Process for associating a microcircuit with a battery cell
By integrating a microcircuit into each battery cell using conductive adhesive layers and insulating resin, the complexity and cost of multi-cell battery systems are reduced, enhancing reliability and monitoring capabilities.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/123452
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-10-03
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-08
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-10
AI Technical Summary
Existing multi-cell battery systems face complexity and cost issues due to the need for extensive interconnection between cells and a central Battery Management System (BMS), which can lead to reliability problems and increased risk of electrical disconnections or thermal runaway.
A method for associating a microcircuit with each battery cell, involving the insertion of a microcircuit with connection pads into a hole formed in the cell, where conductive adhesive layers connect the microcircuit to the cell electrodes, and insulating resin is used to protect and secure the microcircuit in place.
This solution simplifies the interconnection process, enhances reliability by reducing the number of measurement points, and provides robust mechanical protection for the microcircuit, while maintaining the ability to monitor critical cell parameters effectively.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024123452_10042025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Process for associating a microcircuit with a battery cellTechnical area
[0001] The present invention relates to multi-cell batteries coupled in series and / or in series and parallel, and in particular to the integration in each cell of the battery of a microcircuit for monitoring operating parameters of the cell.
[0002] State of the art
[0003] For reasons of safety and longevity, certain types of multi-cell battery require permanent or periodic monitoring of functional parameters during charge and discharge cycles. In particular, some batteries can spontaneously catch fire or explode, or produce violent outgassing. These include lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, magnesium-ion or lithium / sodium metal sulphur batteries, with liquid electrolyte, solid polymer (SPE - "Solid Polymer Electrolyte" ) , gel (GPE - "Gel Polymer Electrolyte" ) or all-solid (ASSB - "All-Solid-State Battery" ) .
[0004] Functional parameters to be monitored include the temperature and pressure of each cell, the minimum discharge voltage and the maximum charge voltage of each cell. It is also desirable to monitor the electrical balance of all the cells together, as well as changes in battery voltage and current during charge and discharge cycles. By using these parameters, it is possible to control the charger's output voltage and current, and also to manage functions such as the balancing of the blocks that make up the battery, as well as the battery's thermal safety. This controlled management makes it possible to determine the battery's state of health (SOH) , ensure a long service life and anticipate the battery's Remaining Useful Life (RUL) .
[0005] Generally speaking, controlling the cells in a battery requires a multitude of wires and / or connections between the cells and a central unit known as "BMS" (Battery Management System) . In the case of a complex series / parallel assembly of cells, this interconnection with a central BMS unit is complex, tedious and costly from an industrial point of view, particularly when the number of interconnected cells is large, as in the case of batteries intended for mobility and having voltages in excess of 350 volts, i.e. a minimum of 100 blocks connected in series (depending on the electrochemical couple selected) . Some batteries can therefore comprise several thousand cells. The resulting complexity of interconnection can be a source of failure linked to the conditions in which the battery is used. For example, batteries designed for mobility are subject to vibrations and shocks, which can cause electrical disconnections, making reliable operation of the battery impossible, or even lead to short-circuits or thermal runaway, thus endangering the integrity of the application and limiting the size of the battery.
[0006] This interconnection complexity can be reduced by reducing the number of measurement points. However, this solution requires significant safety margins to be set on the detection thresholds in order to guarantee the safe operation of the battery. The cells in a battery generally age inhomogeneously (mainly because of internal resistances, which can vary) . As a result, thermal behaviour in particular can vary from one cell to another in the same battery.
[0007] It is therefore desirable to be able to measure the functional parameters of each cell and transmit these measurements to a central BMS unit. To this end, it is desirable to be able to associate with each cell a microcircuit incorporating sensors for these functional parameters and a transmission circuit with the central unit. The transmission circuit can use the cell's connections to communicate with the central unit. It is desirable that the association mode implemented is reliable, and in particular resistant to vibration and shock. It is also desirable for this association mode to be suitable for solid polymer matrix battery cells comprising a stack of layers including a layer forming an anode electrode, a layer forming a cathode electrode and a separating layer between the anode and cathode layers. It is also desirable that this method of association can be carried out by a manufacturer other than that of the microcircuits and therefore without involving any microcircuit manufacturing steps. It is also desirable that this assembly can be carried out after the cell has been tested for correct operation. Some battery cell production lines produce a lot of scrap. It is therefore preferable for the microcircuits to be fitted only in cells that have been tested operational.Summary
[0008] Embodiments relate to a method of coupling a battery cell to a battery cell monitoring and control circuit, the method comprising the steps of: providing a battery cell comprising a multilayer structure, the multilayer structure comprising two electrode layers separated by a separating layer, and two conductive external faces extending parallel to the layers of the multilayer structure ; providing a microcircuit providing battery cell control functions, the microcircuit comprising two connection pads formed respectively on opposite faces or on a same face of the microcircuit, the microcircuit having a thickness in a direction perpendicular to the two connection pads, less than the thickness of the battery cell between the conductive external faces of the battery cell; inserting the microcircuit into a volume delimited by two planes respectively including the conductive external faces of the battery cell, the connection pads of the microcircuit being parallel to the two planes; forming an electrically conductive connection between each connection pad of the microcircuit and a respective conductive face of the battery cell.
[0009] In this way, such a battery cell can be associated with a microcircuit, through a series of steps that can be easily automated using robust assembly, particularly with regard to vibrations.
