Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a measurement unit that evaluates radio link quality on the basis of thresholds that are different for a first time instance with which a prediction value is associated and a second time instance with which the measurement value is associated; and a control unit that detects radio link failure (RLF) on the basis of the evaluation of the radio link quality. The one aspect of the present disclosure makes it possible to suitably perform radio link failure (RLF) detection / radio link monitoring (RLM) based on prediction.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] Regarding future wireless communication technologies, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control and management is being considered.

[0006] The use of beam prediction is being considered for future wireless communication technologies (e.g., Rel. 18, 19 NR). If a UE can perform such beam prediction, it is conceivable that Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) / Radio Link Failure (RLF) detection will be performed based on the predicted value. However, how to perform related settings / controls has not yet been studied. Unless these are clearly defined, it may be impossible to perform suitable RLM / RLF, which may hinder improvements in communication throughput / communication quality.

[0007] Therefore, one object of the present disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can suitably perform RLM / RLF detection based on prediction.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a measurement unit that evaluates radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance to which a predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which a measured value is associated, and a control unit that detects a radio link failure (RLF) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

[0009] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, predictive Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) / Radio Link Failure (RLF) detection can be advantageously implemented.

[0010] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a predicted time instance in a first embodiment. Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0011] (Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology to Wireless Communications) With regard to future wireless communications technologies, the use of AI technology such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control and management is being considered.

[0012] For example, it is being considered that terminals (user terminals, user equipment (UE)) / base stations (BSs) will utilize AI technology to improve Channel State Information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reduced overhead, improved accuracy, prediction), improve beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the time / space domain), and improve position measurement (e.g., improved position estimation / prediction).

[0013] Based on the input information, the AI ​​model may output at least one information such as an estimate, a prediction, a selected action, a classification, etc. The UE / BS may input channel state information, reference signal measurements, etc. to the AI ​​model and output highly accurate channel state information / measurements / beam selection / location, future channel state information / radio link quality, etc.

[0014] In the present disclosure, AI may be interpreted as an object (also called a subject, object, data, function, program, etc.) that has (performs) at least one of the following characteristics: - Estimation based on observed or collected information; - Selection based on observed or collected information; - Prediction based on observed or collected information.

[0015] In the present disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be used interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be used interchangeably.

[0016] In the present disclosure, an object may be, for example, an apparatus, device, etc., such as a UE or a BS. Also, in the present disclosure, an object may correspond to a program / model / entity that operates in the apparatus.

[0017] For future wireless communication technologies (e.g., Rel. 18, 19 NR), the following beam predictions are being considered: - Temporal beam prediction: The UE can predict future measurements of a reference signal (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)); - Spatial domain beam prediction: The UE can predict measurements of a reference signal different from the measured reference signal; - Frequency domain beam prediction: The UE can predict measurements of a reference signal at a frequency different from the frequency of the measured reference signal.

[0018] If a UE can perform such beam prediction, it is conceivable that Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) / Radio Link Failure (RLF) detection can be performed based on the predicted value, but how related settings / controls should be performed has not yet been studied. Unless these are clearly defined, it may be impossible to perform suitable RLM / RLF, which may hinder improvements in communication throughput / communication quality.

[0019] Therefore, the present inventors have conceived a suitable setting / control method for RLM / RLF based on prediction.

[0020] In the present disclosure, the predicted value may be calculated (predicted) based on an AI model, or may be calculated based on any means.

[0021] Hereinafter, embodiments according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

[0022] (Various Interpretations) In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interchangeable. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0023] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be read interchangeably.

[0024] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0025] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0026] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0027] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0028] In the present disclosure, monitoring, measurement / estimation, etc. may be performed using a reference signal (RS). The RS may include, for example, at least one of a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a synchronization signal (SS), a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a sounding reference signal (SRS), etc.

[0029] In the present disclosure, terms such as measurement value, measurement result, received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Block Error Rate (BLER)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), Channel State Information (CSI)), and any metric related to measured received power / received quality may be interchangeable. A measurement value may refer to an actually measured value, not a predicted value.

[0030] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, the predicted value, the predicted result, the predicted measurement value (for example, predicted RSRP / SINR / RSRQ), etc. may be read as interchangeable.

