Secondary battery and device

Abstract

A secondary battery and a device. The secondary battery comprises a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet and an electrolyte; the positive electrode sheet comprises a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode solid electrolyte interface film located on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer; the negative electrode sheet comprises a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode solid electrolyte interface film located on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer; the positive electrode active material layer comprises a positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material comprises a lithium iron phosphate material, and the electrolyte comprises a sulfur-containing additive, wherein every 100 g of Fe corresponds to Z g of the sulfur-containing additive; an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer is used for testing, the mass percentage content of sulfur in the positive electrode solid electrolyte interface film is Y1%, and the mass percentage content of sulfur in the negative electrode solid electrolyte interface film is Y2%. The secondary battery satisfies: (1) 0.8≤Y1+Y2≤8.0; (2) 1.0≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.5. The secondary battery has good cycle performance and high safety.

Description

Secondary batteries and devices

[0001] This application claims priority to the Chinese patent application filed with the China Patent Office on December 8, 2023, with application number 202311694010.5 and application name “Secondary Batteries and Devices”, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference into this application. Technical Field

[0002] The present application relates to the field of energy storage, and in particular to a secondary battery and device. Background Art

[0003] With the development of society, the demand for lithium-ion batteries in application fields such as smart phones, unmanned aerial vehicles, and hybrid electric vehicles is increasing, but the energy density of existing lithium-ion batteries can no longer meet the demand. Therefore, the development of high-capacity, high-safety battery systems has become a research direction for lithium-ion batteries. Lithium iron phosphate batteries are widely used in the fields of power and energy storage batteries due to their high thermal stability and long life. However, during the research process, it was found that during the cycle of existing lithium iron phosphate batteries, the dissolution of iron ions on the positive electrode side causes serious erosion and damage to the negative electrode sheet, posing serious safety problems. Therefore, in order to solve the above-mentioned problems of lithium iron phosphate batteries, it is necessary to develop a new type of battery system, in which the interaction between the electrolyte, the interface membrane and the electrode material needs to be deeply studied.

[0004] Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the above-mentioned problems existing in the prior art, the present application proposes a secondary battery and device. This application improves the stability of the positive and negative electrode film formation by regulating the sulfur content in the positive and negative electrode solid electrolyte interface films, and the matching relationship between the lithium iron phosphate material in the positive electrode plate and the sulfur-containing additive in the electrolyte. This improves the dissolution of iron ions on the positive electrode side and prevents the corrosion and damage of the negative electrode plate by the iron ions after dissolution. At the same time, it improves the gas production problem of the secondary battery and reduces the impedance, thereby improving the cycle performance and safety of the secondary battery.

[0006] The first aspect of the present application provides a secondary battery, which includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode plate includes a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode solid electrolyte interface membrane located on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer; the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode solid electrolyte interface membrane located on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer; the positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material includes a lithium iron phosphate material, and the electrolyte includes a sulfur-containing additive, wherein every 100g of Fe corresponds to Zg of the sulfur-containing additive; using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer to test, the mass percentage of sulfur element in the positive electrode solid electrolyte interface membrane is Y1%, and the mass percentage of sulfur element in the negative electrode solid electrolyte interface membrane is Y2%; the secondary battery satisfies the following: (1) 0.8≤Y1+Y2≤8.0; (2) 1.0≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.5.

[0007] A second aspect of the present application provides a device including the aforementioned secondary battery.

[0008] The technical solution of this application can achieve the following beneficial effects:

[0009] The present application regulates the sulfur content in the positive electrode solid electrolyte interface film (CEI), the sulfur content in the negative electrode solid electrolyte interface film (SEI), the matching relationship between the lithium iron phosphate material in the positive electrode plate and the sulfur-containing additive in the electrolyte, so that they simultaneously meet 0.8≤Y1+Y2≤8.0 and 1.0≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.5. Under these limited conditions, the film formation stability of the positive and negative electrodes can be improved, the dissolution of iron ions on the positive electrode side can be improved, and the erosion and damage of the negative electrode plate by iron ions after dissolution can be avoided. At the same time, the gas production problem of the secondary battery is improved and the impedance is reduced, thereby improving the cycle performance and safety of the secondary battery with lithium iron phosphate materials as the main material. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0010] To make the purpose, technical solutions, and advantages of this application more clear, the technical solutions of this application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of this application, rather than all the embodiments. The relevant embodiments described herein are illustrative and are used to provide a basic understanding of this application. The embodiments of this application should not be interpreted as limiting this application.

[0011] For the sake of clarity, only some numerical ranges are specifically disclosed herein. However, any lower limit may be combined with any upper limit to form an unspecified range; and any lower limit may be combined with other lower limits to form an unspecified range, and similarly, any upper limit may be combined with any other upper limit to form an unspecified range. In addition, each individually disclosed point or single value may itself serve as a lower limit or upper limit and be combined with any other point or single value, or with other lower limits or upper limits, to form an unspecified range.

