Apparatus, method, and computer program
By enabling core network functions to exchange routing information with UE routers and construct routing tables, the 5G communication system can optimize data traffic routing, addressing inefficiencies in current systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/133299
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-11-22
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-30
AI Technical Summary
Current 5G communication systems lack mechanisms to exchange routing information with UE routers to learn the topology or reachability behind UE routers, leading to inefficient routing of traffic.
The proposed solution involves enabling core network functions to exchange routing information with UE routers, construct routing tables, and configure user plane functions to use preferred routes, thereby optimizing data traffic routing.
This approach allows for efficient routing by learning the topology behind UE routers and updating downlink routing configurations, improving traffic management and reducing congestion.
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Figure CN2023133299_30052025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
APPARATUS, METHOD, AND COMPUTER PROGRAMTechnical Field
[0001] Various examples described in this subject disclosure generally relate to apparatus, methods, and computer programs, and more particularly (but not exclusively) to apparatus, methods and computer programs for apparatuses.Background
[0002] A communication system can be seen as a facility that enables communication sessions between two or more entities such as communication devices, base stations and / or other nodes by providing carriers between the various entities involved in the communications path.
[0003] The communication system may be a wireless communication system. Examples of wireless systems comprise public land mobile networks (PLMN) operating based on radio standards such as those provided by 3GPP, satellite based communication systems and different wireless local networks, for example wireless local area networks (WLAN) . The wireless systems can typically be divided into cells, and are therefore often referred to as cellular systems.
[0004] The communication system and associated devices operate in accordance with a given set of standards or specifications that set out what the various entities associated with the system are permitted to do and how that is to be achieved. Communication protocols and / or parameters that are to be used for the connection are also typically defined. Examples of standards are the so-called 5G standards.Summary
[0005] According to a first aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing: exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function; constructing a routing table comprising at least one learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information; and causing a preferred route of the at least one learnt route to be used when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host by configuring a user plane function to route the data traffic using the preferred route.
[0006] The core network function may comprise a session management function.
[0007] The means for configuring the user plane function may comprise means for: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0008] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0009] When the user plane function is configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective router interfaces, the apparatus may further comprise means for: reserving, for each of the plurality of interfaces in a same addressing subnet, a respective address; and using said respective addresses for addressing routing information to the plurality of routers.
[0010] The apparatus may comprise means for: using said reserved respective address for exchanging routing information with the router associated with said reserved respective address, wherein the routing information comprises information about a topology of a network uplink of the apparatus and / or downlink of the apparatus.
[0011] The apparatus may comprise means for providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to abstain from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0012] The routing information may be signalled to the at least one terminal device directly using non-access stratum signalling and / or indirectly via a user plane function.
[0013] The core network function may comprise the user plane function.
[0014] The means for configuring the user plane function may comprise means for: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0015] The apparatus may comprise means for providing the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to a session management function.
[0016] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0017] The means for configuring the user plane function may comprise means for: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule based on the routing table; and using the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0018] The apparatus may comprise means for receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0019] The apparatus may comprise means for abstaining from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0020] The apparatus may comprise means for receiving an instruction to perform said abstaining from the session management function.
[0021] According to a second aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing: receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0022] When the indication comprises a routing table, the apparatus may comprise means for: using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; and providing the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0023] According to a third aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for performing: receiving, from a session management function, an instruction to abstain from signalling a route advertisement in respect of at least one router of a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host; and abstaining from signalling said route advertisement, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0024] The apparatus may comprise means for: receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule.
[0025] According to a fourth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function; constructing a routing table comprising at least one learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information; and causing a preferred route of the at least one learnt route to be used when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host by configuring a user plane function to route the data traffic using the preferred route.
[0026] The core network function may comprise a session management function.
[0027] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0028] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0029] When the user plane function is configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective router interfaces, the at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform: reserving, for each of the plurality of interfaces in a same addressing subnet, a respective address; and using said respective addresses for addressing routing information to the plurality of routers.
[0030] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform: using said reserved respective address for exchanging routing information with the router associated with said reserved respective address, wherein the routing information comprises information about a topology of a network uplink of the apparatus and / or downlink of the apparatus.
[0031] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to abstain from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0032] The routing information may be signalled to the at least one terminal device directly using non-access stratum signalling and / or indirectly via a user plane function.
[0033] The core network function may comprise the user plane function.
[0034] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0035] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform providing the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to a session management function.
[0036] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0037] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule based on the routing table; and using the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0038] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0039] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform abstaining from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0040] The apparatus at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform receiving an instruction to perform said abstaining from the session management function.
[0041] According to a fifth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0042] When the indication comprises a routing table, the at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform: using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; and providing the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0043] According to a sixth aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to perform: receiving, from a session management function, an instruction to abstain from signalling a route advertisement in respect of at least one router of a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host; and abstaining from signalling said route advertisement, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0044] The at least one processor may be configured to cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule.
[0045] According to a seventh aspect, there is provided a method for an apparatus, the method comprising: exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function; constructing a routing table comprising at least one learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information; and causing a preferred route of the at least one learnt route to be used when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host by configuring a user plane function to route the data traffic using the preferred route.
[0046] The core network function may comprise a session management function.
[0047] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0048] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0049] When the user plane function is configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective router interfaces, the method may further comprise: reserving, for each of the plurality of interfaces in a same addressing subnet, a respective address; and using said respective addresses for addressing routing information to the plurality of routers.
[0050] The method may comprise: using said reserved respective address for exchanging routing information with the router associated with said reserved respective address, wherein the routing information comprises information about a topology of a network uplink of the apparatus and / or downlink of the apparatus.
[0051] The method may comprise providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to abstain from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0052] The routing information may be signalled to the at least one terminal device directly using non-access stratum signalling and / or indirectly via a user plane function.
[0053] The core network function may comprise the user plane function.
[0054] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0055] The method may comprise providing the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to a session management function.
[0056] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0057] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule based on the routing table; and using the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0058] The method may comprise receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0059] The method may comprise abstaining from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0060] The method may comprise receiving an instruction to perform said abstaining from the session management function.
[0061] According to an eighth aspect, there is provided a method for an apparatus, the method comprising means: receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0062] When the indication comprises a routing table, method may comprise: using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; and providing the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0063] According to a ninth aspect, there is provided a method comprising an apparatus, the method comprising: receiving, from a session management function, an instruction to abstain from signalling a route advertisement in respect of at least one router of a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host; and abstaining from signalling said route advertisement, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0064] The method may comprise from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule.
[0065] According to a tenth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function; constructing a routing table comprising at least one learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information; and causing a preferred route of the at least one learnt route to be used when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host by configuring a user plane function to route the data traffic using the preferred route.
