Method of determining a position of a radiotherapy apparatus component
The method combines data from sensors with varying displacement ranges to accurately determine the position of radiotherapy apparatus components, addressing the challenge of high-accuracy positioning over long ranges while reducing costs.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/140133
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Determining the position of components in radiotherapy apparatuses with high accuracy and precision over a long displacement range is challenging due to the technical complexity and the high cost of sensors with high position resolution.
A method using a combination of three sensors with different displacement indication ranges to determine the position of a component, allowing for improved accuracy by combining low-resolution, long-range sensor data with high-resolution, short-range sensor data.
This approach enables accurate determination of component position with improved resolution and reduced costs compared to using a single high-accuracy, long-range sensor.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023140133_26062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
Method of determining a position of a radiotherapy apparatus component
[0001] This disclosure relates to methods, apparatus, devices, systems, and computer readable media for radiotherapy, and in particular but without limitation to methods, apparatus, and / or computer readable media for determining a position of a component of a radiotherapy apparatus.Background
[0002] Radiotherapy can be described as the use of ionising radiation, such as X-rays, to treat a human or animal body. Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat tumours within the body of a human or animal patient, or subject. In such treatments, ionising radiation is used to irradiate, and thus destroy or damage, cells which form part of the tumour.
[0003] Radiotherapy apparatus are highly complex machines having a significant number of complex interacting subsystems. Accurate mechanical control of many components is important for effective radiotherapy. More accurate and / or precise positioning of components can enable the radiotherapy to be more effectively targeted to the tumour, and can reduce the amount of healthy tissue that is exposed to radiation. However, determining the position (s) of those components with high accuracy or high resolution can be challenging and highly technically involved.Summary
[0004] An invention is set out in the claims.
[0005] Figures
[0006] Specific examples are now described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings, in which:
[0007] Fig. 1 shows a radiotherapy apparatus;
[0008] Fig. 2 shows an apparatus for determining a position of a component of a radiotherapy apparatus;
[0009] Fig. 3 shows a flowchart of a method for determining a position of a component of a radiotherapy apparatus;
[0010] Fig. 4 shows a plot of exemplary displacement indication data obtained by three sensors;
[0011] Fig. 5 shows a block diagram of one implementation of a radiotherapy system; and
[0012] Fig. 6 shows a computer readable medium or, more generally, a computer program product.Detailed Description
[0013] Fig. 1 shows a radiotherapy apparatus 100, or device, suitable for delivering, and configured to deliver, a beam of radiation to a patient during radiotherapy treatment. The radiotherapy apparatus 100 and its constituent components will be described generally for the purpose of providing useful accompanying information for the present disclosure. The radiotherapy apparatus 100 shown in Fig. 1 is suitable for use with the disclosed methods, apparatus, and / or computer readable media.
[0014] The radiotherapy apparatus 100 is as an image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) machine. The radiotherapy apparatus 100 comprises a rotatable gantry 102 to which are mounted a treatment apparatus 104 and an imaging apparatus 106. In this example, the treatment apparatus 104 and the imaging apparatus 106 are attached to the gantry, so that they are rotatable with the gantry, i.e. so that they rotate as the gantry rotates. Positioned in a treatment volume 109 of the radiotherapy apparatus 100 is a patient support surface 110 upon which a patient 112 is positioned during radiotherapy treatment.
[0015] The patient support surface 110 is configured to move between a first position substantially outside the treatment volume 109, and a second position substantially inside the treatment volume 109. In the first position, a patient or subject can mount the patient support surface. The patient support surface 110, and patient, can then be moved inside the bore, to the second position, in order for the patient to be imaged or treated using the radiotherapy apparatus 100. The movement of the patient support surface is effected and controlled by a patient support surface actuator, which may be described as an actuation mechanism. Together, these components may be described as a patient positioning system, which may comprise other components. The patient support surface may also be referred to as a moveable or adjustable couch or table.
[0016] Treatment apparatus 104 comprises a treatment beam source 114 and a treatment beam target 116. The treatment beam source 114 is configured to emit or direct therapeutic, or treatment, radiation, for example megavolt (MV) energy radiation, towards the treatment volume 109 and thus the patient 112. As the skilled person will appreciate, the treatment beam source 114 may comprise an electron source, a linear accelerator (linac) for accelerating electrons toward a heavy metal, e.g. tungsten, target to produce high energy photons, and a collimator configured to collimate the resulting photons and thus produce a treatment beam. Once the treatment radiation has passed from the source 114 and through the patient 112, the treatment radiation continues towards a treatment beam target 116, where it is blocked / absorbed. The treatment beam target 116 may include an imaging panel (not shown) . The treatment beam target may therefore form part of an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) . EPIDs are generally known to the skilled person and will not be discussed in detail herein.