[0012] In the description herein, unless otherwise specified, “above” and “below” include the number itself.

[0013] Unless otherwise specified, the terms used in this application have the commonly understood meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise specified, the numerical values ​​of the various parameters mentioned in this application can be measured using various measurement methods commonly used in the art (for example, they can be tested according to the methods given in the examples of this application).

[0014] A list of items connected by the terms "at least one of," "at least one of," "at least one of," or other similar terms may mean any combination of the listed items. For example, if items A and B are listed, the phrase "at least one of A and B" means only A; only B; or A and B. In another example, if items A, B, and C are listed, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" means only A; or only B; only C; A and B (excluding C); A and C (excluding B); B and C (excluding A); or all of A, B, and C. Item A may contain a single component or multiple components. Item B may contain a single component or multiple components. Item C may contain a single component or multiple components.

[0015] Primary and secondary batteries

[0016] One or more embodiments of the present application provide a secondary battery, which includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode plate includes a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode solid electrolyte interface membrane located on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer; the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode solid electrolyte interface membrane located on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer; the positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material includes a lithium iron phosphate material, and the electrolyte includes a sulfur-containing additive, wherein every 100g of Fe corresponds to Zg of the sulfur-containing additive; using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer to test, the mass percentage of sulfur element in the positive electrode solid electrolyte interface membrane is Y1%, and the mass percentage of sulfur element in the negative electrode solid electrolyte interface membrane is Y2%; the secondary battery satisfies the following: (1) 0.8≤Y1+Y2≤8.0; (2) 1.0≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.5.

[0017] The present application regulates the matching relationship between the sulfur content in the CEI film, the sulfur content in the SEI film, the lithium iron phosphate material in the positive electrode plate and the sulfur-containing additive in the electrolyte, so that they simultaneously meet 0.8≤Y1+Y2≤8.0 and 1.0≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.5. Under these limited conditions, the film formation stability of the positive and negative electrodes can be improved, the dissolution of iron ions on the positive electrode side can be improved, and the erosion and damage of the negative electrode plate by iron ions after dissolution can be avoided. At the same time, the gas production problem of the secondary battery is improved and the impedance is reduced, thereby improving the cycle performance and safety of the secondary battery with lithium iron phosphate materials as the main material.

[0018] In some embodiments, 0.8≤Y1+Y2≤8.0. If the value of Y1+Y2 is too low, the CEI film and SEI film formed on the electrode surface will be loose and porous and not dense enough, and a stable interface film cannot be formed, thereby affecting the electrical performance and safety of the secondary battery. If the value of Y1+Y2 is too high, the CEI film and SEI film formed on the electrode surface will be too thick and prone to uneven distribution. An excessively thick interface film will result in a higher interfacial impedance (DCR), thereby degrading the kinetic performance of the secondary battery. At the same time, an unevenly distributed interface film will easily cause lithium plating problems in the battery cell, resulting in a decrease in the performance of the secondary battery, a significant decrease in the cycle capacity retention rate, and even affecting the safety performance of the secondary battery. Therefore, limiting Y1+Y2 to the above range is beneficial to improving the cycle performance and safety of the secondary battery. In some embodiments, Y1+Y2 is 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6, 5.8, 6.0, 6.2, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, 8.0, or a range consisting of any two of the above values.

[0019] In some embodiments, 1.0≤Y1+Y2≤6.0. Within this limited range, an excellent CEI / SEI film with both low impedance and high density can be further formed, which is more conducive to improving the electrical performance and safety of the secondary battery.

[0020] In some embodiments, 1.0≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.5. If the value of (Y1+Y2) / Z is too low, it indicates that the sum of the sulfur-containing compound content of the CEI membrane and the sulfur-containing compound content in the SEI membrane in the positive electrode cell with lithium iron phosphate as the main material is too low, which cannot effectively prevent the dissolution of iron ions on the positive electrode side, nor can it effectively protect the negative electrode structure, seriously affecting the cycle performance and safety performance of the secondary battery; if the value of (Y1+Y2) / Z is too high, it indicates that the sum of the sulfur-containing compound content of the CEI membrane and the sulfur-containing compound content in the SEI membrane in the positive electrode cell with lithium iron phosphate as the main material is too high, thereby deteriorating the transmission efficiency of lithium ions at the interface and affecting the kinetic performance of the secondary battery; therefore, limiting (Y1+Y2) / Z to the above range is beneficial to improving the cycle performance, safety and kinetic performance of the secondary battery. In some embodiments, (Y1+Y2) / Z is 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 or a range consisting of any two of the above values.

[0021] In some embodiments, 1.5≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.0. Within this limited range, positive electrode materials with different Fe contents can be better matched, the formed CEI film more effectively protects the positive electrode structure and inhibits iron ion dissolution, and the SEI film more effectively protects the negative electrode structure, further improving the electrical performance and safety of the secondary battery.