[0010] In one embodiment, the method further comprises a step of: forming a hole in the battery cell through the multilayer structure, the microcircuit being inserted into the hole, a first of the conductive bonds comprising a first conductive layer between a first of the pads of the microcircuit and a first of the electrode layers, a second of the conductive bonds comprising a second conductive adhesive layer disposed in the hole on a second of the pads of the microcircuit, and in contact with a second of the electrode layers.
[0011] In this way, the microcircuit is both connected to the cell terminals and fully protected and held rigidly in the hole formed in the cell by the layers of conductive adhesive.
[0012] In one embodiment, the first layer of conductive adhesive is cross-linked and / or polymerised after the microcircuit has been inserted into the hole.
[0013] This arrangement ensures that the microcircuit is held in place and connected to the cell.
[0014] In one embodiment, the microcircuit comprises a semiconductor substrate having a rear face facing a bottom of the hole and side faces that are at least partially uncovered when the microcircuit is inserted into the hole.
[0015] In one embodiment, the method further comprises a step of attaching the first conductive layer to one of the conductive outer faces of the battery cell so as to close an opening of the hole, the first conductive bond comprising the first conductive layer, the first conductive layer being capable of having a self-adhesive face formed with a conductive adhesive, so as to attach to the one of the conductive outer faces of the battery cell.
[0016] This means that the microcircuit is both connected to the cell terminals and fully protected and held rigidly in the hole on one side by the layer of conductive adhesive and on the other side by the first conductive layer to which it is bonded. In addition, a single layer of conductive adhesive is deposited in the hole, which reduces the number of steps required to assemble the microcircuit to the cell.
[0017] The use of a self-adhesive layer avoids the need for an additional adhesive coating step on the first conductive layer.
[0018] In one embodiment, resin is inserted into the hole around the microcircuit.
[0019] The resin insulates the microcircuit and insulates the electrodes of the cell when the microcircuit is not encapsulated in an electrically insulating envelope between the terminal pads and the cell contains liquid electrolytes that can flow into the hole. The resin also reinforces the mechanical hold of the microcircuit in the cell.
[0020] According to one embodiment, the method further comprises a step consisting in:depositing a first layer of conductive adhesive in contact with the first electrode layer and the first connection pad of the microcircuit, and / or depositing a second layer of conductive adhesive on the first connection pad of the microcircuit and reaching the first electrode layer, the two connection pads of the microcircuit being formed on the same upper face of the microcircuit.
[0021] According to one embodiment, the method further comprises steps consisting of:depositing insulating resin in the hole around the microcircuit, and / or depositing insulating resin in the hole on the microcircuit and on the second conductive adhesive layer, and / or cross-linking and / or polymerising insulating resin in the hole around the microcircuit before inserting the conductive adhesive layer forming the second conductive bond. This prevents the conductive adhesive from mixing with the resin.
[0022] According to one embodiment, the process further comprises steps consisting in cross-linking and / or polymerising insulating resin in the hole around the microcircuit and / or the conductive adhesive layer of one and / or other of the conductive links, by heat treatment, and / or by ultraviolet beam and / or by electron beam. The use of such an ultraviolet or electron beam makes it possible to reduce the necessary cross-linking and / or polymerisation operations to a few seconds.
[0023] According to one embodiment, the method further comprises, before inserting the microcircuit into the orifice, steps consisting in: placing the microcircuit on a conductive layer; connecting a first of the two connection pads formed on an upper face of the microcircuit to the conductive layer by means of a wire; and covering the wire, the first connection pad and side faces of the microcircuit with an electrically insulating layer.
[0024] According to one embodiment, each of the conductive links is formed by an elongate conductive element fixed on one side to one of the connection pads of the microcircuit by bonding and / or ultrasonic welding and fixed on the other side to a respective conductive face of the cell, the microcircuit being arranged facing a lateral face of the cell, the microcircuit being encapsulated in resin.
[0025] This assembly method enables the microcircuit to be connected to the cell without piercing the cell, while providing good mechanical protection for the microcircuit.
[0026] In one embodiment, the microcircuit is encapsulated in resin.
[0027] In one embodiment, the battery cell belongs to a group of identical battery cells, stacked so as to be connected in series, with a respective microcircuit coupled to each battery cell of the group of battery cells. In this way, the assembly process is compatible with the formation of a battery with a large number of cells in series, and does not contribute to a significant increase in the weight and bulk of the battery.
[0028] Embodiments may also relate to a battery cell comprising: a multilayer structure, the multilayer structure comprising two electrode layers separated by a separating layer, and two conductive external faces extending parallel to the layers of the multilayer structure ; and a microcircuit providing battery cell control functions, the microcircuit comprising two connection pads formed respectively on opposite faces or a same face of the microcircuit, the microcircuit having a thickness in a direction perpendicular to the two connection pads, less than the thickness of the battery cell between the conductive external faces of the battery cell; and wherein : the microcircuit is inserted in a volume delimited by two planes respectively including the conductive external faces of the battery cell, the connection pads of the microcircuit being parallel to the two planes; a conductive link connects each connection pad of the microcircuit to a respective conductive face of the battery cell; and electrically insulating resin is arranged between the microcircuit and the battery cell.
[0029] In one embodiment, the battery cell comprises an aperture extending through the multi-layer structure, a first of the conductive bonds being formed by a first layer of conductive adhesive disposed in the aperture at a first of the electrode layers, the microcircuit being inserted into the aperture, a first of the connection pads of the microcircuit being in contact with the first layer of conductive adhesive, the resin surrounding the microcircuit in the hole, a second of the conductive links being formed by a second layer of conductive adhesive arranged in the hole on a second of the connection pads of the microcircuit, at a second of the electrode layers.
