Ingan-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer and preparation method therefor, and optically triggered boolean logic gate device
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/130768
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-10-31
- Filing Date
- 2023-11-09
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-08
AI Technical Summary
The prior art is difficult to achieve autonomous optical wavelength distinction between different optical wavelengths in dual-wavelength photodetectors, which limits the independence and functional implementation of the light-touch release logic gate devices.
Using InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer, nanowire structures such as n-GaN, n-InGaN and p-InxGaN are introduced into the photodetector to form a functional absorber to achieve opposite polarity of the photocurrent corresponding to the optical wavelength, thereby achieving optical wavelength distinction without an external voltage.
It realizes the independent distinction between photocurrent and different optical wavelengths, supports the complete functional implementation of the photo-touch release logic gate device, and avoids the dependence of external voltages.
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Figure CN2023130768_08052025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
InGaN-Based Dual-Wavelength Photodetection Epitaxial Wafer and Preparation Method Therefor, and Optically Triggered Boolean Logic Gate Device
[0001] Cross Reference to Related Application
[0002] The present disclosure claims the priority of the Chinese Patent Application No. 202311438523. X, entitled “InGaN基双波长光电探测外延晶片、制备方法和光触发布尔逻辑门器件(InGaN-Based Dual-Wavelength Photodetection Epitaxial Wafer and Preparation Method Therefor, and Optically Triggered Boolean Logic Gate Device) ” , filed with the Chinese Patent Office on October 31, 2023, the entity of which is incorporated herein by reference.Technical Field
[0003] The present disclosure relates to the technical field of semiconductor photodetectors, and in particular, to an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer and a preparation method therefor, and an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device.BACKGROUND
[0004] In conventional technology, semiconductor photodetectors are commonly designed to respond to a single wavelength band, to determine the impinging light power for a given wavelength from the calibrated photocurrent.
[0005] Further, a distinctive response to two wavelength bands has emerged to enable the final photodetector for wavelength division multiplexed detection. This opens the door to built-in information processing by optically triggered logic gates with the two binary inputs represented by two distinguished wavelengths of the incident light and one binary output represented by a combined photocurrent. For this purpose, a combination of two semiconductor absorbers with different energy bandgaps is needed because other complex optical parts such as filters are to be avoided.
[0006] After the survey, the inventors find that in addition to the dual-wavelength response to the actually required dual-wavelength detection, an additional and independent parameter must be found to distinguish between the two wavelengths -for photodetectors, because the impinging light power and wavelength to be measured are both unknown, and for logic gates to render the two input channels represented by the two light wavelengths, independent. The parameter reported mostly is an applied external voltage to alter the photocurrent differently for the two light wavelengths and also the photocurrent noise may be also suitable. However, these parameters do not provide intrinsic, un-powered, and qualitative wavelength distinction, thereby imposing inherent limitations that make it difficult to implement the function of logic gates.SUMMARY
[0007] An object of the present disclosure includes, for example, providing an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer and a preparation method therefor, and an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device, which provides a new operation principle such that the photocurrent has opposite signs for two different longer and shorter wavelength bands, thereby achieving the function of a full set of optically triggered Boolean logic gates. Embodiments of the present disclosure are implemented as follows.
[0008] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer, including:
[0009] a substrate, wherein a first metal electrode is formed on a back side of the substrate;
[0010] a plurality of n-GaN nanowire segments, wherein an array of the plurality of n-GaN nanowire segments is distributed on a front side of the substrate;
[0011] functional absorbers, wherein each of the functional absorbers includes an n-InGaN nanowire segment and a p-InxGaN nanowire segment that are sequentially arranged on the corresponding n-GaN nanowire segment from bottom to top; and
[0012] a transparent conductive layer, wherein the transparent conductive layer is arranged on tops of the functional absorbers, and a second metal electrode is formed on one side of the transparent conductive layer away from the substrate,
[0013] wherein the n-GaN nanowire segments each form an ohmic contact with the substrate, the p-InxGaN nanowire segments each form a Schottky contact with the transparent conductive layer, and each n-InGaN nanowire segment and the corresponding p-InxGaN nanowire segment have an axial heterostructure, and the functional absorbers are each configured to generate photocurrents of opposite polarities for light beams of different wavelengths.
[0014] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a preparation method for an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer to prepare the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to the preceding embodiment, which method includes:
[0015] providing a substrate;
[0016] growing an array of n-GaN nanowire segments on the substrate;
[0017] sequentially growing an array of n-InGaN nanowire segments and an array of p-InxGaN nanowire segments on the n-GaN nanowire segments;
[0018] growing a transparent conductive layer on the p-InxGaN nanowire segments; and
[0019] metallizing a back side of the substrate and a surface of one side of the transparent conductive layer away from the substrate, so as to form a first metal electrode on the back side of the substrate and form a second metal electrode on the surface of the transparent conductive layer,
[0020] wherein the n-GaN nanowire segment forms an ohmic contact with the substrate, the p-InxGaN nanowire segment forms a Schottky contact with the transparent conductive layer, and the n-InGaN nanowire segment and the p-InxGaN nanowire segment form a functional absorber have an axial heterostructure, and the functional absorber is configured to generate photocurrents of opposite polarities for light beams of different wavelengths.