[0022] In some embodiments, 0.1≤Y1≤2.5. If Y1 is too high, the impedance of the CEI film will be too high, thereby degrading the lithium ion transmission ability of the interface film, that is, degrading the dynamic performance of the lithium ion battery; if Y1 is too low, the CEI film will be loose and incomplete, and will not be able to effectively protect the electrode material, that is, it will not be able to effectively ensure the safety performance of the battery cell; controlling Y1 within the above range will improve the dynamic performance of the lithium ion battery while ensuring its safety performance. In some embodiments, Y1 is 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 or a range consisting of any two of the above values. In some embodiments, 0.3≤Y1≤2.0.

[0023] In some embodiments, 0.3≤Y2≤6.0. If Y2 is too high, the impedance of the SEI film will be too high, thereby degrading the lithium ion transmission ability of the interface film, that is, degrading the dynamic performance of the lithium ion battery; if Y2 is too low, the SEI film will be loose and incomplete, and will not be able to effectively protect the electrode material, that is, it will not be able to effectively ensure the safety performance of the battery cell; controlling Y2 within the above range will improve the dynamic performance of the lithium ion battery while ensuring its safety performance. In some embodiments, Y2 is 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 or a range consisting of any two of the above values. In some embodiments, 0.5≤Y2≤5.0.

[0024] In some embodiments, 0.1 ≤ Z ≤ 5.0. A high Z corresponds to an excessively high amount of sulfur-containing additive, which can result in an excessively thick SEI / CEI film and excessively high impedance. A low Z corresponds to an excessively low amount of sulfur-containing additive, which can result in insufficient integrity of the formed SEI / CEI film and inability to effectively protect the electrode material. In some embodiments, Z is 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, or a range consisting of any two of these values. In some embodiments, 0.3 ≤ Z ≤ 4.0.

[0025] In some embodiments, the sulfur-containing additive includes at least one of a sulfonate, a sulfate, and a sulfite. The sulfur-containing additive has a lower reduction potential and can form inorganic sulfur-based lithium salts such as Li2S, Li2SO4, and Li3SO3, and organic compound segments of varying lengths, such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, during the formation phase in the low-voltage range. These segments participate in the formation of an interfacial film on the electrode surface, thereby improving interfacial stability and interfacial lithium conductivity, further enhancing the electrical performance and safety of the battery cell.

[0026] In some embodiments, the sulfonate ester includes at least one of 1,3-propane sultone (1,3-PS), 1-propylene-1,3-sultone (PST), 1,4-butane sultone (1,4-BS), and methylene methane disulfonate (MMDS).

[0027] In some embodiments, the sulfate ester includes at least one of diethyl sulfate (DTD), 4-methylethylene sulfate (PCS), 4-ethylethylene sulfate (PES), 4-propylethylene sulfate (PEGLST), and propylene sulfate (TS).

[0028] In some embodiments, the sulfite comprises at least one of ethylene sulfite (DTO), dimethyl sulfite (DMS), and diethyl sulfite (DES).

[0029] In some embodiments, the lithium iron phosphate material includes Li x Fe y R (1-y) At least one of PO4 materials, wherein R includes at least one of Mn, Co, Ti, Mg, Ca, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Mo, Zn, Al, B and Nb elements, 0.05≤x≤1.2, 0<y≤1.

[0030] In some embodiments, the lithium iron phosphate material is preferably LiFePO 4 .

[0031] In some embodiments, the surface of the lithium iron phosphate material has a carbon coating layer; based on the mass of the lithium iron phosphate material, the mass percentage of the carbon coating layer is 1% to 3%. It is understood that if the carbon coating layer is too thin, it will not effectively improve the inherent conductivity of the positive electrode material, and the power performance of the lithium-ion battery will be poor; if the carbon coating layer is too thick, the energy density of the lithium-ion battery will be significantly reduced, and the unevenness of the coating will be more obvious and the defects will increase, affecting the performance of the lithium-ion battery. In some embodiments, the mass percentage of the carbon coating layer is 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3.0%, or a range consisting of any two of the above values.

[0032] In some embodiments, the positive electrode active material layer further includes a binder, and optionally a conductive material. The binder improves the bonding between the positive electrode active material particles and also improves the bonding between the positive electrode active material and the current collector.

[0033] In some embodiments, the binder includes, but is not limited to: polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, polymers containing ethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy resin or nylon, etc.

[0034] In some embodiments, the conductive material includes, but is not limited to, carbon-based materials, metal-based materials, conductive polymers, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material is selected from natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon fiber, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal-based material is selected from metal powder, metal fiber, copper, nickel, aluminum, or silver. In some embodiments, the conductive polymer is a polyphenylene derivative.