[0030] In one embodiment, the battery cell comprises an aperture extending through the multi-layer structure, the microcircuit being inserted into the aperture, a first of the conductive bonds comprising a first conductive layer disposed between a first of the pads (21, 22, P1, P2) of the microcircuit and a first of the electrode layers, a second of the conductive bonds comprising a conductive adhesive layer disposed in the aperture on a second of the pads of the microcircuit, and in contact with a second of the electrode layers.
[0031] In one embodiment, the first conductive layer is attached to one of the conductive outer faces of the battery cell so as to close an opening of the port, the first conductive connection comprising the first conductive layer.
[0032] In one embodiment, the hole around the microcircuit is filled with resin.
[0033] In one embodiment, each of the conductive links comprises an elongate conductive element fixed on one side to a connection pad of the microcircuit by bonding and / or ultrasonic welding and fixed on another side to a respective conductive face of the battery cell, the microcircuit being arranged facing a side face of the cell and encapsulated in resin.
[0034] Brief description of the figures
[0035] The present invention will be well understood with the aid of the following description of example embodiments with reference to the appended figures, in which identical reference signs correspond to structurally and / or functionally identical or similar elements.
[0036] Figure 1 is a schematic profile cross-sectional view along a sectional plane AA' indicated in figure 2, of a battery cell portion, according to one embodiment,
[0037] Figure 2 is a schematic front view of the cell in a sectional plane BB' shown in Figure 1, according to one embodiment;
[0038] Figures 3A to 3F show a profile cross-section of a battery cell at different stages of a process for implanting a microcircuit in a battery cell, according to one embodiment;
[0039] Figure 4 is a schematic cross-sectional profile view of a battery cell part, according to another embodiment;
[0040] Figure 5 is a schematic cross-sectional profile view of a battery cell part, according to another embodiment;
[0041] Figure 6 is a schematic cross-sectional profile view of a battery cell part, according to another embodiment;
[0042] Figure 7 is a schematic cross-sectional profile view of a battery cell part, according to another embodiment;
[0043] Figure 8 is a schematic cross-sectional profile view of a microcircuit capable of being implanted in a cell, according to one embodiment;
[0044] Figure 9 is a schematic cross-sectional profile view of a stacked cell assembly, according to one embodiment;
[0045] Figure 10 schematically represents an electrical circuit in which several battery cells are connected in series and each associated with a microcircuit, according to one embodiment;
[0046] Figures 11A to 11D show a profile cross-section of a battery cell at different stages in the process of implanting a microcircuit in a battery cell, according to another embodiment;
[0047] Figure 12 is a schematic partial top view of the battery cell in one of the implementation steps illustrated in Figures 11A to 11D, according to one embodiment;
[0048] Figure 13 is a cross-sectional view of the encapsulated microcircuit, according to another embodiment;
[0049] Figure 14 is a top view of a plate supporting several microcircuits, obtained during the collective manufacture of encapsulated microcircuits, according to one embodiment;
[0050] Figure 15 is a schematic cross-sectional profile view of a portion of a battery cell in which the encapsulated microcircuit is embedded, according to one embodiment.Detailed description
[0051] Figures 1 and 2 show a cell 10 having a multilayer structure with a flat shape and a small thickness relative to its length and / or width. The cell 10 comprises a first conductive electrode layer 11 forming an anode or cathode electrode, a conductive electrode layer 12 forming a cathode or anode electrode, and an intermediate separating layer 17 arranged between the electrode layers 11 and 12. In the example of figure 1, the electrode layer 12 is in the lower position and the electrode layer 11 is in the upper position.
[0052] To couple cell 10 to an MC microcircuit, a hole 19 is formed through all the layers 11, 12 and 17 making up cell 10. Hole 19 is wide enough to allow the MC microcircuit to be inserted. Hole 19 may have a square, rectangular or circular cross-section. According to one embodiment, the MC microcircuit comprises connection pads 21, 22 formed on opposite faces of the MC microcircuit to come into contact respectively with the electrode layers 11, 12 of the cell 10. The thickness of the MC microcircuit in a direction perpendicular to the connection pads 21, 22 may be less than or equal to the thickness of the cell 10 including the electrode layers 11, 12 and the separation layer 17.
[0053] The microcircuit MC is inserted into the hole 19 on a conductive adhesive layer 26 so that one (22) of the bonding pads 21, 22, is in contact with the adhesive layer 26 and with the electrode layer 12. The space of the hole 19 around the MC microcircuit can then be filled with an electrically insulating encapsulating resin 23, without covering the upper connection pad (21 in the example of figure 1) of the MC microcircuit. The hole 19 is then plugged by a layer of conductive adhesive 25 deposited in the hole on the MC microcircuit, at the level of the top electrode layer 11 of the cell 10. In this way, the MC microcircuit is both embedded in the cell 10 and rigidly fixed and connected to the electrodes 11, 12 of the latter.
[0054] The conductive adhesive layers 25, 26 are formed, for example, by a silver adhesive. The conductive adhesive layers 25, 26 and the resin 23 can be cross-linked and / or polymerised by a low or high temperature thermal action (for example by infrared radiation) , or by an ultraviolet beam or an electron beam. These cross-linking and / or polymerisation operations can be carried out simultaneously or successively, following the insertion of the MC microcircuit into the hole 19 on the first layer of conductive adhesive 25, then following the introduction of the resin into the hole and following the deposition of the second layer of adhesive 26. When the MC microcircuit is inserted into the hole, the layer of adhesive 26 may be only partially cross-linked and / or polymerised, which ensures that the microcircuit bonds well. The cross-linking and / or polymerisation of the adhesive layer 26 can be completed after the microcircuit has been placed on the adhesive layer.