[0031] The measured value / predicted value may be given the notation "Layer-X (LX (for example, X=1, 2, 3, . . . ))-".

[0032] In the present disclosure, "any entity (e.g., a UE) does ..." may be read interchangeably as "any entity is configured / instructed to do ...".

[0033] In the present disclosure, radio link quality, reception quality, downlink radio link quality, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, RLM, radio link quality evaluation, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0034] In the present disclosure, time, frequency, space, etc. may be interchangeable. For example, a time instance described below may be interchangeable with a frequency instance, a space instance, etc.

[0035] (Wireless Communication Method) <Tenth Embodiment> The tenth embodiment relates to prediction-based RLM.

[0036] The UE may perform RLM based on predicted / measured values. Note that in the present disclosure, performing RLM based on predicted / measured values ​​may be interchangeable with at least one of the following: assessing or estimating radio link quality based on predicted / measured values, comparing a value at a predicted time instance / measured time instance with a threshold in the radio link quality evaluation, or detecting RLF from a synchronized state (or in-sync (IS)) / unsynchronized state (or out-of-sync (OOS)) based on the predicted / measured values.

[0037] In the present disclosure, a time instance that is a time offset away from the measurement timing (e.g., the time of the first / last measurement RS resource, the indication period of the measurement RS resource) may be referred to as a time instance with which a predicted value is associated, a predicted time instance, a predicted time instance, etc. Also, in the present disclosure, a time instance associated with a measurement may be referred to as a time instance with which a measurement value is associated, a measured time instance, a measurement time instance, etc.

[0038] A UE may perform RLM based on predicted / measured values ​​if at least one of the following conditions is met: - the UE is configured / instructed to perform this RLM, - the UE reports capabilities (UE capabilities) related to the performance of this RLM, - a model identifier (ID) corresponding to the predicted RLM functionality (e.g., model ID of the model used for prediction) is activated for the UE, - the capability / accuracy of the prediction is higher / lower than a threshold, - before the relevant timer starts (e.g., only in cases where the OOS indication is based on prediction), - after the relevant timer starts (e.g., only in cases where the IS indication is based on prediction).

[0039] The parameters for determining the threshold may be predetermined in a standard, determined based on UE capabilities, configured / instructed to the UE by higher layer / physical layer signaling, or determined based on an associated model ID (e.g., model ID of a model used for prediction), prediction / model performance, etc. The associated timers will be described later, for example, in a fifth embodiment.

[0040] The UE may not be expected to perform RLM based on predicted values ​​only, in which case it may perform RLM based on actual measurements only, or on both predicted and actual measurements, where RLM based on predicted values ​​only may be assumed to be unreliable.

[0041] The UE may not be expected to perform RLM based only on actual measurements. In this case, it may perform RLM based only on predicted values ​​or both predicted and actual measurements. RLM based only on actual measurements may result in slower RLF detection.

[0042] The UE may not be expected to perform RLM based on both predicted and actual values, in which case it may perform RLM based on either predicted or actual values.

[0043] According to the 0th embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately determine when and how RLM based on a predicted value is performed.

[0044] First Embodiment The first embodiment relates to which time instance is associated with a predicted value.

[0045] As shown in the 0th embodiment, the UE may perform RLM based on predicted / measured values, where the predicted value may be associated with at least one of the following times: a unit time X time units after a specific RS resource measured to calculate the predicted value, or an indicated period Y indicated periods away from an indicated period of (or including) the specific RS resource measured to calculate the predicted value.

[0046] That is, this time corresponds to the predicted time instance, and X unit times / Y indicated periods correspond to a time offset associated with the predicted time instance. In the present disclosure, the predicted value may be calculated from measurements of a specific RS resource. In the present disclosure, the predicted value relates to a time instance (unit time / indicated period) after the time offset from the specific RS resource.

[0047] The specific RS resource may correspond to the first / last RS resource among the RS resources to be measured. The unit time may be, for example, a symbol, a slot, a subframe, a millisecond (ms), or a combination thereof.

[0048] The indication period may also be referred to as an indication interval. Two consecutive indications (OOS indication / IS indication) from Layer 1 are separated by at least the indication period. The indication period / indication interval may be the same value for an indication based on a predicted value and an indication based on an actual measurement value, or may be different values. In the present disclosure, the OOS / IS indication from Layer 1 (physical layer) in the UE may be notified to a higher layer in the UE (e.g., Layer 3 (RRC layer)).