[0035] In some embodiments, the positive electrode sheet further includes a positive electrode current collector, which can be a metal foil or a composite current collector. For example, aluminum foil can be used. The composite current collector can be formed by forming a metal material (copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, titanium, titanium alloy, silver, silver alloy, etc.) on a polymer substrate.

[0036] In some embodiments, the porosity of the positive electrode sheet is ε1, which satisfies: 22% ≤ ε1 ≤ 42%. If the porosity of the positive electrode sheet is too low, it will affect the infiltration of the electrolyte, resulting in too low a sulfur content in the CEI membrane and increasing the difficulty of lithium ion conduction; if the porosity of the positive electrode sheet is too high, it will damage the energy density of the positive electrode sheet. Controlling the porosity of the positive electrode sheet within the above range is beneficial to controlling the sulfur content in the CEI membrane within a reasonable range while ensuring a high energy density, and ensuring rapid conduction of lithium ions in the positive electrode sheet. In some embodiments, ε1 is 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36%, 38%, 40%, 42% or a range consisting of any two of the above values.

[0037] In some embodiments, the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material includes at least one of a silicon-based material, a carbon-based material, a tin-based material, a phosphorus-based material, and metallic lithium. Exemplarily, the silicon-based material includes at least one of silicon, a silicon alloy, a silicon oxide, and a silicon-carbon compound. Exemplarily, the carbon-based material includes at least one of graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Exemplarily, the tin-based material includes at least one of tin, tin oxide, and a tin alloy. Exemplarily, the phosphorus-based material includes at least one of phosphorus and a phosphorus complex.

[0038] In some embodiments, the negative electrode active material layer further includes a binder and a conductive agent. The binder includes, but is not limited to: at least one of polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, ethylene oxide-containing polymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene 1,1-difluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylic (ester) styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy resin or nylon. The conductive agent includes, but is not limited to: at least one of carbon-based materials, metal-based materials, conductive polymers and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the carbon-based material includes natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon fiber or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the metal-based material includes metal powder, metal fiber, copper, nickel, aluminum or silver. In some embodiments, the conductive polymer includes a polyphenylene derivative.

[0039] In some embodiments, the negative electrode plate further includes a negative electrode current collector, which includes at least one of copper foil, nickel foil, stainless steel foil, titanium foil, nickel foam, copper foam, a polymer substrate coated with a conductive metal, or any combination thereof.

[0040] In some embodiments, the porosity of the negative electrode sheet is ε2, which satisfies: 28% ≤ ε2 ≤ 45%. If the porosity of the negative electrode sheet is too low, it will affect the infiltration of the electrolyte, resulting in too low a sulfur content in the SEI film and increasing the difficulty of lithium ion conduction; if the porosity of the negative electrode sheet is too high, it will damage the energy density of the negative electrode sheet. Controlling the porosity of the negative electrode sheet within the above range is conducive to controlling the sulfur content in the SEI film within a reasonable range while ensuring a high energy density, and ensuring rapid conduction of lithium ions in the negative electrode sheet. In some embodiments, ε2 is 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36%, 38%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 45% or a range consisting of any two of the above values.

[0041] In some embodiments, the electrolyte further comprises a lithium salt, at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), lithium trifluorosulfonyl (LiOTf), lithium bis(oxalatoborate) (LiBOB), lithium bis(fluoromalonate)borate (LiBFMB), and lithium difluorooxalatoborate (LiDFOB). In some embodiments, the lithium salt is preferably LiPF6.

[0042] In some embodiments, the electrolyte further includes a non-aqueous solvent, and the non-aqueous solvent includes at least one of a chain carbonate compound, a cyclic carbonate compound, and a carboxylate compound.

[0043] In some embodiments, the linear carbonate compound includes, but is not limited to, one or more of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), methylpropyl carbonate (MPC), ethylpropyl carbonate (EPC), or ethylmethyl carbonate (MEC).

[0044] In some embodiments, the cyclic carbonate compound includes, but is not limited to, one or more of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), or vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC).

[0045] In some embodiments, the carboxylate compound includes, but is not limited to, one or more of methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, γ-butyrolactone, decanoic acid lactone, valerolactone, or caprolactone.

[0046] In some embodiments, a separator is provided between the positive and negative electrode sheets to prevent short circuits. The material and shape of the separator used in the embodiments of the present application are not particularly limited and may be any known prior art material. In some embodiments, the separator comprises a polymer or inorganic material, for example, formed from a material that is stable to the electrolyte of the present application.

[0047] In some embodiments, the isolation film includes a base film and a coating disposed on the base film. The base film includes at least one of a polyethylene film, a polypropylene film, a PP / PE / PP composite film, a polyimide film, an aramid film, a polyethylene terephthalate film, or a non-woven fabric. In some embodiments, the coating includes at least one of a polymer layer, an inorganic ceramic layer, or a hybrid layer of a polymer and an inorganic ceramic layer.