[0021] In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device, including a dual-wavelength photodetector, wherein the dual-wavelength photodetector is the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to any one of the preceding embodiments.
[0022] The beneficial effects of the embodiments of the present disclosure include, for example:
[0023] the embodiments of the present disclosure provide an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer and a preparation method therefor, and an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device, wherein based on an array of InGaN-based nanowire axial heterostructures acting as functional absorbers, the functional absorber can generate photocurrents of opposite polarities for light beams of different wavelengths, and can achieve a sign change of the photocurrent for illumination with light from different wavelength bands in the self-powered operation mode without any applied external voltage. This change of the sign is forbidden by energy conservation for any common heterostructure design with laterally / radially uniformly doped layers in the conventional technology. However, compared with the prior art, the present disclosure provides the ideal parameters for incident light wavelength differentiation in dual-wavelength photodetection and logic. The sign change is made possible by generation, transfer and energy relaxation paths of the distinct radial and axial photocarriers, to provide energy gain for two polarities of the photocurrents generated in the bottom n-InGaN nanowire segments and in the top p-InxGaN nanowire segments of the functional absorbers. The function of a complete set of optically triggered Boolean logic gates can be achieved by cooperating with an electronic inverter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0024] To describe the technical solutions in embodiments of the present disclosure more clearly, the following briefly describes the drawings required to be used in embodiments. It should be understood that the drawings show only some embodiments of the present disclosure, and therefore should not be considered as a limitation on the scope. Those of ordinary skill in the art may still derive other related drawings from these drawings without paying creative efforts.
[0025] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a dual-wavelength photodetector according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing growth of nanowire segments in FIG. 1;
[0028] FIG. 4 shows photocurrent versus time traces of an experimentally demonstrated dual-wavelength photodetecting device under chopped illumination;
[0029] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of energy band structures of an experimentally demonstrated functional absorber;
[0030] FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a preparation method for an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing controlling of an optically triggered basic Boolean logic gate; and
[0032] FIG. 8 shows photocurrent and truth tables for two presettings of the individual photocurrents generated by light from the two different wavelength bands.
[0033] Reference signs: 100-InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer; 110-substrate; 111-first metal electrode; 130-n-GaN nanowire segment; 150-functional absorber; 151-n-InGaN nanowire segment; 153-p-InxGaN nanowire segment; 155-InGaN core; 157-InGaN shell; 170-transparent conductive layer; 171-second metal electrode; 200-dual-wavelength photodetector; 300-electronic inverter.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0034] To make objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of embodiments of the present disclosure clearer, the following clearly and completely describes the technical solutions in embodiments of the present disclosure with reference to the drawings in embodiments of the present disclosure. Apparently, the described embodiments are some but not all of embodiments of the present disclosure. Generally, components of embodiments of the present disclosure described and shown in the drawings herein may be arranged and designed in various configurations.
[0035] It should be noted that the features in the embodiments of the present disclosure can be combined with each other without conflict.
[0036] Referring to FIGs. 1 to 3, the present disclosure provides an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer 100, which provides a new operation principle such that the photocurrent has opposite signs for two different longer and shorter wavelength bands, thereby achieving the function of a complete set of optically triggered Boolean logic gates.
[0037] The InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer 100 provided in this embodiment includes a substrate 110, n-GaN nanowire segments 130, functional absorbers 150, and a transparent conductive layer 170, wherein a first metal electrode is formed on a back side of the substrate 110; an array of a plurality of n-GaN nanowire segments is distributed on a front side of the substrate 110; the functional absorber 150 includes an n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 and a p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153 that are sequentially arranged on the n-GaN nanowire segment from bottom to top; the transparent conductive layer 170 is arranged on tops of the functional absorbers 150, and a second metal electrode 171 is formed on one side of the transparent conductive layer 170 away from the substrate 110, wherein the n-GaN nanowire segment 130 forms an ohmic contact with the substrate 110, the p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153 forms a Schottky contact with the transparent conductive layer 170, and the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 and the p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153 have an axial heterostructure, and the functional absorber 150 is configured to generate photocurrents of opposite polarities for light beams of different wavelengths.
[0038] It should be noted that this change of the sign is forbidden by energy conservation for any common heterostructure design with laterally / radially uniformly doped layers in the conventional technology. The functional absorber 150 is used in this embodiment to provide ideal parameter (s) for incident light wavelength differentiation in dual-wavelength photodetection and logic. The sign change is made possible by generation, transfer and energy relaxation paths of the distinct radial and axial photocarriers to provide energy gain for two polarities of the photocurrents generated in the bottom n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 and in the top p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153 of the functional absorber 150. The function of a complete set of optically triggered Boolean logic gates can be achieved by cooperating with an electronic inverter 300.