[0049] The above X / Y may be any real number / integer greater than or equal to 0 (or 1), may be predetermined in a standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be configured / indicated to the UE by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling, or may be determined based on the associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction) and the performance of the prediction / model.

[0050] 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a prediction time instance in the first embodiment. The prediction time instance (a time instance corresponding to a predicted radio link quality) and RS resources measured for this prediction are shown. The prediction time instance may correspond to a slot X slots after the last RS resource, or may correspond to an indication period two (here, Y=2) indication periods away from the indication period to which the last RS resource belongs.

[0051] According to the first embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately determine the predicted time instance.

[0052] Second Embodiment The second embodiment relates to what to monitor for prediction-based RLM.

[0053] The UE may monitor the same RS resource for calculating predicted values ​​and measured values ​​in radio link quality assessment.

[0054] The UE may monitor different RS resources for calculating predicted values ​​and measured values ​​in radio link quality evaluation. In this case, the monitored RS resources may be within the active BWP or may not be within the active BWP. For example, the same or different RS resources within / outside the active BWP may be monitored for calculating predicted values ​​of a certain RS resource within / outside the active BWP.

[0055] It may be assumed / specified that the monitored RS resources must be within the active BWP, in which case the UE may not be required to monitor the predicted downlink radio link quality in DL BWPs other than the active DL BWP.

[0056] If the monitored RS resources may be outside the active BWP, the UE may not be required to monitor the downlink radio link quality in DL BWPs other than the active DL BWP unless the downlink radio link quality is based on a predicted value (in other words, based on an actual measurement value), in which case the UE may monitor the downlink radio link quality based on a predicted value in DL BWPs other than the active DL BWP.

[0057] [Number of RS Resources to be Monitored] The maximum number of RS resources to be monitored for calculating a predicted value in the RLM may be different from the maximum number of RS resources to be monitored for calculating a measurement value in the RLM. In the present disclosure, "RS resources to be monitored for calculating a predicted value" may be interchangeably read as "RS resources associated with the calculation of a predicted value." The RS resources associated with the calculation of a predicted value may correspond to Resource A / Resource C described below.

[0058] The maximum number of RS resources monitored for both calculation of predicted values ​​and calculation of measured values ​​in RLM may be specified / determined. The maximum number may be determined, for example, in the same manner as in Table 5-1 of §5 of 3GPP TS 38.213 up to Rel. 17. The maximum number may be determined by specifying L, which is the maximum number of SSB indices in one cell. ｍａｘ It may depend on L ｍａｘ (or 1 / n of this, where n is any real number). The above maximum number is N, which is the number of RSs monitored for link recovery procedures and RLM. ＬＲ＿ＲＬＭ , N, which is the number of RSs monitored for RLM ＲＬＭ It may be determined based on or the same as any of the above.

[0059] In addition, in Table 5-1 of §5 of 3GPP TS 38.213 up to Rel. 17, ｍａｘ = 4, then N ＬＲ＿ＲＬＭ = 2 and N ＲＬＭ = 2, and L ｍａｘ = 8, then N ＬＲ＿ＲＬＭ = 6 and N ＲＬＭ = 4, and Lｍａｘ = 64, then N ＬＲ＿ＲＬＭ = 8 and N ＲＬＭ =8.

[0060] The maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculation of a predicted value in RLM, the maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculation of a measurement value in RLM, the maximum number of RS resources monitored for both calculation of a predicted value and calculation of a measurement value in RLM, etc. may be any real number / integers equal to or greater than 0 (or 1), may be predetermined in a standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be configured / instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling, may be determined based on an associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction), performance of the prediction / model, or may be determined based on the above-mentioned L. ｍａｘ It may be determined based on the following.

[0061] Note that each maximum number may be determined separately for each BWP, or may be determined across the BWP (or for each cell).

[0062] [RS Resource Constraints] For simplicity, hereinafter, the RS resources monitored for calculating predicted values ​​in the RLM and the RS resources monitored for calculating measured values ​​in the RLM are referred to as "multiple RS resources."