[0017] The imaging apparatus 106 comprises an imaging beam source 118 and an imaging panel 120. The imaging beam source 118 is configured to emit or direct imaging radiation, such as X-rays of kV energy, towards the patient 112. As the skilled person will appreciate, the imaging beam source 118 may be an X-ray tube or other suitable source of X-rays. The imaging beam source 119 is configured to produce kV energy radiation. Once the imaging radiation has passed from the imaging beam source 118 and through the patient 112, the imaging radiation continues towards the imaging panel 120. The imaging panel 120 may be described as a radiation detector, or a radiation intensity detector. The imaging panel 120 is configured to produce signals indicative of the intensity of radiation incident on the imaging panel 120. In use, these signals are indicative of the intensity of radiation which has passed through a patient 112. These signals may be processed to form an image of the patient 112. This process may be described as the imaging apparatus 106 and / or the imaging panel 120 capturing an image. By taking images at multiple angles around the patient it is possible to produce a 3D image of the patient, for example using tomographic reconstruction techniques.
[0018] The imaging beam source 118 may be mounted on an imaging source arm such that the imaging beam source 118 is moveable along a direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the gantry. The imaging source arm is thus configured to deploy the imaging beam source 118 to a position away from the gantry (adeployed position) for use in imaging the patient, and is configured to retract the imaging beam source 118 source to a position near to the gantry (aretracted position) for situations in which imaging is not required.
[0019] In conventional radiotherapy systems, an imaging source arm is manually moved between the deployed position and the retracted position by an operator. The operator can manually slide the imaging source arm from the retracted to the deployed position, and vice versa. In such known systems, the operator manually locks the source arm in either the deployed or retracted position by manually engaging latch pins.
[0020] In the illustrated example, the treatment apparatus 104 and the imaging apparatus 106 are mounted on the gantry such that a treatment beam travels in a direction that is generally perpendicular to that of the imaging beam.
[0021] Because the gantry 102 is rotatable, the treatment beam can be delivered to a patient from a range of angles. Similarly, the patient can be imaged from a range of angles by the imaging apparatus 106. As the skilled person will appreciate, the gantry 102 can be rotated to any of a number of discrete angular positions relative to a patient. The treatment apparatus 104 may direct radiation toward the patient at each or a number of these discrete angular positions, according to a treatment plan. The treatment apparatus 104 may even be used to continuously irradiate a patient at all rotation angles as it is rotated by the gantry 102. The angles from which radiation is applied, and the intensity and shape of the therapeutic beam, may depend on a specific treatment plan pertaining to a given patient.
[0022] The radiotherapy apparatus 100 additionally comprises a controller (not shown) . The controller comprises a computer, processor, and / or other processing device configured to control the radiotherapy apparatus 100. The controller is configured to send control signals to multiple different components of the radiotherapy apparatus 100, for example those described above and elsewhere herein. The controller is also configured to send control signals to the treatment apparatus in order to effect changes in radiotherapy treatment. The controller also collects data indicative of the performance and actions of various components of the radiotherapy apparatus 100. For example, the controller controls rotation of the gantry and records the angle to which the gantry has been rotated.
[0023] The controller may be formed by several discrete processors; for example, the controller may comprise an imaging apparatus processor, which controls the imaging apparatus 106; an treatment apparatus processor, which controls the operation of the treatment apparatus 104; and a patient support surface processor which controls the operation and actuation of the patient support surface 110. The controller is communicatively coupled to a memory, e.g. a computer readable medium, comprising computer-executable instructions which may be executed by the controller. The computer-executable, or computer-readable, instructions, may cause a processor to perform any one or more of the methods disclosed herein.
[0024] The radiotherapy apparatus 100 also comprises several other components and systems as will be understood by the skilled person. For example, in order to ensure the linac does not leak radiation, appropriate shielding is also provided.
[0025] Moveable components of a radiotherapy apparatus can thus include, but are not limited to, a patient support surface, an imaging source arm and / or imaging beam source, as well as rotationally moveable components such as the gantry and components mounted to it. Accurate control and / or determination of the position of each of these components enables more effective radiotherapy to be delivered. For components such as the imaging source arm and imaging beam source mounted to it, highly accurate control and / or determination of position may be required over a relatively long range of displacement or motion. A position sensor may be used to monitor, detect, and / or determine the position of the imaging beam source along its range of motion. However, sensors with particularly high accuracy, or high position resolution capabilities, over a relatively long displacement range are typically expensive and have demanding requirements for data throughput. Generally, sensors with shorter measuring distance have higher measurement accuracy, whereas sensors with a longer measuring distance have lower measurement accuracy. Furthermore, for obtaining data from a long-distance, high-accuracy sensor, a particularly high performance, and costly, analog to digital converter (ADC) is typically required. Yet furthermore, some types of position sensor can be affected by the x-ray radiation of the radiotherapy apparatus.
[0026] Fig. 2 shows a sensing apparatus 200 for determining a position of a component 201 of a radiotherapy apparatus according to the present disclosure. The component 201 may correspond to any suitable moveable component of a radiotherapy apparatus. The sensing apparatus 200 may provide relatively high accuracy, and / or position resolution capability, over a relatively long displacement range of a component of a radiotherapy apparatus.
[0027] The component 201 is arranged to be moveable along a path 203. The path 203 may be a mechanical component, such as a track of fixed length as in the example of Fig. 2, or may be an extendable and retractable mechanical component. The component 201 may in some examples be moveable or be displaced along the path 203 in a linear manner, such as by linear translation using a motor. The path 203 provides a range of motion 205, or range of displacement, extending between a base 207 and an end point of the range of motion 205. It will be appreciated that, in some examples, the end point of the range of motion 205 may correspond to the end of the path 203, and in other examples, the end point of the range of motion 205 may be offset from the end of the path 203 by a width of the component 201 in the direction of the path 203 such that in those examples the effective maximum displacement of the component 201 from the base 207 may be reduced by the width of the component 201. In some examples, the path may not correspond to translation movement of a component and may instead correspond to a displacement path caused by rotation of a component.