[0055] It should be noted that the resin 23 placed around the MC microcircuit is designed to provide mechanical and / or chemical protection for the latter, particularly in the case where at least one of the electrolytes in the cell is liquid. The resin 23 also prevents the cell or microcircuit from being short-circuited by the conductive adhesive 25, or by contact between the microcircuit and the cell if the microcircuit wafer is not already covered by an insulating layer.
[0056] In addition, the thicknesses of the layers of adhesive 25, 26 and resin 23 in the hole 19 are adjusted according to the relative thicknesses of the cell 10 and the microcircuit MC in order to avoid short-circuiting the cell.
[0057] After the hole 19 has been formed, a conductive pad 27 can be bonded to the underside of the cell 10 to support the adhesive layer 26. Similarly, after the adhesive layer 25 has been applied, a conductive pad 28 can be bonded to the top of the cell. The pads 27, 28 may be made of copper or aluminium, and have a thickness of around 20 μm (give or take 10%) . Either or both of the pads 27, 28 may be replaced by an electrically conductive film covering the entire cell 10.
[0058] In the example of figure 2, the cell 10 has a rectangular shape in the cross-sectional plane AA' of figure 1. The orifice 19 is formed near a corner of the cell 10 through the layers 11, 12, 17.
[0059] The figures 3A to 3F represent the cell 10 at different successive steps S1 to S6 of a method for implanting a microcircuit MC, MC1-MC6 in a cell 10. Figure 3A illustrates step S1 during which the embedding hole 19 is formed in the cell 10. The embedding hole 19 can be made by a laser cutting process or using a punch tool 30 that is not electrically conductive or covered with a non-electrically conductive coating. The cell 10 is then placed on a support ST, for example a table, below the tool 30. The hole 19 can be made at any point in the plane of the cell 10.
[0060] Figure 3B illustrates step S2, during which the cell 10 is bonded by means of a conductive adhesive to a conductive pad 28 previously placed on the support ST, the orifice 19 being centred on the pad. To this end, the pad 28 has, for example, a self-adhesive face, so that it can stick to the cell 10 when the latter is pressed against the support on the pad.
[0061] Figure 3C illustrates step S3 in which a drop of conductive glue is poured into hole 19. The conductive adhesive is fluid so as to form a conductive layer 26 at the bottom of the orifice 19 on the pellet 28. The quantity of adhesive deposited is such that the layer 26 obtained does not exceed the level of the cell separation layer 17. The conductive adhesive is, for example, of the silver particle type.
[0062] Figure 3D illustrates step S4, during which the microcircuit MC is inserted into hole 19 in a position centred therein. The adhesive layer 26 is then cross-linked and / or polymerised, for example in a few seconds using an ultraviolet or electron beam.
[0063] Figure 3E illustrates step S5 in which an electrically insulating resin 23 is poured into the hole 19 around the microcircuit MC, without covering the latter. The resin 23 is then cross-linked and / or polymerised, for example in a few seconds using an ultraviolet or electron beam. If necessary (to avoid short-circuiting the cell) , the resin layer can extend above the level of the connection pad 21 of the microcircuit by protecting the latter, for example with a punch, when the resin in liquid form is inserted into the orifice 19.
[0064] Figure 3F illustrates step S6, during which a drop of conductive glue is poured into hole 19. The conductive adhesive is fluidised so as to form a conductive layer 25 completely closing the orifice 19. The layer of adhesive 25 is then cross-linked and / or polymerised, for example in a few seconds using an ultraviolet or electron beam. The quantity of adhesive thus poured can be adjusted so that the upper face of the adhesive layer 25 is substantially in the plane of the upper face of the cell 10. However, this arrangement is not necessary, given that the connection between the upper connection pad 21 of the microcircuit 10 and the upper electrode 11 of the cell 10 is ensured by the lateral edges of the adhesive layer 25. Next, a conductive pad 27 is glued to the cell 10 so as to cover the adhesive layer 25. For this purpose, the conductive pad 27 may have one side coated with a layer of conductive adhesive, so as to be self-adhesive. The adhesive layer 25 may not be fully cross-linked and / or polymerised when the pad 27 is applied. Thus, when the pellet 27 is placed on the orifice 19, the pressure exerted on the pellet for this purpose causes any excess adhesive to creep. In this way, the adhesion of the pad 27 to the cell 10 is strengthened.
[0065] A final step of cross-linking and / or polymerisation by heat treatment or electron beam can be carried out to ensure that the adhesive layers 25, 26 and the resin layer 23 are perfectly solidified.
[0066] It should be noted that the adhesive layers 25 and 26 do not necessarily have the same thickness. For example, one of the adhesive layers 25 and 26 may be thicker than the other adhesive layer. It is simply important that the adhesive layers 25, 26 are arranged on either side of the level of the intermediate layer 17 of the cell 10.
[0067] It should also be noted that the pads 27, 28 can be omitted. To this end, the support ST on which the cell 10 is placed in step S2 may be non-stick, for example covered with a layer of Teflon. In this way, the conductive adhesive 26 poured into the hole in step S3 does not adhere to the support ST or can be easily detached from it.
