Method to produce unusual monoterpenoid and plant transformation vector
By transiently overexpressing LaNUDX and LaLPPS in plants using a plant transformation vector, the method effectively produces lavandulol, overcoming the limitations of natural production and chemical synthesis, and offering a sustainable industrial solution.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/113518
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-11-16
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-21
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-22
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for producing lavandulol, an unusual monoterpenoid, are limited by the low amounts naturally produced in lavender plants and the environmental concerns associated with chemically synthesized compounds.
A method involving the transient overexpression of LaNUDX and LaLPPS in plants, using a plant transformation vector to deliver the corresponding polynucleotides and induce co-expression, effectively producing lavandulol.
This approach allows for the efficient production of lavandulol in plants, addressing the limitations of natural production and chemical synthesis, and providing a sustainable and cost-effective solution for industrial applications.
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Figure CN2024113518_22052025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD TO PRODUCE UNUSUAL MONOTERPENOID AND PLANT TRANSFORMATION VECTORFIELD OF INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to the field of plant engineering. In particular, the present invention relates to plants that transiently overexpress LaNUDX and LaLPPS in an amount effective to produce lavandulol. This invention provides a method to produce an unusual monoterpenoid in plants.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Plants are one of the important sources of natural products with complex chemical structures and various biological activities (Gershenzon and Dudareva, 2007; Rudolf and Chang, 2020) . One important category of these natural products is terpenes. For instance, plant sterols have antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, and anti-tumor activities (Liao et al., 2016) . Artemisinin possesses anti-malarial activity. Carotenoids and vitamin E have antioxidant and anti-aging activities. Taxol shows anti-tumor activity (Shi et al., 2021) . The biosynthesis pathway of plant terpenes originates from two five-carbon unit precursors, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) . These two five-carbon units mainly come from the cytoplasmic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastid methyl-D-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway to produce monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, and tetraterpenes.
[0003] Lavender has various industrial applications, including the production of perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, antiseptics, disinfectants, and anti-inflammatory products (Demissie, 2014) . Lavender has been cultivated for more than 2, 500 years for its production of fragrant essential oils, which not only predominantly contain regular monoterpenes including linalool, linalyl acetate, 1, 8-cineole, and camphor, but also consist of small amounts of irregular monoterpenes such as lavandulol and its derivative lavandulyl acetate (Demissie et al., 2013) .
[0004] Lavandulol was initially extracted from French lavender oil in 1942 (Sehinz and Seidel, 1942) . These compounds, lavandulol, and lavandulyl acetate, have significant contributions to the cosmetic and perfume industry. Moreover, they have garnered considerable interest in pheromone research due to their ability to hinder the mating behaviors of pests, which possesses economic significance (Franco et al., 2009; Tabata and Ichiki, 2015) .
[0005] Unlike regular monoterpenes like linalool and linalyl acetate, which are the predominant constituents of lavender essential oils, ranging from 20-47.7%and 1.8-46.6% (Giray, 2018) respectively, lavandulol (0.1-3%) and lavandulyl acetate (0.2-3.5%) present in relatively low amounts in most Lavandula plants, including Lavandula angustifolia and Lavandula x intermedia (Pokajewicz et al., 2022) . Given the fact that most lavender plants can only generate limited amounts of lavandulol and lavandulyl acetate (Pokajewicz et al., 2022) while the chemically synthesized components always show long half-lives, thereby posing a threat to human beings and environments (Bhosale and Waghmode, 2017) , an alternative environment-friendly, highly efficient, and cost-effective approach is urgently needed to meet the increasing demand for lavandulol and its derivatives due to their wide range of applications in industries such as perfume, cosmetics, pheromones, and medicine (Franco et al., 2009; Giray, 2018; Tabata and Ichiki, 2015) .
[0006] Metabolic engineering presents a potential avenue for the production of various valuable molecules. Notably, the success of metabolic engineering for a specific compound necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its biosynthetic pathway. Even though the genes responsible for the formation of lavandulyl diphosphate (LPP) and the derivative of the irregular monoterpene lavandulol known as lavandulol acetate, have been identified (Demissie et al., 2013) , the details of how lavandulol is biosynthesized from LPP remain unclear (Fig. 1) (Zhou and Pichersky, 2020) . Furthermore, it is still a mystery whether the biosynthetic pathway for lavandulol and its derivatives can be reconstructed in other systems. The present invention fulfills such a need to address these questions and offer an alternative approach to producing lavandulol and its derivatives through metabolic engineering.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] With respect to the above-mentioned issues, the present disclosure provides a method of producing a plant or part (s) thereof producing lavandulol, comprising steps of:
[0008] delivering (i) a polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) a polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, into the plant or part (s) thereof; and inducing a co-expression of (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof in an amount effective to produce lavandulol.
[0009] In another aspect of the present disclosure, it is provided a method of producing lavandulol, comprising steps of:
[0010] inducing a co-expression of (i) a polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) a polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, in a plant or part (s) thereof in a level effective to produce lavandulol; and collecting the fraction comprising the lavandulol.
[0011] In another aspect of the present disclosure, it is provided a plant transformation vector, which carries a nucleic acid sequence encoding a LaNUDX polypeptide and a LaLPPS polypeptide.
[0012] In another aspect of the present disclosure, it is provided a pair of plant transformation vector, wherein one vector in the pair carries a nucleic acid sequence encoding a LaNUDX polypeptide, and the other vector in the pair carries a nucleic acid sequence encoding a LaLPPS polypeptide.
[0013] In another aspect of the present disclosure, it is provided a method for screening for LaNUDX-like and LaLPPS-like sequences, which can produce lavandulol in plants, wherein the method comprises steps of:
[0014] introducing an exogenous nucleic acid expressing candidate LaNUDX and an exogenous nucleic acid candidate LaLPPS into a host cell;
[0015] culturing the host cell under conditions where DMAPP is available, and observing whether the host cell can produce a lavandulol.
[0016] In another aspect of the present disclosure, it is provided a use of the plant or part (s) thereof, or the plant transformation vector cell as mentioned above for the production of lavandulol.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] Fig. 1 shows the biosynthetic pathway of monoterpenes in lavender plants. LPP is derived from two DMAPP molecules and is the precursor of irregular monoterpene lavandulol. NUDX may be involved in the production of lavandulol and has not been identified in lavender plants. Lavandulyl acetate is generated from lavandulol via an acetylation reaction catalyzed by alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) . CLDS is a bifunctional enzyme catalyzed by the condensation of 2 units of DMAPP and the cyclization reaction to form cyclolavandulyl diphosphate (CLPP) . The enzymes involved at each step of the terpene biosynthesis pathway are shown in blue. AAT, alcohol acetyltransferases; CLDS, cyclolavandulyl diphosphate synthase; CLPP, cyclolavandulyl diphosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl pyrophosphate; LPPS, lavandulyl diphosphate synthase; NUDX, nudix hydrolase; Dashed arrows are undefined steps.
[0018] Figs. 2A and 2B show the expression and purification of positive control, Oryza sativa GPPS1 (OsGPPS1) in Escherichia coli. Fig. 2A, Coomassie Blue-stained SDS-PAGE on fractions of (His) 6-OsGPPS1 protein after expression, from left to right lanes marker, supernatant, and pellet of OsGPPS1 shown. Fig. 2B, Coomassie Blue-stained SDS-PAGE on fractions of (His) 6-OsGPPS1 protein after purification. Lane 1, protein marker; lane 2, flow through; lanes 3, purified (His) 6-OsGPPS1 after Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography. Arrow shows (His) 6-OsGPPS1 protein.
[0019] Fig. 3 shows that OsGPPS1 can use IPP and DMAPP to form GPP, followed by the generation of geraniol with the participation of apyrase and alkaline phosphatase (CIP) . Fig. 3A shows the extracted ion (EIC) mass chromatography of geraniol (93.0) obtained by GC-MS from enzyme assays of OsGPPS1 in vitro: line 1 shows the EIC from the enzyme assay using crude protein of OsGPPS1 (40 μl) , and line 2 shows the EIC from the enzyme assay using purified protein of OsGPPS1 (40 μg) . Fig. 3B shows the MS of geraniol from the enzyme assay involving the positive control OsGPPS1 crude protein. Fig. 3C shows the MS of a standard sample of geraniol.
[0020] Figs. 4A and 4B show that LaLPPS could be successfully expressed in E. coli and purified from E. coli. Figs. 4A and 4B, Coomassie Blue-stained SDS-PAGE on fractions of (His) 6-LaLPPS after expression and purification. The elution part was collected in five parts, therefore named E1-E5. FT: flow through.
[0021] Figs 5A, 5B, and 5C show that LaLPPS can catalyse the generation of lavandulol by utilizing DMAPP to form LPP with the involvement of apyrase and CIP, but LaLPPS only cannot produce lavandulol. Fig 5A shows the extracted ion (EIC) mass chromatography of lavandulol (69.0) obtained by GC-MS from reaction products from the enzyme assays of purified LaLPPS: line 1 shows the EIC from the enzyme assay with LaLPPS and DMAPP incubated overnight followed by incubation for additional 7 hours after adding apyrase and CIP, and line 2 shows the EIC from the enzyme assay with LaLPPS and DMAPP incubated overnight. Fig. 5B shows the MS of lavandulol from the enzyme assay involving the positive control OsGPPS1 crude protein. Fig. 5C shows the MS of a standard sample of lavandulol.
[0022] Figs. 6A and 6B show that LaLPPS could be successfully expressed in E. coli and purified from E. coli with a better yield when the concentration of IPTG increased. Fig. 6A shows the expression of LaLPPS in E. coli when the concentration of IPTG is 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 mM, respectively. Fig. 6B shows the purification of LaLPPS in E. coli. W1 and E1: wash part and elution part from the expression of LaLPPS when the concentration of IPTG is 0.1 mM; W2 and E2: wash part and elution part from the expression of LaLPPS when the concentration of IPTG is 0.2 mM;W3 and E3: wash part and elution part from the expression of LaLPPS when the concentration of IPTG is 0.5 mM.
[0023] Fig. 7 confirms that LaLPPS can catalyze the generation of lavandulol by utilizing DMAPP to form LPP with the involvement of apyrase and CIP, but LaLPPS only even with high quantity cannot produce lavandulol. Fig. 7 shows the extracted ion (EIC) mass chromatography of lavandulol (69.0) obtained by GC-MS from enzyme assays: line 1 shows the EIC from the enzyme assay with LaLPPS of 40 μg and DMAPP of 100 μM incubated overnight followed by incubation for additional 7 hours after adding apyrase and CIP; line 2 shows the EIC from the enzyme assay with LaLPPS of 20 μg and DMAPP of 100 μM incubated overnight followed by incubation for additional 7 hours after adding apyrase and CIP; line 3 shows the EIC from the enzyme assay with LaLPPS of 40 μg and DMAPP of 100 μM incubated overnight.