[0066] The core network function may comprise a session management function.
[0067] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.
[0068] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0069] When the user plane function is configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective router interfaces, the apparatus may be caused to perform: reserving, for each of the plurality of interfaces in a same addressing subnet, a respective address; and using said respective addresses for addressing routing information to the plurality of routers.
[0070] The apparatus may be caused to perform: using said reserved respective address for exchanging routing information with the router associated with said reserved respective address, wherein the routing information comprises information about a topology of a network uplink of the apparatus and / or downlink of the apparatus.
[0071] The apparatus may be caused to perform providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to abstain from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0072] The routing information may be signalled to the at least one terminal device directly using non-access stratum signalling and / or indirectly via a user plane function.
[0073] The core network function may comprise the user plane function.
[0074] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0075] The apparatus may be caused to perform providing the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to a session management function.
[0076] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0077] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule based on the routing table; and using the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0078] The apparatus may be caused to perform receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0079] The apparatus may be caused to perform abstaining from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0080] The apparatus may be caused to perform receiving an instruction to perform said abstaining from the session management function.
[0081] According to an eleventh aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0082] When the indication comprises a routing table, the apparatus may be caused to perform: using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; and providing the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0083] According to a twelfth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a session management function, an instruction to abstain from signalling a route advertisement in respect of at least one router of a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host; and abstaining from signalling said route advertisement, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0084] The apparatus may be caused to perform: receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule.
[0085] According to a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program product stored on a medium that may cause an apparatus to perform any method as described herein.
[0086] According to a fourteenth aspect, there is provided an electronic device that may comprise apparatus as described herein.
[0087] According to a fifteenth aspect, there is provided a chipset that may comprise an apparatus as described herein.
[0088] According to an aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the method according to any of the preceding aspects.
[0089] In the above, many different embodiments have been described. It should be appreciated that further embodiments may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the embodiments described above.
[0090] Brief Description of FIGS.
[0091] Some examples, will now be described, merely by way of illustration only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0092] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G system;
[0093] FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a network apparatus;
[0094] FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of a user equipment;
[0095] FIG. 4 illustrates example network architecture;
[0096] FIG. 5 illustrates a Packet Detection Rule;
[0097] FIG. 6A illustrates example signalling;
[0098] FIG. 6B illustrates example network architecture;
[0099] FIG. 7 illustrates a Packet Detection Rule;
[0100] FIG. 8A illustrates example signalling;
[0101] FIG. 8B illustrates example network architecture; and
[0102] FIGS. 9 to 11 illustrate example operations that may be performed by apparatus described herein.Detailed Description
[0103] The following describes operations that may be performed in relation to routing data through a network. In particular, the following considers routing traffic through a core network, such as a 3GPP 5G core network and / or future 3GPP core networks (e.g., 6G and beyond) .
[0104] The following describes operations in which traffic is being routed downstream from a core network to at least one user equipment (UE) , such as at least one UE configured to operate as a router, external to the core network. The further following describes mechanisms for enabling a core network function (e.g., a session management function (SMF) and / or a user plane function (UPF) ) to perform functions of a router for determining a route for routing traffic downstream. The core network function may thus appear to be a router to routers external to the core network, including those routers downstream. This enables downstream routers, such as UE routers, to learn the overall topology of an IP router network located upstream of the core network.
[0105] To achieve this, the core network function (s) described herein are configured to function as a router by obtaining routing information from the UE routers, and by determining a routing table for routing traffic through at least one of these external routers to a host. The core network function may further abstain (or cause the abstention) of transmitting routing advertisements in respect of an IP network located upstream and / or downstream of the core network function.
[0106] Further illustration of how this may be implemented is provided below.
[0107] In the following examples, certain aspects are explained with reference to devices that are often configured to communicate via a wireless cellular system and mobile communication systems serving such mobile communication devices. For brevity and clarity, the following describes such aspects with reference to a 5G wireless communication system. However, it is understood that such aspects are not limited to 5G wireless communication systems, and may, for example, be applied to other wireless communication systems (for example, current 6G proposals, IEEE 802.11, etc. ) .
[0108] Before describing in detail the examples, certain facets of a 5G wireless communication system are briefly explained with reference to FIG. 1.
[0109] 3GPP standards defined a service-based architecture in 5G, which is expected to be utilized in 6G and beyond. In a service-based architecture, a modular framework is used in which common applications can be deployed using components from different sources and / or suppliers. 3GPP has issued a number of releases (Rel) for defining operating communication protocols related to a communications network.
[0110] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G system (5GS) 100. The 5GS may comprise a user equipment (UE) 102 (which may also be referred to as a communication device or a terminal) , a 5G access network (AN) (which may be a 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) or any other type of 5G AN such as a Non-3GPP Interworking Function (N3IWF) / aTrusted Non-3GPP Gateway Function (TNGF) for Untrusted / Trusted Non-3GPP access or Wireline Access Gateway Function (W-AGF) for Wireline access) 104, a 5G core (5GC) 106, one or more application functions (AF) 108 and one or more data networks (DN) 110.
[0111] The 5G RAN may comprise one or more gNodeB (gNB) distributed unit functions connected to one or more gNodeB (gNB) unit functions. The RAN may comprise one or more access nodes.
[0112] The 5GC 106 may comprise one or more Access and Mobility Management Functions (AMF) 112, one or more Session Management Functions (SMF) 114, one or more authentication server functions (AUSF) 116, one or more Unified Data Management (UDM) functions 118, one or more User Plane Functions (UPF) 120, one or more Unified Data Repository (UDR) functions 122, one or more Network Repository Functions (NRF) 128, and / or one or more Network Exposure Functions (NEF) 124. The role of an NEF is to provide secure exposure of network services (e.g. voice, data connectivity, charging, subscriber data, and so forth) towards a 3rd party. Although NRF 128 is not depicted with its interfaces, it is understood that this is for clarity reasons and that NRF 128 may have a plurality of interfaces with other network functions. Likewise, other network functions of the 5GC 106 may include one or more further interfaces with each other that are not depicted in FIG. 1.
[0113] In 5GS, the SMF (Session Management Function) can enforce traffic direction over interfaces between the UPF and at least one router. This may be performed as part of the Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) , which is a 3GPP protocol used on the interface between the SMF and the UPF and which is specified in TS 29.244. The SMF may use Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) session, over the interface between the SMF and the UPF (also referred to herein as an N4 interface) , to create at least one Packet Detection Rule (PDR) , in a PFCP session context corresponding to a PDU session with a terminal device, that is used for identifying traffic to this terminal device and associating the associated traffic to a Forwarding Action Rule (FAR) .