[0028] The sensing apparatus 200 comprises a first sensor 209, a second sensor 211, and a third sensor 213. The first sensor 209 is arranged to sense and / or obtain a first indication 210 of displacement of the component 201 in the direction that the component 201 has been moved or is moving along the path 203 (which may be referred to elsewhere herein as “a first direction” ) . The second sensor 211 is arranged to sense and / or obtain a second indication 212 of displacement of the component 201 in the direction that the component 201 has been moved or is moving along the path 203, the direction being the same as that of the first indication 210 of displacement. The third sensor 213 is arranged to sense and / or obtain a third indication 214 of displacement of the component 201 in the direction that the component 201 has been moved or is moving along the path 203, the direction being the same as that of the first indication 210 of displacement and the second indication 212 of displacement. In the example of Fig. 2, the first direction corresponds to the direction indicated by the arrowhead of each of the first 210, second 212, and third 214 indications. However, it will be understood that the component 201 may also or alternatively be moveable in the opposite direction along the path 203 towards the sensors 209, 211, 213, and that each sensor 209, 211, 213 may also or alternatively be arranged to sense and / or obtain a respective indication of displacement of the component 201 in that opposite direction.
[0029] Each sensor 209, 211, 213 may be a position sensor or a position encoding sensor. For example, each respective indication of displacement of the component 201 may represent an absolute or relative position along the path 203 that is encoded by the respective sensor.
[0030] The respective first, second, and third sensors 209, 211, 213 each have a respective displacement indication range. For example, the first sensor 209 may have a displacement indication range ranging from 0 to 1 metre, the second sensor 211 may have a displacement indication range ranging from 0 to 10 centimetres, and the third sensor 213 may also have a displacement indication range ranging from 0 to 10 centimetres.
[0031] As an illustrative example, the first, second, and third sensors 209, 211, 213 may each be based on a respective rotary potentiometer. As will be known to those skilled in the art, a rotary potentiometer exhibits a variable resistance as a function of rotation, and is typically arranged with a curved and / or annular resistive element, which may take an arc-like shape, or may take a shape of a ring with a break or gap in its circumference. A turnable or rotatable “wiper” on a shaft or dial may be arranged to be in contact with the resistive element such that it can be rotated and thereby move along the resistive element. A rotary potentiometer may also typically feature electrical connection pins at either side of the curved resistive element, and a third electrical connection pin connected to the shaft and / or wiper. When the wiper is turned, the wiper changes position along the circumference of the resistive element, thereby producing a change in resistance. The rotary potentiometer can thereby function like a potential divider and output a change in voltage corresponding to a change of resistance produced when the wiper changes position on the resistive element. Alternatively, a fixed voltage may be applied such that a change in resistance within the variable potentiometer produces a change in electrical current in accordance with Ohm’s law. As will be known to those skilled in the art, the variable potentiometer may further be arranged with a string or wire that can be extended or pulled upon in order to convert displacement into rotation of the wiper. Thus, the rotary potentiometer can provide an indication of displacement corresponding to a variable resistance.
[0032] The wiper of a rotary potentiometer arranged in this way may, for a particular displacement, need to rotate through more than one full rotation around the circumference of the resistive element, and the variable resistance measurable from the rotary potentiometer will reset with each full rotation or turn. The term “single turn sensor” and / or “single turn potentiometer” may be used herein to describe sensors having such a “reset” characteristic. It will be understood that such “single turn” potentiometers may be mechanically rotatable through multiple turns or rotations, but that the variable resistance of the potentiometer corresponds with each turn to that of a single turn.
[0033] Each of the second and third sensors 211, 213 may be “single turn” sensors and may be arranged to produce an output signal, e.g. an electrical voltage or current, for a displacement range that corresponds to a greater or larger amount of displacement than the amount of displacement covered by the displacement indication range of the respective sensor. In such examples, the output signal may be arranged to vary across a voltage or current range in proportion to displacement such that each end point of the voltage or current range corresponds to an end point of the displacement indication range. As the physical displacement of the component increases beyond that corresponding to the end point of the displacement indication range of the sensor, the respective sensor may continue to produce an output signal with increasing displacement, but the magnitude or value of the output signal will return to its original value before again varying within the bounds of the voltage or current range with further displacement, as in the example of the wiper being rotated around the circumference of the resistive element multiple times.
[0034] As an illustrative example, each of the second and third sensors may comprise a potentiometer such as a draw string potentiometer (also referred to as a “draw wire” potentiometer) comprising an extensible string (or wire) . The extensible string may be attached to the component 201, and the potentiometer may be arranged to output a voltage signal indicative of displacement of the component, the voltage signal varying from 0 to 10 V with each turn of the potentiometer. Thus a single turn of the potentiometer will cause the output signal to vary between 0 to 10 V, which corresponds to the displacement indication range of the sensor. However, each turn of the potentiometer may correspond to a displacement value of, for example, 10 centimetres, whereas the string of the potentiometer may be arranged to extend for 1 metre. Accordingly, extending the string across the 1 metre range will cause the potentiometer to rotate through multiple full turns, and cause the output signal of the sensor to vary from 0 to 10 V for every 10 centimetres of displacement for a total of ten repeated intervals, with each interval corresponding to the displacement indication range of the sensor.