[0039] In some embodiments, the substrate 110 is a Si substrate 110, and the substrate 110 may be an n-type or p-type substrate 110, for example, the Si substrate 110 may be a wafer of p-Si forming ohmic tunnel junctions with the n-GaN nanowire segments 130 or a wafer of n-Si forming direct ohmic junctions with the n-GaN nanowire segments 130. Preferably, the Si substrate 110 in this embodiment may be a p-type Si substrate 110.
[0040] In some embodiments, the epitaxial wafer is formed in a manner selected from one of molecular beam epitaxy, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, and chemical vapor deposition. Preferably, the epitaxial wafer may be formed by means of molecular beam epitaxy in this embodiment.
[0041] In some embodiments, the first metal electrode includes a GaIn eutectic metal layer formed by metallization on the back side of the substrate 110. Specifically, to complete the bottom n-contact, the back side of the Si substrate 110 is preferably metallized with a GaIn eutectic, thereby forming the first metal electrode.
[0042] In some embodiments, the growth temperature for the n-GaN nanowire segments 130 forming an ohmic contact with the Si substrate 110 is between 500 ℃ and 800 ℃. The n-GaN nanowire segment 130 is preferably n-doped with Si to form an n-type nanowire segment. In addition, the n-GaN nanowire segment 130 has a length between 20 nm and 500 nm.
[0043] It should be noted that the n-GaN nanowire segment 130 in this embodiment is grown on the substrate 110 in an array, and reference may be made to the existing nanowire array for the basic growth principle and the array structure of this nanowire segment.
[0044] Further, the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 includes an InGaN core 155 and an InGaN shell 157 distributed radially, an In content of the InGaN core 155 is greater than an In content of the InGaN shell 157, and the InGaN shell 157 surrounds the InGaN core 155. By forming the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 in a radial core-shell structure, it may form an axial heterostructure with the p-InxGaN nanowire segment.
[0045] In some embodiments, the growth temperature for the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 is between full In incorporation and full In desorption. Preferably, to adjust the In content and radial dimension, the growth temperature for the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 is between 500 ℃ and 600 ℃. Specifically, the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 of the functional absorber 150 is naturally formed, in a growth temperature regime between full In-incorporation and full In desorption relying on the interplay of In desorption, In surface diffusion and In incorporation. At such growth temperature, the In desorption rate on the slow-growing m-plane nanowire sidewall is much larger than that on the fast-growing c-plane nanowire top. Therefore, combined with the directed In surface diffusion up the nanowire sidewall and to the center on the nanowire top, this leaves an In-poor InGaN shell 157 surrounding an In-rich InGaN core 155.
[0046] It should be noted that the n-InGaN nanowire segments 151 in the radial core-shell structure are unintentionally n-doped due to crystallographic defect acting as donors, forming an n-type semiconductor structure.
[0047] In some embodiments, the average In content of the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 is between 20%and 80%. Individually, the InGaN core 155 has an In content between 25%and 75%, and the InGaN shell 157 has an In content between 0%and 30%, so as to ensure it to cover wavelength bands from the near-infrared to the UV spectral range.
[0048] In some embodiments, the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 has a diameter between 30 nm and 100 nm. The InGaN core 155 has a diameter between 5 nm and 30 nm, and the InGaN shell 157 has a thickness between 5 nm and 80 nm. The n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 has a length between 20 nm and 500 nm.
[0049] In some embodiments, the p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153 has an In content between 0%and 30%, i.e., x may be 0 to 0.3, for example, x here may be 0, and the top is p-GaN nanowire segment. In addition, the growth temperature for the p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 is less than 500 ℃, so that the p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 are grown at a temperature below the onset of In desorption of 500 ℃ for uniform In incorporation. These p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 are preferably p-doped by Mg, and the p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153 has a length between 20 nm and 500 nm.
[0050] In some embodiments, the transparent conductive layer 170 includes an ITO film layer. A top p-contact may be grown on the top of the p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153, and the ITO film layer is metallized to form the second metal electrode 171. Preferably, the ITO film layer has a thickness between 50 nm and 200 nm.
[0051] In some embodiments, the second metal electrode 171 includes a Ni / Au metal stack formed by metallization at an edge corner of the ITO film layer, i.e., the ITO film layer is metalized, e.g., metalized by using a thin 10 / 60 nm Ni / Au in the corner, that is, the second metal electrode 171 may be formed after stacking a 10 nm Ni layer and a 60 nm Au layer.
[0052] The embodiment of the present disclosure further provides a dual-wavelength photodetector 200, in which the dual-wavelength photodetector 200 is the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer 100 described above, and reference is made to existing photodetectors for the remaining structures. The test results of the dual-wavelength photodetector 200 are introduced below.