[0068] It should also be noted that the first layer of adhesive 26 can be omitted, the pad 28 then being retained. Thus, figure 4 represents the cell 10 and the microcircuit MC inserted in the embedding hole 19 formed in the cell, according to another embodiment. The cell 10 is placed on the conductive pad 28 which is positioned over the orifice. The MC microcircuit is placed in the hole directly on the pad 28. The MC microcircuit is thus held in place by the adhesive on the pad. The insulating resin 23 is then poured into the hole around the MC microcircuit and cross-linked and / or polymerised. A layer of conductive adhesive 25' is then poured into the hole 19, until it completely fills the hole, then cross-linked and / or polymerised. The conductive pellet 27 can then be glued to the cell 10, covering the orifice 19.
[0069] In the embodiments described above, the MC microcircuit can be inserted into the cell 10 before liquid electrolytes are inserted into the cell. This arrangement makes it possible to avoid chemical attack of the microcircuit by such electrolytes, when the microcircuit wafer is not covered by an insulating protective layer, and if the cell is of the liquid electrolyte type.
[0070] In the embodiments described above, when the wafer of the MC microcircuit is covered with an insulating protective layer, the insertion of resin into the hole 19 can be omitted. For this purpose, hole 19 can be made to the dimensions of the microcircuit, so as to minimise the free space between the microcircuit MC and the inside face of the hole. The conductive adhesive deposited on the MC microcircuit to form the adhesive layer 25, 25' can be sufficiently viscous not to flow into the space left free in the aperture.
[0071] Figures 5 and 6 show the battery cell 10 in which the hole 19 is formed to the dimensions of the microcircuit, the microcircuit MC being inserted into the hole. The edge of the MC microcircuit is covered by a protective insulating layer 24. In figure 5, the MC microcircuit is arranged between the conductive adhesive layers 25, 26, the conductive pads 27, 28 being omitted. The layer 24 may be slightly elastic to facilitate insertion of the microcircuit into the hole.
[0072] In figure 6, the battery cell 10 is placed on the self-adhesive conductive pad 28, the microcircuit MC being arranged between the pad 28 and the layer of conductive adhesive 25' . The conductive adhesive layer 25' can be covered by the conductive pad 27 bonded to the upper surface 13 of the battery cell.
[0073] Figure 7 shows an edge of the cell 10 and the microcircuit MC associated with the cell, according to another embodiment. To connect the MC microcircuit to the cell 10, a first elongate conductive element 27' is fixed to the connection pad 21 of the microcircuit and to the upper face of the upper electrode layer 11 of the cell, and a second elongate conductive element 28' is fixed to the connection pad 22 of the microcircuit and to the lower face of the lower electrode layer 12 of the cell 10, the microcircuit being placed facing a lateral face (wafer) of the cell. The MC microcircuit is then encapsulated in a resin envelope 23' . The elongated elements 27' , 28' may take the form of wires or strips having the same structure as the pellets 27, 28.
[0074] In one embodiment, each of the elongate elements 27' , 28' is in the form of a lamina which is bonded to a connection pad 21, 22 of the microcircuit and to one of the external faces 13, 14 of the electrode layers 11, 12. A conductive adhesive may be used for this purpose. In another embodiment, each of the laminae 27' , 28' can have a face coated with a layer of conductive adhesive, so as to be self-adhesive for bonding to a connection pad of the microcircuit and to one of the external faces 13, 14 of the electrode layers 11, 12.
[0075] In one embodiment, the elongate elements 27' , 28' are fixed to the connection pads 21, 22 of the microcircuit by soldering, for example by ultrasonic soldering. Each of the elongated elements 27' , 28' can then be bonded to one of the external faces of the electrode layers 11, 12 by a layer of conductive adhesive.
[0076] In one embodiment, the elongated elements 27' , 28' (laminations or wires) are both bonded and soldered to the connection pads 21, 22 of the MC microcircuit. The elongated elements 27' , 28' can also be ultrasonically welded to the external faces 13, 14 of the electrode layers 11, 12, when the external faces 13, 14 are formed by metal layers.
[0077] In one embodiment, the elongated elements 27' , 28' (blades or wires) are fixed to the connection pads 21, 22 of the MC microcircuit during manufacture of the latter.
[0078] In one embodiment, the resin envelope 23' is formed around the microcircuit MC so as to secure the latter to the side face of the cell 10.
[0079] The assembly processes described above can be applied in particular to any type of solid or semi-solid flat cell. For example, these processes can be applied to a flat cell comprising opposing conductive outer faces formed by an anode collector film and a cathode collector film. These processes can also be applied to a cell comprising an anode layer (11 or 12) , a cathode layer (12 or 11) and a separating layer (17) between the anode and cathode layers. The anode layer comprises an anode current collector film and an anode reservoir layer between the collector film and the intermediate layer 17. Similarly, the cathode layer of cell 10 also comprises a cathode current collector film and a cathode reservoir layer between the collector film and intermediate layer 17. The anode current collector film is coated or impregnated with a mixture in a pasty or semi-liquid state solidified by crosslinking and / or polymerisation, forming the reservoir layer and containing at least one anode active material dispersed in a first liquid electrolyte. Similarly, the cathode current collector film is coated or impregnated with a mixture in a pasty or semi-liquid state, solidified by cross-linking and / or polymerisation, forming the reservoir layer and containing at least one cathode active material dispersed in a second liquid electrolyte. The intermediate layer comprises a porous electrically insulating film impregnated with a third electrolyte solidified by cross-linking and / or polymerisation. The assembly can be cross-linked and / or polymerised by an electron beam. The pasty or semi-liquid mixtures and the third electrolyte can comprise a monomer or prepolymer mixture which can comprise crosslinking and / or polymerisation functions chosen from acrylate, methacrylate, vinyl, styrene, iso-cyanate, acrylamide and methacrylamide functions. The pasty or semi-liquid mixtures comprise electron-conducting fillers such as carbon black, carbon nanofibres, titanium nitride-coated carbon nanofibres, carbon nanotubes, graphene powders, graphene oxide powders, metal fibres, or metal powders such as carbon fluoride powders, aluminium or nickel powders, conductive metal oxides, conductive polymers, or conductive ceramic powders. The first and second electrolytes may comprise a lithium or sodium salt dissolved in a liquid solvent.
