by Equation 17:Δ^^^ ^^^,^^^ = Δ0^,^^^ 78, (17)where 78is the symbol period.subcarrier with the correlator demodulator and^> DEas arg =?@A+&F^^ ^^#$,q-! B3C G .Multiplying ^^,^,^by the conjugate ^^∗,^,^of the known positioning reference symbol for the lthTRP (assumed to have unit amplitude) yields Equation 18: #^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^#$,q-! ^ % r &' $^ ,q-! ^) #$*+,^^ ^)#$ -$,q-! ^)q-! *+,.Let the phase of t^,^,^be noted by Equation 19: #Ω = arg^t ^ = mod =−^0 + R Δ0 + Δ0^^ ^ 2s ^^ $+ ,!" + ^^^*0, + ^^1 ^ ^^ ^ T Δ^ −and

[0067] In the same manner as for the UE 104, the carrier frequency offset Δ0^^,^^^^can be estimated so that symbol dependent phase term T Δ^^^,^^^^can be removed. As a result, the referredcarrier phase measurement is defined according to Equation 20:Ωh = mod^Ω ^^^,^,^ ^,^,^ − T Δ^^,^^^ , 2^ ^ , (20)and Z^Ωh^ is defined according toAttorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 25 In thean average according to Equation 22: h Ωw^e,^e=x∑^ml*^ie,j, ee,^e, |l*^e,^e,|(22) for which the mean value is theZ^Ωw^e,^e^ = mod =−^01+ R Δ0 + Δ0^^,^^^y^ 2^s+^^#$,q-! ^^ ^^9^^+ ^^*0,− ^^^^*0,, 2^G . (23)

[0068] difference for a subcarrier R+ using either the referred carrier phase measurements Ωh^e,^,^e andΩh^e,^,^e, or the average referred carrier phase measurements for the slot given by Ωw^e,^e and Ωw^e,^e .case using the carrier phase measurements, the carrier phase difference isaccording to Equation 24:mod^Ωh^e,^,^e − Ωh^e,^,^e , 2^ ^Δ0^^W−^01 + R+ Δ0 + Δ0^^^ ^ 2s^ + ^e,^^^+ ^^^*0, − ^^^^^^ *0whereee.^e,^,^e−^e,^,^e, 2^ ^\ = mod W*01+ R+Δ0,^2^e− 2^se ^ + Δ0^^e^,^^^2^e− ^^#$,n^ ^^^Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 26 In the case of the average phase measurements the PRU 304, the difference is given by Equation 26: wwmod^Ωw^Ω^e,^,^e Ω^e,^,^ee,^e− Ωw^e,^e, 2^ ^ = mod ^ o − o , 2^.− Thedifference and is given by Equation 27: Z [mod^Ωw^− Ωw^, 2^ ^\ = mod W*01+ R+Δ0,^2^s− 2s^ + Δ0^^^2s− Δ0^^^2^s+

[0069] In some examples, the differential distance 2^e− 2^ebetween the UE 104 and two TRPs 302 can be estimated using carrier phase difference measurements. From above, we have that the expected value of the carrier phase difference at the PRU is given by Equation 28: Z^−^*^−s^^^−Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 27 The delays 2^se and 2^se between the TRPs 302 the PRU 304 are known to the LMF 306, so thephase term *01 + R+ Δ0,^2s^e − 2s^e ^ is known. Using the PRU’s estimate of the frequency offsetsΔ0z^^^ ,^^^ and Δ0z^^^ ,^^^ , ^e,^^^ 2s^e − Δ0^^^ ,^^^ 2s^e can also be estimated by the304. Note that the term Δ0^^e^,^e⁄ π Δ0 can be explicitly canceled separately at the UE 104 and the PRU 304 from the frequency offset estimates Δ0z^^e^,^^and Δ0z^^e^,^^^. If not, this term will cancel in combination with the transmitter offset term as below. With this, note that: mod^Z^mod^Ωh^e,^,^e− Ωh^e,^,^e, 2^ ^ − *01+ R+Δ0,^2^se − 2^se ^ − Δ0z^^e^,^^^2^se + Δ0so that the transmitter offset can bez^^#$Wmod =^^^*0, − ^^^*0, + e,ne 2^GY = mod^Ωh − Ωh − *0 , s^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ 1 + R+ Δ0 ^2^ −Withthe two TRPs 302 and the UE 104 can be estimated.