[0053] For the operation of the dual-wavelength photodetector 200, the present disclosure shows, in FIG. 4, experimental results of the self-powered photocurrent versus time traces under 5 s on / 5 s off chopped 405 nm visible light illumination in FIG. 4 (a) , above the InGaN shell 157 bandgap and below the GaN bandgap, and 275 nm UV light illumination in FIG. 4 (b) , above the GaN bandgap. The excitation power density is increased from 10 mW / cm2 to 50 mW / cm2. The photocurrent is consistently negative for visible light illumination and consistently positive for UV light illumination. The dual-wavelength photodetecting device is the same as that used for the physical demonstration of the logic gates in FIG. 8.
[0054] For the operation principle of the dual-wavelength photodetector 200, first, reference may be made to some relevant basic principles. Generally, the polarity of the voltage and description of the energy band structure refer to the top contact. For a top p-contact, the forward voltage of a top p-n bottom junction is positive and thus the forward current is positive too. Consequently, the photocurrent generated in this p-n junction with upward energy band bending (i.e., a positive built-in electric field pointing to the top) is negative.
[0055] With these conventions, the following conditions hold for the self-powered photocurrent: (1) A negative photocurrent requires a depletion region with upward energy band bending (i.e., a positive built-in electric field) , wherein the photocarriers are separated and driven towards the contacts, holes to the top and electrons to the bottom. (2) A positive photocurrent requires a depletion region with downward energy band bending (i.e., a negative built-in electric field) , wherein the photocarriers are separated and driven towards the contacts, electrons to the top and holes to the bottom. (3) The overall transfer of the photocarriers towards the contacts is required to provide energy gain.
[0056] It is concluded from these basic principles that the negative photocurrent generated by the visible light is caused by the depletion region with upward energy band bending of the bottom / middle core-shell n-InGaN nanowire segment 151. The positive photocurrent generated by the UV light must be caused by a near-surface depletion region with downward energy band bending, present in the top p- (In) GaN nanowire segments. The top p- (In) GaN nanowire segments, hence, form Schottky contact with the ITO top p-contact, which is very reasonable. The bottom contact consists of the n-GaN nanowire segment 130 on a p-Si substrate 110 with an ohmic tunnel junction. It may be believed that the 405 nm visible light is only absorbed in the bottom n-InGaN nanowire segments 151 in the core-shell structure, while all the 275 nm UV light is absorbed close to the surfaces of the top p-GaN nanowire segments.
[0057] However, for any laterally uniform layered p-type and n-type doped semiconductor heterostructures, it is generally not allowed that the self-powered photocurrents at any different wavelengths have the opposite polarities. The energy gain for the photocurrent of one polarity turns into an energy demand for the opposite polarity to forbid the photocurrent by energy conservation. Therefore, the n-InGaN nanowire structure in the radial core-shell structure is essential for the dual wavelength-dual polarity photodetecting device, leading to the following mechanisms and conditions for allowing negative and positive photocurrents to be generated by visible light illumination and UV light illumination.
[0058] The key mechanism for the generation of the negative photocurrent by 405 nm visible light illumination is: electrons and holes are excited in the bottom n-InGaN nanowire segments 151 in the core-shell structure to the conduction bands and the valence bands of the InGaN nanowire shells, and finally, holes are thermally excited to the valence bands at the surfaces of the top p-InxGaN nanowires.
[0059] In detail, for negative photocurrent generation, electrons are excited in the bottom n-InGaN nanowire segments 151 in the core-shell structure to the conduction bands of the InGaN nanowire shells, transferred in the depletion region to the flat-band region of the bottom n-InGaN nanowire shells or cores, when energy relaxed, and transferred to the bottom contact with energy gain. Holes are excited in the bottom core-shell n-InGaN nanowire segments 151 to the valence bands of the InGaN nanowire shells. The holes are then transferred in the depletion region to the InGaN / GaN interface, thermally excited to the top p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153, transferred in the depletion region to the flat-band region of the top p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 and thermally excited to the surface of the top p-InxGaN nanowires and top contact. This is only possible if the valence band energy at the surfaces of the top p-InxGaN nanowires is higher than the valence band energy in the flat-band region of the bottom n-InGaN nanowire shells. Then there is energy gain also for the hole transfer.
[0060] For holes excited in the bottom core-shell n-InGaN nanowire segments 151 to the valence bands of the InGaN nanowire cores, the valence band energy at the surfaces of the top p-InxGaN nanowires needs to be higher than the valence band energy in the flat-band region of the bottom InGaN nanowire cores, so that there is energy gain for the hole transfer. In this case, however, the positive photocurrent for UV light illumination is not allowed to be generated. Reference may be made to below for details.
[0061] The key mechanism for the generation of the positive photocurrent by 275 nm UV light illumination is: electrons and holes are excited in the top p-GaN nanowire segments to the GaN conduction bands and valence bands, and finally holes energy relax to the valence bands of the bottom n-InGaN nanowire cores.