[0048] In some embodiments, the inorganic ceramic layer includes inorganic particles and a binder, wherein the inorganic particles include at least one of aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, hafnium dioxide, tin oxide, cerium dioxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, yttrium oxide, silicon carbide, boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, or barium sulfate. The binder includes at least one of polyvinylidene fluoride, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylate, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl ether, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, or polyhexafluoropropylene.

[0049] The polymer layer includes a polymer, and the polymer material includes at least one of polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, acrylate polymer, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl ether, polyvinylidene fluoride or poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene).

[0050] In some embodiments, a method for preparing a secondary battery includes providing an electrode assembly, injecting a solution, encapsulating, and forming a battery. In some embodiments, the forming temperature is 40° C. to 50° C., for example, 40° C., 41° C., 42° C., 43° C., 44° C., 45° C., 46° C., 47° C., 48° C., 49° C., 50° C., or a range consisting of any two of the foregoing values.

[0051] In some embodiments, the formation comprises: charging at a constant current of 0.05C for 120 minutes, charging at a constant current and voltage of 0.1C to 3.8V, and discharging at a constant current and voltage of 0.2C to 2.3V at a temperature of 40-50°C, for example 45°C, and a pressure of 150-250kgf, for example 210kgf.

[0052] In some embodiments, the secondary battery is a lithium secondary battery or a sodium secondary battery. In some embodiments, the lithium secondary battery includes, but is not limited to, a lithium metal secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium polymer secondary battery, or a lithium ion polymer secondary battery.

[0053] In some embodiments, the secondary battery may include an outer packaging, which may be a hard shell, such as a hard plastic shell, an aluminum shell, a steel shell, etc. The outer packaging of the secondary battery may also be a soft package, such as a bag-type soft package. The material of the soft package may be plastic, such as one or more of polypropylene (PP), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polybutylene succinate (PBS).

[0054] In some embodiments, the shape of the secondary battery is not particularly limited and can be cylindrical, square, or any other shape.

[0055] In some embodiments, the present application also provides a battery module. The battery module includes the aforementioned secondary battery. The battery module of the present application utilizes the aforementioned secondary battery and therefore has at least the same advantages as the secondary battery. The battery module of the present application may include multiple secondary batteries, the specific number of which can be adjusted based on the application and capacity of the battery module.

[0056] In some embodiments, the present application further provides a battery pack comprising the aforementioned battery module. The number of battery modules contained in the battery pack can be adjusted according to the application and capacity of the battery pack.

[0057] 2. Device

[0058] The present application also provides a device comprising at least one of the above-mentioned secondary battery, battery module or battery pack.

[0059] In some embodiments, the device includes, but is not limited to, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, power storage systems, etc. To meet the device's requirements for high power and high energy density of secondary batteries, a battery pack or battery module may be used.

[0060] In other embodiments, the device may be a mobile phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, etc. The device is generally required to be lightweight and thin, and may use a secondary battery as a power source.

[0061] Hereinafter, the secondary battery of the present application will be further described in combination with specific embodiments and comparative examples.

[0062] Examples and Comparative Examples

[0063] Hereinafter, the present application will be described in more detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples. However, the present application is not limited to these Examples unless departing from the gist of the present application.

[0064] The materials and solvents used in the following examples were all commercially available.

[0065] Example 1

[0066] Preparation of positive electrode sheet: The positive electrode active material LiFePO4 (carbon coated), conductive agent carbon nanotube (CNT) and acetylene black (ACET), and binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are fully slurried in an N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent system in a weight ratio of LiFePO4:CNT:ACET:PVDF=97:0.5:1:1.5, and then evenly coated on one side of the positive electrode current collector aluminum foil with a thickness of 12μm. After drying, the above steps are repeated on the other side of the aluminum foil to obtain a double-sided coated positive electrode sheet. After cold pressing, cutting, and welding the pole ears, the positive electrode sheet is obtained.

[0067] Preparation of the negative electrode sheet: The negative electrode active material graphite, conductive agent acetylene black (ACET), binder styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), thickener sodium carboxymethyl cellulose CMCNa, and polyacrylic acid PAA are fully homogenized in deionized water in a weight ratio of graphite:ACET:SBR:CMCNa:PAA=95:2:1.5:1:0.5, and then coated on one side of the negative electrode current collector copper foil with a thickness of 8μm. After drying, the above steps are repeated on the other side of the copper foil to obtain a double-sided coated negative electrode sheet. After cold pressing, cutting, and welding the pole ears, the negative electrode sheet is obtained.

[0068] Preparation of electrolyte: In an argon-protected glove box (water <0.1ppm, oxygen <0.1ppm), solvents ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a mass ratio of EC:EMC:DEC = 3:5:2, and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) was added to a molar concentration of 1 mol / L (mass percentage of 12.5%) based on the mass of the solvent. Based on the mass of Fe in the positive electrode sheet, a corresponding proportion of sulfur-containing additives was added to the electrolyte, and the electrolyte was prepared after stirring evenly.