[0114] A FAR is a set of instructions that defines how a network switch is to process a packet. The FAR maps a packet's attributes to a specific action, such as forwarding, dropping, and / or modifying the packet.
[0115] FIG. 5 illustrates an example Packet Detection Rule (PDR) .
[0116] FIG. 5 illustrates a PDR information element that comprises a plurality of fields, including an N4 session identifier, a rule identifier, an action to be performed in respect of that rule, and a packet detection information element. The packet detection information element is also illustrated in FIG. 5 as comprising an indication of a source interface and framed route information.
[0117] FIG. 2 shows an example of a control apparatus for a communication system, for example to be coupled to and / or for controlling a station of an access system, such as a RAN node, e.g. a base station, gNB, a central unit of a cloud architecture or a node of a core network such as an Mobility Management Entity (MME) or Serving Gateway (S-GW) , a scheduling entity such as a spectrum management entity, or a server or host, for example an apparatus hosting a Network Repository Function (NRF) , Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) , Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) , Session Management Function (SMF) , Unified Data Management / Unified Data Repository (UDM / UDR) , and so forth. The control apparatus may be integrated with or external to a node or module of a core network or Radio Access Network (RAN) . In some examples, base stations comprise a separate control apparatus unit or module. In other examples, the control apparatus can be another network element, such as a radio network controller or a spectrum controller. The control apparatus 200 can be configured to provide control on communications in the service area of the system. The apparatus 200 comprises at least one memory 201, at least one data processing unit 202, 203 and an input / output interface 204. Via the interface, the control apparatus 200 can be coupled to a receiver and a transmitter of the apparatus. The receiver and / or the transmitter may be implemented as a radio front end or a remote radio head. For example, the control apparatus 200 or processor 201 can be configured to execute an appropriate software code to provide the control functions. References to “code” herein are understood to refer to software code, and vice versa.
[0118] An example wireless communication device will now be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 3 showing a schematic, partially sectioned view of a communication device 300. Such a communication device may, in some examples, be referred to as a user equipment (UE) or terminal. An appropriate mobile communication device may, however, be provided by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals. Non-limiting and illustrative examples comprise a mobile station (MS) or mobile device such as a mobile phone or what is referred to as a ’smart phone’ , a vehicle, a robot, an unmanned aerial vehicle (e.g., a drone) , a computer provided with a wireless interface card or other wireless interface facility (e.g., USB dongle) , personal data assistant (PDA) or a tablet provided with wireless communication capabilities, or any combinations of these or the like. A mobile communication device may provide, for example, communication of data for carrying communications such as voice, electronic mail (email) , text message, multimedia and so on. Users may thus be offered and provided numerous services via their communication devices. Non-limiting and illustrative examples of these services comprise two-way or multi-way calls, data communication or multimedia services or simply an access to a data communications network system, such as the Internet. Users may also be provided broadcast or multicast data. Non-limiting and illustrative examples of the content comprise downloads, television and radio programs, videos, advertisements, various alerts and / or other information.
[0119] A wireless communication device may, for example, be implemented as a mobile device or a stationary device, or a combination thereof. A mobile device is a device not fixed to a particular location, whereas a stationary device may be configured to be fixed to a particular location (or removably attached thereto) . The wireless device may utilize human interaction for communication, or may not utilize human interaction for communication. As described herein, the terms UE or “user” are used to refer to any type of wireless communication device.
[0120] The wireless device 300 may receive signals over an air or radio interface 307 via appropriate apparatus for receiving and may transmit signals via appropriate apparatus for transmitting radio signals. In FIG. 3, a transceiver apparatus is designated schematically by block 306. The transceiver apparatus 306 may be provided, for example, by means of a radio part and associated antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement may be arranged internally or externally to the wireless device.
[0121] A wireless device is typically provided with at least one data processing entity 301, at least one memory 302 and other possible components 303 for use in software code and hardware aided execution of tasks it is configured to perform, including control of access to and communications with access systems and other communication devices. The data processing, storage and other relevant control apparatus can be provided on an appropriate circuit board and / or in chipsets. This feature is denoted by reference 304. The user may control the operation of the wireless device by means of a suitable user interface such as keypad 305, voice commands, touch sensitive screen or pad, combinations thereof or the like. A display 308, a speaker and a microphone can be also provided. Furthermore, a wireless communication device may comprise appropriate connectors (either wired or` wireless) to other devices and / or for connecting external accessories, for example hands-free equipment, thereto.
[0122] As mentioned above, the following relates to a scenario in which a user plane function of a 5GS (such as described above with reference to FIG. 1) may be connected to a plurality of routers over an interface. This interface between a user plane function and a router is labelled as an N6 interface. This arrangement is illustrated with respect to FIG. 4.
[0123] FIG. 4 shows a 5GS 401 (such as described above with reference to FIG. 1) that comprises an SMF 402 and a UPF 403. The SMF 402 and UPF 403 are connected via an N4 interface. The UPF 403 is connected to a plurality of UE routers 404 via respective protocol data unit (PDU) session interfaces. The plurality of UE routers are configured to route communications between the UPF 403 and a host 405 (or some other endpoint) through a network 406. The UE routers may run a dynamic routing protocol and can report routing information (e.g., link status, database descriptor) . The consideration of Internet Protocol (IP) subnetworks behind UE routers can therefore be translated into several optional routes on the downlink to the same IP host / prefix. This raises a routing problem as to which optimal / shortest downlink route should be selected for IP packets destined for the indicated the host / prefix.
[0124] The UPF is further configured to interface with an external router 407 using an N6 interface. The external router advertises its availability using a router advertisement. In the present example, the UE routers are considered to be in a downlink direction and the external router 407 is considered to be in an uplink direction.
[0125] We consider a 5G System (5GS) and we assume the existence of one or more IP subnetworks located behind UE routers, as illustrated in FIG. 4.
[0126] In 5GS, framed routing is used such that a range (typically all addresses with a common prefix as in IP routing in usual) of IPv4 addresses or IPv6 prefixes is reachable over a single PDU session.
[0127] Framed route information is configured in the User Plane Function (UPF) by the Session Management Function (SMF) using Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) over N4 interface.
[0128] Framed route information may comprise part of a Packet Detection Rule (PDR) Information Element (IE) as illustrated in FIG. 5, which illustrates information that may be comprised in a PDR.
[0129] Framed routes may also be advertised by the UPF over N6 to the 5G connected Data Network (DN) , so the DN routers can know routes / prefixes reachable via this UPF.
[0130] Currently, 5GS does not provide a mechanism to use routing information sent by UE routers to learn the topology behind the UEs and to configure downlink routing accordingly. Selecting a shortest, optimal, and / or working downlink route becomes very important as some routes can become congested and / or unavailable, or links behind them may develop faults.