[0080] Figure 8 shows the structure of the MC microcircuit. The microcircuit is formed in an active layer AL on a semiconductor substrate SB. The active layer AL is covered by an electrically insulating layer IL2 and the electrically conductive layer 22. A via conductor CV2 connects a conductive pad of the active layer AL to the conductive layer 22. Another via conductor CV1 connects a conductive area of the active layer AL to the conductive layer 21 deposited on the rear face of the substrate SB. The rear face of the substrate SB and the conductive layer 21 can be insulated from each other by an insulating layer IL1. Optionally, the edge of the substrate SB can be insulated by an insulating layer IL3.
[0081] The microcircuit MC formed in the active layer AL comprises a power supply circuit for powering the microcircuit from the voltage supplied by the cell with which it is associated, a processing unit, for example of the microcontroller type, analogue / digital converters, in particular for reading the temperature and for measuring the voltage, a reference voltage source, a stage for reading the voltage at the terminals of the cell coupled to one of the analogue / digital converters, a temperature sensor coupled to one of the analogue / digital converters, a communication circuit for communicating with a central battery unit, and a circuit providing a balancing function for the associated cell.
[0082] Figure 9 represents a plurality of cells 10 referenced CL1, CL2, . . . CL6, stacked so that they are connected in series, each cell having a respective microcircuit MC referenced MC1, MC2, . . . MC6, embedded in the cell and connected to the electrodes of the cell. In this stack, the microcircuits MC1-MC6 are separated by conductive elements 31 comprising the conductive layers 25, 26 and, where appropriate, the pads 27, 28. The lower connection area of the microcircuit MC1 in the lower cell CL1 is connected to the latter by a conductive element 33 comprising the conductive layer 26 and, where appropriate, the pad 28. The upper connection pad of the microcircuit MC6 in the upper CL6 cell being connected to the latter by a conductive element 32 comprising the conductive layer 25 and optionally the pad 27.
[0083] The electrode layers 11, 12 can have a pasty appearance so that the conductive pads 27, 28 can be pressed into these layers before or after the cell is assembled with other cells as shown in figure 9.
[0084] It should be noted that it is not necessary to align the holes 19 formed in the stacked cells CL1, CL2, . . . CL6. If conductive pads 27, 28 are used, it may be preferable for them not to be superimposed, particularly in order to limit the formation of excess thicknesses. To this end, the orifices 19 in the cells CL1-CL6 can be formed in a grid pattern on the surface of the cells, with meshes of larger dimensions than the pads 27, 28.
[0085] The assembly described with reference to figure 9 produces the electrical circuit shown in figure 10. The figure 10 shows the CL1-CL6 cells connected in series, each cell being associated with a respective MC1-MC6 microcircuit connected in parallel to the electrodes of the cell.
[0086] It will be clear to those skilled in the art that the assembly described above can be implemented in various ways. In particular, it is not necessary for the connection pads 21, 22 of the microcircuit MC, MC1-MC6 to be formed on opposite faces of the microcircuit. Thus, figures 11A to 11D illustrate various steps S3' to S6' of the method of implanting a microcircuit MC' in a battery cell, according to another embodiment.
[0087] Figure 11A illustrates the step S3' of inserting the microcircuit MC' into the hole 19 formed in the battery cell 10. This step may be implemented following step S2 (figure 3B) during which a conductive pad 28 previously placed on the support ST is glued to the cell 10 using a conductive adhesive, the orifice 19 being centred on the pad. The microcircuit MC' comprises two connection pads P1, P2 formed on one face (top in the example of Figures 11A-11D) of the microcircuit. Before inserting the microcircuit MC' , a layer of non-conductive adhesive 26a may be applied to the bottom of the hole 19 on the chip 28. The layer 26a is completely covered by the MC' microcircuit.
[0088] Figure 11B illustrates step S4' , during which conductive adhesive 25a is deposited on the connection pad P2, so as to flow along a lateral face of the microcircuit MC' , closest to the pad P2, until it reaches the pellet 28 previously bonded to the lower face of the cell 10 so as to close off the orifice 19. In this way, the pad P2 is electrically connected to the pellet 28 and to the electrode 12 of the cell 10.
[0089] Figure 11C illustrates the step S5' during which the space of the hole 19 around the microcircuit MC' is filled by an electrically insulating encapsulation resin 23, without covering the connection pad P1. Another layer of resin 23a is deposited on the microcircuit MC' so as to completely cover the conductive adhesive layer 25a and part of the upper face of the microcircuit MC' and the layer 23, but without covering another part of this upper face including the connection pad P1. The quantity of resin thus poured into hole 19 can be adjusted so that the upper face of layer 23a is substantially in the plane of the upper face of cell 10. The conductive adhesive layers 25a, 26 and the resin 23, 23a can be partially or totally cross-linked and / or polymerised by a low or high temperature thermal action (for example by infrared radiation) , or by an ultraviolet beam or an electron beam. These cross-linking and / or polymerisation operations may be carried out simultaneously or successively, following the insertion of the microcircuit MC' into the hole 19 on the first adhesive layer 26a, and then following the introduction of the resin 23, 23a' into the hole 19.