[0035] In some types of rotary potentiometer, known in the art as a “multiple turn potentiometer” , a helical resistive element may be used, and the wiper can continuously move along the helical shape of the resistive element as the wiper is rotated multiple times, thereby providing a continuous variation in measurable resistance over multiple turns, rather than a variation in resistance that necessarily resets with each full rotation of the wiper. Although sensors and / or potentiometers that can undergo multiple rotations or turns are described herein, those sensors and / or potentiometers need not necessarily correspond to a “multiple turn potentiometer” with a continuous variable resistance across those multiple turns, unless specified as such.
[0036] In some examples, the first sensor 209 is arranged such that the displacement indication range of the first sensor corresponds to the displacement range over which the first sensor is arranged to produce an output signal. For example, the first sensor may comprise a draw string multiple turn potentiometer, such as a potentiometer that contains a helical resistive element. In such examples, the displacement indication range of the first sensor may correspond to a range of 0 to 1 metre, the first sensor may be arranged to sense displacement of up to 1 metre, and the output signal of the first sensor may vary from 0 V to 10 V across that 1 metre range. It will be understood by the skilled person that the specific values of voltage and displacement provided herein are merely non-limiting examples, and that sensors having other values can be used.
[0037] Obtaining multiple indications of displacement of the component from multiple respective sensors enables sensors having different properties to be used in combination to determine a position of the component. The first sensor 209 may be of a first type having a relatively low measurement accuracy or resolution over a relatively long displacement range and / or displacement indication range, and each of the second and third sensors 211, 213 may be of a second type having a relatively high measurement accuracy or resolution over a respective relatively short displacement range and / or respective displacement indication range. As is illustrated further using the examples of Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, multiple indications of displacement from different sensors may be used to determine the position of the component with improved accuracy compared to using a single sensor, and furthermore may be used to do so over a relatively long range of displacement of a component.
[0038] In the example of Fig. 2, each sensor 209, 211, 213 is placed or mounted at the base 207. However, in other examples, one or more of the sensors 209, 211, 213 may instead be mounted elsewhere, such as at the end point of the range of motion 205. Each sensor 209, 211, 213 may be mounted at any location that allows the sensor to sense the location and / or position of the component 201. Thus, the sensing apparatus 200, comprising the three sensors 209, 211, 213, may be suitably arranged for determining the position of any component of a radiotherapy apparatus that is moveable or displaceable along a path. In other examples, determining the position of a component may comprise using the sensing apparatus 200 to determine a rotational position of a component. For example, the component may not necessarily be a component that is arranged to translate or be displaced along a path, but alternatively or additionally may be arranged to rotate about an axis. The sensing apparatus 200 may be used to obtain indications of displacement of the component caused by rotation of the component, thereby enabling the rotational position of the component to be determined.
[0039] In some examples, the component 201 may be an imaging component such as an imaging source arm and / or an imaging beam source of a radiotherapy apparatus, such as those of the radiotherapy apparatus 100 of Fig. 1. For example, the component 201 may correspond to the imaging beam source and the path 203 may be provided by the deployable imaging source arm. In some radiotherapy apparatus, an imaging detector such as the imaging panel 120 may be mounted on a deployable and retractable arm like that of the imaging source arm. In such examples, a sensing apparatus like that of Fig. 2 may alternatively or additionally be used to determine the position and / or location of the imaging panel. Thus, the sensing apparatus 200 may generally be used to determine the position of an imaging component or imaging arm of a radiotherapy apparatus.
[0040] Fig. 3 shows a flowchart of a method 300 for determining a position of a component of a radiotherapy apparatus. The method 300 may make use of the sensing apparatus 200. The method 300 may be applied to determine a position of a component such as the component 201 of Fig. 2. The method 300 may be a computer implemented method.
[0041] At block 302, the method 300 comprises receiving a first indication of displacement of the component in a first direction, a second indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, and a third indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, the first, second, and third indications having been obtained from respective first, second, and third sensors each having a respective displacement indication range. The first, second, and third sensors may correspond respectively to the sensors 209, 211, 213 of the sensing apparatus 200 of Fig. 2. The first, second, and third indications may be received from each respective sensor.
[0042] At block 304, the method comprises determining that the second indication of displacement is within a predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor.
[0043] The predetermined portion of the displacement indication range may correspond to a portion of the displacement indication range for which the second sensor has been determined to be less reliable. For example, the second sensor may feature a “deadband” , which is an output range within which the sensor is less reliable or unreliable. Referring to the illustrative example of a rotary potentiometer, the deadband of such a sensor may correspond to a particular portion of the curved resistive element for which the wiper is unable to maintain contact with the curved resistive element, and therefore an indicative electrical output cannot be obtained from the rotary potentiometer with the wiper in that position. For example, if the curved resistive element is an annular ring with a gap in its circumference, an output signal with the wiper positioned at or near the gap may correspond to the deadband of the sensor. The deadband may also or alternatively correspond to a portion of the circumference of the resistive element containing a point at which the output signal of the sensor will indicate zero displacement.