[0131] Furthermore, while framed routes are advertised by the UPF over N6, this advertisement could be unnecessary (e.g., comprise redundant or duplicated data) if DN routers can learn routes as part of the overall routing process. Currently, 5GS does not provide a way to instruct the UPF to not advertise framed routes that can be learned by DN routers as part of the routing protocol process.
[0132] In summary, 5GS does not specify a mechanism to exchange routing information with UE routers over the PDU sessions and learn the topology or reachability information for the networks behind the UE routers, and 5GS does not provide a mechanism so that the UPF is instructed to not advertise framed routes that can be learned by N6 routers as part of the routing protocol learning process. This may lead to inefficient routing of traffic.
[0133] The following aims to address at least one of the above-mentioned issues.
[0134] In particular, the following introduces mechanisms for enabling a core network function to exchange routing information with at least one UE router to learn the IP reachability or topology of the UE IP router network and the topology of an IP router network upstream of the UE and the 5GS. Both the 5GS and the UE routers will consequently be able to learn the underlaying topology.
[0135] The following further introduces mechanisms for updating downlink routing configurations in the 5GS using the UE IP router network topology previously determined. UE routers and any routers behind them will also be able to configure uplink routing configurations towards the 5GS.
[0136] The following further introduces mechanism for controlling the advertisement of framed routes over N6 to data network routers when updating downlink routing configurations in the 5GS. This becomes so relevant when 5GS acts as an IP router and the discovery of routes becomes part of the routing protocol learning process. For instance, some routing protocols allow to learn the entire topology of a routing area, meaning that any data network router, running such protocols, can discover topology or reachability to IP (sub) networks behind UE network if the data network router, 5GS router and UE routers all belong to the same area.
[0137] In general, the following proposes to enable at least one network function in the 5GS to perform at least one action that causes the 5GS in which it’s comprised to appear to act as a router in the same way as UE routers or any other IP router in general. Stated differently, instead of passing IP routing messages transparently through a 5GS, the 5GS will process the IP routing messages and generate their own IP routing messages. The 5GS may thus be able to exchange routing messages with UE routers, learn the network topology or reachability behind UE routers, and update / control downlink routing accordingly.
[0138] The granularity of a 5GS router may be per UPF.
[0139] The 5GS may be configured to act as an IP router may configuring either the SMF and / or the UPF to perform a routing protocol. These are detailed more below, in which FIGs. 6A to 7 relate to a first example in which an SMF in the 5GS performs the routing protocol (e.g., the routing protocol is implemented at the control plane level) , and in FIGs. 8A to 8B relate to a UPF in the 5GS performs the routing protocol (e.g., the routing protocol is implemented at the user plane level) .
[0140] In the first example, the SMF obtains routing information from at least one UE router (e.g., directly via non-access stratum signalling, and / or indirectly via a UPF) , and uses the obtained routing information to determine a routing table for routing data downstream through the at least one UE router to a host. The SMF may use the determined routing table to configure at least one PDR and / or FAR at the UPF for causing the UPF to route data traffic downstream in accordance with the PDR and / or FAR instructions. The using the determined routing table to determine corresponding PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) may be performed only when the SMF determines that the corresponding PDRs and / or FARs would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF. The SMF may also cause the UPF to abstain from signalling a routing advertisement in respect of a router network.
[0141] In the second example, the UPF obtains routing information from at least one UE router, and uses the obtained routing information to determine a routing table for routing data downstream through the at least one UE router to a host. The UPF may use the determined routing table to configure at least one PDR and / or FAR at the UPF for causing the UPF to route data traffic downstream in accordance with the PDR and / or FAR instructions, and / or the UPF may provide the determined routing table to an SMF to use in configuring at least one PDR and / or FAR at the UPF for causing the UPF to route data traffic downstream in accordance with the PDR and / or FAR instructions. In both cases, the UPF may be caused to abstain from signalling a routing advertisement in respect of a router network The using the constructed routing table to determine corresponding PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) may be performed only when the UPF and / or SMF determines that the corresponding PDRs and / or FARs would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF.
[0142] FIG. 6A illustrates signalling that may be performed between at least one UE router 601, a UPF 602, and an SMF 603.
[0143] During 6001, the SMF 603 determines to implement a routing protocol. For example, the SMF may determine to reserve an IP address for each interface towards the at least one UE in the same subnet as each UE.
[0144] Stated differently, the SMF 603 may consider a PDU session as an interface and thus determine an interface ID for this PDU session. The SMF 603 may, for each PDU session, reserve an IP address for the SMF 603 that corresponds to an IP address in the same subnetwork as the IP address allocated to the UE that is using this PDU session. In case where UE gets its IP address via the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) mechanism, the SMF can know the IP address and the IP netmask of each UE based on a current specification. In cases where the UE gets its IP address via non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, the SMF may also send an IP netmask along the IP address in the NAS message. The interface ID of the PDU session may be mapped by the SMF to a standard interface name (so, e.g., it can be understood by the routing protocol) .
[0145] From 6001, the messaging may proceed to 6002 or to 6003, which both relate to the at least one router 601 and the SMF 603 exchange routing information therebetween.
[0146] 6002 relates to an example in which the at least one router 601 and the SMF 603 exchange routing information therebetween using non access stratum (NAS) signalling.
[0147] During 6002, the SMF 603 exchanges signalling with the at least one router 601. This signalling may relate to the SMF exchanging signaling with the at least one UE over non-access stratum (NAS) signalling for reserving an address (e.g., an IP address) for each interface) . The SMF 603 may use at least one reserved IP address as a source when sending such signalling. From 6002, the mechanism proceeds to 6006.
[0148] 6003 to 6005 relate to signalling in which the routing information exchanged between the SMF and the at least one UE router is exchanged using the user plane.
[0149] 6003 to 6004 relate to the SMF 603 configuring the UPF 602 to forward routing messages between the at least one UE router 601 and the SMF 603. The UPF 602 in this example does not extract routing information from these routing messages.
[0150] During 6003, the SMF 603 signals the UPF 602. This signalling may comprise a request for the UPF 602 to forward routing messages received between the at least one UE router and the SMF 603 (e.g., both uplink and downlink directions between the SMF 603 and the at least one UE router 601) . This signalling may comprise a Packet Forwarding Control Protocol (PFCP) session management request message. Stated differently, the SMF 603 may use PFCP session management to configure the UPF 602 to forward routing messages between SMF and UE routers (both directions) .
[0151] How the SMF selects the target UEs that the UPF will be configured to forward their routing messages may be based on, for example, the reported capabilities of the UE routers. For example, only those UEs that reported their capability with IP routing message support may be selected to exchange routing messages with the SMF.
[0152] An example mechanism for configuring the UPF may be as follows.