[0024] Fig. 8A shows the prediction of chloroplast transit peptides (cTP) for four homologues of TcNUDX1, Fig. 8B shows the sequence alignment of these four homologues.
[0025] Fig. 9 shows that NUDX is needed for the biosynthesis of lavandulol in Nicotiana Benthamiana (N. benthamiana) . Fig. 9A shows the expression of LaLPPS, NUDX1-1, and NUDX1-2 by qRT-PCR in N. benthamiana transiently expressed LaLPPS or NUDX alone, or LaLPPS plus LaNUDX for three days. Fig. 9B shows that monoterpene products were extracted and analyzed by GC-MS. Representative chromatograms display the sum of extracted ion chromatogram (EIC) (m / z 111 + 128) . m / z 111 is one of the main characteristic ions of lavandulol, while m / z 128 is the major characteristic ion of internal standard (naphthalene) . Fig. 9C shows lavandulol levels in N. benthamiana leaves. Values are means ± S. E. (n = 3 biological replicates) . ***, P < 0.005 by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test in comparison to the corresponding EV and WT controls. EV, empty vector; WT, wild type.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0026] [Definitions]
[0027] "LaNUDX" and "LaLPPS" is used herein to mean Lavandula angustifolia Nudix hydrolase and lavandulyl diphosphate synthase respectively and their individual functional variants thereof (polynucleotides or polypeptides, as indicated by the context) that can produce lavandulol in a plant.
[0028] "LaNUDX-OEs" is used herein to mean transiently overexpressing LaNUDX polypeptide in N. benthamiana. "LaLPPS-OEs" is used herein to mean transiently overexpressing LaLPPS polypeptide in N. benthamiana.
[0029] "LaNUDX like polypeptide" or "LaLPPS like polypeptide" as used herein includes polypeptides sharing at least 77%sequence identity to LaNUDX / LaLPPS that convey capabilities of producing lavandulol in the host cell, including variants of LaNUDX / LaLPPS described below.
[0030] LaNUDX-like / LaLPPS-like polypeptide, LaNUDX / LaLPPS variants and LaNUDX / LaLPPS homologs as used herein refer to polypeptides, which like LaNUDX / LaLPPS, can down regulate the negative "Chemically synthesized, " as related to a sequence of DNA, means that the component nucleotides were assembled in vitro.
[0031] "Construct" as used herein refers to a recombinant nucleic acid, generally of a specific nucleotide sequence (s) , or is to be used in the construction of other recombinant nucleotide sequences.
[0032] "DNA regulatory sequences, " "control elements, " and "regulatory elements, " are used interchangeably herein, and refer to transcriptional and translational control sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation signals, terminators, protein degradation signals, and the like, that provide for and / or regulate expression of a coding sequence and / or production of an encoded polypeptide in a host cell.
[0033] "Endogenous nucleic acid" as used herein refers to a nucleic acid that is normally found in and / or produced by a given bacterium, organism, or cell in nature. An "endogenous nucleic acid" is also referred to as a "native nucleic acid" or a nucleic acid that is "native" to a given bacterium, organism, or cell.
[0034] "Exogenous nucleic acid" as used herein refers to a nucleic acid that is not normally or naturally found in and / or produced by a given bacterium, organism, or cell in nature.
[0035] "Heterologous nucleic acid, " as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid wherein at least one of the following is true: (a) the nucleic acid is foreign ( "exogenous" i.e., not naturally found in) a given host microorganism or host cell; (b) the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence that is naturally found in e.g., is "endogenous to" a given host microorganism or host cell (e.g., the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence endogenous to the host microorganism or host cell) ; however, in the context of a heterologous nucleic acid, the same nucleotide sequence as found endogenously is produced in an unnatural (e.g., greater than expected or greater than naturally found) amount in the cell, or a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that differs in sequence from the endogenous nucleotide sequence but encodes the same protein (having the same or substantially the same amino acid sequence) as found endogenously is produced in an unnatural (e.g., greater than expected or greater than naturally found) amount in the cell; (c) the nucleic acid comprises two or more nucleotide sequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature, e.g., the nucleic acid is recombinant. An example of a heterologous nucleic acid is a nucleotide sequence encoding a LaNUDX / LaLPPS operably linked to a transcriptional control element (for example, a promoter) to which an endogenous (naturally-occurring) LaNUDX / LaLPPS coding sequence is not normally operably linked. Another example of a heterologous nucleic acid is a high copy number plasmid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a LaNUDX / LaLPPS.
[0036] Another example of a heterologous nucleic acid is a nucleic acid encoding a LaNUDX / LaLPPS, where a host cell that does not normally produce LaNUDX / LaLPPS is genetically modified with the nucleic acid encoding LaNUDX / LaLPPS; because LaNUDX-encoding / LaLPPS-encoding nucleic acids are not naturally found in the host cell, the nucleic acid is heterologous to the genetically modified host cell.
[0037] "Host cell, " as used herein, denotes an in vivo or in vitro eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell, or a cell from a multicellular organism (for example, a cell line) cultured as a unicellular entity, which eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells can be, or have been, used as recipients for a nucleic acid (for example, an expression vector that comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding one or more gene products such as NUDXs) , and includes the progeny of the original cell which has been genetically modified by the nucleic acid. It is understood that the progeny of a single cell may not necessarily be completely identical in morphology or in genomic or total DNA complement as the original parent, due to natural, accidental, or deliberate mutation.
[0038] A "recombinant host cell" (also referred to as a "genetically modified host cell" ) is a host cell into which has been introduced a heterologous nucleic acid, e.g., an expression vector.
[0039] "Isolated" is meant to describe a polynucleotide, a polypeptide, or a cell that is in an environment different from that in which the polynucleotide, the polypeptide, or the cell naturally occurs. An isolated genetically modified host cell may be present in a mixed population of genetically modified host cells.
[0040] "Naturally-occurring" or "native" as used herein as applied to a nucleic acid, a cell, or an organism, refers to a nucleic acid, cell, or organism that is found in nature. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is present in an organism (including viruses) that can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by a human in the laboratory is naturally occurring, and "wild-type" plants are naturally occurring.
[0041] "Modified plant or plant parts" as used herein refers to a plant or plant part, whether it is attached or detached from the whole plant. It also includes progeny of the modified plant or plant parts that are produced through sexual or asexual reproduction.
[0042] "Operably linked" refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components so described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects its transcription or expression.
[0043] "Operon" and "single transcription unit" are used herein interchangeably to refer to two or more contiguous coding regions (nucleotide sequences that encode a gene product such as an RNA or a protein) that are coordinately regulated by one or more controlling element (s) (e.g., a promoter) . As used herein, the term "gene product" refers to RNA encoded by DNA (or vice versa) or protein that is encoded by an RNA or DNA, where a gene will typically comprise one or more nucleotide sequences that encode a protein, and may also include introns and other non-coding nucleotide sequences.
[0044] "Peptide, " "polypeptide, " and "protein" are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a polymeric form of amino acids of any length, which can include coded and non-coded amino acids, chemically or biochemically modified or derivatized amino acids, and polypeptides having modified peptide backbones.
[0045] Percent "sequence identity" of a polypeptide or polynucleotide to another polynucleotide or polypeptide, meaning that, when aligned, that percentage of bases or amino acids are the same, and in the same relative position, when comparing the two sequences.
[0046] "Plant cell culture" refers to cultures of plant units such as, for example, protoplasts, cell culture cells, cells in plant tissues, pollen, pollen tubes, ovules, embryo sacs, zygotes, and embryos at various stages of development.
[0047] "Plant material" refers to leaves, stems, roots, flowers or flower parts, fruits, pollen, egg cells, zygotes, seeds, cuttings, cell or tissue cultures, or any other part or product of a plant.
[0048] "Plant tissue" refers to a group of plant cells organized into a structural and functional unit. Any tissue of a plant, whether in a plant or in a culture, is included. This term includes, but is not limited to, whole plants, plant organs, plant seeds, tissue culture, and any groups of plant cells organized into structural and / or functional units. The use of this term in conjunction with, or in the absence of, any specific type of plant tissue as listed above or otherwise embraced by this definition is not intended to be exclusive of any other type of plant tissue.
[0049] "Polynucleotide" and "nucleic acid, " are used interchangeably herein, and refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides or deoxyribonucleotides. Thus, this term includes but is not limited to, single-, double-, or multi-stranded DNA or RNA, genomic DNA, cDNA, DNA-RNA hybrids, or a polymer comprising purine and pyrimidine bases or other natural, chemically or biochemically modified, non-natural, or derivatized nucleotide bases.
[0050] "Progeny" includes the immediate and all subsequent generations of offspring traceable to a parent.
[0051] "Recombinant, " as used herein, means that a particular nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) is the product of various combinations of cloning, restriction, and / or ligation steps resulting in a construct having a structural coding or non-coding sequence distinguishable from endogenous nucleic acids found in natural systems. Generally, DNA sequences encoding the structural coding sequence can be assembled from cDNA fragments and short oligonucleotide linkers, or from a series of synthetic oligonucleotides, to provide a synthetic nucleic acid that is capable of being expressed from a recombinant transcriptional unit contained in a cell or in a cell-free transcription and translation system.
[0052] Such sequences can be provided in the form of an open reading frame uninterrupted by internal non-translated sequences, or introns, which are typically present in eukaryotic genes. Genomic DNA comprising the relevant sequences can also be used in the formation of a recombinant gene or transcriptional unit. Sequences of non-translated DNA may be present 5'or 3'from the open reading frame, where such sequences do not interfere with the manipulation or expression of the coding regions, and may indeed act to modulate the production of a desired product by various mechanisms (see "DNA regulatory sequences" , below) . Thus, for example, the term "recombinant" polynucleotide or nucleic acid refers to one that is not naturally occurring, for example, is made by the artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence through human intervention. This artificial combination is often accomplished by either chemical synthesis means or by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, e.g., by genetic engineering techniques. Such is usually done to replace a codon with a redundant codon encoding the same or a conservative amino acid, while typically introducing or removing a sequence recognition site.