[0044] In some examples of the method 300, the predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor corresponds to a deadband of the second sensor. The deadband or other predetermined portion may, for example, be determined during manufacture of the sensor, and hence determined in advance of performance of the method 300, or predetermined. If the second indication is not within the predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor, the position of the component may be determined based on the first and second indications. However, since a second indication that is within the predetermined portion may be unreliable, the approaches disclosed herein provide a third indication from a third sensor.
[0045] At block 306, the method comprises, consequently, determining the position of the component based on the first indication and the third indication.
[0046] The method 300 enables the position of the component to be determined by allowing an indication from a longer distance, lower accuracy sensor to be combined with an indication from a shorter distance, higher accuracy sensor, thereby obtaining the advantages of each type of sensor and enabling the overall accuracy or resolution of the determined position to be improved. The position can be determined with greater accuracy than by using either sensor in isolation, and at less expense and with less complexity than using a high distance, high accuracy sensor.
[0047] Furthermore, by determining that the second indication is within a predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor and making use of a third indication from a third sensor, less reliable, or unreliable, indications from the second sensor can be avoided, and the third indication can be used instead, thereby providing an improved accuracy determination across a full range of motion of the component, rather than only part of the range of motion. The method 300 thus provides a versatile approach for determining the position of a component of a radiotherapy apparatus with improved accuracy.
[0048] In some examples of the method 300, the first sensor is arranged to indicate displacement with a lower resolution than each of the second and third sensors. For example, the first sensor may be arranged to sense and indicate displacement using an analog-to-digital converter with a mapping of 0 to 100 data points for a 0 to 1000 mm displacement indication range, whereas each of the second and third sensors may be arranged to sense and indicate displacement using an analog-to-digital converter with a mapping of 0 to 100 data points for 0 to 10 mm displacement indication range. In such an arrangement, the first sensor will thus be arranged to indicate displacement with a lower resolution than each of the second and third sensors. It will be appreciated that in other examples, a different value of data points may be used for each ADC, or an ADC may not be used at all.
[0049] In some examples of the method 300, each sensor is arranged to provide an indication of displacement using a respective analog to digital converter. In some examples of the method 300, each of the first, second, and third sensors may comprise an analog to digital converter, each respective analog to digital converter having a same conversion resolution. In some examples of the method 300, each of the first, second, and third sensors may comprise an analog to digital converter, each respective analog to digital converter having a same sample rate.
[0050] In some examples of the method 300, the displacement indication range of the first sensor corresponds to a greater displacement than the respective displacement indication range of each of the second and third sensors. In some examples, each of the second and third sensors have the same displacement indication range, and in other examples, the second and third sensors have a different displacement indication range to each other.
[0051] In some examples of the method 300, each of the second and third sensors is arranged to produce a respective output signal to indicate displacement, each output signal having a respective relationship between a value of the output signal and displacement, each respective relationship comprising a plurality of repeated intervals, wherein each interval corresponds to the displacement indication range of the respective sensor. In examples in which a sensor comprises an ADC, it will be appreciated that the “output signal” may correspond to an analog signal provided as an input to the ADC and that the output of the ADC (which may correspond to an eventual output of the sensor) will be based on and proportional to that analog signal.
[0052] Within each interval, the value (or magnitude) of the output signal may follow a relationship with displacement that corresponds to the variation of the output signal with displacement within the displacement indication range of the respective sensor. The respective sensor may thus be arranged to sense displacement over a range that comprises a series of discrete such intervals. For example, a sensor having a displacement indication range of 0 to 10 centimetres may produce, e.g., an output signal of 0 V corresponding to 0 centimetres and 10 V corresponding to 10 centimetres. However, in this example, the sensor may be arranged with a string or wire that can extend for a range of displacement of more than 10 centimetres. As the radiotherapy apparatus component being sensed is displaced beyond 10 centimetres and the string or wire thus extends beyond 10 centimetres, the value or magnitude of the output signal of the sensor will not increase any further beyond 10 V but will instead “restart” from 0 V and again increase from 0 and 10 V for the next 10 centimetres of displacement. As the displacement increases yet further, this will repeat, with each iteration corresponding to each further 10 centimetres of extension or displacement. In examples making use of a potentiometer, each iteration may correspond to one full turn of the potentiometer, as in the “single turn potentiometer” illustrative example described in relation to Fig. 2 above. The magnitude or value of the output signal may thus be considered to have a cyclical or periodic relationship with displacement, wherein each cycle of the cyclical relationship is a discontinuous repetition of the voltage range that corresponds to the displacement indication range of the sensor.
[0053] In some examples of the method 300, there is a phase difference between the output signal of the second sensor and the output signal of the third sensor, optionally wherein the phase difference is about 60°. For example, a relationship between the output signal of the second sensor and displacement may have a phase offset compared to a relationship between the output signal of the third sensor and displacement. Such an arrangement is particularly beneficial for enabling an indication from at least one of a higher resolution second or third sensor to be used across the whole displacement range of the component, and a phase difference or offset of about 60° has been found to be particularly beneficial for avoiding a displacement value in which, for example, both of the second and third sensor are in a less reliable predetermined portion or deadband. In other examples, another amount of phase difference may be used in order to avoid a displacement value in which, for example, both of the second and third sensor are in a less reliable predetermined portion or deadband. In general, any phase difference value may be used provided it is not so small or so big that there is overlap between the respective less predetermined portions or deadbands of the second and third sensor at a particular displacement.