[0063] The UE may expect the multiple RS resources to share the same parameters (or the same parameters to be configured for the configuration of the multiple RS resources). For example, the UE may expect the multiple RS resources to share the same parameters (or the same parameters to be configured for the configuration of the multiple RS resources) always or in the absence of RRC configuration for a particular RS resource (e.g., at least one RS resource among the multiple RS resources).

[0064] The parameters may correspond to at least one of the following: number of ports, Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) type, frequency domain resources (e.g. density, physical resource blocks), time domain resources (e.g. period, mapped symbol position within a slot).

[0065] The multiple RS resources may correspond to at least one of the following: - RS resources that are measured to calculate predicted values ​​used for radio link quality evaluation (hereinafter also referred to as "resource A"), - RS resources that measure measured values ​​used for radio link quality evaluation (hereinafter also referred to as "resource B"), - RS resources that are assumed when calculating predicted values ​​used for radio link quality evaluation (hereinafter also referred to as "resource C").

[0066] Resources A / B / C may be configured in the UE by higher layer signaling (e.g., RadioLinkMonitoringRS information element).

[0067] [Default RLM-RS] If the resources A, B, and C are not configured for the UE, the UE may use the RS provided for the active TCI state for PDCCH reception for predicted / measured RLM (or may monitor the resource of the RS). This RS may be referred to as a default RLM-RS. The active TCI state may include only one RS or two RSs. In the latter case, for example, the UE may use one of the two RSs whose QCL type is set to Type D for RLM. Note that the TCI state provided to the UE for PDCCH reception may include one or more CSI-RSs.

[0068] Specific L ｍａｘ (For example, L ｍａｘFor search space sets (e.g., 0 = 4, 8, etc.), the UE may select RSs provided for the active TCI state for PDCCH reception in a CORESET associated with the search space set in order from the smallest monitoring period. The selected RSs may be any of the maximum number of RSs mentioned above. Note that if more than one CORESET is associated with a search space set having the same monitoring period, the UE may determine the order of the CORESETs from the highest CORESET index. In other words, the UE may determine CORESETs in ascending order of the monitoring period of the search space set, and then in descending order of the CORESET index, until any of the maximum number of RSs mentioned above is reached, and select RSs corresponding to the determined CORESET.

[0069] Furthermore, if the resources A / B / C are not configured, the UE may use RSs provided for the TCI state for PDCCH reception of a BWP other than the active BWP (e.g., the initial BWP or the default BWP) for RLM based on predicted / measured values. The TCI state may be a known TCI state or an unknown TCI state. Note that, in selecting any of the maximum number of RSs described above, the UE may select RSs provided for the TCI state for PDCCH reception of the active BWP / a BWP other than the active BWP. In this selection, the order of the CORESET may be determined, for example, from the highest BWP index, in addition to (or instead of) the monitoring period / CORESET index described above.

[0070] According to the second embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately determine the RS resources to monitor for prediction-based RLM.

[0071] Third Embodiment The third embodiment relates to wireless link quality evaluation.

[0072] First, we will explain the radio link quality evaluation of the existing NR standard (for example, NR up to Rel. 17). In the existing NR standard, the physical layer in the UE evaluates the radio link quality evaluated over the previous time period once per indication period, based on a threshold (for example, Q ｏｕｔ , Q ｉｎ ) is evaluated against the threshold Q ｏｕｔ , Q ｉｎ The threshold Q may be determined based on a configuration for the UE, or if no configuration is made, a defined default value may be used. ｏｕｔ is defined as the level at which the downlink radio link is not reliably received, and corresponds to OOS BLER. ｉｎ is the downlink radio link ｏｕｔ is defined as the level at which the received signal is reliably received and is sufficiently high compared to the IS-BLER.

[0073] All the radio link qualities of the RS for RLM to be set are Q ｏｕｔ If the radio link quality of at least one of the configured RSs for RLM is Q or worse, Layer 1 of the UE sends an OOS indication to the upper layer. ｉｎ Better yet, Layer 1 of the UE sends an IS indication for this cell to higher layers.

[0074] Furthermore, Q ｏｕｔ , Q ｉｎ is derived based on hypothetical PDCCH transmission parameters, where the PDCCH transmission parameters include, for example, DCI format, aggregation level, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, etc.