[0153] First, the SMF may configure the UPF to route messages in an N3 interface (e.g., an interface between the UPF and a gNB / access node) to SMF direction. In this example, the SMF configures the UPF to forward routing messages received from a PDU session to the SMF. This may be achieved by the SMF configuring at least one PDR in a PFCP session context corresponding to the target PDU session (interface) , with at least a Source Interface information element set to “Access Side” and a Packet Filter Set information element that identifies routing messages. The SMF may also associate the PDR to at least a FAR with at least an Action information element set to “Forward” and Destination Interface information element set to “Control plane Function Side” .
[0154] As a second part, the SMF may configure the UPF to route messages in the reverse direction (e.g., from the SMF to the N3 interface) . In this second feature, the SMF may configure the UPF to forward routing messages received on the N4 interface to the PDU session corresponding to the N4 interface on which that message is received. This may be achieved by, for example, the SMF configuring at least one PDR, in a PFCP session context corresponding to the target PDU session, with at least a Source Interface information element set to “Control Plane Function Side” and (Control Plane Tunnel Info information element set to identify the tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) corresponding to the target PDU session, or Packet Filter Set information element that identifies routing messages to send over the target PDU session) . The SMF also associates the PDR to at least a FAR with at least an Action information element set to “Forward” , a Destination interface information element set to “Access Side” .
[0155] During 6004, the UPF 602 signals the SMF 603. This signalling may comprise an indication that the UPF 602 has successfully applied the configuration received during 6003. This signalling may comprise a PFCP session management response message.
[0156] During 6005, the UPF 602 transparently exchanges routing information messages between the at least one UE router 601 and the SMF 603 using the configuration of 6002.
[0157] Therefore, during 6005, the SMF exchanges routing messages with UE routers over the configured UPF. When the SMF aims to send a routing message to the at least one router via a PDU session, the SMF may use the reserved IP address of the corresponding PDU session as a source IP address in the packet header. When the SMF aims to send a routing message to the at least one UE router via a PDU session, the SMF may encapsulate it in G-PDU with a tunnel endpoint identifier (TEID) corresponding to the target PDU session. When the SMF receives a routing message, the SMF can determine the corresponding PDU session based on TEID. The UPF in 6005 is therefore forwarding routing messages between the SMF and the corresponding PDU session / interface.
[0158] From 6005, the signalling proceeds to 6006.
[0159] During 6006, the SMF 603 constructs a routing table using the information received during 6002 and / or during 6005.
[0160] Stated differently, during 6006, the SMF constructs a learnt routing table based on the routing messages exchanged between the SMF and the at least one UE router. How the SMF constructs the routing table may depend on the IP routing protocol supported by the SMF. Without losing generalization, Table 1 shows an illustration of a type of routing table that may be constructed by the SMF 603.
[0161] Table 1 Potential routing table constructed by a network function in the 5GS
[0162] 6007 to 6009 relate to the SMF 603 updating the configuration of the UPF 602 using the learned routing information and routing table.
[0163] During 6007, the SMF 603 transforms the constructed routing table of 6007 into PDRs and / or FARs for forwarding IP traffic on the uplink (e.g., N3 -> N6, where the N3 interface is an interface between the UPF and an access network node (e.g, a gNB) ) . This transforming step using the constructed routing table to determine corresponding PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) may be performed only when the UPF and / or SMF determines that the corresponding PDRs and / or FARs would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF. As part of this transformation, the SMF 603 may determine whether or not a framed route is to be advertised by the UPF.
[0164] During 6008, the SMF 603 signals the UPF 602. This signalling may be for configuring the UPF 602 with the PDRs and / or FARs obtained during 6007. This signalling may comprise, for example a PFCP session management request message.
[0165] As an example, the signalling of 6008 may comprise the following settings: Source Interface information element of PDR is set to “N6-LAN” , Packet Filter Set information element and / or Framed Route Information information element of PDR is based on destination field of routing table, Action information element of FAR associated to PDR is set to “Forward” , Destination Interface information element of FAR associated to the PDR is set to “Access side” .
[0166] In Rel. 18, the UPF always advertises framed routes to N6 interface when the framed routes information is configured by the SMF. In contrast, the following example enables this advertisement to be optional if framed routes are used. In more detail, the SMF can indicate in the PDR whether or not a route is to be advertised or not based on learnt and constructed routing table from the UE. A mechanism for doing this is illustrated in FIG. 7, in which an advertisement indicator associated to framed information is comprised in the PDR, with this advertisement indicator indicates whether or not the UPF is to proceed with or abstain from signalling an advertisement in respect of interface associated to that PDR.
[0167] During 6009, the UPF 602 signals the SMF 603. This signalling may indicate that the UPF 602 has successfully applied the configuration (s) signaled during 6008. This signalling may be comprised in a PFCP session management response message.
[0168] During 6010, the UPF abstains from advertising framed routes that are indicated in the signalling of 6008 as not being advertised.
[0169] During 6011, a data network (not shown) sends downlink traffic to the at least one UE router 601 via the configured UPF 602.
[0170] When 6011 is completed, the network may be as illustrated in FIG. 6B.
[0171] FIG. 6B shows a 5GS 600 that comprises the SMF 603, the UPF 602, and the at least one UE router 601. The SMF 603 and the UPF 602 are connected to each other via a plurality of N4 interfaces 604. The UPF 602 is connected to the at least one UE router 601 by a respective N6 interface 605. The at least one UE router 601 connects to a host 606 through a network 607. The UPF 602 is further connected to at least one router 608 in an uplink direction.
[0172] In this example signalling of FIG. 6A, the 5GS acts as an IP router by implementing the routing protocol in the SMF.
[0173] Stated differently, the SMF implements the routing protocol (software) and either exchanges routing messages with the at least one router directly (e.g., using NAS signalling) , or indirectly (e.g., via IP packets on the User Plane, where SMF configures the UPF to forward IP routing protocol packets / messages between SMF and UE routers) . In this latter example, the IP routing protocol packets / messages are transparently transmitted via the UPF, while the SMF intercepts and processes the content of those routing messages , and generates the IP routing protocol packets / messages to be sent to the UE routers.
[0174] The UPF is configured to forward IP routing protocol messages between the SMF and the at least one UE router. Tunnel Endpoint Identifier (TEID) may be used by the SMF and UPF to match the received / sent routing messages with the corresponding interface.
[0175] The SMF learns IP reachability or topology behind UE routers based on exchanged IP routing messages between SMF and UE routers. SMF constructs learnt IP routing table and based on it configures UPF to forward IP traffic on the downlink.
[0176] The SMF determines whether framed routes should be advertised or not by the UPF and configures UPF with extended PDR accordingly. The UPF may route messages and / or advertise IP routes based on the configured PDR and / or FAR.