[0054] In some examples of the method 300, the first sensor is arranged to produce an output signal to indicate displacement in the first direction, the output signal of the first sensor having a substantially linearly proportional relationship to displacement.
[0055] In some examples of the method 300, there is substantially no phase difference between the output signal of the first sensor and the output signal of the second sensor.
[0056] In some examples of the method 300, determining the position of the component comprises determining a coarse resolution position of the component using the first indication, and determining a fine resolution position of the component using the third indication.
[0057] Thus far, the method 300 has been described in relation to examples in which the component is in a position that corresponds to the second indication of displacement being within a predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor, and consequently determining the position of the component based on the first indication and the third indication. However, that same component may be moveable to one or more other positions for which the second sensor will produce an indication of displacement that is not within a predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor. In such positions of the component, the second sensor may be considered to be reliable and may be used in determining the position of the component.
[0058] Accordingly, in some examples, the method 300 further comprises receiving a fourth indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, a fifth indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, and a sixth indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, the fourth, fifth, and sixth indications having been obtained respectively from the first, second, and third sensors; determining that the fifth indication of displacement is not within the predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor; and consequently determining the position of the component based on the fourth indication and the fifth indication. Such examples enable the indication from the second sensor to be used in determining a subsequent position of the component at which the second indication does not fall in a predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor.
[0059] In some examples of the method 300, at least one of the first, second, and third sensors is arranged to convert rotational motion into an indication of displacement. In some examples of the method 300, at least one of the first, second, and third sensors comprises a potentiometer. In some examples of the method 300, at least one of the first, second, and third sensors comprises a draw string potentiometer. In other examples, another type of sensor may be used for at least one of the first, second, and / or third sensors, such as an optical sensor, mechanical sensor, or non-rotary potentiometer sensor.
[0060] In some examples of the method 300, the first sensor may comprise a multiple turn potentiometer, such as a potentiometer comprising a helical resistive element.
[0061] In some examples, the method 300 further comprises, based on the first indication, determining a corresponding number of turns of the second and / or third sensor. In some examples of the method 300, determining the position of the component of the radiotherapy apparatus is based on adding the third indication of displacement to a displacement corresponding to the number of turns the third sensor has been rotated by, the number of turns determined from the first indication.
[0062] In some examples of the method 300, the component is an imaging component of the radiotherapy apparatus.
[0063] An exemplary implementation of the method 300 of Fig. 3 will now be illustrated using Fig. 4.
[0064] Fig. 4 shows a plot 400 of exemplary displacement indication data obtained by first, second, and third sensors in accordance with the approaches disclosed herein. In this example, each of the three sensors is a draw string potentiometer arranged to output a voltage for a displacement range of 0 to 1000 mm. A first subplot 402 corresponds to the output W of a first sensor across that displacement range, a second subplot 404 corresponds to the output W1 of a second sensor across that displacement range, and a third subplot 406 corresponds to the output W2 of a third sensor across that displacement range. In each subplot, the vertical axis represents a voltage output of the sensor and the horizontal axis represents displacement. Each output W, W1, W2 may be considered to correspond to a respective indication of displacement obtained by and obtainable from the respective sensor.
[0065] The first, second, and third sensor may correspond to the first, second, and third sensors of the examples of Figs. 2 and 3. In the example of Fig. 4, the first sensor comprises a multiple turn potentiometer (such as a potentiometer comprising a helical resistive element) and the second and third sensors each comprise a single turn potentiometer. The first sensor provides a lower resolution indication of displacement than each of the second and third sensors.
[0066] The plot 400 of Fig. 4 illustrates the respective indications of displacement that may be obtained from the respective sensors and upon which the determination of the position of the component may be based. Four exemplary displacement positions of a component of radiotherapy apparatus, points p1, p2, p3, and p4, are shown on the plot 400. At each displacement point, the method 300 of Fig. 3 may be used to determine the position of the component of the radiotherapy apparatus.
[0067] At each displacement point, the first indication is obtained according to the first subplot 402. For example, at p1, the first indication of the first sensor is an output voltage of 2.5 V, indicating a displacement of around 250 mm. A general, or coarse, resolution position of the component is thus obtained from the first indication. A fine resolution position of the component can be obtained using one of or both of the second and third indication of the respective second subplot 404 and third subplot 406.
[0068] Since each of the second and third sensors are single turn sensors, the method may comprise, based on the first indication, determining how many rotations or turns the second and / or third sensor has been rotated by for a given displacement. For example, when the output of the first sensor is in the range 0 to 1 V, each of the second and third sensor is at the first turn; whereas when the output of the first sensor is in the range 2 to 3 V, each of the second and third sensor is at the third turn.