[0075] In a third embodiment, the radio link quality assessment associated with the predicted value and the radio link quality assessment associated with the measured value may be separate, and the physical layer in the UE may indicate separately the IS / OOS based on the radio link quality associated with the predicted value / predicted time instance and the IS / OOS based on the radio link quality associated with the measured value / measurement time instance.

[0076] In a third embodiment, the radio link quality assessment associated with the predicted value and the radio link quality assessment associated with the measured value may be joint (combined), and the physical layer in the UE may indicate IS / OOS based on the radio link qualities associated with both the predicted value / predicted time instance and the measured value / measurement time instance.

[0077] The indication period corresponding to the radio link quality evaluation associated with the predicted value and the indication period corresponding to the radio link quality evaluation associated with the measured value may be the same or different. For example, the indication period corresponding to the radio link quality evaluation associated with the predicted value may be determined as the maximum period among the minimum period and the discontinuous reception (DRX) period of the RS resource monitored for calculating the predicted value.

[0078] The IS / OOS indication notified from the physical layer to a higher layer (for example, the RRC layer) may be notified together with information about the monitored RS resource (for example, the BWP index, etc.).

[0079] According to the third embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately perform radio link quality evaluation based on prediction.

[0080] Fourth Embodiment The fourth embodiment relates to IS / OOS thresholds for prediction-based RLM.

[0081] The UE determines whether the "metric to be compared" (BLER in the existing standard) exceeds the "threshold" (Q ｏｕｔ , Q ｉｎ), the radio link quality is evaluated according to whether the measured value is higher than the predicted value. Here, the "metric to be compared" may include at least one of the following: BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at a time instance associated with the measurement value; BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at a predicted time instance; BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at a predicted time instance and the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at a time instance associated with the measurement value; RSRP of a measured RS resource; predicted RSRP at a predicted time instance; predicted RSRP at a predicted time instance and the measured RSRP of a measured RS resource.

[0082] Also, the "threshold" may be the same or different for the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the time instance associated with the measurement and the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the predicted time instance. The "threshold" may be the same or different for the RSRP of the measured RS resource and the predicted RSRP at the predicted time instance.

[0083] The threshold for the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission, the threshold for the RSRP of the measured RS resource, the threshold for the predicted RSRP at the predicted time instance, etc. may be different for each of the above "compared metrics."

[0084] Note that the difference in "threshold" between one metric and another is called Q ｏｕｔ and Q ｉｎ may mean that one or both of the values ​​corresponding to these metrics are different in comparison.

[0085] When the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission is calculated, the assumed PDCCH parameters may be the same or different for the BLER of the hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the time instance associated with the measurement and the BLER of the hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the predicted time instance.

[0086] The PDCCH parameters assumed for the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission, the PDCCH parameters assumed for the RSRP of the measured RS resource, the PDCCH parameters assumed for the predicted RSRP at the predicted time instance, etc. may differ for each of the above ``metrics to be compared.''

[0087] Note that differences in PDCCH parameters between one metric and another may mean that some or all of the PDCCH parameters are different in the calculation of these metrics.

[0088] The "metric to be compared" to be used, the value of the above-mentioned "threshold", etc. may be predetermined in the standard, may be determined based on the UE capabilities, may be set / instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling, or may be determined based on the associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction) and the performance of the prediction / model.

[0089] In the present disclosure, PDCCH transmission may be interchangeably read as transmission of other DL channels / RS, UL channels / RS, etc. (for example, PDSCH transmission, PUSCH transmission, SRS transmission).

[0090] According to the fourth embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately indicate IS / OOS for RLM based on prediction.

[0091] Fifth Embodiment The fifth embodiment relates to RLF detection.

[0092] First, RLF detection in the existing NR standard (e.g., NR up to Rel. 17) will be described. In the existing NR standard, when a UE receives an OOS indication for a certain cell (e.g., a primary cell) N310 times, it activates (starts) timer T310. If an IS indication for the cell is received N311 times while timer T310 is activated, timer T310 is stopped. On the other hand, when timer T310 expires, the UE determines that an RLF has been detected for the cell (that is, an RLF).