[0177] FIGs. 8A to 8B illustrate signalling operations that may be performed in another example, in which the routing protocol is implemented in the UPF.
[0178] FIG. 8A illustrates signalling that may be performed between at least one UE router 801, a UPF 802, and an SMF 803.
[0179] During 8001, the UPF 802 implements a routing protocol. Stated differently, the UPF 802 reserves an IP address for each interface in the same subnet as each UE of the at least one UE router 801. The UPF knows, for each PDU session, the identifier of this PDU session interface, and reserves an IP address in the same subnetwork as the IP address allocated to the UE that is using this PDU session. Optionally, the UPF may obtain the IP address and the mask of each UE from the SMF. The interface ID may be mapped by the UPF to a standard interface name (so that, for example, the interface name used may be understood by the routing protocol) .
[0180] During 8002, the SMF 803 signals the UPF 802. This signalling may be for configuring the UPF to terminate routing protocol messages received over PDU sessions from the at least one UE router 801. These routing messages will not be forwarded and will therefore be processed by the UPF. This signalling may be comprised in a PFCP association setup / update procedure. How the SMF selects the UE routers for which the UPF will be configured to terminate their routing messages may be based on their reported capabilities (e.g., the selected UE routers may comprise only those UEs that reported their capability with IP routing message support) .
[0181] The SMF may perform the signalling of 8002 as the SMF selects which UPFs to start terminating routing messages. This selection may be based on, for example, UE routers capabilities the SMF is aware of. When there are UPFs with routing protocol capabilities, then the SMF may decide which UPFs will be executing routing protocol and terminating routing messages (based on, for example, UE router capabilities) .
[0182] During 8003, the UPF 802 and the at last one UE router 801 exchange routing protocol messages. The UPF may use the reserved IP address of the corresponding PDU session as a source IP address in the packet header for addressing the UPFs’ routing protocol messages.
[0183] During 8004, the UPF 802 constructs a routing table using the routing messages exchanged between the UPF and the at least one UE router during 8003. The routing table may be as discussed above in relation to Table 1. From 8004, the signalling proceeds to 8005 or 8008.
[0184] The signalling from 8005 and from 8008 both relate to the UPF obtaining PDRs and / or FARs for routing traffic based on the constructed routing table of 8004. However, the signalling from 8005 relates to the UPF constructing PDRs and / or FARs and informing the SMF of these PDRs and / or FARs, while the signalling from 8008 relates to the SMF constructing PDRs and / or FARs using the constructed routing table of 8004 and informing the UPF of these PDRs and / or FARs.
[0185] During 8005, the UPF 802 transforms the constructed routing table into PDRs and / or FARs for routing data traffic on the downlink (e.g., from the N6 interface to the N3 interface) . The using the constructed routing table to determine corresponding PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) may be performed only when the UPF and / or SMF determines that the corresponding PDRs and / or FARs would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF.
[0186] An example implementation may comprise setting the source Interface information element of the PDR to “N6-LAN” , Packet Filter Set information element and / or Framed Route Information information element of PDR is based on destination field of routing table of Table 1, Action information element of FAR associated to PDR is set to “Forward” , Destination Interface information element of FAR associated to the PDR is set to “Access side” .
[0187] As mentioned above, in Rel. 18, the UPF always advertises framed routes to the N6 interface. However, this is optional in the presently described signalling. Stated differently, when framed routes are used, the UPF can indicate in the PDR if they are to be advertised or not. This may be indicated as discussed above in relation to FIG. 7, where an advertisement indicator associated to framed information is used in the PDR.
[0188] During 8006, the UPF 802 signals the SMF 803. This signaling may comprise an indication of the PDRs and / or FARs constructed by the UPF during 8005. This signalling may be comprised in PFCP signalling. For example, this signalling may be comprised in PFCP session management request signalling. It may be useful for an SMF to be provided with the PDRs and / or FARS obtained by the UPF as the SMF is responsible for managing all sessions under control of the SMF, and the SMF may use the provided information to better treat its sessions consistently and / or fairly.
[0189] During 8007, the SMF 803 signals the UPF 802. This signalling may indicate that the SMF acknowledges the signalling of 8006. The signalling may indicate that the SMF has stored the PDRs and / or FARs signalling during 8006. The signaling proceeds to 8013 from 8007.
[0190] During 8008, the UPF 802 signals the SMF 803. This signalling may comprise the routing table constructed during 8004. This signalling may comprise PFCP signalling. This signalling may comprise a PFCP session management request.
[0191] During 8009, the SMF 803 signals the UPF 802. This signalling may comprise an indication that the signalling of 8008 has been received. This signalling may comprise a PFCP session management response.
[0192] During 8010, the SMF 603 transforms the constructed routing table of 8008 into PDRs and / or FARs for forwarding IP traffic on the uplink (e.g., N3 -> N6) . The using the constructed routing table to determine corresponding PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) may be performed only when the UPF and / or SMF determines that the corresponding PDRs and / or FARs would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF. As part of this transformation, the SMF 803 may determine whether or not a framed route is to be advertised by the UPF.
[0193] During 8011, the SMF 803 signals the UPF 802. This signalling may be for configuring the UPF 802 with the PDRs and / or FARs obtained during 8007. This signalling may comprise, for example a PFCP session management request message.
[0194] As an example, the signalling of 8011 may comprise the following: Source Interface information element of PDR is set to “N6-LAN” , Packet Filter Set information element and / or Framed Route Information information element of PDR is based on destination field of routing table, Action information element of FAR associated to PDR is set to “Forward” , Destination Interface information element of FAR associated to the PDR is set to “Access side” .
[0195] In Rel. 18, the UPF always advertises framed routes to N6 interface when the framed routes information is configured by the SMF. In contrast, the following example enables this advertisement to be optional if framed routes are used. In more detail, the SMF can indicate in the PDR whether or not a route is to be advertised or not. A mechanism for doing this is illustrated in FIG. 7, in which an advertisement indicator associated to framed information is comprised in the PDR, with this advertisement indicator indicates whether or not the UPF is to proceed with or abstain from signalling an advertisement in respect of interface associated to that PDR.
[0196] During 8012, the UPF 802 signals the SMF 803. This signalling may acknowledge the signalling of 8011. This signalling may indicate that the UPF 802 is configured to apply the PDRs and / or FARs signaled during 8011. This signaling may be comprised in a PFCP session management response.
[0197] During 8013, the UPF abstains from advertising framed routes that are indicated in the signalling of 8011 or 8005 as not being advertised.
[0198] During 8014 the UPF 802 sends downlink traffic to the at least one UE router 801 in accordance with the configured PDRs and / or FARs of 8011 and / or 8005.