[0053] Alternatively, it is performed to join together nucleic acid segments of desired functions to generate a desired combination of functions.
[0054] "Transformation" or "transformed" are used interchangeably herein with "genetic modification" or "genetically modified" and refer to a permanent or transient genetic change induced in a cell following the introduction of new nucleic acid (i.e., DNA exogenous to the cell) . Genetic change ( "modification" ) can be accomplished either by incorporation of the new DNA into the genome of the host cell or by transient or stable maintenance of the new DNA as an episomal element. Where the cell is a eukaryotic cell, a permanent genetic change is generally achieved by the introduction of the DNA into the genome of the cell or into a plastome of the cell. In prokaryotic cells, permanent changes can be introduced into the chromosome or via extrachromosomal elements such as plasmids, plastids, and expression vectors, which may contain one or more selectable markers to aid in their maintenance in the recombinant host cell.
[0055] "Transformation vectors and "expression cassettes" are used herein interchangeably.
[0056] "Synthetic nucleic acids" can be assembled from oligonucleotide building blocks that are chemically synthesized using procedures known to those skilled in the art. These building blocks are ligated and annealed to form gene segments which are then enzymatically assembled to construct the entire gene.
[0057] "Variant" as used herein refers either to a naturally occurring genetic mutant of LaNUDX / LaLPPS or a recombinantly prepared variation of LaNUDX / LaLPPS, each of which contains one or more mutations in its DNA. The term "variant" may also refer to either a naturally occurring variation of a given peptide or a recombinantly prepared variation of a given peptide or protein in which one or more amino acid residues have been modified by amino acid substitution, addition, or deletion.
[0058] As used herein, the term “acontrol plant” refers to a vector (pCAMBIA330035Su) -transformed control plant, wherein the LaNUDX / LaLPPS polypeptide is not overexpressed.
[0059] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, the transiently expressed plants and progeny thereof co-expressing NUDX and lavandulyl diphosphate synthase, exemplified herein by the Lavandula angustifolia NUDX and LPPS, exhibit capabilities to produce lavandulol, as compared to non-modified plants.
[0060] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it provides a transiently overexpressed plant, thereof genetically engineered to overexpress one or more LaNUDXs and LaLPPSs in an amount effective to produce lavandulol as compared to a vector (pCAMBIA330035Su) transformed control plant. The present invention also provides a method of producing lavandulol. Such a method comprises genetically engineering a plant to overexpress one or more LaNUDXs and LaLPPSs in an amount effective to produce lavandulol relative to a vector-transformed control plant.
[0061] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, the present invention also provides a method of producing modified plants or part (s) thereof which comprises transforming a plant with a plastid and / or nuclear transformation vector comprising at least one LaNUDX-and one LaLPPS-encoding polynucleotide.
[0062] In one or more aspects of the method of producing modified plants, the LaNUDX-encoding polynucleotide is a polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof; and the LaLPPS-encoding polynucleotide is a polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, into the plant or part (s) thereof.
[0063] In one or more aspects of the method of producing modified plants, the part (s) of the plant is (are) selected from cells, leaves, stems, and roots.
[0064] In one or more aspects of the method of producing modified plants, (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof are delivered into the plant or part (s) thereof via transfection, transduction or transformation.
[0065] In one or more aspects of the method of producing modified plants, (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof are carried by a plastid and / or nuclear transformation vector.
[0066] In one or more aspects of the method of producing modified plants, the sequence identity for (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX and / or (ii) polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS is 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 %or more, and provides a production amount of lavandulol substantively same as that of the LaNUDX polypeptide and LaLPPS polypeptide.
[0067] In one or more aspects of the method of producing modified plants, the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO.: 1; and / or the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO.: 2 or SEQ ID NO.: 3.
[0068] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, the invention provides plant transformation vectors for producing lavandulol in plants, which include a nucleic acid sequence encoding a LaNUDX and a LaLPPS polypeptide or a functional fragment or variant thereof.
[0069] In some embodiments, the vectors comprise a promoter, operably linked to a sequence encoding a LaNUDX and a LaLPPS polypeptide or a functional fragment or variant thereof, and a terminator, and / or other regulatory elements.
[0070] The promoter can be constitutive, inducible, or tissue specific. In other embodiments, the vector can be designed so that it will be expressed under the control of a plant's own endogenous promoter.
[0071] The vectors may encode more than one LaNUDX and one LaLPPS polypeptide or a functional fragment or variant thereof as an operon. The vectors described herein include plant plastid transformation vectors or nuclear transformation vectors.
[0072] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a method of producing modified plants or plant cells that could be able to produce lavandulol. The method includes transforming a plant or plant cell with the vectors described herein, which comprise a LaNUDX-and a LaLPPS-encoding polynucleotide.
[0073] In some embodiments, a nuclear transformation vector is used to cause the expression of one or more LaNUDXs and LaLPPSs or variants thereof, conveying similar production of lavandulol as the LaNUDX and LaLPPS polypeptides.
[0074] In other embodiments, a plastid transformation vector is used to cause the expression of one or more LaNUDXs and LaLPPSs or variants thereof conveying similar production of lavandulol as the LaNUDX and LaLPPS polypeptides. Such nuclear and plastid transformation vectors can be used alone or in conjunction with each other or with other recombinant vectors that can produce lavandulol in plants transformed therewith.
[0075] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a method for screening for LaNUDX-like and LaLPPS-like sequences or variants, which can produce lavandulol in plants. The method includes introducing two exogenous nucleic acids into a host cell which can produce lavandulol in conditions where DMAPP is available, to form a test cell, where production of lavandulol indicates LaNUDX-like and LaLPPS-like ability to produce an unusual monoterpenoid. In some embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid is mutated prior to being introduced into the host cell. In other embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid is a synthetic nucleic acid encoding a variant of LaNUDX and / or LaLPPS.
[0076] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a method of producing lavandulol, comprising steps of:
[0077] inducing a co-expression of (i) a polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) a polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, in a plant or part (s) thereof in a level effective to produce lavandulol; and
[0078] collecting the fraction comprising the lavandulol.
[0079] In one or more aspects of the method of producing lavandulol, the part (s) of the plant is (are) selected from cells, leaves, stems, and roots.
[0080] In one or more aspects of the method of producing lavandulol, the sequence identity for (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX and / or (ii) polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS is 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 %or more, and provides a production amount of lavandulol substantively same as that of the LaNUDX polypeptide and LaLPPS polypeptide.
[0081] In one or more aspects of the method of producing lavandulol, the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO.: 1; and / or the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO.: 2 or SEQ ID NO.: 3.
[0082] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a method of producing lavandulol in a plant or plant cell comprising: genetically engineering the plant or plant cell to express LaNUDX and LaLPPS in an amount effective to produce an unusual monoterpenoid that does not exist in a non-genetically engineered plant.
[0083] In another embodiment, the invention relates to a method of obtaining a plant part producing lavandulol: obtaining a plant part transiently expressing LaNUDX and LaLPPS.
[0084] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it is provided a method of screening for functional LaNUDX and LaLPPS variants, comprising: obtaining a cell genetically modified to express a candidate LaNUDX and LaLPPS variants; growing the cell under conditions where DMAPP is available and sufficient to a native cell of the same type; observing whether the cell can produce lavandulol; and, if so, identifying the candidate LaNUDX and LaLPPS variants as functional.
[0085] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it is provided use of a cell as described herein for the production of a plant tissue, including but not limited to fruits, leaves, tubers, seeds, flowers, stems, roots, and other anatomical parts.
[0086] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it is provided use of a cell as described herein for the production of a plant or plant part.
[0087] According to certain embodiment of the present invention, it is provided use of a plant comprising a cell as described herein for the production of progeny, seeds, or propagating material of the plant and of the progeny.
[0088] Any two or more of the embodiments or aspects as described above can be implemented in combination; and any one or more of the embodiments or aspects as described above can be implemented with the following described embodiments.
[0089] Vectors / Expression Cassettes for Producing Lavandulol
[0090] The plant transformation vectors / expression cassettes provided herein include a nucleic acid sequence encoding a LaNUDX / LaLPPS polypeptide or a functional variant of LaNUDX / LaLPPS thereof. The vector can optionally also include a promoter, operably linked to the coding sequence, and a terminator, and / or other regulatory elements. The plant transformation vectors preferably include a transcription initiation or transcriptional control region (s) , the coding region for the protein of interest, and a transcriptional termination region.
[0091] In one embodiment, the construct comprises operatively linked in the 5'to 3'direction, a promoter; one or more nucleic acid sequences encoding a LaNUDX / LaLPPS or a functional variant or fragment of LaNUDX / LaLPPS; and a 3'polyadenylation signal.
[0092] In another embodiment, where the construct comprises more than one LaNUDX / LaLPPS or a functional variant of LaNUDX / LaLPPS thereof expressed as an operon, the nucleotide sequences can be operably linked to the same promoter. Alternatively, the nucleotide sequences may be under the control of different promoters.
[0093] Several plant transformation vector options are available, including those described in "Gene Transfer to Plants" (Potrykus, et al., eds. ) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York (1995) ; "Transgenic Plants: A Production System for Industrial and Pharmaceutical Proteins" (Owen, et al., eds. ) John Wiley &Sons Ltd. England (1996) ; and "Methods in Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Course Manual" (Maliga, et al. eds. ) Cold Spring Laboratory Press, New York (1995) . Plant transformation vectors generally include one or more coding sequences of interest under the transcriptional control of 5'and 3'regulatory sequences, including a promoter, a transcription termination and / or polyadenylation signal, and a selectable or screenable marker gene. For the expression of two or more polypeptides from a single transcript, additional RNA processing signals and ribozyme sequences can be engineered into the construct (U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,164) . This approach has the advantage of locating multiple transgenes in a single locus, which is advantageous in subsequent plant breeding efforts.
[0094] For direct expression of transgenes from the plastid genome, a vector to transform the plant plastid chromosome by homologous recombination is used in which case it is possible to take advantage of the prokaryotic nature of the plastid genome and insert a number of transgenes as an operon. Examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,818 to McBride et al. WO 2010 / 061186 describes an alternative method for introducing genes into the plastid chromosome using an adapted endogenous cellular process for the transfer of RNAs from the cytoplasm to the plastid where they are incorporated by homologous recombination. This plastid transformation procedure is also suitable for practicing the disclosed compositions and methods.