[0062] In detail, for positive photocurrent generation, electrons are excited in the top p-GaN nanowire segments to the GaN conduction bands and transferred in the near-surface depletion region to the top contact with energy gain. Holes are excited in the top p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 to the InxGaN valence bands. The holes are then transferred in the near-surface depletion region to the flat-band region of the top p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153, thermally excited to the GaN / InGaN interface, energy relaxed to the bottom n-InGaN nanowire cores, thermally excited to the flat-band region of the bottom n-InGaN nanowire cores, and transferred to the bottom contact. This is only possible if the valence band energy in the flat-band region of the bottom n-InGaN nanowire cores is higher than the valence band energy at the surfaces of the top p-InxGaN nanowires. Then there is energy gain also for the hole transfer.
[0063] For holes energy relaxed to the bottom InGaN nanowire shells and further transferred therein, the valence band energy in the flat-band region of the bottom InGaN nanowire shells needs to be higher than the valence band energy at the surface of the top p-InxGaN nanowires, so that there is energy gain for the hole transfer. In this case, however, the negative photocurrent for visible light illumination is not allowed to be generated.
[0064] In summary, referring to FIG. 5 in combination, generation and transfer of photocarriers indicated under visible light illumination in FIG. 5 (a) and UV light illumination in FIG. 5 (b) are shown. To allow the photocurrents with both negative polarity and positive polarity under visible light and UV light illumination, the valence band energy at the surfaces of the top p-InxGaN nanowires have to be in-between the valence band energies in the flat-band regions of the shells and cores of the bottom n-InGaN nanowires, as shown in the schematic diagrams of the energy band structure of the radial core-shell n-InGaN / p-InxGaN nanowire axial heterostructure functional absorber 150 for visible light illumination in FIG. 5 (a) and UV light illumination in FIG. 5 (b) . Then there is energy gain for both polarities of the photocurrents. If the valence band energy at the surface of the top p-InxGaN nanowire surface is out of that range, only either negative photocurrent or positive photocurrent is allowed and the respective photocurrent with the opposite polarity is blocked.
[0065] Only negative photocurrent is allowed if the valence band energy at the surfaces of the top p-InxGaN nanowires is above this range (above the valence band energy in the flat-band region of the bottom InGaN nanowire cores) . Only positive photocurrent is allowed if the valence band energy at the surface of the top p- (In) GaN nanowires is below this range (below the valence band energy in the flat-band region of the bottom InGaN nanowire shells) .
[0066] When out of range, the dual-WL -dual-polarity photodetecting device operation may be installed by adjusting the valence band energy at the surface of the top p- (In) GaN nanowires, i.e., the Schottky barrier height and near-surface downward energy band bending. Options are to (i) vary the near-surface p-dopant concentration, (ii) deposit a thin n-doped GaN surface layer with varying thickness from fully depleted to completed p-n junction, and (iii) use different metals with different work functions and densities and energies of interface states, which are modified by proper surface treatment. In addition, the energies of the conduction bands and valence bands of the bottom core-shell InGaN nanowires can be adjusted by the growth conditions, in particular the growth temperature and In and Ga beam fluxes, thereby changing the In contents in the cores and shells of the InGaN nanowires.
[0067] In practical dual-wavelength photodetecting device operation, after the wavelength range of the illuminating light is identified from the sign of the photocurrent, the light power is determined based on the respective visible light or UV light power versus photocurrent calibration curves.
[0068] Referring to FIG. 6 in combination, an embodiment of the present disclosure further provides a preparation method for an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer 100 to prepare the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer 100 according to the preceding embodiment, and the method includes following steps:
[0069] S1: providing a substrate 110.
[0070] Specifically, an n-type or p-type Si substrate 110 is provided, and preferably, a p-Si substrate 110 may be provided.
[0071] S2: growing an array of n-GaN nanowire segments 130 on the substrate 110.
[0072] Specifically, an array of bottom n-GaN nanowire segments 130 is grown on a front side of the substrate 110, with the array serving as bottom n-contact together with the substrate 110, and forming an ohmic contact with the substrate 110.
[0073] S3: growing an array of n-InGaN nanowire segments 151 and an array of p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 in sequence on the n-GaN nanowire segments 130.
[0074] Specifically, an array in an axial heterostructure of radial core-shell n-InGaN / p-InxGaN nanowires, serving as functional absorber 150, is grown on the n-GaN nanowire segments 130.
[0075] S4: growing a transparent conductive layer 170 on the p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153.
[0076] Specifically, an ITO film layer is preferably grown on the p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 to serve as the top p-contact.
[0077] S5: metallizing a back side of the substrate 110 and a surface of one side of the transparent conductive layer away from the substrate 110, so as to form a first metal electrode on the back side of the substrate 110 and form a second metal electrode 171 on the surface of the transparent conductive layer.
[0078] Specifically, the top ITO film layer and the back side of the substrate 110 are metallized by a metallization process.
[0079] In the above, the n-GaN nanowire segment 130 forms an ohmic contact with the substrate 110, the p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153 forms a Schottky contact with the transparent conductive layer 170, and the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 and the p-InxGaN nanowire segment 153 form a functional absorber 150 have an axial heterostructure, and the functional absorber 150 is configured to generate photocurrents of opposite polarities for light beams of different wavelengths.