[0093] Here, T310 may be referred to as a timer for RLF detection, N310 may be referred to as the number of OOS instructions for starting timer T310, and N311 may be referred to as the number of IS instructions for stopping timer T310.

[0094] The following is a description of the RLF detection of the fifth embodiment.

[0095] RLF Detection The UE may consider RLF detected if any of the following timers expire: a timer started according to an OOS indication associated with a measurement value / measurement time instance, a timer started according to an OOS indication associated with a predicted value / predicted time instance, a timer started according to an OOS indication associated with both a predicted value / predicted time instance and a measurement / measurement time instance.

[0096] The UE may also consider RLF detected if both of the following two timers expire: the timer started according to the OOS indication associated with the predicted value / predicted time instance and the timer started according to the OOS indication associated with the measured value / measurement time instance.

[0097] At least one of these timers may be the same as T310 or may be a different timer.

[0098] Timer-related control The UE may start / restart the above-mentioned timer in at least one of the following cases: - when it receives NAAA OOS indications associated with a predicted value / predicted time instance and NBBB OOS indications associated with a measured value / measurement time instance, - when it receives NCCC OOS indications associated with a predicted value / predicted time instance, - when it receives NDDD OOS indications associated with a measured value / measurement time instance.

[0099] The UE may stop the above timer in at least one of the following cases: - when it has received NEEE IS indications associated with the predicted value / predicted time instance and NFFF IS indications associated with the measured value / measurement time instance, - when it has received NGGG IS indications associated with the predicted value / predicted time instance, - when it has received NHHH IS indications associated with the measured value / measurement time instance.

[0100] It should be noted that the value of at least one of the counters NAAA to NHHH may be the same as the value of N310 or N311, or may be derived from a time offset associated with the predicted time instance. The values ​​of several or all of the counters NAAA to NHHH may be a common (same) value.

[0101] The value of at least one of the counters NAAA through NHHH may depend on the values ​​of other of the counters NAAA through NHHH, for example, the value of counter NAAA may be the value of counter NBBB plus a specific value (e.g., a predefined, configured, or indicated value).

[0102] The UE may start / restart the timer if a value (counter) based on receipt of an OOS indication associated with both a predicted value / predicted time instance and a measured value / measurement time instance is equal to or greater than threshold #1. The UE may also stop the timer if a value (counter) based on receipt of an IS indication associated with both a predicted value / predicted time instance and a measured value / measurement time instance is equal to or greater than threshold #2. These values ​​based on receipt of an OOS indication / IS indication may be incremented based on different weights when associated with a predicted value / predicted time instance and when associated with a measured value / measurement time instance. For example, the counter may be incremented by 1 when the OOS indication is based on a predicted value, and by 2 when the OOS indication is based on an actual measured value. The weights may be any real number.

[0103] The parameters for determining the values ​​of NAAA to NHHH, the threshold #1, the threshold #2, the weights, etc. may be predetermined in the standard, determined based on the UE capabilities, configured / instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling, or determined based on the associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction), prediction / model performance.

[0104] According to the fifth embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately perform RLF detection based on prediction.

[0105] <Supplementary Information> [Notification of Information to UE] In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information to the UE (from the NW) (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0106] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not defined in existing standards.

[0107] When the notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0108] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0109] [Notification of Information from UE] In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE (to the NW) (in other words, transmission / report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0110] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID, which is not defined in existing standards, in the MAC subheader.

[0111] If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0112] Furthermore, any information in the above-described embodiments may be notified from the UE periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0113] [Application of Each Embodiment] At least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied when a specific condition is met. The specific condition may be defined in a standard or may be notified to a UE / BS using higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling.

[0114] At least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied only to UEs that have reported or support a particular UE capability.