[0095] A. LaNUDX or LaLPPS
[0096] LaNUDX / LaLPPS genes useful in the vectors described herein include naturally occurring LaNUDX / LaLPPS. Naturally occurring LaNUDX / LaLPPS is known in the art. A LaNUDX / LaLPPS sequence is provided here. Other genes useful for producing lavandulol in plants include variants of LaNUDX / LaLPPS. In some embodiments, the variant is a synthetic nucleic acid. Preferably, the variants include less than 25, less than 20, less than 15, less than 10, less than 5, less than 4, less than 3, or less than 2 amino acid substitutions, rearrangements, insertions, and / or deletions relative to LaNUDX / LaLPPS. In this regard, the term "variant" can encompass fragments, derivatives, and homologs of LaNUDX / LaLPPS. The LaNUDX / LaLPPS homolog is preferably a LaNUDX-like / LaLPPS-like sequence with at least 77%DNA homology to LaNUDX / LaLPPS. More preferably, the variants include peptide sequences having at least 90%amino acid sequence identity to LaNUDX / LaLPPS.
[0097] Sequence similarity can be determined using methods known in the art. For example, to determine sequence identity, sequences can be aligned using the methods and computer programs, including BLAST, available over the World Wide Web at ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / BLAST. See, e.g., Altschul, et al. Journal of Molecular Biology 215: 403-410 (1990) . Another alignment algorithm is FASTA, available in the Genetics Computing Group (GCG) package, from Madison, Wis., USA, a wholly owned subsidiary of Oxford Molecular Group, Inc. Other techniques for alignment are described in Methods in Enzymology, vol. 266: Computer Methods for Macromolecular Sequence Analysis (1996) , ed. Doolittle, Academic Press, Inc., a division of Harcourt Brace &Co., San Diego, Calif., USA. Of particular interest are alignment programs that permit gaps in the sequence. The Smith-Waterman is one type of algorithm that permits gaps in sequence alignments. Methods in Molecular Biology, 70: 173-187 (1997) . Also, the GAP program using the Needleman and Wunsch alignment method can be utilized to align sequences. Journal of Molecular Biology, 48: 443-453 (1970) .
[0098] In other embodiments, the variant of LaNUDX / LaLPPS is a mutant, isolated from a host cell as described herein. In still other embodiments, a variant LaNUDX / LaLPPS is encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid encoding a Lavandula angustifolia LaNUDX or another known LaNUDX / LaLPPS.
[0099] B. Promoters
[0100] The selection of the promoter used in expression vectors determines the spatial and temporal expression pattern of the transgene in the transiently overexpressed plant. Promoters vary in their strength, i.e., ability to promote transcription. Selected promoters express transgenes in specific cell types (such as leaf epidermal cells, mesophyll cells, root cortex cells) or in specific tissues or organs (roots, leaves or flowers, for example) and the selection reflects the desired location of accumulation of the gene product. Alternatively, the selected promoter drives expression of the gene under various inducing conditions.
[0101] Various types of plant expressible promoters are suitable for the present invention, such as constitutive promoters, tissue-specific promoters and inducible promoters.
[0102] 1. Constitutive Promoters
[0103] Suitable constitutive promoters for nuclear-encoded expression include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; the core CAMV 35S promoter, (Odell et al., Nature 313: 810-812 (1985) ) ; rice actin (McElroy et al., Plant Cell 2: 163-171 (1990) , ) ; ubiquitin (Christensen et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 12: 619- (1989) and Christensen et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 18: 675-689 (1992) ) ; pEMU (Last et al., Theoretical and Applied Genetics 81: 581-588 (1991) ) ; MAS (Yellen, et al., EMBO J., 3:2723-2730 (1984) ) ; and ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026) . Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; 5,608,142.
[0104] 2. Tissue Specific Promoters
[0105] "Tissue-preferred" promoters can be used to target a gene expression within a particular tissue such as seed, leaf or root tissue. Tissue-preferred promoters are described in Yamamoto et al., Plant Journal 12 (2) 255-265 (1997) ; Kawamata et al., Plant Cell Physiology 38 (7) : 792-803 (1997) ; Hansen et al., Molecular and General Genetics 254 (3) : 337-343 (1997) ; Russell et al., Transgenic Research. 6 (2) : 157-168 (1997) ; Rinehart et al., Plant Physiology. 112 (3) : 1331-1341 (1996) ; Van Camp et al., Plant Physiology 112 (2) : 525-535 (1996) ; Canevascini et al., Plant Physiology 112 (2) : 513-524 (1996) ; Yamamoto et al., Plant Cell Physiology 35 (5) : 773-778 (1994) ; Lam, Results Probl. Cell Differ. 20: 181-196 (1994) ; Orozco, et al., Plant Molecular Biology 23 (6) : 1129-1138 (1993) ; Matsuoka, et al., Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (20) : 9586-9590 (1993) ; and Guevara-Garcia, et al., Plant J. 4 (3) : 495-505 (1993) . Suitable tissue specific expression patterns include green tissue specific, root specific, stem specific, and flower specific.
[0106] Promoters suitable for expression in green tissue include many which regulate genes involved in photosynthesis, and many of these have been cloned from both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Leaf-specific promoters are known in the art. See, for example, Yamamoto, et al., Plant J. 12 (2) : 255-265 (1997) ; Kwon, et al., Plant Physiol. 105: 357-67 (1994) ; Yamamoto, et al. Plant Cell Physiol. 35 (5) : 773-778 (1994) ; Gotor, et al. Plant J. 3: 509-18 (1993) ; Orozco, et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 23 (6) : 1129-1138 (1993) ; and Matsuoka, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (20) : 9586-9590 (1993) . Another example is the maize PEPC promoter from the phosphoenol carboxylase gene (Hudspeth &Grula, Plant Molec. Biol. 12: 579-589 (1989) ) , and promoters include those encoding rbsC (Coruzzi et al., EMBO J., 3: 1671-1697 (1984) ) .
[0107] Root-preferred promoters are known and may be selected from the many available from the literature or isolated de novo from various compatible species. See, for example, Hire et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 20 (2) : 207-218 (1992) (soybean root-specific glutamine synthetase gene) ; Keller and Baumgartner, Plant Cell, 3 (10) : 1051-1061 (1991) (root-specific control element in the GRP 1.8 gene of French bean) ; Sanger et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14 (3) : 433-443 (1990) (root-specific promoter of the mannopine synthase (MAS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens) ; and Miao et al., Plant Cell, 3 (1) : 1 1'-22 (1991) (full-length cDNA clone encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS) , which is expressed in roots and root nodules of soybean) . See also U.S. Patent Nos. 5,837,876; 5,750,386; 5,633,363; 5,459,252; 5,401,836; 5,110,732; 5,023,179 and 7,285,656. A suitable promoter for root specific expression is that described by de Framond FEBS 290: 103-106 (1991) ; EP 0 452 269 to de Framond and a root-specific promoter is that from the T-1 gene. SAHH or SHMT (Sivanandan et al., Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1731: 202-208, 2005) is specific for root-specific expression. Also, the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter has been reported to have root-specific and leaf-specific modules in its promoter region (Benfey et al., EMBO J., 8: 2195-2202, 1989) . Other tissue-specific promoters are well known and widely available to those of ordinary skill in the art.
[0108] A suitable stem specific promoter is that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,136 and which drives expression of the maize trpA gene. Plastid specific promoters include the PrbcL promoter [Allison, et al., EMBO J. 15: 2802-2809 (1996) ; Shiina, et al., Plant Cell, 10: 1713-1722 (1998) ] ; the PpsbA promoter [Agrawal, et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 29: 1835-1843 (2001) ] ; the Prrn 16 promoter [Svab &Maliga, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 913-917 (1993) , Allison, et al., EMBO J. 15: 2802-2809 (1996) ] ; the PaccD promoter (W097 / 06250; Hajdukiewicz, et al., EMBO J. 16: 4041-4048 (1997) ) .
[0109] 3. Inducible Promoters
[0110] Inducible promoters, for example, chemical-regulated promoters can be used to modulate the expression of a gene in a plant through the application of an exogenous chemical regulator. Depending upon the objective, the promoter may be a chemical-inducible promoter, where the application of the chemical induces gene expression, or a chemical-repressible promoter, where application of the chemical represses gene expression. Further, a wide variety of inducible promoters are also well known and widely available to those of ordinary skill in the art. Inducible promoter systems used successfully in plants have been extensively reviewed (Padidam, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 6: 169 (2003) ; Wang, et al. Trans. Res.: 12, 529 (2003) ; Gatz and Lenk, Trends Plant Sci. 3: 352 (1998) ) .
[0111] These inducible systems may be activated by chemicals such as tetracycline, pristamycin, pathogen, light, glucocorticoid, estrogen, copper, herbicide safener, ethanol, IPTG (iso-propylil-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside) , and pathogens.
[0112] Useful Chemical-inducible promoters and include, but are not limited to, the maize 1n2-2 promoter, which is activated by benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners, the maize GST promoter, which is activated by hydrophobic electrophilic compounds that are used as pre-emergent herbicides, and the tobacco PR-1 a promoter, which is activated by salicylic acid. Other chemical-regulated promoters of interest include steroid-responsive promoters (see, for example, the glucocorticoid-inducible promoter in Schena, et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 10421-10425 (1991) and MeNellis, et al. Plant J., 14 (2) : 247-257 (1998) ) and tetracycline-inducible and tetracycline-repressible promoters (see, for example, Gatz, et al., MoL Gen. Genet. 227: 229-237 (1991) , and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,814,618 and 5,789,156) .
[0113] Another suitable category of inducible promoters is that which is wound inducible. Numerous promoters have been described which are expressed at wound sites. Preferred promoters of this kind include those described by Stanford, et al., MoL Gen. Genet. 215: 200-208 (1989) , Xu, et al., Plant Molec. Biol., 22: 573-588 (1993) , Logemann, et al., Plant Cell, 1: 151-158 (1989) , Rohrmeier &Lehle, Plant Molec. Biol., 22: 783-792 (1993) , Firek, et al., Plant Molec. Biol., 22: 129-142 (1993) , and Warner, et al., Plant J., 3: 191-201 (1993) .