[0080] In some embodiments, all nanowire segments in the steps S2 and S3 have lengths of 20 nm to 500 nm and diameters of 30 nm to 100 nm. Separately, the n-InGaN nanowire segment 151 include an InGaN nanowire core and an InGaN nanowire shell, the InGaN nanowire core has a diameter of 5 nm to 30 nm, and the InGaN nanowire shell has a thickness of 5 nm to 80 nm. In addition, the average In content of the n-InGaN nanowires in the radial core-shell structure is between 20%and 80%. Individually, the InGaN nanowire core has an In content of 25%to 75%and the InGaN nanowire shell has an In content of 0%to 30%. This ensures that a large wavelength range from near infrared to UV is covered, for the two wavelengths of light that produce photocurrents of opposite polarities.
[0081] In some embodiments, the epitaxial wafer is grown by molecular beam epitaxy, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, or chemical vapor deposition. Preferably, the epitaxial growth may be achieved by means of molecular beam epitaxy.
[0082] Finally, it is necessary to fabricate the device from the above formed epitaxial wafer. As the active region is an array of individual nanowire heterostructures, there are in principle no limitations on the size reduction down to a single nanowire heterostructure. The fabrication follows standard procedures for photodetectors. Backside metallization is performed by standard metal evaporation. For the top contact, a conductive transparent layer (such as ITO) is deposited through a mask to define the photodetector area or mesa etched after deposition. The transparent conductive layer 170 is metallized with a small metal contact evaporated at the border by means of a mask or processed after evaporation by lift-off technique. The above metal may be Al (aluminum) , Au (aurum) , or Ni (nickel) , and preferably Ni or Au. The back contact is evaporated using the same metal. Metal wires are bonded to the metal contacts on the front side and back side.
[0083] Referring to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 in combination, an embodiment of the present disclosure further provides an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device, wherein the optically triggered Boolean logic gate device includes a dual-wavelength photodetector 200 and an electronic inverter 300, the dual-wavelength photodetector 200 is the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer 100 described above, and the electronic inverter 300 is arranged at an output end of the dual-wavelength photodetector 200. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device, which generally includes a dual-wavelength photodetector 200 and an electronic inverter 300, wherein the electronic inverter 300 is an electronic NOT gate.
[0084] In general, Boolean logic gates include two binary inputs which are false or true, 0 or 1, and one binary output which is false or true, 0 or 1, plus the inverter with one binary input and one binary output.
[0085] The optically triggered Boolean logic gate device of this embodiment operates based on the following principle.
[0086] As previously described, in the dual-wavelength photodetecting device 200, two light beams with longer and shorter wavelengths produce photocurrents of opposite polarities. Therefore, these two light beams serve as the two independent binary inputs of the logic gates and the combined photocurrent serves as the single binary output of the logic gates.
[0087] It has been demonstrated from experiments that the two binary inputs which are represented by the light beams with longer and shorter wavelengths (called visible wavelength and UV wavelength hereafter) have preset individual power, i.e., preset individual generated photocurrent. For an example of the physical demonstration of all 7 basic Boolean logic gates, for example, the 405 nm visible light that produces negative photocurrent and the 275 nm UV light that produces positive photocurrent may be chosen.
[0088] For preset equal magnitudes of the photocurrents generated by light of longer wavelength (visible) and light of shorter wavelength (UV) (|visible photocurrent| = UV photocurrent) and as binary output 0 the zero photocurrent and as binary output 1 the magnitude of the photocurrent (= |visible photocurrent|) , the optically triggered logical XOR gate is achieved. For preset different magnitudes of the photocurrents generated by visible light and UV light (preferably |visible photocurrent| = 1 / 2 UV photocurrent) and as binary output 0 the zero photocurrent and as binary output 1 the magnitude of the photocurrent larger than 0 (=|visible photocurrent| or UV photocurrent) , the optically triggered logic OR gate is achieved. For preset magnitude of the photocurrent generated by visible light larger than that generated by UV light (preferably also |visible photocurrent| = 1 / 2 UV photocurrent) and as binary output 0 the negative, zero and UV light generated photocurrent and as binary output 1 the smaller positive photocurrent (= |visible photocurrent|) , the optically triggered logic AND gate is achieved. Combined with electronic inverters 300, i.e., electronic NOT gate, the optically triggered logic XNOR, NOR and NAND gates are achieved.
[0089] The optically triggered logic YES gate is achieved by taking, as a single logic input, the magnitude of the photocurrent generated by the visible light or UV light. Combined with an electronic inverter 300, the optically triggered logic NOT gate is achieved. The photocurrent and truth tables for the two presettings of the photocurrents generated individually by the visible light and UV light summarize the logic operations and the mappings of the simultaneous photocurrent outputs on the binary outputs 0 and 1. For the all-optical-to-photocurrent logic XOR, OR and AND gates, the photocurrent and truth tables together with the physical implementations are shown in FIG. 8 (a-f) .