[0115] The specific UE capability may indicate at least one of the following: - supporting specific process / operation / control / information(s) for at least one of the above embodiments; - supporting (implementation of) predicted value-based RLM; - supporting (implementation of) predicted value-based RLM where SSB is the only RS resource monitored; - supporting (implementation of) predicted value-based RLM where CSI-RS is the RS resource monitored; - supporting (implementation of) predicted value-based RLM where SSB and CSI-RS are the RS resources monitored; - supporting (implementation of) predicted value-based RLM where SSB is the only RS resource monitored; - supporting (implementation of) predicted value-based RLM where CSI-RS is the RS resource monitored. - Supporting (implementation of) predicted and measured RLM, where SSB and CSI-RS are the monitored RS resources; - Number / maximum number of monitored RS resources for predicted and measured RLM; - Number / maximum number of monitored RS resources for predicted and measured RLM and link recovery procedures; - Number / maximum number of monitored RS resources for predicted and measured RLM and link recovery procedures.

[0116] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, a band, a band combination, a BWP, a component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0117] Furthermore, the specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied to all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0118] Furthermore, at least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied when the UE configures / activates / triggers specific information related to the above-described embodiments (or performs the operations of the above-described embodiments) through higher layer / physical layer signaling. For example, the specific information may be information indicating that predictive RLM / RLF is enabled, any RRC parameters for a specific release (e.g., Rel. 18 / 19), etc.

[0119] If the UE does not support at least one of the specific UE capabilities or is not configured with the specific information, the UE may apply, for example, the behavior of Rel. 15 / 16 / 17.

[0120] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplemented with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a measurement unit that measures reference signal resources; and a control unit that performs Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) based on a predicted value calculated from measurement results of the reference signal resources. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, in which the control unit calculates the predicted value associated with a time instance after a time offset from the reference signal resources. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, in which the measurement unit measures a reference signal resource different from the reference signal resource in order to calculate a measurement value in RLM. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any of Supplements 1 to 3, in which the control unit separately issues a synchronization or asynchronous instruction based on a radio link quality associated with the predicted value and a synchronization or asynchronous instruction based on a radio link quality associated with a measurement value, from a physical layer to a higher layer.

[0121] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplemented with respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal comprising: a measurement unit that evaluates radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance associated with a predicted value and a second time instance associated with a measured value; and a control unit that detects a radio link failure (RLF) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal described in Supplementary Note 1, wherein the measurement unit evaluates the radio link quality based on different physical downlink control channel parameters for the first time instance and the second time instance. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal described in Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the control unit detects the RLF based on a timer started in accordance with an out-of-sync indication based on the radio link quality associated with both the first time instance and the second time instance. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal described in Supplementary Note 3, wherein the control unit starts the timer based on a counter that adds a value based on different weights for the out-of-sync indication associated with the first time instance and the out-of-sync indication associated with the second time instance.

[0122] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0123] 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0124] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0125] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (Master Node (MN)), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (Secondary Node (SN)). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0126] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0127] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The locations and numbers of the cells and user terminals 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0128] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CCs) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0129] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band higher than 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

[0130] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0131] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0132] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0133] The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). A single network node may provide multiple functions. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

[0134] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0135] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the wireless communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0136] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (e.g., other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0137] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0138] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), or the like may be used as an uplink channel.

[0139] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, a System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit a Master Information Block (MIB).

[0140] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0141] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be replaced with DL data, and the PUSCH may be replaced with UL data.

[0142] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources for searching for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0143] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," "CORESET configuration," and the like in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0144] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0145] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0146] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

[0147] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as a reference signal.

[0148] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or the like may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0149] (Base Station) Fig. 3 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

[0150] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0151] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0152] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0153] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0154] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be configured from a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be configured from a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be configured from a reception processing unit 1212, the RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0155] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0156] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0157] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0158] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0159] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0160] The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

[0161] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

[0162] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0163] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0164] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0165] The transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0166] In addition, the transceiver unit 120 may transmit to the user terminal 20 configuration information for reference signal resources (e.g., RRC information elements for configuring RS resources to be monitored for calculating predicted values ​​in RLM (prediction RLM-RS resources), RS resources to be monitored for calculating measurement values ​​(measurement RLM-RS resources), etc.), and configuration information (e.g., RRC information elements) instructing the user terminal 20 to perform Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) based on predicted values ​​calculated from the measurement results of the reference signal resources.