[0114] C. Transcriptional Terminators
[0115] A variety of transcriptional terminators are available for use in expression cassettes. These are responsible for the termination of transcription beyond the transgene and its correct polyadenylation. Accordingly, at the extreme 3'end of the transcript of the transgene, a polyadenylation signal can be engineered. A polyadenylation signal refers to any sequence that can result in polyadenylation of the mRNA in the nucleus prior to export of the mRNA to the cytosol, such as the 3'region of nopaline synthase (Bevan, et al. Nucleic Acids Res., 11: 369-385 (1983) . Other transcriptional terminators are those that are known to function in plants and include the CaMV 35S terminator, the tml terminator, the nopaline synthase terminator and the pea rbcS E9 terminator. These are used in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
[0116] D. Sequences for the Enhancement or Regulation of Expression
[0117] Numerous sequences have been found to enhance gene expression from within the transcriptional unit and these sequences can be used in conjunction with the genes to increase their expression in transiently overexpressed plants. For example, various intron sequences such as introns of the maize Adhl gene have been shown to enhance expression, particularly in monocotyledonous cells. In addition, a number of non-translated leader sequences derived from viruses are also known to enhance expression, and these are particularly effective in dicotyledonous cells.
[0118] E. Targeting Sequences
[0119] The disclosed vectors may further include, within the region that encodes the protein to be expressed, one or more nucleotide sequences encoding a targeting sequence. A "targeting" sequence is a nucleotide sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence or motif that directs the encoded protein to a particular cellular compartment, resulting in localization or compartmentalization of the protein. Presence of a targeting amino acid sequence in a protein typically results in translocation of all or part of the targeted protein across an organelle membrane and into the organelle interior.
[0120] Alternatively, the targeting peptide may direct the targeted protein to remain embedded in the organelle membrane. The "targeting" sequence or region of a targeted protein may contain a string of contiguous amino acids or a group of non-contiguous amino acids. The targeting sequence can be selected to direct the targeted protein to a plant organelle such as a nucleus, a microbody (e.g., a peroxisome, or a specialized version thereof, such as a glyoxysome) an endoplasmic reticulum, an endosome, a vacuole, a plasma membrane, a cell wall, a mitochondria, a chloroplast or a plastid.
[0121] A chloroplast targeting sequence is any peptide sequence that can target a protein to the chloroplasts or plastids, such as the transit peptide of the small subunit of the alfalfa ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase (Khoudi, et al., Gene, 197: 343-351 (1997) ) .
[0122] A peroxisomal targeting sequence refers to any peptide sequence, either N-terminal, internal, or C-terminal, that can target a protein to the peroxisomes, such as the plant C-terminal targeting tripeptide SKL (Banjoko &Trelease, Plant Physiol., 107: 1201-1208 (1995) ; Wallace, et al., "Plant Organellular Targeting Sequences, " in Plant Molecular Biology, Ed. R. Croy, BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited (1993) pp. 287-288, and peroxisomal targeting in plant is shown in , Volokita, The Plant J., 361-366 (1991) ) .
[0123] Plastid targeting sequences are known in the art and include the chloroplast small subunit of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) (de Castro Silva Filho et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 30: 769-780 (1996) ; Schnell et al. J. Biol. Chem. 266 (5) : 3335-3342 (1991) ) ; 5- (enolpyruvyl) shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) (Archer, et al., J. Bioenerg. Biomemb., 22 (6) : 789-810 (1990) ) ; tryptophan synthase (Zhao et al, J. Biol. Chem., 270 (11) : 6081-6087 (1995) ) ; plastocyanin (Lawrence, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272 (33) : 20357-20363 (1997) ) ; chorismate synthase (Schmidt, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268 (36) : 27447-27457 (1993) ) ; and the light harvesting chlorophyll a / b binding protein (LHBP) (Lamppa, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 263: 14996-14999 (1988) ) . See also Von Heijne, et al., Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 9: 104-126 (1991) ; Clark, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264: 17544-17550 (1989) ; Della-Cioppa et al. Plant Physiol. 84: 965-968 (1987) ; Romer et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 196: 1414-1421 (1993) ; and Shah et al. Science, 233: 478-481 (1986) . Alternative plastid targeting signals have also been described in the following: US 2008 / 0263728; Miras, et al. J Biol Chem, 277 (49) (2002) : 47770-8 (2002) ; Miras, et al., J Biol Chem, 282: 29482-29492 (2007) .
[0124] F. Selectable Markers
[0125] The expression cassettes described herein may encode a selectable marker to enable selection of transformation events. There are many methods that have been described for the selection of transformed plants [for review see (Miki, et al., Journal of Biotechnology, 107: 193-232 (2004) ) and references cited within] . Selectable marker genes that have been used extensively in plants include the neomycin phosphotransferase gene nptll (U.S. Patent Nos. 5,034,322, U.S. 5,530,196) , hygromycin resistance gene (U.S. Patent No. 5,668,298) , the bar gene encoding resistance to phosphinothricin (U.S. Patent No. 5,276,268) , the expression of aminoglycoside 3"-adenyltransferase (aadA) to confer spectinomycin resistance (U.S. Patent No. 5,073,675) , the use of inhibition resistant 5-enolpyruvy1-3-phosphoshikimate synthetase (U.S. Patent No. 4,535,060) and methods for producing glyphosate tolerant plants (U.S. Patent No. 5,463,175; U.S. Patent No. 7,045,684) . Methods of plant selection that do not use antibiotics or herbicides as a selective agent have been previously described and include expression of glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase to inactive glucosamine in plant selection medium (U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,878) , and a positive / negative system that utilizes D-amino acids (Erikson, et al., Nat Biotechnol, 22: 455-8 (2004) ) . European Patent Publication No. EP 0 530 129 describes a positive selection system which enables the transformed plants to outgrow the non-transformed lines by expressing a transgene encoding an enzyme that activates an inactive compound added to the growth media.
[0126] U.S. Patent No. 5,767,378 describes the use of mannose or xylose for the positive selection of transgenic plants. Methods for positive selection using sorbitol dehydrogenase to convert sorbitol to fructose for plant growth have also been described (WO 2010 / 102293) . Screenable marker genes include the beta-glucuronidase gene (Jefferson, et al., EMBO J., 6: 3901-3907 (1987) ; U.S. Patent No. 5,268,463) and native or modified green fluorescent protein gene (Cubitt, et al., Trends Biochenz. Sci. 20: 448-455 (1995) ; Pan, et al., Plant Physiol., 112: 893-900 (1996) .
[0127] Transformation events can also be selected through visualization of fluorescent proteins such as the fluorescent proteins from the nonbioluminescent Anthozoa species which include DsRed, a red fluorescent protein from the Discosonza genus of coral (Matz, et al., Nat Biotechnol, 17: 969-73 (1999) ) . An improved version of the DsRed protein has been developed (Bevis and Glick, Nat Biotech, 20: 83-87 (2002) ) for reducing aggregation of the protein. Visual selection can also be performed with the yellow fluorescent proteins (YFP) including the variant with accelerated maturation of the signal (Nagai, et al., Nat Biotech., 20: 87-90 (2002) ) , the blue fluorescent protein, the cyan fluorescent protein, and the green fluorescent protein (Sheen, et al., Plant J, 8: 777-84 (1995) ; Davis and Vierstra, Plant Molecular Biology, 36: 521-528 (1998) ) . A summary of fluorescent proteins can be found in Tzfira, et al., Plant Molecular Biology, 57: 503-516 (2005) and Verkhusha and Lukyanov Nat Biotech, 22: 289-296 (2004) ) . Improved versions of many of the fluorescent proteins have been made for various applications. Use of the improved versions of these proteins or the use of combinations of these proteins for selection of transformants will be obvious to those skilled in the art. It is also practical to simply analyze progeny from transformation events for the presence of the PHB thereby avoiding the use of any selectable marker.
[0128] For plastid transformation constructs, a preferred selectable marker is the spectinomycin-resistant allele of the plastid 16S ribosomal RNA gene (Staub and Maliga, Plant Cell, 4: 39-45 (1992) ; Svab, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 8526-8530 (1990) ) . Selectable markers that have since been successfully used in plastid transformation include the bacterial aadA gene that encodes aminoglycoside 3'-adenyltransferase (AadA) conferring spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance (Svab, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 913-917 (1993) ) , nptH that encodes aminoglycoside phosphotransferase for selection on kanamycin (Carrer, et al., MoL Gen. Genet., 241: 49-56 (1993) ; Lutz, et al., Plant J., 37: 906-913 (2004) ; Lutz, et al., Plant Physiol., 145: 1201-1210 (2007) ) , aphA6, another aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (Huang, et al, Mol. Genet. Genomics, 268: 19-27 (2002) ) , and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (Li, et al. Plant Mol Biol, 76 (5-6) : 443-451 (2010) ) . Another selection scheme has been reported that uses a chimeric betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (BADH) capable of converting toxic betaine aldehyde to nontoxic glycine betaine (Daniell, et al., Curr. Genet., 39: 109-116 (2001) ) .
[0129] TRANSIENTLY OVEREXPRESSED PLANTS / PLANT MATERIAL
[0130] A wide variety of plants and plant cell systems can be engineered to express a LaNUDX / LaLPPS polypeptide or a functional fragment or variant of LaNUDX / LaLPPS. Plant material such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers or flower parts, fruits, pollen, egg cells, zygotes, seeds, cuttings, cell or tissue cultures, or any other part or product of a plant can thus be obtained, thus genetically modified show capabilities to produce lavandulol.
[0131] The genetically modified plant or plant material comprises one or more genes encoding a LaNUDX / LaLPPS polypeptide or a functional fragment or variant of LaNUDX / LaLPPS. In some embodiments the genetically modified plant / plant material comprises two nucleotide sequences encoding the two or more LaNUDXs / LaLPPSs, which may each be contained on separate expression vectors, or, on single expression vector under the control of a common promoter.
[0132] In preferred embodiments, target plants and plant cells for engineering include monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, such as crops, including grain crops (for example, wheat, maize, rice, millet, barley) , tobacco, fruit crops (for example, tomato, strawberry, orange, grapefruit, banana) , forage crops (for example, alfalfa) , root vegetable crops (for example, carrot, potato, sugar beets, yam) , leafy vegetable crops (for example, lettuce, spinach) ; flowering plants (for example, petunia, rose, chrysanthemum) , conifers and pine trees (for example, pine fir, spruce) ; oil crops (for example, sunflower, rape seed) ; and plants used for experimental purposes (for example, Arabidopsis) . Other examples include plants that are typically grown in groups of more than about 10 plants in order to harvest the entire plant or a part of the plant, for example, a fruit, a flower or a crop, for example, tobacco, grain, that the plants bear, etc. ) , trees (i.e., fruit trees, trees grown for wood production, trees grown for decoration, etc. ) , flowers of any kind (i.e., plants grown for purposes of decoration, for example, following their harvest) , cactuses. Further examples of plants in which the LaNUDXs / LaLPPSs may be expressed include Viridiplantae, Streptophyta, Embryophyta, Tracheophyta, Euphyllophytes, Spermatophyta, Magnoliophyta, Liliopsida, Commelinidae, Poales, Poaceae, Oryza, Oryza sativa, Zea, Zea mays, Hordeum, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum, Triticum aestivum, Eudicotyledons, Core eudicots, Asteridae, Euasterids, Rosidae, Eurosids II, Brassicales, Brassicaceae, Arabidopsis, Magnoliopsida, Solananae, Solanales, Solanaceae, Solanum, and Nicotiana.