[0090] The experimental details for this dual-wavelength photodetecting device are as follows. For the growth by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, the beam equivalent pressures for Ga and In were 5.4 × 10-7 and 2.6 × 10-7 Torr, leading to a growth rate for compact InGaN layers of 0.2 μm / h. The settings of the active N plasma source were 360 W radio-frequency power and 2.0 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) molecular N2 flow rate for slightly N-rich growth conditions. The growth temperature for InGaN was 570 ℃, above the onset of In desorption of about 500 ℃, causing the natural formation of the InGaN nanowires in the core-shell structure. The growth temperature for GaN was 670 ℃. The growth time was 30 min for n-GaN, n-InGaN and p-InxGaN, leading to the length of the n-GaN / core-shell n-InGaN / p- (In) GaN nanowire segments of 140 nm / 200 nm / 125 nm.
[0091] For the core-shell n-InGaN nanowire segment 151, the shell has a thickness of about 20 nm, determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) , with an In content of about 11%, determined from the room-temperature PL peak position at 440 nm (estimation of 2.81 eV bandgap energy) , appearing for high-power 325 nm He-Cd laser excitation, and taking a bowing parameter b of 2.5, and the ω-two-θ X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements performed around the symmetric GaN (0001) and Si Bragg reflections using the Cu Kα1, 2 lines. The InGaN nanowire core has a diameter of about 10 nm with an In content of about 31%, determined from the room-temperature photoluminescence peak position at 607 nm (estimation of 2.04 eV bandgap energy) measured for low-power 532 nm Nd-Yag solid-state laser excitation, and taking the same bowing parameter.
[0092] A magnetron-sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) layer with a thickness of 120 nm plus 10 / 60 nm Ni / Au metallization in the corner served as a top p-contact. The geometric area of the device is 360 × 280 μm2. Illumination was performed by diode lasers and UV lamps with 405 nm (3.06 eV) and 275 nm (4.51 eV) light wavelengths (photon energies) . The excitation power densities of the expanded light beams are adjusted with a calibrated Si photodetector.
[0093] For the most practical entire electronic readout of the 7 optically triggered basic Boolean logic gates, additional electronic circuitry, next to the electronic inverter 300, may be added to map the magnitude, sign and intermediate positive value of the PC on the binary logic 0 and 1 outputs to perform arbitrarily complex optically triggered logic operations.
[0094] In an optional embodiment, the optically triggered Boolean logic gate device is configured to implement an optically triggered logical XOR gate, an optically triggered logical OR gate, an optically triggered logical AND gate, an optically triggered logical XNOR gate, an optically triggered logical NOR gate, an optically triggered logical NAND gate, and an optically triggered logical EXNOR gate.
[0095] The operation principle of the embodiment of the present disclosure is based on an array of InGaN-based nanowire axial heterostructures acting as functional absorbers 150. The nanowire heterostructure functional absorber 150 includes the bottom / middle core-shell n-InGaN nanowire segments 151 with high average In content and the top p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 with low In content. For epitaxial wafers, the functional absorber 150 is preceded by a bottom n-contact and completed by a top p-contact. The functional absorber 150 is capable of realizing a sign change of the photocurrent for illumination with light from different wavelength bands in the self-powered operation mode without any applied external voltage. For the light of a longer wavelength absorbed in the bottom core-shell n-InGaN nanowire segments 151, the photocurrent is negative. For the light of a shorter wavelength absorbed in the top p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153, the photocurrent is positive. This change of the sign, which is forbidden by energy conservation for any common heterostructure design with laterally / radially uniformly doped layers in the conventional technology, provides ideal parameter (s) for incident light wavelength differentiation in dual-wavelength photodetection and logic. The n-InGaN nanowire layer in the radial core-shell structure has an average In content of 30%to 80%, and the top p-InxGaN nanowire segments 153 have an average In content of 0%to 30%, covering a wide wavelength range for dual-wavelength detection and logic from the UV to the near-infrared and most important, providing generation, transfer and energy relaxation paths of radial and axial photocarriers, so as to realize photocurrents of opposite polarities for incident light beams of different, longer and shorter wavelengths within the UV to near-infrared wavelength range. The sign change is made possible by the generation, transfer and energy relaxation paths of distinct radial and axial photocarriers to provide energy gain for two polarities of the photocurrents generated in the bottom core-shell n-InGaN nanowire segment and the top p-InxGaN nanowire segment of the functional absorber 150.
[0096] The above are merely the specific embodiments of the present disclosure, however, the protection scope of the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and any modifications and substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present disclosure shall fall within the protection scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the present disclosure shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.Industrial Applicability
[0097] The present disclosure provides an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer and a preparation method therefor, and an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device, which provides a new operation principle such that the photocurrent has opposite signs for two different longer and shorter wavelength bands, thereby achieving the function of a full set of optically triggered Boolean logic gates.
[0098] In addition, it should be understood that the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer and a preparation method therefor, and an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device are reproducible and can be used in a variety of industrial applications. For example, the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer and a preparation method therefor, and an optically triggered Boolean logic gate device can be used in semiconductor photodetectors.