[0167] Furthermore, the transceiver unit 120 may transmit to the user terminal 20 configuration information (e.g., RRC information elements) of different thresholds for evaluating the radio link quality at the first time instance associated with the predicted value and the second time instance associated with the measured value, and configuration information (e.g., RRC information elements) instructing detection of a Radio Link Failure (RLF) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

[0168] (User Terminal) Fig. 4 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0169] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0170] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0171] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0172] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0173] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0174] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0175] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0176] The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0177] The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0178] The transmitter / receiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0179] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0180] The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

[0181] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

[0182] The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

[0183] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0184] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0185] The transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0186] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (the measurement unit 223) may measure a reference signal resource. The control unit 210 may perform radio link monitoring (RLM) based on a predicted value calculated from the measurement result of the reference signal resource.

[0187] The control unit 210 may calculate the predicted value associated with a time instance (predicted time instance) after a time offset from the reference signal resource.

[0188] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may measure a reference signal resource different from the reference signal resource in order to calculate a measurement value in RLM.

[0189] The control unit 210 may separately instruct a synchronization or asynchronous instruction based on the radio link quality associated with the predicted value and a synchronization or asynchronous instruction based on the radio link quality associated with the measured value from the physical layer to a higher layer.

[0190] Furthermore, the transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may evaluate the radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance (prediction time instance) associated with the predicted value and a second time instance (measurement time instance) associated with the measured value. The control unit 210 may detect a radio link failure (RLF) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

[0191] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may evaluate the radio link quality based on physical downlink control channel parameters that differ between the first time instance and the second time instance.

[0192] The control unit 210 may detect the RLF based on a timer that is started according to the radio link quality-based asynchronous indication associated with both the first time instance and the second time instance.

[0193] The control unit 210 may start the timer based on a counter that adds a value based on different weights for the asynchronous indication associated with the first time instance and the asynchronous indication associated with the second time instance.

[0194] (Hardware Configuration) Note that the block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0195] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0196] For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

[0197] In the present disclosure, the terms apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be used interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0198] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0199] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0200] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0201] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be implemented in a similar manner.

[0202] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EEPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0203] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0204] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0205] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0206] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0207] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0208] (Modifications) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0209] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0210] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0211] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

[0212] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0213] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0214] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

[0215] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0216] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0217] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0218] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0219] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0220] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0221] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI, each of which may be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0222] In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0223] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0224] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0225] The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0226] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0227] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0228] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0229] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0230] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0231] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0232] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0233] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0234] Note that the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, such as an RRC Connection Setup message or an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0235] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0236] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0237] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0238] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0239] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0240] In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0241] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0242] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0243] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0244] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0245] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) property," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0246] In the present disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0247] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. The "spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and the TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and the spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0248] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0249] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within that coverage.

[0250] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0251] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0252] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0253] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0254] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0255] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0256] 6 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0257] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by a user.

[0258] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (for example, an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0259] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0260] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0261] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0262] The driving assistance system unit 64 includes various devices for providing functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0263] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0264] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0265] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0266] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0267] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0268] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a sidelink channel.

[0269] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0270] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0271] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0272] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802. The present invention may be applied to systems that use IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0273] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0274] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0275] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0276] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0277] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some kind of action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0278] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0279] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ..." or "do ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ..." or "does not ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0280] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0281] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0282] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0283] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0284] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0285] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0286] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with "i-th" (i is an arbitrary integer) attached (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable with "i-th highest").

[0287] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0288] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after a time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0289] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0290] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A terminal having: a measurement unit that evaluates radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance to which a predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which a measured value is associated; and a control unit that detects a radio link failure (RLF) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the measurement unit evaluates the radio link quality based on different physical downlink control channel parameters at the first time instance and the second time instance.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit detects the RLF based on a timer that is started according to an asynchronous indication based on the radio link quality associated with both the first time instance and the second time instance.

4. The terminal according to claim 3, wherein the control unit starts the timer based on a counter that adds a value based on different weights for the asynchronous indication associated with the first time instance and the asynchronous indication associated with the second time instance.

5. A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising: a step of evaluating a radio link quality based on different thresholds at a first time instance to which a predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which a measured value is associated; and a step of detecting a Radio Link Failure (RLF) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

6. A base station having a transmitter that transmits to a terminal configuration information of different thresholds for evaluating radio link quality at a first time instance to which a predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which a measured value is associated, and configuration information instructing a terminal to detect a Radio Link Failure (RLF) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

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