[0069] In accordance with block 304 of the method 300, it can be determined from the data of the second subplot 304 whether or not the second indication of displacement is within a predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor. In this example, an output of W1 that is in the range of 1 to 9V is not within the deadband and thus not within the predetermined portion of the displacement range of the second sensor. At points p1 and p2, the second indication from the second sensor is not within the deadband and may be used to provide a fine resolution position indication of the position of the component being sensed. The position of the component may be determined as being equal to the displacement indication provided by W1 added to a displacement corresponding to the number of turns the second sensor has been rotated by, the number of turns being determined from the displacement indication output W of the first sensor. In particular, the position may correspond to the current value of the indication from the second sensor plus an additional quantity comprising the number of turns N of the second sensor multiplied by the voltage corresponding to a maximum of the displacement indication range (10 V in this example) . In other words, the position of the component may be determined as corresponding to W1 + N*10V.
[0070] On the other hand, within this example, if the output W1 of the second sensor is less than 1V or more than 9V, the second indication of displacement is determined to be within the deadband and thus within the predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor. Points p3 and p4 illustrate such examples. An indication from the second sensor in its deadband may be unreliable, and so the third sensor is arranged with a known phase difference compared to the second sensor such that at most one of the second and third sensors will be in its deadband at a particular displacement point. The position of the component may thus be determined based on the first indication and the third indication. In this example, the third sensor is considered to have the same deadband of less than 1 V or more than 9 V as the second sensor. As can be seen in Fig. 4, at point p3 and p4, the output W2 of the third sensor is within the range of 1 to 9 V and thus not within the deadband.
[0071] The position of the component of the radiotherapy apparatus can thus be determined based on a coarse resolution indication from the first sensor and a fine resolution indication from the third sensor. In this case, to provide an accurate determination of the position of the component when the second sensor is within its deadband, the position can be determined as being equal to the indication provided by W2 added to a displacement corresponding to the number of turns the second or third sensor has been rotated by (the number of turns itself determined from the W output of the first sensor) , as well as taking into account a phase difference offset correction between W1 and W2 (and / or between W2 and W) .
[0072] In the particular example of Fig. 4, the first sensor uses an analog to digital converter with a 0 to 100 data mapping to the voltage W. The second and third sensor each use an analog to digital converter with a 0 to 100 data mapping to the respective W1 or W2 voltage, which repeats 10 times across the 1000 metre displacement range. The phase difference or offset between W1 and W2 is 60° in the present example, which corresponds to an offset value of 16.6 or 16.6 mm.
[0073] If the value of W2 is bigger than the offset value, the offset correction to be applied to the indication of W2 is equal to: W2-offset. If the value of W2 is smaller than the offset value, the offset correction to be applied to the indication of W2 is equal to: 100- (offset-W2) .
[0074] The position of the components at each of points p1, p2, p3, p4 may thus be determined as follows.
[0075] p1: W = 25 (2.5V)
[0076] W1 = 40 (4V, and not in deadband)
[0077] N = W / 10 = 25 / 10 = 2 (number of complete turns of second sensor)
[0078] Position = W1 + N*100 = 40 + 2*100 = 240 mm
[0079] p2: W = 57 (5.7V)
[0080] W1 = 70 (7V, and not in deadband)
[0081] N = W / 10 = 57 / 10 = 5 (number of complete turns of second sensor)
[0082] Position = W1 + N*100 = 70 + 5*100 = 570 mm
[0083] p3: W = 79.5 (7.95V)
[0084] W1 = 95 (9.5V, in deadband)
[0085] W2 = 12.5 (1.25 V, and not in deadband)
[0086] N = W / 10 = 79.5 / 10 = 7 (number of complete turns of second sensor)
[0087] Position = 100- (offset-W2) + N*100 = 100 - (16.6-12.5) + 700 = 795.9 mm
[0088] p4: W = 90.5 (9.05V)
[0089] W1 = 5 (0.5V, in deadband)
[0090] W2 = 20.7 (2.07V, and not in deadband)
[0091] N = W / 10 = 90.5 / 10 = 9 (number of complete turns of second sensor)
[0092] Position = (W2-offset) + N*100 = (20.7-16.6) + 900 = 904.1 mm
[0093] The approaches disclosed herein can enable accurate detection of component position to within 0.1 mm over a 1000 mm and / or 1350 mm travel range. Combining the sensors and ADCs as in the present example can enable an effective mapping of (0: 1000) for a displacement range of 0 to 1000 mm, even though ADC components merely having a (0: 100) mapping are used. Thus, relative accuracy can be improved by up to ten times at a lower cost than by using a single ADC with ten times higher performance.
[0094] Fig. 5 illustrates a block diagram of one implementation of a radiotherapy system 500. The radiotherapy system 500 comprises a computing system 510 within which a set of instructions, for causing the computing system 510 to perform any one or more of the methods discussed herein, may be executed.
[0095] The computing system 510 shall be taken to include any number or collection of machines, e.g. computing device (s) , that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methods discussed herein. That is, hardware and / or software may be provided in a single computing device, or distributed across a plurality of computing devices in the computing system. In some implementations, one or more elements of the computing system may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines, for example in a Local Area Network (LAN) , an intranet, an extranet, or the Internet. One or more elements of the computing system may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. One or more elements of the computing system may be a personal computer (PC) , a tablet computer, a set-top box (STB) , a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) , a cellular telephone, a web appliance, a server, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine.