[0070] From the UE phase difference measurement, we have Equation 30: Z [mod^]^^e,^,^e− ]^^e,^,^e, 2^ ^\ = mod W*01+ R+Δ0,^2^e− 2^e^ + Δ0^^e^,^^2^e− ^^#$Δ0^^2^+e,ne^^+ ^^^*0 − ^^^^*0 2^Y . From Equation 30,,e e e e e,be estimated according to Equation 31:mod^mod^]^^e,^,^e − ]^^e,^,^e , 2^ ^ − mod^Ωh^e,^,^e − Ωh^e,^,^e − *01 + R+ Δ0,^2^se− 2^se^ −Δ0z^^^e,^^^ 2s^e + Δ0z^^^e,^^^ 2s^e , 2^^, 2^^ (31)for which the expectedZ[mod^mod^]^^e,^,^e − ]^^e,^,^e , 2^ ^−mod^Ωh^e,^,^e − Ωh^e,^,^e − *01 + R+ Δ0,^2^se− 2^se^ − Δ0z^^e^,^^^ 2^se+ Δ0z^^^e,^^^ 2s^e , 2^^, 2^^\Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 28 = mod [*01+ R+Δ0,^2^e− Δ0^^e^,^^2^e− Δ0^^^e,^^2^e, 2^\. (32)

[0071] In someSpecifically, for a carrier frequency of 5 GHz with a frequency error of 0.1 parts per million (ppm)and with the assumption of a maximum range of 200 meters, this term can be bounded by:{Δ0^^ ^^ ^^^e,^^ 2^e − Δ0^e,^^ 2^e{ ≤ {Δ0^e,^^ 2^e + Δ0^^^e,^^ 2^e{^^= 0.24 degrees,and as a result, this term can be ignored. With this observation, we have Equation 33: Z[mod^mod^]^^e,^,^e − ]^^e,^,^e , 2^ ^−mod^Ωh^e,^,^e − Ωh^e,^,^e − *01 + R+ Δ0,^2^se− 2^se^ − Δ0z^^e^,^^^ 2^se+ Δ0z^^ 2s^e,^^^ ^e , 2^^, 2^^\≈ mod [*01+ R+Δ0,^2^e− 2^e^, 2^\, (33) which can be used to estimate 2^ethe UE 104 are known.

[0072] The differential distance 2^e− 2^ecan be estimated using the average carrier phase difference measurements in the same manner as is used with the carrier phase difference measurements. Specifically, the term: mod [*0 + R Δ0,^2 ^^ ^e − 2 e^ + Δ0 e 2 ^1 + ^ ^ ^ ,^^ ^e − Δ0^e,^^ 2^e , 2^\≈mod [*01 + R+ Δ0,^2^e − 2^e^, 2^\can be estimated according to Equation 34:mod^mod^]̅^e,^e − ]̅^e,^e , 2^ ^ − mod^Ωw^e,^e − Ωw^e,^e − *01 + R+ Δ0,^2^se− 2^se^ −Δ0z^^e 2se + Δ z^^ s^ ,^^^ ^ 0^e,^^^ 2^e , 2^^, 2^^ . (34)

[0073] The effect ofPRUs 304 can result in substantial errors in carrier phase difference measurements (e.g., greater than a threshold value) between the PRSs 316 transmitted from different TRPs 302 in different symbols. The errors can be sufficiently large as to make the carrier phase difference measurements meaningless. The carrier frequency offsets can be estimated and reported to the LMF 306. However, Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 29 reporting of carrier frequency offsets to the 306 has several drawbacks. The carrier frequency offsets are signaled over the air in addition to the carrier phase measurements. The carrier frequency offsets can change over time, and so may be signaled whenever carrier phase measurements are signaled, resulting in high signaling overhead and inefficient use of time-frequency resources. In some cases, the carrier phase measurements from different PRS symbols cannot be averaged before they are signaled to the LMF 306 because the phase offset due to the carrier frequency offset depends on the symbol index. As a result, the carrier phase measurements for a given TRP 302 and a given subcarrier index are reported individually, which also causes high signaling overhead and inefficient use of time-frequency resources. If carrier phase difference measurements are reported to the LMF 306, the number of symbols separating the corresponding PRS symbols is reported to the LMF 306 so that the LMF 306 can remove the measurement error due to the carrier frequency offset, which results in inefficient use of time-frequency resources due to including additional information in report signaling to the LMF 306 and additional processing at the LMF 306 to remove the measurement error, among other disadvantages.