[0133] Additional plants that can be transformed using the vectors described herein include, but not limited to, species from the genera Anacardium, Arachis, Asparagus, Atropa, Avena, Brassica, Citrus, Citrullus, Capsicum, Carthamus, Cocos, Coffea, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Daucus, Elaeis, Fragaria, Glycine, Gossypium, Helianthus, Heterocallis, Hordeum, Hyoscyamus, Lactuca, Linum, Lolium, Lupinus, Lycopersicon, Malus, Manihot, Majorana, Medicago, Nicotiana, Olea, Oryza, Panieum, Panneserum, Persea, Phaseolus, Pistachia, Pisum, Pyrus, Prunus, Raphanus, Ricinus, Secale, Senecio, Sinapis, Solanum, Sorghum, Theobromus, Trigonella, Titicum, Vicia, Vitis, Vigna, and Zea.
[0134] METHOD FOR PRODUCING LAVANDULOL
[0135] The plants and plant cells / material described herein may be obtained by engineering one or more of the vectors expressing a LaNUDX / LaLPPS polypeptide or a functional fragment or variant of LaNUDX / LaLPPS as described herein into a variety of plant cell types, including but not limited to, protoplasts, tissue culture cells, tissue and organ explants, pollens, embryos, as well as whole plants.
[0136] Transformation protocols as well as protocols for introducing nucleotide sequences into plants may vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant cells and subsequent insertion into the plant genome include microinjection (Crossway, et al., Biotechniques, 4: 320-334 (1986) ) , electroporation (Riggs, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83: 5602-5606 (1986) ) , Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Townsend, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055; Horsch, et al., Science, 227: 1227-1231 (1985) ) , direct gene transfer (Paszkowski, et al. EMBO J., 3: 2717-2722 (1984) ) , and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, Sanford et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes, et al., Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (1995) ; and McCabe, et al., Biotechnology 6: 923-926 (1988) ) . Also see Weissinger, et al. Ann. Rev. Genet., 22: 421-477 (1988) ; Sanford, et al., Particulate Science and Technology, 5: 27- (1987) (onion) ; Christou, et al., Plant Physiol., 87: 671-674 (1988) (soybean) ; McCabe, et al., BioTechnology, 6: 923-926 (1988) (soybean) ; Finer and McMullen, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol., 27P: 175-182 (1991) (soybean) ; Singh, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 96: 319-324 (1998) (soybean) ; Dafta, et al., Biotechnology, 8: 736-740 (1990) (rice) ; Klein, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85: 4305- (1988) (maize) ; Klein, et al., Biotechnology, 6: 559-563 (1988) (maize) ; Tomes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,855; Buising, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,783 and 5, 324, 646; Tomes, et al. (1995) in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (maize) ; Klein, et al., Plant Physiol., 91: 440-444 (1988) (maize) ; Fromm, et al., Biotechnology, 8: 833-839 (1990) (maize) ; Hooykaas-Van Slogteren, et al., Nature, 311: 763-764 (1984) ; Bowen, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369 (cereals) ; Bytebier, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 84: 5345-5349 (1987) (Liliaceae) ; De Wet, et al. in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, N. Y. ) , pp. 197-209 (1985) (pollen) ; Kaeppler et al. Plant Cell Reports 9: 415-418 (1990) and Kaeppler, et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 84: 560-566 (1992) (whisker-mediated transformation) ; D'Halluin, et al., Plant Cell 4: 1495-1505 (1992) (electroporation) ; Li, et al., Plant Cell Reports, 12: 250-255 (1993) ; Christou and Ford, Annals of Botany, 75: 407-413 (1995) (rice) ; Osjoda, et al., Nature Biotechnology, 14: 745-750 (1996) (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens) .
[0137] Methods for protoplast transformation and / or gene gun for Agrisoma technology are described in WO 2010 / 037209. Methods for transforming plant protoplasts are available including transformation using polyethylene glycol (PEG) , electroporation, and calcium phosphate precipitation (see for example Potrykus, et al., Mal. Gen. Genet., 199: 183-188 (1985) ; Potrykus, et al., Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 3: 117-128 (1985) . Methods for plant regeneration from protoplasts have also been described [Evans et al., in Handbook of Plant Cell Culture, Vol 1, (Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1983) ; Vasil, IK in Cell Culture and Somatic Cell Genetics (Academic, Orlando, 1984) ] .
[0138] Methods for transformation of plastids such as chloroplasts are known in the art. See, for example, Svab, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 8526- (1990) ; Svab and Maliga, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 90: 913-917 (1993) ; Svab and Maliga, EMBO J. 12: 601-606 (1993) and Staub and Maliga, Plant J. 6: 547-553 (1994) ; Kuehnle, US Publication No. 2009 / 7618819. The method relies on particle gun delivery of DNA containing a selectable marker and targeting of the DNA to the plastid genome through homologous recombination. Additionally, plastid transformation may be accomplished by transactivation of a silent plastid-borne transgene by tissue-preferred expression of a nuclear-encoded and plastid-directed RNA polymerase (McBride, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 7301-7305 (1994) ) or by use of an integrase, such as the phiC31 phage site-specific integrase, to target the gene insertion to a previously inserted phage attachment site (Lutz, et al., Plant J, 37: 906-13 (2004) ) . Plastid transformation vectors can be designed such that the transgenes are expressed from a promoter sequence that has been inserted with the transgene during the plastid transformation process or, alternatively, from an endogenous plastidial promoter such that an extension of an existing plastidial operon is achieved (Herz, et al., Transgenic Research, 14: 969-982 (2005) ) . An alternative method for plastid transformation as described in WO 2010 / 061186 wherein RNA produced in the nucleus of a plant cell can be targeted to the plastid genome can also be used. Inducible gene expression from the plastid genome using a synthetic riboswitch has also been reported (Verhounig, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 107: 6204-6209 (2010) ) . Methods for designing plastid transformation vectors are described by Lutz, et al., Plant Physiol, 145: 1201-10 (2007) .
[0139] Recombinase technologies which are useful for producing the disclosed transiently overexpressed plants include the cre-lox, FLP / FRT and Gin systems. Methods by which these technologies can be used for the purpose described herein are described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5, 527, 695; Dale And Ow, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88: 10558-10562 (1991) ; Medberry, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 485-490 (1995) .
[0140] The engineered plant / plant material is selected or screened for transformants (i.e., those that have incorporated or integrated the introduced gene construct (s) ) following the approaches and methods described below or screening methods known in the art. Following transformation by any one of the methods described above, procedures that can be used to obtain a transformed plant expressing the transgenes include, but are not limited to: selecting the plant cells that have been transformed on a selective medium; regenerating the plant cells that have been transformed to produce differentiated plants; selecting transformed plants expressing the transgene producing the desired level of desired polypeptide (s) in the desired tissue and cellular location.
[0141] A transformed plant cell, callus, tissue, or plant may be identified and isolated by selecting or screening the engineered plant material for traits encoded by the selection marker genes present on the introduced expression cassette. For instance, selection may be performed by growing the engineered plant material on media containing inhibitory amount of the antibiotic or herbicide to which the transforming gene construct confers resistance. Particularly, the selectable marker gene nptII, which specifies kanamycin-resistance, can be used in nuclear transformation. Further, transformed plants and plant material may also be identified by screening for the activities of any visible marker genes (e.g., the β-glucuronidase, luciferase, B or Cl genes) that may be present on the vectors described herein. Such selection and screening methodologies are well known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively or in addition, screening may be for improved tolerance to fungal necrotrophs as taught herein, for example, by observing a reduction in growth-inhibition.
[0142] Physical and biochemical methods may also be used to identify plant or plant cell transformants containing the gene constructs / vectors described herein. These methods include, but are not limited to: 1) Southern analysis or PCR amplification for detecting and determining the structure of the recombinant DNA insert; 2) Northern blot, S1 RNase protection, primer-extension or reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification for detecting and examining RNA transcripts of the gene constructs; 3) enzymatic assays for detecting enzyme activity, where such gene products are encoded by the gene construct; 4) protein gel electrophoresis (PAGE) , western blot techniques, immunoprecipitation, or enzyme-linked immunoassays, where the gene construct products are proteins. Additional techniques, such as in situ hybridization, enzyme staining, and immunostaining, also may be used to detect the presence or expression of the recombinant construct in specific plant organs and tissues. The methods for doing all these assays are well known to those skilled in the art.
[0143] The cells that have been transformed may be grown into plants in accordance with conventional techniques. See, for example, McCormick, et al., Plant Cell Reports 5: 81-84 (1986) . These plants may be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed variety or different varieties, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations may be grown to ensure that constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved. An isolated transformant may be regenerated into a plant and progeny thereof (including the immediate and subsequent generations) via sexual or asexual reproduction or growth. Alternatively, the engineered plant material may be regenerated into a plant before subjecting the derived plant to selection or screening for the marker gene traits. Procedures for regenerating plants from plant cells, tissues or organs, either before or after selecting or screening for marker gene (s) , are well known to those skilled in the art.
[0144] In plastid transformation procedures, further rounds of regeneration of plants from explants of a transformed plant or tissue can be performed to increase the number of transiently overexpressed plastids such that the transformed plant reaches a state of homoplasmy (all plastids contain uniform plastomes containing transgene insert) .
[0145] METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING GENES WHICH PRODUCE LAVANDULOL
[0146] Methods are provided for identifying variants and homologs of LaNUDX and LaLPPS that produce lavandulol. An exemplary screening method involves introducing an exogenous nucleic acid into a host cell, producing a test cell, where DMAPP is available in the host cell. When an exogenous nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes a LaNUDX or LaNUDX-like polypeptide and a LaLPPS or LaLPPS-like polypeptide is introduced into the host cell, lavandulol production could be detected. Thus, the production of lavandulol indicates that the exogenous nucleic acid encodes a LaNUDX / LaNUDX-like polypeptide and LaLPPS / LaLPPS-like polypeptide, where the encoded polypeptide is produced at a level and / or has an activity that produce lavandulol. An increase in lavandulol production includes at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or more, as compared to a non-genetically modified host.