[0199] When 8014 is completed, the network may be as illustrated in FIG. 8B.
[0200] FIG. 8B shows a 5GS 800 that comprises the SMF 803, the UPF 802, and the at least one UE router 801. The SMF 803 and the UPF 802 are connected to each other via a single N4 interface 804. The UPF 802 is connected to the at least one UE router 801 by a respective N6 interface 805. The at least one UE router 601 connects to a host 806 through a network 607. The UPF 802 is further connected to at least one router 808 in an uplink direction.
[0201] In this example signalling of FIG. 8A, the 5GS acts as an IP router by implementing the routing protocol in the UPF.
[0202] Stated differently, the UPF implements the routing protocol (software) and is configured to terminate IP routing messages. These messages will not be forwarded to the SMF or to the external routers, but rather processed by the UPF (e.g., by routing protocol implemented in the UPF) . The UPF also generates the IP routing protocol messages sent to the UE routers.
[0203] The UPF exchanges IP routing messages with the UE routers to learn the topology and construct routing table. Based on the constructed routing table, the UPF will be configured to forward IP traffic (on downlink) .
[0204] Two options are considered for generating the PDRs and / or FARs in this example. In the first option, the UPF on its own transforms routing table to configurations for forwarding data traffic and informs the SMF. In the second option, the UPF informs the SMF about the routing table and receives from it the configuration to forward IP traffic. The using the constructed routing table to determine corresponding PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) may be performed only when the UPF and / or SMF determines that the corresponding PDRs and / or FARs would be different to at least one PDR (s) and / or FAR (s) currently used by the UPF.
[0205] FIGS. 9 to 11 illustrate operations that may be performed by apparatus for causing at least one of the features mentioned above to be performed. It is therefore understood that at least one feature mentioned below may find functional correspondence with a feature mentioned above, and that the above-provided examples may provide examples of how the following may be implemented.
[0206] FIG. 9 illustrates operations that may be performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise a core network function (e.g., be implemented by at least one apparatus that causes the function of a core network function to be performed) . The apparatus may comprise an SMF. The apparatus may comprise a UPF. The apparatus may be implemented as described above in relation to FIG. 2.
[0207] During 901, the apparatus exchanges routing information with a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function. The terminal device may comprise a UE. The terminal device may be as described above in relation to FIG. 3. In general, routing information may comprise information that may be used for selecting a route to a target destination in a way that reduces costs. For example, routing information may comprise a set of routes and the associated costs of each route.
[0208] During 902, the apparatus constructs a routing table comprising at least one learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information. The at least one learnt route may be obtained by said exchanging routing information.
[0209] During 903, the apparatus causes a preferred route to be used when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host by configuring a user plane function to route the data traffic using the preferred route. The preferred route may be a route selected from the routing table using at least one criteria. The criteria may be any criteria used by a router for selecting a route (e.g., fewest hops, shortest distance, etc. ) . In general, the criteria may associate each of the possible routes being considered with a respective associated cost. The apparatus will subsequently determine a preferred route to a target destination as being a route that is associated with smallest cost.
[0210] The following relates to examples in which the core network function comprises a session management function.
[0211] The SMF may determine at least a PDR and / or FAR.
[0212] For example, the configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and providing the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function. The UPF may subsequently use this indication to route data traffic to the host.
[0213] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0214] When the user plane function is configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective router interfaces, the apparatus may further: reserve, for each of the plurality of interfaces in a same addressing subnet, a respective address; and use said respective addresses for addressing routing information to the plurality of routers. The apparatus may use said reserved respective address for exchanging routing information with the router associated with said reserved respective address, wherein the routing information comprises information about a topology of a network uplink of the apparatus and / or downlink of the apparatus.
[0215] The apparatus may provide, to the user plane function, an instruction to abstain from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.
[0216] The routing information may be signalled to the at least one terminal device directly using non-access stratum signalling and / or indirectly via a user plane function.
[0217] The following features may be present when the core network function comprises the user plane function.
[0218] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; and causing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0219] The apparatus may provide the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to a session management function.
[0220] The using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed may be performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.
[0221] The configuring the user plane function may comprise: providing the routing table to a session management function; receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule based on the routing table; and using the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.
[0222] The apparatus may receive, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.
[0223] The apparatus may abstain from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers. The apparatus may receive an instruction to perform said abstaining from the session management function.
[0224] FIG. 10 illustrates operations that may be performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise an SMF. The apparatus may comprise the SMF of FIG. 6. The apparatus may interact with the apparatus of FIG. 9 when the apparatus of FIG. 9 comprises a UPF. The apparatus may be implemented as described above in relation to FIG. 2.
[0225] During 1001, the apparatus receives, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.
[0226] When the indication comprises a routing table, the apparatus may use the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed, and provide the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to the user plane function.
[0227] FIG. 11 illustrates operations that may be performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may comprise a UPF. The apparatus may comprise the SMF of FIG. 8. The apparatus may interact with the apparatus of FIG. 9 when the apparatus of FIG. 9 comprises a UPF. The apparatus may be implemented as described above in relation to FIG. 2.
[0228] During 1101, the apparatus may receive, from a session management function, an instruction to abstain from signalling a route advertisement in respect of at least one router of a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host.
[0229] During 1102, the apparatus may abstain from signalling said route advertisement, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
[0230] The apparatus may receive, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule, and cause data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule.
[0231] The subject disclosure has provided by way of non-limiting and illustrative examples a full and informative description of some of the various examples described herein. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings will still fall within the scope of the various examples of the subject disclosure.
[0232] In the above, different examples are described using, as an example of an access architecture to which the described techniques may be applied, a radio access architecture based on long term evolution advanced (LTE Advanced, LTE-A) or new radio (NR, 5G, 6G, etc. ) , without restricting the examples to such an architecture, however. The examples may also be applied to other kinds of communications networks having suitable means by adjusting parameters and procedures where appropriate. Some examples of other options for suitable systems are the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) radio access network (UTRAN) , wireless local area network (WLAN or Wi-Fi) , worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) , personal communications services (PCS) , wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , systems using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology, sensor networks, mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) and Internet Protocol multimedia subsystems (IMS) or any combination thereof.
[0233] As provided herein, several aspects are described in the various examples of the subject disclosure as well as in the claims. In general, some examples may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software code, logic or any combination thereof. For example, some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software code which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although examples are not limited thereto. While various examples may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting and illustrative examples, hardware, software code, firmware code, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0234] The examples may be implemented by computer software code stored in a memory and executable by at least one data processor of the involved entities or by hardware, or by a combination of software code and hardware.
[0235] The memory referred to herein may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory.