[0074] In some examples, a relative or referred carrier phase measurement can be defined in which the phase offset due to the carrier frequency offset can be determined relative to a reference point in time. A UE 104 and / or a PRU 304 receives one or more PRSs 316 from TRPs 302 and performs one or more measurements on the PRSs 316. For example, at 318, the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 can measure a current carrier phase of the PRSs 316 at a time of receiving the PRSs 316. The UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 can subtract the phase offset due to the carrier frequency offset from the carrier phase measurements, which is described in further detail with respect to Figures 4 and 5. The effect of removing these carrier phase offsets is that for a given pair of TRPs 302, the difference between the initial transmitter phase of these two TRPs 302 will be the same for the UE 104 and the PRU 304. As a result, the PRU measurement can be used to determine and remove this initial transmitter phase difference from the UE phase difference measurements.

[0075] In some examples, the LMF 306 transmits the reference time indication 314 to the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 to define a reference time for carrier phase measurements taken by the UE 104 and the PRU 304. In some cases, the reference time or common reference time may be signaled to the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 via exemplary LPP signaling (e.g., using an LPP ProvideAssistanceData message or an LPP RequestLocationInfomation message). In some other Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 30 cases, the reference time or common reference may be signaled to the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 via other interface signaling such as sidelink (PC5) via SLPP signaling. The reference time can include UTC time in the form of year, month, day, hour, minute, second (e.g., YYMMDDhhmmss). Additionally, or alternatively, the reference time can include GNSS time indicated by one or more time identifier parameters (e.g., gnss-TimeID and / or gnss-TOD-msec parameters). A gnss-TOD- msec parameter can specify the GNSS time-of-day in 1 millisecond (ms) resolution rounded down to the nearest ms unit. Additionally, or alternatively, the reference time can include network time in E-UTRA or NR network time indicated by one or more parameters. The parameters can include parameters that identify a reference cell used for the network time (e.g., lte-PhysCellId, lte- ArfcnEUTRA, lte-CellGlobalId, nr-PhysCellID, nr-ARFCN, nr-CellGlobalID), an SFN in NR and / or E-UTRA, a slot number in NR for an indicated SCS, a symbol index within a slot used for the reference time, or any combination thereof. The total network time can be given by adding a SFN to a slot number.

[0076] The UE 104 and the PRU 304 use the PRSs 316 transmitted by the TRP 302 to measure the carrier phase and the carrier frequency offset. The UE 104 and the PRU 304 refer the TRP phase measurement to the defined reference time. This is done by estimating the phase offset resulting from the carrier frequency offset in the interval of time between the defined reference time and the measurement time. The estimated phase offset is then subtracted from the phase measurement to determine a referred phase measurement. The referred phase measurement is reported to the LMF 306 in a carrier phase measurement report 320. The carrier phase measurement report 320 can include one or more values of carrier phase measurements that account for the error produced by carrier frequency offsets. In some examples, the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 can transmit the carrier phase measurement report 320 to the LMF 306 via the uplink communication links 308. In some other examples, the UE 104 and / or the PRU 304 can transmit the carrier phase measurement report 320 to the LMF 306 via the TRPs 302.

[0077] In some examples, if the phase measurements to be used by the LMF 306 for estimating position are contained within a single slot or subframe, then a default reference time can be used, which is the first symbol of the slot or subframe. In other words, the phase offset due to the carrier frequency offset from the first symbol of the slot to the symbol of the PRS measurement is subtracted from the phase measurement. In some other examples, if phase measurements across Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 31 multiple PRS subframes are used by the LMF for estimating position, then the reference time that is used may lie outside a PRS subframe. In this case, the reference time may be defined either as an absolute time, or the reference time may be defined relative to the PRS subframe. The relative definition can depend on the particular PRS subframe. For example, if carrier phase measurements are taken on two consecutive PRS subframes, the reference time for the first of the two PRS subframe may be the last symbol of this first subframe. The reference time for the second PRS subframe would then be -1 symbols relative to the first symbol of the second PRS subframe. In this way, the phase measurements taken in both PRS subframes are measured relative to the same reference time.