[0069] Isolation film: PP / PE / PP three-layer composite film is used as the isolation film.

[0070] Preparation of lithium-ion batteries: The prepared positive electrode sheet, separator, and negative electrode sheet are stacked in order, with the separator positioned between the positive and negative electrode sheets, and then wound to obtain a bare cell. The bare cell is placed in an aluminum-plastic film outer packaging. After thorough drying, the prepared lithium-ion battery electrolyte is injected at an injection coefficient of 3.5g / Ah. The battery is vacuum-sealed, stored at 45°C for 48 hours, and formed in a high-temperature fixture (formation conditions are: temperature 45°C, pressure 210kgf, 0.1C current charging to 3.5V and stabilizing for 60 minutes, then 0.1C discharge to 2.3V, and this is repeated twice). After formation, it is aged at 45°C for 24 hours, sealed again, and then the capacity is divided as usual to obtain a lithium-ion battery with a rated capacity of 3Ah.

[0071] Example 2-13

[0072] Examples 2-13 were achieved based on Example 1 by adjusting the type of sulfur-containing additive in the electrolyte, the Fe content in the positive electrode sheet, the mass of the sulfur-containing additive added to the electrolyte per 100g of Fe in the positive electrode sheet, the porosity of the positive electrode sheet, the porosity of the negative electrode sheet, and the carbon coating amount on the surface of the lithium iron phosphate material. Specific adjustment measures and detailed data are shown in Table 1. The rest of the preparation method is the same as that of Example 1.

[0073] Comparative Example 1

[0074] The difference between Comparative Example 1 and Example 1 is the preparation of the electrolyte: in an argon-protected glove box (water <0.1ppm, oxygen <0.1ppm), the solvents ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed in a mass ratio of EC:EMC:DEC=3:5:2, and lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) was added to a molar concentration of 1 mol / L (mass percentage of 12.5%) based on the mass of the solvent. After stirring, the electrolyte was prepared. The other preparation methods were the same as those in Example 1.

[0075] Comparative Examples 2-5

[0076] Comparative Examples 2-5 were achieved based on Examples 1-13 by adjusting the type of sulfur-containing additive in the electrolyte, the Fe content in the positive electrode sheet, the mass of the sulfur-containing additive added to the electrolyte per 100g of Fe in the positive electrode sheet, the porosity of the positive electrode sheet, the porosity of the negative electrode sheet, and the carbon coating amount on the surface of the lithium iron phosphate material. Specific adjustment measures and detailed data are shown in Table 1. The rest of the preparation method is the same as that of Example 1.

[0077] In Examples 7-10 and Comparative Example 4, the sulfur-containing additive included 1,3-propane sultone (PS) and dithiothreitol (DTD), with the mass ratio of PS to DTD being 3:2. In Examples 11-12, the sulfur-containing additive included 1,3-propane sultone (PS) and dithiothreitol (DTD), with the mass ratio of PS to DTD being 1:1.

[0078] Test Method

[0079] 1. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) test

[0080] The lithium-ion battery was discharged at a current of 0.1C to 2.3V and then disassembled in an argon-filled glove box to obtain the electrode sheet. The resulting electrode sheet was cut into 8mm×8mm test samples and soaked and cleaned in a low-boiling-point dimethyl carbonate (DMC) solvent for half an hour. After complete drying, it was attached to the XPS sample stage with the surface of the negative electrode active material layer facing away from the current collector facing upward. Measurements were performed without exposure to the atmosphere.

[0081] The specific test conditions and steps are as follows: single crystal spectroscopy AlKα rays are used, as for the X-ray point, an elliptical form of 1000×1750 μm with an output of 10 KV and 22 mA is used, 284.8 eV is used for neutral carbon C1s, and as for data processing such as peak differentiation, 3-point smoothing, peak area measurement, background subtraction and peak synthesis are used to calculate the atoms of each component.

[0082] 2. Pole piece porosity test

[0083] Porosity is measured using a mercury intrusion porosimeter. Specifically, the dried electrode sample is cut into thin strips of a certain size. A micrometer is used to measure the apparent volume of the electrode coating: apparent volume = sample coating thickness × sample length × sample width. The electrode is then vacuum-degassed, rolled, and placed in a sample cell. The sample volume must occupy 40%-70% of the effective volume of the sample tube to ensure measurement accuracy. A mercury intrusion porosimeter is then used to measure the sample's pore volume, i.e., the volume of mercury intruded into the sample. Porosity = pore volume / apparent volume.