[0147] To generate a subject genetically modified host cell, one or more nucleic acids including nucleotide sequences encoding one or more LaNUDX and LaLPPS polypeptides that produce lavandulol is introduced stably or transiently into a parent host cell, using established techniques, including, but not limited to, electroporation, calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, liposome-mediated transfection, particle bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and the like. For stable transformation, a nucleic acid will generally further include a selectable marker, for example, any of several well-known selectable markers such as neomycin resistance, ampicillin resistance, tetracycline resistance, chloramphenicol resistance, and kanamycin resistance.
[0148] The exogenous nucleic acid is inserted into an expression vector. Expression vectors that are suitable for use in prokaryotic and eukaryotic host cells are known in the art, and any suitable expression vector can be used. Examples among others, chromosomal, episomal and virus-derived systems, e.g., vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from transposons, from yeast episomes, from insertion elements, from yeast chromosomal elements, from viruses such as baculoviruses, papova viruses, such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors derived from combinations thereof, such as those derived from plasmid and bacteriophage genetic elements, such as cosmids and phagemids. The expression systems may contain control regions that regulate as well as engender expression. Generally, any system or vector suitable to maintain, propagate or express polynucleotides to produce a polypeptide in a host may be used.
[0149] The appropriate nucleotide sequence may be inserted into an expression system by any of a variety of well-known and routine techniques, such as, for example, those set forth in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. (1989) ) . Where a parent host cell has been genetically modified to produce two or more LaNUDXs or LaLPPSs, nucleotide sequences encoding the two or more LaNUDXs or LaLPPSs will in some embodiments each be contained on separate expression vectors; or in some embodiments, are contained on a single expression vector, operably linked to a common control element (for example, a promoter) .
[0150] An exogenous nucleic acid will in some embodiments be isolated from a cell or an organism in its natural environment. Methods of isolating the exogenous nucleic acid from test cells are well known in the art. Suitable methods include but are not limited to, any of a number of alkaline lysis methods that are standard in the art. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid of the cell or organism will be mutated before nucleic acid is isolated from the cell or organism. In other embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid is synthesized in a cell-free system in vitro.
[0151] In some embodiments, the screening method includes further characterizing a candidate gene product. In these embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid comprising nucleotide sequence (s) encoding a LaNUDX (s) or LaLPPS (s) are isolated from a test cell as described above. The isolated nucleic acid may be subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis, and the amino acid sequence of the gene product deduced from the nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the gene product is compared with other amino acid sequences in a public database of amino acid sequences, to determine whether any significant amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence of a known protein exists.
[0152] After the exogenous gene has been identified as having the ability to produce lavandulol, this newly identified LaNUDX or LaLPPS variant / homolog can be used to provide plants / plant cells with capabilities of producing lavandulol.
[0153] A. Exogenous Nucleic Acids
[0154] Exogenous nucleic acids that are suitable for introducing into a host cell, to produce a test cell, include, but are not limited to, naturally-occurring nucleic acids isolated from a cell. Exogenous nucleic acids to be introduced into a host cell may be identified by hybridization under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid encoding LaNUDX or LaLPPS. Exogenous sequences which show 77%or more nucleotide sequence homology with LaNUDX or LaLPPS can also be introduced into a host cell to form a test cell. A LaNUDX-like sequence or LaLPPS-like sequence is with at least 77%DNA homology to LaNUDX or LaLPPS. More preferably, the sequence homology is, 80%or greater, most preferably, 90%or greater.
[0155] Naturally-occurring nucleic acids that have been modified (for example, by mutation) before or subsequent to isolation from a cell; synthetic nucleic acids, e.g., nucleic acids synthesized in a laboratory using standard methods of chemical synthesis of nucleic acids, or generated by recombinant methods; synthetic or naturally-occurring nucleic acids that have been amplified in vitro, either within a cell or in a cell-free system; and the like. Exemplary exogenous nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, genomic DNA; RNA; a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of mRNA isolated from a cell; recombinant DNA; and DNA synthesized in vitro, e.g., using standard cell-free in vitro methods for DNA synthesis. In some embodiments, exogenous nucleic acids are a cDNA library made from cells, either prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells.
[0156] In some embodiments, for example, where the exogenous nucleic acid is a plurality of exogenous nucleic acids (such as, for example, a cDNA library, a genomic library, or a population of nucleic acids, each encoding a LaNUDX / LaNUDX-like polypeptide or LaLPPS / LaLPPS-like polypeptide with a different amino acid sequence, etc. ) , the exogenous nucleic acids are introduced into a plurality of host cells, forming a plurality of test cells. The test cells are in some embodiments grown in a culture where DMAPP is available; those test cells comprising an exogenous nucleic acid that comprises nucleotide sequences encoding a LaNUDX / LaNUDX-like polypeptide or LaLPPS / LaLPPS-like polypeptide will be detected to produce more lavandulol than test cells that do not comprise an exogenous nucleic acid that comprises nucleotide sequences encoding a LaNUDX / LaNUDX-like polypeptide or LaLPPS / LaLPPS-like polypeptide.
[0157] In other embodiments, the exogenous nucleic acid is a synthetic nucleic acid which comprises for example, a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant LaNUDX or LaLPPS, for example, a LaNUDX or LaLPPS that differs in amino acid sequence by one or more amino acids from a naturally-occurring LaNUDX or LaLPPS or other parent LaNUDX or LaLPPS. In some embodiments, a variant LaNUDX or LaLPPS differs in amino acid sequence by one amino acid, two amino acids, three amino acids, four amino acids, five amino acids, six amino acids, seven amino acids, eight amino acids, nine amino acids, or ten amino acids, or more, compared to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring parent LaNUDX or LaLPPS. In some embodiments, a variant LaNUDX or LaLPPS differs in amino acid sequence by from about 10 amino acids to about 15 amino acids, from about 15 amino acids to about 20 amino acids, from about 20 amino acids to about 25 amino acids, from about 25 amino acids to about 30 amino acids, from about 30 amino acids to about 35 amino acids, from about 35 amino acids to about 40 amino acids, from about 40 amino acids to about 50 amino acids, or from about 50 amino acids to about 60 amino acids, compared to the amino acid sequence of a naturally-occurring parent LaNUDX or LaLPPS.
[0158] Manual chemical synthesis of DNA may be accomplished using well-established procedures, or automated chemical synthesis can be performed using one of a number of commercially available machines. The nucleotide sequence of the nucleic acids can be modified for optimal expression based on optimization of nucleotide sequence to reflect the codon bias of the host cell. The skilled artisan appreciates the likelihood of successful expression if codon usage is biased towards those codons favored by the host. Determination of preferred codons can be based on a survey of genes derived from the host cell where sequence information is available. Fragments of full-length proteins can be produced by techniques well known in the art, such as by creating synthetic nucleic acids encoding the desired portions; or by use of Bal 31 exonuclease to generate fragments of a longer nucleic acid.
[0159] In still other embodiments, a variant LaNUDX or LaLPPS is encoded by a nucleic acid that hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid encoding a LaNUDX or LaLPPS or another known LaNUDX or LaLPPS.
[0160] Nucleic acids will in some embodiments be mutated before being introduced into a host cell to form the test cell. In these embodiments, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a naturally-occurring LaNUDX or LaLPPS is mutated, using any of a variety of well-established methods, giving rise to a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant LaNUDX or LaLPPS. Nucleotide sequences encoding LaNUDXs or LaLPPSs are known in the art, and any known LaNUDX-encoding or LaLPPS-encoding nucleotide sequence can be altered to generate a synthetic nucleic acid for use in a subject method.
[0161] Methods of mutating a nucleic acid are well known in the art and include well-established chemical mutation methods, radiation-induced mutagenesis, and methods of mutating a nucleic acid during synthesis. Chemical methods of mutating DNA include exposure of DNA to a chemical mutagen, e.g., ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) , methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) , N-nitrosourea (ENU) , N-methyl-N-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, diethylsulfate, benzopyrene, cyclophosphamide, bleomycin, triethylmelamine, acrylamide monomer, nitrogen mustard, vincristine, diepoxyalkanes (for example, diepoxybutane) , ICR-170, formaldehyde, procarbazine hydrochloride, ethylene oxide, dimethylnitrosamine, 7, 12 dimethylbenz (a) anthracene, chlorambucil, hexamethylphosphoramide, bisulfan, and the like. Radiation mutation-inducing agents include ultraviolet radiation, gamma-irradiation, X-rays, and fast neutron bombardment. Mutations can also be introduced into a nucleic acid using, e.g., trimethylpsoralen with ultraviolet light. Random or targeted insertion of a mobile DNA element, e.g., a transposable element, is another suitable method for generating mutations. Mutations can be introduced into a nucleic acid during amplification in a cell-free in vitro system, e.g., using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique such as error-prone PCR. Mutations can be introduced into a nucleic acid in vitro using DNA shuffling techniques (e.g., exon shuffling, domain swapping, and the like) . Mutations can also be introduced into a nucleic acid as a result of a deficiency in a DNA repair enzyme in a cell, e.g., the presence in a cell of a mutant gene encoding a mutant DNA repair enzyme is expected to generate a high frequency of mutations (i.e., about 1 mutation / 100 genes-1 mutation / 10,000 genes) in the genome of the cell. Examples of genes encoding DNA repair enzymes include but are not limited to Mut H, Mut S, Mut L, and Mut U, and the homologs thereof in other species (e.g., MSH 1 6, PMS 1 2, MLH 1, GTBP, ERCC-1, and the like) . Methods of mutating nucleic acids are well known in the art, and any known method is suitable for use. See, e.g., Stemple, Nature Reviews, 5: 1-7 (2004) ; Chiang et al., PCR Methods Appl., 2: 210-217 (2003) ; Stemmer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 10747-10751 (1994) ; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,033,861, and 6,773,900.
[0162] Thus, for example, a nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a naturally-occurring LaNUDX or LaLPPS is exposed to a chemical mutagen, as described above, or subjected to radiation mutation, or subjected to an error-prone PCR, and the mutagenized nucleic acid introduced into a genetically modified host cell (s) as described above. Methods for random mutagenesis using a "mutator" strain of bacteria are also well known in the art and can be used to generate a variant LaNUDX or LaLPPS. See, e.g., Greener, et al., Methods in Molecular Biology, 57: 375-385 (1995) . Saturation mutagenesis techniques employing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are also well known and can be used. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6, 171, 820. Nucleic acids comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a variant LaNUDX or LaLPPS are identified by the ability to relieve growth inhibitions caused by lead.