[0078] Figure 4 illustrates an example of a resource diagram 400 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the resource diagram 400 may implement, or be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the graph 200, and the wireless communications system 300. The example resource diagram 400 may be implemented by a UE, TRPs, a PRU, and an LMF or other network entity, which may be examples of the corresponding devices as described with reference to Figures 1 and 3. For example, a UE can transmit a report including carrier phase measurements that account for phase error caused by carrier frequency offset.

[0079] In some examples, a UE can receive an indication of a reference time 402 from a network entity (e.g., an LMF 306 as described with reference to Figure 3). The UE receives one or more PRSs 404, which can be examples of the PRSs 316 as described with reference to Figure 3. Multiple TRPs can transmit the PRSs 404 to the UE. For example, a first TRP and a second TRP can both transmit PRSs 404 to a UE. The PRSs can be within a single slot or can be within multiple slots, where a slot spans a numerical quantity of symbols (e.g., 14 symbols). Each symbol can have a symbol index 406 that indicates the symbol position in the slot. For example, a first TRP can transmit a PRS in a symbol with an index of 2 and the second TRP can transmit a PRS in a symbol with a symbol index 406 of 6. The network entity can indicate a symbol index 406 as the reference time 402. In some cases, if the PRSs are within a same slot, the reference time can be a symbol at a symbol index 406 with a value of 0. In some other cases, if the PRSs are not within a same slot, the symbol can by any symbol. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 32

[0080] The UE can measure carrier phase PRSs 404 transmitted by a first TRP and a second TRP according to the reference time 402 in a subcarrier 408. For example, the UE can subtract a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols, n, of a carrier of a TRP that sent the PRS 404 relative to the UE, ^∆^^^^^^,^^, where n is the numerical quantity of symbols between the reference time 402 and the symbol index 406 in which the PRS 404 is received. For example, if a PRS 404 from a first TRP is received in a symbol with a symbol index 406 of 2, and the reference time is a symbol with a symbol index 406 of 0, then the UE can subtract 2∆^p^8^B^^^,^^from a phase measured for the PRS 404 received in the symbol with the symbol index 406 of 2. Similarly, if a PRS 404 from a second TRP is received in a symbol with a symbol index 406 of 6, and the reference time is a symbol with a symbol index 406 of 0, then the UE can subtract 6∆^?^^^^^^^,^^from a phase measured for the PRS 404 received in a symbol with a symbol index 406 of 6. The phase measurement, ]^,^,^, can be represented according to modulo 2^ Equation 7, where k is 2 for the PRS 404 received in a symbol with a symbol index 406 of 2 and k is 6 for the PRS 404 received in a symbol with a symbol index 406 of 6.

[0081] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a resource diagram 500 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the resource diagram 500 may implement, or be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the graph 200, and the wireless communications system 300. The example resource diagram 500 may be implemented by a UE, TRPs, a PRU, and an LMF or other network entity, which may be examples of the corresponding devices as described with reference to Figures 1 and 3. For example, a PRU can transmit a report including carrier phase measurements that account for phase error caused by carrier frequency offset.

[0082] In some examples, a PRU can receive an indication of a reference time 502 from a network entity (e.g., an LMF 306 as described with reference to Figure 3). The PRU receives one or more PRSs 504, which can be examples of the PRSs 316 as described with reference to Figure 3. Multiple TRPs can transmit the PRSs 504 to the PRU. For example, a first TRP and a second TRP can both transmit PRSs 504 to a PRU. The PRSs 504 can be within a single slot or can be within multiple slots, where a slot spans a numerical quantity of symbols (e.g., 14 symbols). Each symbol can have a symbol index 506 that indicates the symbol position in the slot. For example, a first TRP can transmit a PRS 504 in a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 1 and the second TRP can transmit Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 33 a PRS 504 in a symbol with a symbol index 4. The network entity can indicate a symbol index 506 as the reference time 502. In some cases, if the PRSs are within a same slot, the reference time can be a symbol at a symbol index 506 of 0. In some other cases, if the PRSs are not within a same slot, the symbol can by any symbol.