Claims
1.An InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer, comprising:a substrate, wherein a first metal electrode is formed on a back side of the substrate;a plurality of n-GaN nanowire segments, wherein an array of the plurality of n-GaN nanowire segments is distributed on a front side of the substrate;functional absorbers, wherein each of the functional absorbers comprise an n-InGaN nanowire segment and a p-InxGaN nanowire segment that are sequentially arranged on the corresponding n-GaN nanowire segment from bottom to top; anda transparent conductive layer, wherein the transparent conductive layer is arranged on tops of the functional absorbers, and a second metal electrode is formed on one side of the transparent conductive layer away from the substrate,wherein the n-GaN nanowire segments each form an ohmic contact with the substrate, the p-InxGaN nanowire segments each form a Schottky contact with the transparent conductive layer, each of the n-InGaN nanowire segments and the corresponding p-InxGaN nanowire segment have an axial heterostructure, and the functional absorbers are each configured to generate photocurrents of opposite polarities for light beams of different wavelengths.2.The InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to claim 1, wherein the n-InGaN nanowire segment comprises an InGaN core and an InGaN shell distributed radially, an In content of the InGaN core is greater than an In content of the InGaN shell, and the InGaN shell surrounds the InGaN core, wherein a growth temperature regime for the n-InGaN nanowire segment is between full In incorporation and full In desorption.3.The InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to claim 2, wherein a growth temperature for the n-InGaN nanowire segment is between 500 ℃ and 600 ℃, wherein the n-InGaN nanowire segment has an average In content between 20%and 80%, wherein the InGaN core has the In content between 25%and 75%, and the InGaN shell has the In content between 0%and 30%, wherein the n-InGaN nanowire segment has a diameter between 30 nm and 100 nm, wherein the InGaN core has a diameter between 5 nm and 30 nm, and the InGaN shell has a thickness between 5 nm and 80 nm, wherein the n-InGaN nanowire segment has a length between 20 nm and 500 nm.4.The InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the p-InxGaN nanowire segment has an In content between 0%and 30%, wherein a growth temperature for the p-InxGaN nanowire segment is less than 500 ℃, wherein the p-InxGaN nanowire segment has a length between 20 nm and 500 nm.5.The InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the substrate is a Si substrate, and the Si substrate is a wafer of p-Si forming an ohmic tunnel junction with the n-GaN nanowire segment or a wafer of n-Si forming a direct ohmic junction with the n-GaN nanowire segment, wherein the first metal electrode comprises a GaIn eutectic metal layer formed by metallization on the back side of the substrate, wherein a growth temperature for the n-GaN nanowire segments is between 500 ℃ and 800 ℃, wherein the n-GaN nanowire segments each have a length between 20 nm and 500 nm.6.The InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises an ITO film layer, wherein the ITO film layer has a thickness between 50 nm to 200 nm, wherein the second metal electrode comprises a Ni / Au metal stack formed by metallization at an edge corner of the ITO film layer.7.A preparation method for an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer, configured for preparing the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to claim 1, comprising:providing a substrate;growing an array of n-GaN nanowire segments on the substrate;sequentially growing an array of n-InGaN nanowire segments and an array of p-InxGaN nanowire segments on the n-GaN nanowire segment;growing a transparent conductive layer on the p-InxGaN nanowire segments; andmetallizing a back side of the substrate and a surface of one side of the transparent conductive layer away from the substrate, so as to form a first metal electrode on the back side of the substrate and form a second metal electrode on the surface of the transparent conductive layer,wherein the n-GaN nanowire segments each form an ohmic contact with the substrate, the p-InxGaN nanowire segments each form a Schottky contact with the transparent conductive layer, and each of the n-InGaN nanowire segment and the corresponding p-InxGaN nanowire segment form a functional absorber of an axial heterostructure, and the functional absorber is configured to generate photocurrents of opposite polarities for light beams of different wavelengths.8.The preparation method for an InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to claim 7, wherein the n-InGaN nanowire segments are naturally formed by an interaction of In desorption, In surface diffusion, and In incorporation in a growth temperature regime between full In incorporation and full In desorption, wherein the n-GaN nanowire segments, the n-InGaN nanowire segments, and the p-InxGaN nanowire segments are grown by a method of molecular beam epitaxy, metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, or chemical vapor deposition.9.An optically triggered Boolean logic gate device, wherein the optically triggered Boolean logic gate device comprises a dual-wavelength photodetector, wherein the dual-wavelength photodetector is the InGaN-based dual-wavelength photodetection epitaxial wafer according to any one of the claims 1 to 6.10.The optically triggered Boolean logic gate device according to claim 9, wherein the Boolean logic gate device further comprises an electronic inverter arranged at an output end of the dual-wavelength photodetector, wherein the optically triggered Boolean logic gate device is configured to implement an optically triggered logical XOR gate, an optically triggered logical OR gate, an optically triggered logical AND gate, an optically triggered logical XNOR gate, an optically triggered logical NOR gate, an optically triggered logical NAND gate, and an optically triggered logical EXNOR gate.
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