[0084] 3. Initial impedance test

[0085] The lithium-ion batteries of Examples 1-13 and Comparative Examples 1-5 were subjected to a pre-cycling 50% SOC DCR test. The lithium-ion batteries were discharged at a constant current of 1C to 2.3V at 25±2°C, then charged at a constant current of 0.5C to 3.8V. At 3.8V, they were charged to a constant voltage of 0.05C. Then, they were discharged again at a constant current of 1C to 50% SOC. After standing for 60 minutes, the voltage U1 at the end of the standing period was recorded. The batteries were then discharged at a constant current of 2C for 10 seconds, and the voltage U2 at the end of the discharge was recorded. The 2C current was designated as I, and the batteries were allowed to stand for 60 minutes. The battery's discharge DCR at 50% SOC was calculated using the formula DCR = (U1 - U2) / I.

[0086] 4. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP) test

[0087] The content of metallic iron (Fe) on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer can be quantitatively analyzed by ICP.

[0088] The specific testing method is as follows: the lithium-ion batteries of Examples 1-13 and Comparative Examples 1-5 after the specified cycle are disassembled in a protective atmosphere, the negative electrode plates are removed, and washed three times with DMC. After standing for several hours to allow the organic solvent to completely evaporate, the negative electrode plate powder is collected for subsequent ICP testing.

[0089] Weigh about 0.05g (accurate to 0.00001g) of the sample into a 50mL beaker, add 8.0mL of hydrochloric acid solution (prepared with concentrated hydrochloric acid and pure water in a volume ratio of 1:1), and heat on an electric furnace at low temperature to dissolve. After the sample is basically dissolved, add 5 drops of hydrogen peroxide and a small amount of water. Heat until the solution stops bubbling, then remove and cool. Transfer to a 100mL volumetric flask and make up the volume. At the same time, perform a blank experiment and record the Fe content (ppm).

[0090] 5. Cycle capacity retention test

[0091] At 45°C, the lithium-ion batteries of Examples 1-13 and Comparative Examples 1-5 were charged to 3.8V at 1C constant current and constant voltage, and then discharged to 2.3V at 1C constant current. After 500 charge and discharge cycles, the capacity retention after the 500th cycle at 45°C was calculated according to the following formula: discharge capacity after the 500th cycle / discharge capacity after the first cycle × 100%.

[0092] 6. Change rate of cell thickness after 500 cycles at 45℃

[0093] The lithium-ion batteries of Examples 1-13 and Comparative Examples 1-5 were discharged at 1C at 25°C to 2.3V, then charged at 1C to 3.8V, and then charged to 0.05C at a constant voltage at 3.8V. The thickness of the lithium-ion batteries at this point was measured using a PPG soft-pack battery thickness gauge, and the thickness was recorded as d0. The thickness of the battery after 500 cycles at 45°C was recorded as d1. The thickness change rate was calculated as (d1-d0) / d0×100%.

[0094] Please see Table 1 below for test data.

[0095] Table 1

[0096] By comparing the data of Examples 1-13 with those of Comparative Examples 1-5, it can be seen that by regulating the sulfur content in the positive electrode solid electrolyte interface film (CEI), the sulfur content in the negative electrode solid electrolyte interface film (SEI), the matching relationship between the lithium iron phosphate material in the positive electrode plate and the sulfur-containing additive in the electrolyte, so as to simultaneously satisfy 0.8≤Y1+Y2≤8.0 and 1.0≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.5, under these limited conditions, the film formation stability of the positive and negative electrodes can be improved, the dissolution of iron ions on the positive electrode side can be significantly reduced, and the erosion and damage of the negative electrode plate by iron ions after dissolution can be effectively avoided, and the cycle capacity retention rate of the secondary battery with lithium iron phosphate material as the main material can be significantly improved. At the same time, the gas production problem of the secondary battery is alleviated and the impedance problem is improved.

[0097] By comparing the data of Example 1-3 and Comparative Example 1-3, it can be seen that by adjusting the mass (Z) of the sulfur-containing additive added in the electrolyte corresponding to every 100gFe in the positive electrode sheet, the value of Y1+Y2, (Y1+Y2) / Z changes therewith. When Z value is on the small side, the value of Y1+Y2 is on the small side, and Fe detection amount on the negative electrode sheet of lithium ion battery significantly increases and the cycle capacity retention rate significantly decreases, and is accompanied by serious cycle gas production problem. This is because, Z value is on the small side, and the value of Y1+Y2 is on the small side, resulting in the CEI film and SEI film formed on the electrode surface being loose and porous and not dense enough, it is impossible to form a stable interface film, it is impossible to prevent the dissolution of the positive side iron ions and it is impossible to avoid the corrosion and destruction of the negative electrode sheet by the iron ions after dissolution, affecting the electrical performance and safety of secondary batteries. When Z value is on the large side, the value of Y1+Y2 is on the large side, and the DCR of lithium ion battery becomes large and the cycle capacity retention rate significantly decreases. This is because the value of Z is too large, and the value of Y1+Y2 is too large, which causes the CEI film and SEI film formed on the electrode surface to be too thick and easily unevenly distributed. An excessively thick interface film will bring a higher interface impedance (DCR), thereby deteriorating the kinetic performance of the secondary battery. At the same time, an unevenly distributed interface film is also prone to cause lithium plating problems in the battery cell, resulting in a decline in the performance of the secondary battery, a significant decrease in the cycle capacity retention rate, and even affecting the safety performance of the secondary battery.