[0083] The PRU can measure carrier phase of the PRSs 504 transmitted by a first TRP and a second TRP according to the reference time 502. For example, the PRU can subtract a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols, n, of a carrier of a TRP that sent the PRS 504 relative to the PRU, ^∆^^^^^^,^^, where n is the numerical quantity of symbols between the reference time 502 and the symbol index 506 in which the PRS 504 is received. For example, if a PRS 504 from a first TRP is received in a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 1, and the reference time is a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 0, then the UE can subtract ∆^p^8^B^^^,^^from a phase measured for the PRS 504 received in a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 1. Similarly, if a PRS 504 from a second TRP is received in a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 4, and the reference time is a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 0, then the UE can subtract 4∆^?^^^^^^^,^^from a phase measured for the PRS 504 received in a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 4. The phase measurement, Ω^,^,^, can be represented according to modulo 2^ Equation 19, where k is 1 for the PRS 504in a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 1 and k is 4 for the PRS 504 received in a symbol with a symbol index 506 of 4.

[0084] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a process flow 600, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the process flow 600 may implement aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the graph 200, the wireless communications system 300, and the resource diagram 400. The process flow 600 may illustrate an example of a UE 104 measuring and reporting carrier phase measurements to an LMF 306 that account for a phase offset due to carrier frequency offset for PRSs from TRPs 302. The UE 104, the LMF 306, and the TRPs 302 may be examples of corresponding devices as described with reference to Figures 1 and 3. Alternative examples of the following may be implemented, where some processes are performed in a different order than described or are not performed. In some cases, processes may include additional features not mentioned below, or further processes may be added. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 34

[0085] At 602, a UE 104 receives first from an LMF 306 indicating a reference time. The signaling can include LLP signaling, SLPP signaling, or any other signaling. The signaling can be broadcast to multiple UEs 104. In some examples, the LMF 306 can transmit the first signaling to the UE 104 via one or more TRPs 302. In some other examples, the LMF 306 can transmit the first signaling to the UE 104 directly. In some cases, the UE 104 can receive the first signaling from a network entity other than an LMF 306, such as from a base station. The UE 104 can use the reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset produced by a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals (e.g., PRSs) received from the TRPs 302. The first signaling includes a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC time, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier for a network time, an SFN, a time slot for an indicated SCS, or any combination thereof.

[0086] At 604, the UE 104 receives one or more reference signals from TRPs 202 (e.g., multiple TRPs 302). The reference signals can include downlink PRSs. In some examples, if the UE 104 receives the reference signals within a same time slot, then the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot. In some other examples, if the UE 104 receives the reference signals within a subframe, then the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe. In some cases, if the UE 104 receives the reference signals within multiple time slots, then the reference time is relative to a time slot. In some other cases, if the UE 104 receives the reference signals within multiple time slots, then the reference time is an absolute time.

[0087] At 606, the UE 104 can measure a carrier phase, such as by using Equation 7.

[0088] At 608, the UE 104 determines carrier phase offsets for each reference signal. In some cases, the carrier phase offsets include a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP 302 that sent the reference signal relative to the UE 104, the numerical quantity of symbols including a difference in symbols between a symbol index in which the reference signal is received and a symbol index of the reference time.

[0089] At 610, the UE 104 sends a carrier phase measurement report to the LMF 306. For example, the UE 104 can transmit the carrier phase measurement report to the LMF 306 via one or more TRPs 202. In some other examples, the UE 104 can transmit the carrier phase measurement report directly to the LMF 306. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 35

[0090] Figure 7 illustrates an example of flow 700, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the process flow 700 may implement aspects of the wireless communications system 100, the graph 200, the wireless communications system 300, and the resource diagram 500. The process flow 700 may illustrate an example of a PRU 304 measuring and reporting carrier phase measurements to an LMF 306 that account for a phase offset due to carrier frequency offset for PRSs from TRPs 302. The PRU 304, the LMF 306, and the TRPs 302 may be examples of corresponding devices as described with reference to Figures 1 and 3. Alternative examples of the following may be implemented, where some processes are performed in a different order than described or are not performed. In some cases, processes may include additional features not mentioned below, or further processes may be added.

[0091] At 702, a PRU 304 receives first signaling from an LMF 306 indicating a reference time. The signaling can include LLP signaling, SLPP signaling, or any other signaling. The signaling can be broadcast to multiple UEs 104. In some examples, the LMF 306 can transmit the first signaling to the PRU 304 via one or more TRPs 302. In some other examples, the LMF 306 can transmit the first signaling to the PRU 304 directly. In some cases, the PRU 304 can receive the first signaling from a network entity other than an LMF 306, such as from a base station. The PRU 304 can use the reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset produced by a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals (e.g., PRSs) received from the TRPs 302. The first signaling includes a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC time, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier for a network time, an SFN, a time slot for an indicated SCS, or any combination thereof.