[0090] Figure 11D illustrates step S6' during which conductive glue is poured into hole 19. The conductive adhesive is fluidised so as to form a conductive layer 25b covering the connection pad P1 of the microcircuit. The layer of adhesive 25b is then cross-linked and / or polymerised, for example in a few seconds using an ultraviolet or electron beam. The quantity of adhesive thus poured can be adjusted so that the upper face of the adhesive layer 25b is substantially in the plane of the upper face of the cell 10.
[0091] The conductive pad 27 can then be glued to the cell 10, so as to completely cover the hole 19 and therefore the adhesive layer 25b and the resin layer 23a. To this end, the conductive pad 27 can have one side coated with a layer of conductive adhesive, so as to be self-adhesive. The adhesive layer 25b and the resin layer 23a may not be fully cross-linked and / or polymerised at the time the pad 27 is applied. Thus, when the pad 27 is placed on the orifice 19, the pressure exerted on the pad for this purpose causes any excess adhesive to creep. In this way, the adhesion of the pad 27 to the cell 10 is strengthened.
[0092] Figure 12 shows a part of the upper face 13 of the cell 10 comprising the orifice 19 covered by the pad 27. Each of the connection areas P1, P2 may comprise several distinct connections. In this case, layer 25a may cover all the connections P2 and layer 25b covers all the connections P1.
[0093] It is not necessary for the layer 25b to completely fill the hole 19 in addition to the insulating resin layer 23a. In this case, the hole 19 can be completely filled with resin. However, it is important that part of the conductive layer 25b is in contact with the pellet 27 or reaches the plane of the upper face 13 of the cell.
[0094] The adhesive layer 26a may be omitted, whereby the microcircuit MC' may be bonded directly to the pad 28. Alternatively, one and / or other of the conductive pads 27, 28 are omitted, as illustrated by figure 5.
[0095] Figure 13 shows the encapsulated MC' microcircuit in one embodiment. The MC' microcircuit is bonded to a leadframe 41, for example made of copper or a copper or iron-nickel alloy. The connection pad P2 is electrically connected to the plate 41 by a wire 42 which is soldered at both ends to the pad P2 and to the plate 41. Wire 42 is made of gold or aluminium, for example, and the soldering is carried out using ultrasound. The entire microcircuit MC' and wire 42 are embedded in encapsulation resin 43, avoiding covering the connection pad P1. If the connection area P2 comprises several connections, each of these connections can be connected by a respective wire to the plate 41. The entire microcircuit MC' and the wires are then embedded in the encapsulation resin 43.
[0096] According to an embodiment illustrated by figure 14, several MC' microcircuits are thus encapsulated collectively, by being bonded to a plate 50, with soldered wires 42 connecting the connection pads P2 of the microcircuits to the plate 50. The wires 42 and the space between the microcircuits are embedded in the encapsulation resin 43, while areas 44 including the connection pads P1 are not covered by the resin layer 43. The microcircuits are then individualised by cutting the plate 41 along two sets of parallel cutting lines CL1, CL2 passing between the microcircuits, the cutting lines CL1 being perpendicular to the cutting lines CL2.
[0097] In the example of figure 14, each of the microcircuits MC' comprises several connection pads P1 and several connection pads P2. In this case, each of the pads P2 can be connected to the plate 41 by a respective wire 42. Furthermore, the areas 44 not covered by the encapsulation resin and including the connection pads P1, can be covered by a conductive layer formed, for example, by conductive adhesive, when the microcircuit is implanted in a battery cell.
[0098] The microcircuit MC' encapsulated in this way thus has, like the microcircuit MC, a connection pad (formed by the plate 41) on its lower face and a connection pad (formed by the conductive layer 45 on its upper face) . It can therefore be mounted in a battery cell in accordance with the processes described above and illustrated by figures 3 to 7, using pad 27, for example.
[0099] Figure 15 shows the encapsulated microcircuit MC' inserted in the hole 19 formed in the battery cell 10, and bonded by conductive adhesive to the pad 28. The volume of the hole 19 above the encapsulated microcircuit MC' is filled by a conductive layer 45 which is covered by the conductive pad 27. In particular, if at least one of the electrolytes in the cell is liquid, the space in hole 19 not occupied by the encapsulated microcircuit MC' can be filled by an insulator 23 such as resin.