[0236] The (data) processors referred to herein may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may comprise one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , FPGA, gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting and illustrative examples.
[0237] Further in this regard it should be noted that any procedures, e.g., as in FIG. 9, and / or FIG. 10, and / or FIG. 11, and / or otherwise described herein, may represent operations of a program (e.g., computer program) being deployed by at least one processor comprised in an apparatus (where a program (e.g., computer program) comprises instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least one action, the instructions being represented as software code stored on at least one memory) , or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of operations of a computer program being deployed by at least one processor comprised in an apparatus and logic circuits, blocks and functions. The software code may be stored on memory, such as physical media as memory chips, or memory blocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media (such as, hard disk or floppy disks) , and optical media (such as, for example, DVD and the data variants thereof, CD, and so forth) .
[0238] The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , gate level circuits and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting and illustrative examples.
[0239] Additionally or alternatively, some examples may be implemented using circuitry. The circuitry may be configured to perform one or more of the functions and / or method steps previously described. That circuitry may be provided in the network node and / or the base station and / or in the communications device and / or in a core network entity.
[0240] As used herein, the term “circuitry” or “means” may refer to one or more or all of the following examples:
[0241] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as, implementations in only analogue and / or digital circuitry) ;
[0242] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software code, such as:
[0243] (i) a combination of analogue and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware code and
[0244] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software code (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software code, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as the communications device or base station to perform the various functions previously described; and
[0245] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that utilizes software code (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software code may not be present when not utilized for operation.
[0246] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term herein, including in any claims. As a further example, as used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware code. The term circuitry also covers, for example, integrated device (s) .
[0247] Implementations of the disclosure may be practiced in various components such as integrated circuit modules. The design of integrated circuits is by and large a highly automated process. Complex and powerful software tools are available for converting a logic level design into a semiconductor circuit design ready to be etched and formed on a semiconductor substrate.
[0248] As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0249] The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (e.g., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0250] The scope of protection sought for the various examples of the subject disclosure is set out by the independent claims. The various examples and aspects / features thereof, described in this specification that do not, if any, fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding this subject disclosure.
[0251] This subject disclosure has provided, by way of non-limiting and illustrative examples, a full and informative description of some example implementations. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings of this subject disclosure will still fall within the scope of this various examples described herein. Indeed, there is a further example implementation comprising a combination of one or more example implementations with any of the other example implementations described herein.
Claims
1.An apparatus comprising means for performing:exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function;constructing a routing table comprising at least one learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information; andcausing a preferred route of the at least one learnt route to be used when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host by configuring a user plane function to route the data traffic using the preferred route.2.An apparatus as claimed in any claim 1, wherein the core network function comprises a session management function.3.An apparatus as claimed in claim 2, wherein the means for configuring the user plane function comprises means for:using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; andproviding the indication of how data traffic is to be routed to the user plane function.4.An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed is performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.5.An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 2 to 4, wherein the user plane function is configured to interface with the plurality of routers using a plurality of respective router interfaces, and the apparatus further comprises means for:reserving, for each of the plurality of interfaces in a same addressing subnet, a respective address; andusing said respective addresses for addressing routing information to the plurality of routers.6.An apparatus as claimed in claim 5, further comprising means for:using said reserved respective address for exchanging routing information with the router associated with said reserved respective address, wherein the routing information comprises information about a topology of a network uplink of the apparatus and / or downlink of the apparatus.7.An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 2 to 6, further comprising means for providing, to the user plane function, an instruction to abstain from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.8.An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 5 to 7, wherein the routing information is signalled to the at least one terminal device directly using non-access stratum signalling and / or indirectly via a user plane function.9.An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core network function comprises the user plane function.10.An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the means for configuring the user plane function comprises means for:using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; andcausing the apparatus to use the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.11.An apparatus as claimed in claim 10, further comprising means for providing the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to a session management function.12.An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 10 to 11, wherein the using the routing table to create an indication of how data traffic is to be routed is performed in dependence on determining that the routing table indicates that at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule for routing data traffic currently configured at the user plane function is to be changed.13.An apparatus as claimed in claim 9, wherein the means for configuring the user plane function comprises means for:providing the routing table to a session management function;receiving, from the session management function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed, wherein the indication comprises at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule based on the routing table; andusing the packet detection rule and / or forwarding action rule to route data traffic to the host.14.An apparatus as claimed in claim 13, further comprising means for receiving, from the session management function, an instruction to obtain an identifier of an interface between the apparatus and the at least one router from a time sensitive network translation function.15.An apparatus as claimed in any of claims 9 to 14, further comprising means for abstaining from transmitting a route advertisement in respect of at least one of said routers.16.An apparatus as claimed in claim 15, further comprising means for receiving an instruction to perform said abstaining from the session management function.17.An apparatus comprising means for performing:receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.18.An apparatus as claimed in claim 17, wherein when the indication comprises a routing table, the apparatus further comprises means for:using the routing table to create at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule that indicates how traffic data is to be routed; andproviding the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule to the user plane function.19.An apparatus comprising means for performing:receiving, from a session management function, an instruction to abstain from signalling a route advertisement in respect of at least one router of a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host; andabstaining from signalling said route advertisement, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.20.An apparatus as claimed in claim 19, further comprising means for performing:receiving, from the session management function, an indication that indicates how data traffic is to be routed, the indication comprising at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule; andcausing data traffic to be routed to the host in accordance with the at least one packet detection rule and / or at least one forwarding action rule.21.A method for an apparatus, the method comprising:exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function;constructing a routing table comprising at least one learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information; andcausing a preferred route of the at least one learnt route to be used when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host by configuring a user plane function to route the data traffic using the preferred route.22.A method for an apparatus, the method comprising:receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.23.A method for an apparatus, the method comprising:receiving, from a session management function, an instruction to abstain from signalling a route advertisement in respect of at least one router of a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host; andabstaining from signalling said route advertisement, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.24.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out:exchanging routing information with a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a core network function;constructing a routing table comprising at least one learnt route for routing data traffic to the host using the routing information; andcausing a preferred route of the at least one learnt route to be used when selecting a router from the plurality of routers for routing data traffic to the host by configuring a user plane function to route the data traffic using the preferred route.25.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out:receiving, from a user plane function, an indication of how data traffic is to be routed between the user plane function and a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host, wherein the indication comprises at least one of a routing table, at least one packet detection rule, or at least one forwarding action rule, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a session management function.26.A computer program comprising instructions which, when the program is executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out:receiving, from a session management function, an instruction to abstain from signalling a route advertisement in respect of at least one router of a plurality of routers located downlink between a terminal device and a host; andabstaining from signalling said route advertisement, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user plane function.
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