[0092] At 704, the PRU 304 receives one or more reference signals from TRPs 202 (e.g., multiple TRPs 302). The reference signals can include downlink PRSs. In some examples, if the PRU 304 receives the reference signals within a same time slot, then the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot. In some other examples, if the PRU 304 receives the reference signals within a subframe, then the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe. In some cases, if the PRU 304 receives the reference signals within multiple time slots, then the reference time is relative to a time slot. In some other cases, if the PRU 304 receives the reference signals within multiple time slots, then the reference time is an absolute time.

[0093] At 706, the PRU 304 can measure a carrier phase, such as by using Equation 7. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 36

[0094] At 708, the PRU 304 determines phase offsets for each reference signal. In some cases, the carrier phase offsets include a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP 302 that sent the reference signal relative to the PRU 304, the numerical quantity of symbols including a difference in symbols between a symbol index in which the reference signal is received and a symbol index of the reference time.

[0095] At 710, the PRU 304 sends a carrier phase measurement report to the LMF 306. For example, the PRU 304 can transmit the carrier phase measurement report to the LMF 306 via one or more TRPs 202. In some other examples, the PRU 304 can transmit the carrier phase measurement report directly to the LMF 306.

[0096] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a UE 800 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 800 may include a processor 802, a memory 804, a controller 806, and a transceiver 808. The processor 802, the memory 804, the controller 806, or the transceiver 808, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0097] The processor 802, the memory 804, the controller 806, or the transceiver 808, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0098] The processor 802 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 802 may be configured to operate the memory 804. In some other implementations, the memory 804 may be integrated into the processor 802. The processor 802 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 804 to cause the UE 800 to perform various functions of the present disclosure. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 37

[0099] The memory 804 may include or non-volatile memory. The memory 804 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 802 cause the UE 800 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 804 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0100] In some implementations, the processor 802 and the memory 804 coupled with the processor 802 may be configured to cause the UE 800 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 802, instructions stored in the memory 804). For example, the processor 802 may support wireless communication at the UE 800 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The UE 800 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple TRPs, receiving a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, where the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time, and transmitting second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

[0101] Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 800 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of receiving the one or more reference signals within a time slot, where the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot. Receiving the one or more reference signals within a subframe, where the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe. Receiving the one or more reference signals within multiple time slots, where the reference time is relative to a time slot of the multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. Receiving the one or more reference signals within multiple time slots, where the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 38 respective carrier phase offset for the includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the UE, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the reference signal. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The reference signal is received from a TRP of the multiple TRPs.

[0102] Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 800 may support at least one memory and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple transmission reception points (TRPs); receive a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, where the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time; and transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

[0103] Additionally, the UE 800 may be configured to support any one or combination of the at least one processor configured to receive the one or more reference signals within a time slot, where the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot. Receive the one or more reference signals within a subframe, where the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe. Receive the one or more reference signals within multiple time slots, where the reference time is relative to a time slot of the multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. Receive the one or more reference signals within multiple time slots, where the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal includes a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the UE, the numerical Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 39 quantity of symbols based on a symbol index with the reference signal. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The reference signal is received from a TRP of the multiple TRPs.

[0104] The controller 806 may manage input and output signals for the UE 800. The controller 806 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 800. In some implementations, the controller 806 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 806 may be implemented as part of the processor 802.

[0105] In some implementations, the UE 800 may include at least one transceiver 808. In some other implementations, the UE 800 may have more than one transceiver 808. The transceiver 808 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 808 may include one or more receiver chains 810, one or more transmitter chains 812, or a combination thereof.

[0106] A receiver chain 810 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 810 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 810 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 810 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 810 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0107] A transmitter chain 812 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 812 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 40 keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude (QAM). The transmitter chain 812 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 812 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0108] Figure 9 illustrates an example of a processor 900 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 900 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 900 may include a controller 902 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 900 may optionally include at least one memory 904, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 900 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 906. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0109] The processor 900 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 900) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase change memory (PCM), and others).