Claims
1.A method of coupling a battery cell to a battery cell monitoring and control circuit, the method comprising:providing a battery cell (10) comprising a multilayer structure, the multilayer structure comprising two electrode layers (11, 12) separated by a separating layer (17) , and two conductive external faces (13, 14) extending parallel to the layers of the multilayer structure;providing a microcircuit (MC, MC') providing battery cell control functions, the microcircuit comprising two connection pads (21, 22, P1, P2) formed respectively on opposite faces or on the same face of the microcircuit, the microcircuit having a thickness in a direction perpendicular to the two connection pads, less than the thickness of the battery cell between the conductive external faces of the battery cell;inserting the microcircuit into a volume limited by two planes respectively including the conductive external faces of the battery cell, the connection pads of the microcircuit being parallel to the two planes; andform an electrically conductive connection (25, 26, 25a, 25b, 25', 26') between each connection pad of the microcircuit and a respective conductive face of the battery cell.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a hole (19) in the battery cell (10) through the multi-layer structure, the microcircuit (MC, MC') being inserted into the hole, a first of the conductive links comprising a first conductive layer (26, 25a, 28) between a first (22, P2) of the connection pads (21, 22, P1, P2) of the microcircuit and a first (12) of the electrode layers (11, 12) , a second of the conductive links comprising a second conductive adhesive layer (25, 25', 25b) arranged in the hole on a second (21, P1) of the connection pads of the microcircuit, and in contact with a second (11) of the electrode layers.3.A method according to claim 2, wherein the microcircuit (MC) comprises a semiconductor substrate comprising a rear face disposed facing a bottom of the hole (19) and side faces which are at least partially uncovered at the time of insertion of the microcircuit into the hole.4.A method according to any of claims 2 and 3, further comprising attaching the first conductive layer (28) to one of the conductive outer faces (14) of the battery cell so as to close an opening of the hole, the first conductive connection comprising the first conductive layer, the first conductive layer (28) being capable of having a self- adhesive face formed with a conductive adhesive, so as to attach to one of the conductive outer faces (14) of the battery cell.5.A method according to any of claims 2 to 4, further comprising:depositing a first layer of conductive adhesive (26) in contact with the first electrode layer (12) and the first connection pad (22) of the microcircuit (MC) , and / ordepositing a second layer of conductive adhesive (25a) on the first connection pad (P2) of the microcircuit (MC') and reaching the first electrode layer (12) , the two connection pads (P1, P2) of the microcircuit being formed on the same upper face of the microcircuit.6.A method according to claim 5, further comprising:deposit insulating resin (23) in the hole (19) around the microcircuit (MC, MC') , and / ordeposit insulating resin (23') in the hole (19) on the microcircuit (MC') and on the second conductive adhesive layer (25a) , and / orcross-linking and / or polymerising insulating resin (23) in the hole (19) around the microcircuit (MC, MC') prior to insertion of the conductive adhesive layer (25, 25', 25b) forming the second conductive bond, and / orcross-linking and / or polymerising insulating resin (23) in the hole (19) around the microcircuit (MC, MC') and / or the conductive adhesive layer (26, 25, 25', 25a, 25b) of one and / or other of the conductive links, by heat treatment and / or ultraviolet beam and / or electron beam.7.A method according to claim 2, comprising before inserting the microcircuit (MC') into the hole (19) , steps consisting of:place the microcircuit (MC') on a conductive layer (41) ;connect a first (P2) of the two bonding pads (P1, P2) formed on an upper face of the microcircuit to the conductive layer via a wire (42) , andcover the wire, the first connection pad and the side faces of the microcircuit with an electrically insulating layer.8.Method according to claim 1, in which each of the conductive links (27', 28') is formed by an elongate conductive element (27', 28') fixed on one side to one of the connection pads (21, 22) of the microcircuit (MC) by bonding and / or ultrasonic soldering and fixed on the other side to a respective conductive face (13, 14) of the cell (10) , the microcircuit being arranged facing a lateral face of the cell, the microcircuit being encapsulated in resin (23') .9.A method according to claim 8, wherein the microcircuit (MC) is encapsulated in the resin (23') .10.A method according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the battery cell (10) belongs to a group of identical battery cells (CL1-CL6) , stacked so as to be connected in series, a respective microcircuit (MC1-MC6) being coupled to each battery cell of the group of battery cells.11.Battery cell including:a multilayer structure, the multilayer structure comprising two electrode layers (11, 12) separated by a separating layer (17) , and two conductive external faces (13, 14) extending parallel to the layers of the multilayer structure; anda microcircuit (MC, MC') providing battery cell control functions, the microcircuit comprising two connection pads (21, 22, P1, P2) formed respectively on opposite faces or a same face of the microcircuit, the microcircuit having a thickness in a direction perpendicular to the two connection pads, less than the thickness of the battery cell between the conductive external faces of the battery cell; and in which:the microcircuit is arranged in a volume delimited by two planes respectively including the conductive external faces of the battery cell, the connection pads of the microcircuit being parallel to the two planes;a conductive link (25, 26, 25', 26', 25a, 25b) connects each connection pad of the microcircuit to a respective conductive face of the battery cell; andelectrically insulating resin (23) is placed between the microcircuit and the battery cell.12.The battery cell of claim 11, comprising a hole (19) extending through the multi-layer structure, the microcircuit (MC, MC') being inserted into the hole, a first of the conductive bonds comprising a first conductive layer (26, 28, 25a) disposed between a first (22, P2) of the bonding pads (21, 22, P1, P2) of the microcircuit and a first (12) of the electrode layers (11, 12) , a second of the conductive links comprising a second conductive adhesive layer (25, 25', 25b) arranged in the hole on a second (21) of the connection pads of the microcircuit, and in contact with a second (11) of the electrode layers.13.The battery cell of claim 12, wherein the first conductive layer (28) is attached to one of the conductive outer faces (14) of the battery cell (10) so as to close an opening of the port (19) , the first conductive connection comprising the first conductive layer.14.A battery cell according to any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the hole (19) around the microcircuit (MC, MC') is filled with resin (23) .15.A battery cell as claimed in claim 11, in which each of the conductive links comprises an elongate conductive element (25', 26') fixed on one side to a connection pad (21, 22) of the microcircuit (MC) by bonding and / or ultrasonic welding and fixed on another side to a respective conductive face (13, 14) of the battery cell (10) , the microcircuit being inserted facing a side face of the cell and encapsulated in resin (23') .
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