[0163] B. Host Cells
[0164] The host cell useful in the screening methods described herein can be a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell, or a cell from a multicellular organism (for example, a cell line) .
[0165] Examples
[0166] Example 1. LaLPPS is not a bifunctional enzyme for producing lavandulol
[0167] The biosynthesis of irregular terpenes has attracted widespread attention from researchers. An important and interesting discovery is the chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP) synthase (CDS) found in Tanacetum cinerariifolium, which represented an unprecedented bifunctional enzyme that not only catalyzes the formation of CPP from two molecules of DMAPP, but also catalyzes the dephosphorylation of CPP to produce the end product, chrysanthemol. (Yang et al., 2014) .
[0168] Though the LPPS synthase found in L. intermedia (LiLPPS) has been reported to catalysing the formation of LPP in the manner of the head-to-middle condensation of two molecules of DMAPP (Demissie et al., 2013) , it is still unknown that how the phosphorylation comes from to generate the final product lavandulol. Therefore, the question of whether LPPS also possesses two functions similar to TcCDS is tested.
[0169] Example 1.1. LaLPPS was expressed from E. coli expression system. In vitro assay of LaLPPS shows that LaLPPS alone cannot produce lavandulol, while assay of LaLPPS with exogenous dephosphorylase can produce lavandulol.
[0170] Firstly, the enzyme assays were conducted in vitro to serve as a positive control of rice OsGPPS1 (Zhou et al., 2017) . These assays confirmed the successful expression and purification of OsGPPS1 in E. coli, as depicted in Fig. 2. Additionally, the enzyme activity of OsGPPS1 has further been demonstrated using the crude total protein of OsGPPS1 and purified OsGPPS1 followed by enzyme assays and GC-MS analysis to detect the desired product, geraniol, as illustrated in Fig. 3A-3C. Moreover, LaLPPS was successfully expressed and purified (Fig. 4) , and the results of enzyme assays and GC-MS showed that lavandulol can be detected on the products when the in vitro enzyme reaction of LaLPPS was further dephosphorylated by calf intestinal phosphatase (CIP) and apyrase (Fig. 5A, line 1) . It is noted that without further dephosphorylation from CIP and apyrase, LaLPPS only cannot catalyze the synthesis of lavandulol (Fig. 5A-5C, line 2) , suggesting that unlike TcCDS (Yang et al., 2014) , LaLPPS is not a bifunctional protein, and an endogenous dephosphorylase is necessary in L. angustifolia to form lavandulol. Also, the expression and purification of LaLPPS in different conditions to increase the amount of LaLPPS that can be used in the enzyme assays were performed (Fig. 6A and 6B) , but the results of GC-MS for these assays (Fig. 7, lines 1 and 2) still confirmed that the synthesis of lavandulol needed the involvement of a dephosphorylase, because no lavandulol could be detected when no exogenous dephosphorylases were added (Fig. 7, line 3) .
[0171] Example 2. LaNUDX is necessary for the production of lavandulol.
[0172] In rose (Rosa × hybrida) , it was observed that a cytosolic Nudix hydrolase (RhNUDX1) possesses dephosphorylase activity, which facilitates the conversion of GPP to GP to biosynthesize monoterpene alcohol geraniol (Magnard et al., 2015) . The fact that RhNUDX1 is localized in the cytosol implies several possibilities. Firstly, it suggests that GPP synthesized in the plastid can be transported to the cytosol. Alternatively, cytosolic GPP could be generated from a by-product of FPPS activity, or a cytosol-localized GPPS responsible for GPP production. Notably, it was reported the presence of a cytosolic GPPS shows GPPS activity in Lithospermum erythrorhizon, which is derived from cytosolic FPPS (Ueoka et al., 2020) . It is noteworthy that a plastid-localized NUDX1 was also reported in Tanacetum cinerariifolium, which was demonstrated to hydrolyze chrysanthemyl diphosphate (CPP) to chrysanthemol monophosphate (CMP) (Li et al., 2020) . These findings collectively suggest the likely existence of a plastid-localized NUDX in L. angustifolia.
[0173] Example 2.1. NUDX homologues in L. angustifolia was identified.
[0174] When the TcNUDX1 protein sequence was used as a probe to blast the available transcriptomic data of L. angustifolia (Munstead) , four homologues were identified; however, two of them do not contain a signal peptide, suggesting that they are not localized within the plastid (Fig. 8A) . The other two homologues, referred to as LaNUDX1-1 and LaNUDX1-2, were selected for further analysis to test their functions (Fig. 8B) . When considering hosts for heterologous expression, Nicotiana benthamiana stands out as a more favorable choice in some respects compared to yeast, fungi, and bacteria. This is primarily due to its ability to perform complex post-translational modifications, which are essential for proper protein function. Moreover, using N. benthamiana as a host for expressing genes derived from plants offers an added level of safety, as it does not introduce pathogens into the human body during the production of pharmaceuticals or other recombinant proteins. Additionally, N. benthamiana, as the host, offers the advantage of being easier and more cost-effective to scale up protein production. It simply requires more cultivated N. benthamiana plants, along with adequate light and water resources. Herein, N. benthamiana was utilized as the host in an attempt to co-express both LaLPPS and NUDX1-1 / 2, and to test whether NUDX1-1 / 2 is able to dephosphorylate LPP.
[0175] Example 2.2. Co-expression of LaNUDX and LaLPPS can heterologously produce lavandulol in N. benthamiana.
[0176] Similar to our previous studies (Krause et al., 2021) , constructs were generated for transient overexpression of LaLPPS, LaNUDX1-1, and LaNUDX1-2. The coding sequence of LPPS from L. angustifolia was cloned into a plant expression vector pCAMBIA330035Su, and the construct was then transformed into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101. Transient expression of LaLPPS plus LaNUDX, LaLPPS, and LaNUDX alone was performed according to our previous work (Krause et al., 2021) . After five days of infiltration, leaf discs were harvested for subsequent experiments. RNA was extracted for qRT-PCR analysis of the target genes, following the protocols outlined in our work (Liao et al., 2020; Liao et al., 2021) . Metabolites were also extracted and analyzed using GC-MS (Krause et al., 2021) .
[0177] All the genes for the biosynthesis of lavandulol and its derivatives were overexpressed simultaneously in tobacco. Generated transiently overexpressed plants were analyzed by qRT-PCR analysis using gene-specific primers (Fig. 9A) . Transiently overexpressed plants were subjected to targeted metabolic profiling by GC-MS to determine the levels of lavandulol and its analogs / derivatives (Figs 9B, 9C) . Results showed that LaLPPS alone cannot generate lavandulol in a detected amount, but LaLPPS works with NUDX1-1 / 2 to yield lavandulol, which indicates NUDX1 from L. angustifolia is necessary for the production of lavandulol. More importantly, the biosynthetic pathway for lavandulol has been successfully reconstruct in N. benthamiana.
Claims
1.A method of producing a plant or part (s) thereof producing lavandulol, comprising steps of:delivering (i) a polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) a polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, into the plant or part (s) thereof; andinducing a co-expression of (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof in an amount effective to produce lavandulol.2.The method according to claim 1, wherein the part (s) of the plant is (are) selected from cells, leaves, stems, and roots.3.The method according to claim 1, wherein (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof are delivered into the plant or part (s) thereof via transfection, transduction or transformation.4.The method according to claim 1, wherein (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof are carried by a plastid and / or nuclear transformation vector.5.The method according to claim 1, wherein the sequence identity for (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX and / or (ii) polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS is 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 %or more, and provides a production amount of lavandulol substantively same as that of the LaNUDX polypeptide and LaLPPS polypeptide.6.The method according to claim 1, whereinthe polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. : 1; and / orthe polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. : 2 or SEQ ID NO. : 3.7.A method of producing lavandulol, comprising steps of:inducing a co-expression of (i) a polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) a polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, in a plant or part (s) thereof in a level effective to produce lavandulol; andcollecting the fraction comprising the lavandulol.8.The method according to claim 7, wherein the part (s) of the plant is (are) selected from cells, leaves, stems, and roots.9.The method according to claim 7, wherein the sequence identity for (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX and / or (ii) polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS is 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 %or more, and provides a production amount of lavandulol substantively same as that of the LaNUDX polypeptide and LaLPPS polypeptide.10.The method according to claim 7, whereinthe polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. : 1; and / orthe polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX has a sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO. : 2 or SEQ ID NO. : 3.11.A plant transformation vector, which carries a nucleic acid sequence encoding a LaNUDX polypeptide and a LaLPPS polypeptide.12.A pair of plant transformation vector, wherein one vector in the pair carries a nucleic acid sequence encoding a LaNUDX polypeptide, and the other vector in the pair carries a nucleic acid sequence encoding a LaLPPS polypeptide.13.The plant transformation vector according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the vectors comprise a promoter, operably linked to a sequence encoding a LaNUDX and / or a LaLPPS polypeptide or a functional fragment or variant thereof, anda terminator.14.The plant transformation vector according to claim 13, the promoter is constitutive, inducible, or tissue specific.15.The plant transformation vector according to claim 13, the promoter is a plant's own endogenous promoter.16.The plant transformation vector according to claim 11 or 12, the vector comprises more than one copy of (i) the polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof and one / or more than one copy of (ii) the polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS, or the polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof as an operon.17.The plant transformation vector according to claim 11 or 12, the vector includes a plant plastid transformation vector or a nuclear transformation vector.18.A method for screening for LaNUDX-like and LaLPPS-like sequences, which can produce lavandulol in plants, wherein the method comprises steps of:introducing an exogenous nucleic acid expressing candidate LaNUDX and an exogenous nucleic acid candidate LaLPPS into a host cell;culturing the host cell under conditions where DMAPP is available, andobserving whether the host cell can produce a lavandulol.19.The method according to claim 7, wherein the plant or part (s) thereof is genetically engineered to comprise (i) a polynucleotide encoding LaNUDX, or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof, and (ii) a polynucleotide encoding LaLPPS or a polynucleotide variant having 90%or more sequence identity thereof.20.The method according to claim 19, wherein the plant or part (s) does not produce the lavandulol before the genetical engineering.21.Use of the plant or part (s) thereof according to claims 1-6, or the plant transformation vector cell according to claims 11-17 for the production of lavandulol.
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