[0110] The controller 902 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 900 to cause the processor 900 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 902 may operate as a control unit of the processor 900, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 900. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 41

[0111] The controller 902 may be to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 904 and determine subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to cause the processor 900 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 902 may be configured to track memory addresses of instructions associated with the memory 904. The controller 902 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 902 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 900 to cause the processor 900 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 902 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 900. The controller 902 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, ALUs 906, and other functional units of the processor 900.

[0112] The memory 904 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 900 or other memory, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 904 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 900). In some other implementations, the memory 904 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 900).

[0113] The memory 904 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 900, cause the processor 900 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 902 and / or the processor 900 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 904 to cause the processor 900 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 900 and / or the controller 902 may be coupled with or to the memory 904, the processor 900, and the controller 902, and may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 900 may include multiple processors and the memory 904 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.

[0114] The one or more ALUs 906 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 906 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 900). In some other Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 42 implementations, the one or more ALUs 906 reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 900). One or more ALUs 906 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 906 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 906 may be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 906 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR), not-OR (NOR), and not-AND (NAND), enabling the one or more ALUs 906 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0115] The processor 900 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 900 may be configured to or operable to support at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple TRPs; receive a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, where the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time; and transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

[0116] Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 900 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of to receive the one or more reference signals within a time slot, where the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot. Receive the one or more reference signals within a subframe, where the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe. Receive the one or more reference signals within multiple time slots, where the reference time is relative to a time slot of the multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. Receive the one or more reference signals within multiple time slots, where the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal includes a phase rotation over a numerical Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 43 quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP with the reference signal relative to the processor, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the reference signal. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The reference signal is received from a TRP of the multiple TRPs.

[0117] Figure 10 illustrates an example of a NE 1000 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 1000 may include a processor 1002, a memory 1004, a controller 1006, and a transceiver 1008. The processor 1002, the memory 1004, the controller 1006, or the transceiver 1008, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0118] The processor 1002, the memory 1004, the controller 1006, or the transceiver 1008, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0119] The processor 1002 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 1002 may be configured to operate the memory 1004. In some other implementations, the memory 1004 may be integrated into the processor 1002. The processor 1002 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1004 to cause the NE 1000 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0120] The memory 1004 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1004 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 44 processor 1002 cause the NE 1000 to perform functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1004 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0121] In some implementations, the processor 1002 and the memory 1004 coupled with the processor 1002 may be configured to cause the NE 1000 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1002, instructions stored in the memory 1004). For example, the processor 1002 may support wireless communication at the NE 1000 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The NE 1000 may be configured to or operable to support means for transmitting first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple TRPs; and receiving second signaling indicating one or more phase measurements including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the one or more reference signals and respective carrier phase measurements for the one or more reference signals.

[0122] Additionally, or alternatively, the NE 1000 may support at least one memory and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE 1000 to transmit first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple TRPs and receive second signaling indicating one or more phase measurements including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the one or more reference signals and respective carrier phase measurements for the one or more reference signals.

[0123] The reference time is a first symbol of a time slot based on the one or more reference signals spanning the time slot. The reference time is a first symbol of a subframe based on the one or more reference signals spanning the subframe. The reference time is relative to a time slot of multiple time slots based on the one or more reference signals spanning the multiple time slots. The reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals spanning multiple time slots. The respective carrier phase offset for the one or more reference signals includes a phase Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 45 rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols respective carrier of the multiple TRPs associated with the one or more reference signals relative to a receiving device, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the one or more reference signals. The first signaling indicating the reference time includes one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the one or more reference signals, a symbol index within a different time slot as the one or more reference signals, a UTC, a GNSS time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, an SFN, or a time slot for an indicated SCS. The first signaling includes one or more of LPP signaling or SLPP signaling. The one or more reference signals include downlink PRSs. The network entity is a location management function.

[0124] The controller 1006 may manage input and output signals for the NE 1000. The controller 1006 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 1000. In some implementations, the controller 1006 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1006 may be implemented as part of the processor 1002.

[0125] In some implementations, the NE 1000 may include at least one transceiver 1008. In some other implementations, the NE 1000 may have more than one transceiver 1008. The transceiver 1008 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1008 may include one or more receiver chains 1010, one or more transmitter chains 1012, or a combination thereof.