[0098] By comparing the data of Examples 7-9 with Comparative Example 4, it can be seen that by adjusting the porosity ε1 and ε2 of the positive and negative electrode sheets, the values ​​of Y1+Y2 and (Y1+Y2) / Z change accordingly. When the porosity of the positive and negative electrode sheets is too small, the values ​​of Y1+Y2 and (Y1+Y2) / Z are too small, the cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium-ion battery decreases significantly and the cycle gas production problem is serious. This is because the porosity of the positive and negative electrode sheets is too low, which affects the infiltration of the electrolyte, resulting in too low sulfur content in the CEI membrane and SEI membrane, and at the same time increasing the difficulty of lithium ion conduction.

[0099] Although some exemplary embodiments of the present application have been illustrated and described, the present application is not limited to the disclosed embodiments. On the contrary, those skilled in the art will recognize that some modifications and changes may be made to the described embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application as described in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A secondary battery, characterized in that: The secondary battery comprises a positive electrode sheet, a negative electrode sheet and an electrolyte, wherein the positive electrode sheet comprises a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode solid electrolyte interface film located on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer; the negative electrode sheet comprises a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode solid electrolyte interface film located on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer; The positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material includes a lithium iron phosphate material, and the electrolyte includes a sulfur-containing additive, wherein every 100g of Fe corresponds to Z g of the sulfur-containing additive; According to the test using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, the mass percentage of sulfur in the positive electrode solid electrolyte interface film is Y1%, and the mass percentage of sulfur in the negative electrode solid electrolyte interface film is Y2%; The secondary battery satisfies the following requirements: (1) 0.8≤Y1+Y2≤8.0; and (2) 1.0≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.

5.

2. The secondary battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The secondary battery further satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) 1.0≤Y1+Y2≤6.0; (2)1.5≤(Y1+Y2) / Z≤3.

0.

3. The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that: The secondary battery further satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1)0.1≤Y1≤2.5； (2)0.3≤Y2≤6.0； (3)0.1≤Z≤5.0。 4. The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The secondary battery further satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1)0.3≤Y1≤2.0； (2)0.5≤Y2≤5.0； (3)0.3≤Z≤4.0。 5. The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The sulfur-containing additive includes at least one of sulfonate, sulfate, and sulfite.

6. The secondary battery according to claim 5, characterized in that: The sulfonate ester includes at least one of methylene methanedisulfonate, 1,3-propane sultone, 1-propylene-1,3-sultone, 1,4-butane sultone and methylene methanedisulfonate; and / or, The sulfates include vinyl sulfate, 4-methylethylene sulfate, 4-ethylethylene sulfate, 4-propylethylene sulfate, At least one of ethyl sulfate and propylene sulfate; and / or, The sulfite includes at least one of ethylene sulfite, dimethyl sulfite and diethyl sulfite.

7. The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The lithium iron phosphate material includes Li x Fe y R (1-y) At least one of PO4 materials, wherein R includes at least one of Mn, Co, Ti, Mg, Ca, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Mo, Zn, Al, B and Nb elements, 0.05≤x≤1.2, 0<y≤1.

8. The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The secondary battery further satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) The surface of the lithium iron phosphate material has a carbon coating layer; based on the mass of the lithium iron phosphate material, the mass percentage of the carbon coating layer is 1% to 3%; (2) The porosity of the positive electrode sheet is ε1, which satisfies: 22%≤ε1≤42%; (3) The porosity of the negative electrode plate is ε2, satisfying: 28%≤ε2≤45%.

9. The secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that: The negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material includes at least one of a silicon-based material, a carbon-based material, a tin-based material, a phosphorus-based material and metallic lithium; wherein the silicon-based material includes at least one of silicon, a silicon alloy, a silicon oxide compound and a silicon carbon compound; the carbon-based material includes at least one of graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene; the tin-based material includes at least one of tin, tin oxide and a tin alloy; the phosphorus-based material includes at least one of phosphorus and a phosphorus complex; and / or, The electrolyte also includes a non-aqueous solvent and a lithium salt, wherein the non-aqueous solvent includes at least one of a chain carbonate compound, a cyclic carbonate compound and a carboxylate compound; and the lithium salt includes at least one of lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, trifluorosulfonyl lithium, lithium bis(oxalatoborate), lithium bis(fluoromalonate)borate and lithium difluorooxalatoborate.

10. A device, characterized in that: The device includes the secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

Images