[0126] A receiver chain 1010 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1010 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1010 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0127] A transmitter chain 1012 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 1012 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 46 wireless medium. The at least one modulator be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). The transmitter chain 1012 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1012 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0128] Figure 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a UE and / or a PRU as described herein. In some implementations, the UE and / or the PRU may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the UE and / or the PRU to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0129] At 1102, the method may include receiving first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple TRPs. The operations of 1102 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1102 may be performed by a UE and / or the PRU as described with reference to Figure 8.

[0130] At 1104, the method may include receiving a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, where the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is determined based on the reference time. The operations of 1104 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1104 may be performed by a UE and / or the PRU as described with reference to Figure 8.

[0131] At 1106, the method may include transmitting second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement. The operations of 1106 may be performed in Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 47 accordance with examples as described herein. some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1106 may be performed by a UE and / or the PRU as described with reference to Figure 8.

[0132] Figure 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1200 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by a NE (e.g., an LMF) as described herein. In some implementations, the NE may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the NE to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0133] At 1202, the method may include transmitting first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to multiple TRPs. The operations of 1202 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1202 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 10.

[0134] At 1204, the method may include receiving second signaling indicating one or more phase measurements including a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the one or more reference signals and respective carrier phase measurements for the one or more reference signals. The operations of 804 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1204 may be performed by a NE as described with reference to Figure 10.

[0135] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT

Claims

Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 48 What is claimed is:

1. A user equipment (UE) for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to: receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of transmission reception points (TRPs); receive a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is based at least in part on the reference time; and transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report comprising a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

2. The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive the one or more reference signals within a time slot, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot.

3. The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive the one or more reference signals within a subframe, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe.

4. The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is relative to a time slot of the plurality of time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the plurality of time slots. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 49 5. The UE of claim 1, wherein the least one processor is configured to cause the UE to receive the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is an absolute time based on the one or more reference signals being received within the plurality of time slots.

6. The UE of claim 1, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal comprises a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the UE, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the reference signal.

7. The UE of claim 1, wherein the first signaling indicating the reference time comprises one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a coordinate universal time, a global positioning system time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, a system frame number, or a time slot for an indicated subcarrier spacing.

8. The UE of claim 1, wherein the first signaling comprises one or more of Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) signaling or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) signaling.

9. The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more reference signals comprise downlink positioning reference signals.

10. The UE of claim 1, wherein the reference signal is received from a TRP of the plurality of TRPs. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 50 11. A processor for wireless comprising: at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of transmission reception points (TRPs); receive a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is based at least in part on the reference time; and transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report comprising a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

12. A method performed by a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of transmission reception points (TRPs); receiving a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is based at least in part on the reference time; and transmitting second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report comprising a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 51 13. A positioning reference unit for wireless communication, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the PRU to: receive first signaling indicating a reference time for measuring a respective carrier phase offset associated with a respective carrier frequency offset for one or more reference signals corresponding to a plurality of transmission reception points (TRPs); receive a reference signal of the one or more reference signals, the reference signal associated with a carrier phase measurement, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal is based at least in part on the reference time; and transmit second signaling indicating a carrier phase measurement report comprising a difference between the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal and the carrier phase measurement.

14. The PRU of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the PRU to receive the one or more reference signals within a time slot, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the time slot based on the one or more reference signals being received within the time slot.

15. The PRU of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the PRU to receive the one or more reference signals within a subframe, wherein the reference time is a first symbol of the subframe based on the one or more reference signals being received within the subframe.

16. The PRU of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the PRU to receive the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the reference time is relative to a time slot of the plurality of time slots based on the one or more reference signals being received within the plurality of time slots.

17. The PRU of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the PRU to receive the one or more reference signals within a plurality of time slots, wherein the Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT 52 reference time is an absolute time based on the or more reference signals being received within the plurality of time slots.

18. The PRU of claim 13, wherein the respective carrier phase offset for the reference signal comprises a phase rotation over a numerical quantity of symbols of a carrier of a TRP associated with the reference signal relative to the PRU, the numerical quantity of symbols based on a symbol index associated with the reference signal.

19. The PRU of claim 13, wherein the first signaling indicating the reference time comprises one or more of a symbol index within a same time slot as the reference signal, a symbol index within a different time slot as the reference signal, a coordinate universal time, a global positioning system time, a reference cell identifier associated with a network time, a system frame number, or a time slot for an indicated subcarrier spacing.

20. The PRU of claim 13, wherein the first signaling comprises one or more of Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) signaling or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) signaling. Attorney Ref. No. SMM920230078-WO-PCT

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