[0096] The computing system 510 includes controller circuitry 511 and a memory 513 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM) , flash memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM) , etc. ) . The memory 513 may comprise a static memory (e.g., flash memory, static random access memory (SRAM) , etc. ) , and / or a secondary memory (e.g., a data storage device) , which communicate with each other via a bus (not shown) .
[0097] Controller circuitry 511 represents one or more general-purpose processors such as a microprocessor, central processing unit, accelerated processing units, or the like. More particularly, the controller circuitry 511 may comprise a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. Controller circuitry 511 may also include one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field programmable gate array (FPGA) , a digital signal processor (DSP) , network processor, or the like. One or more processors of the controller circuitry may have a multicore design. Controller circuitry 511 is configured to execute the processing logic for performing the operations and steps discussed herein.
[0098] The computing system 510 may further include a network interface circuitry 518. The computing system 510 may be communicatively coupled to an input device 520 and / or an output device 530, via input / output circuitry 517. In some implementations, the input device 520 and / or the output device 530 may be elements of the computing system 510. The input device 520 may include an alphanumeric input device (e.g., a keyboard or touchscreen) , a cursor control device (e.g., a mouse or touchscreen) , an audio device such as a microphone, and / or a haptic input device. The output device 530 may include an audio device such as a speaker, a video display unit (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a cathode ray tube (CRT) ) , and / or a haptic output device. In some implementations, the input device 520 and the output device 530 may be provided as a single device, or as separate devices.
[0099] In some implementations, the computing system 510 may comprise image processing circuitry 519. Image processing circuitry 519 may be configured to process image data 580 (e.g. images, or imaging data) , such as medical images obtained from one or more imaging data sources, a treatment device 550 and / or an image acquisition device 540. Image processing circuitry 519 may be configured to process, or pre-process, image data. For example, image processing circuitry 519 may convert received image data into a particular format, size, resolution or the like. In some implementations, image processing circuitry 519 may be combined with controller circuitry 511.
[0100] In some implementations, the radiotherapy system 500 may further comprise an image acquisition device 540 and / or a treatment device 550, such as those disclosed herein in the example of Fig. 1. The image acquisition device 540 and the treatment device 550 may be provided as a single device. In some implementations, treatment device 550 is configured to perform imaging, for example in addition to providing treatment and / or during treatment. The treatment device 550 comprises the main radiation delivery components of the radiotherapy system, such as the beam generation systems and linear accelerator components disclosed herein.
[0101] Image acquisition device 540 may be configured to perform positron emission tomography (PET) , computed tomography (CT) , and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) .
[0102] Image acquisition device 540 may be configured to output image data 580, which may be accessed by computing system 510. Treatment device 550 may be configured to output treatment data 560, which may be accessed by computing system 510.
[0103] Computing system 510 may be configured to access or obtain treatment data 560, planning data 570 and / or image data 580. Treatment data 560 may be obtained from an internal data source (e.g. from memory 513) or from an external data source, such as treatment device 550 or an external database. Planning data 570 may be obtained from memory 513 and / or from an external source, such as a planning database. Planning data 570 may comprise information obtained from one or more of the image acquisition device 540 and the treatment device 550.
[0104] The various methods described above may be implemented by a computer program. The computer program may include computer code (e.g. instructions) 610 arranged to instruct a computer to perform the functions of one or more of the various methods described above. The steps of the methods described above may be performed in any suitable order. The computer program and / or the code 610 for performing such methods may be provided to an apparatus, such as a computer, on one or more computer readable media or, more generally, a computer program product 600) ) , depicted in Fig. 6. The computer readable media may be transitory or non-transitory. The one or more computer readable media 600 could be, for example, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, or a propagation medium for data transmission, for example for downloading the code over the Internet. Alternatively, the one or more computer readable media could take the form of one or more physical computer readable media such as semiconductor or solid state memory, magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , a rigid magnetic disc, and an optical disk, such as a CD-ROM, CD-R / W or DVD. The instructions 610 may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the memory 513 and / or within the controller circuitry 511 during execution thereof by the computing system 510, the memory 513 and the controller circuitry 511 also constituting computer-readable storage media.
[0105] In an implementation, the modules, components and other features described herein can be implemented as discrete components or integrated in the functionality of hardware components such as ASICS, FPGAs, DSPs or similar devices.
[0106] A “hardware component” is a tangible (e.g., non-transitory) physical component (e.g., a set of one or more processors) capable of performing certain operations and may be configured or arranged in a certain physical manner. A hardware component may include dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured to perform certain operations. A hardware component may comprise a special-purpose processor, such as an FPGA or an ASIC. A hardware component may also include programmable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured by software to perform certain operations.
[0107] In addition, the modules and components can be implemented as firmware or functional circuitry within hardware devices. Further, the modules and components can be implemented in any combination of hardware devices and software components, or only in software (e.g., code stored or otherwise embodied in a machine-readable medium or in a transmission medium) .
[0108] Examples of the present disclosure may be described herein in terms of functional and / or logical block components and various processing steps. It should be appreciated that such block components may be realised by any number of hardware, software, and / or firmware components configured to perform the specified functions. For example, an example of the present disclosure may employ various integrated circuit components, e.g., memory elements, digital signal processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, or the like, which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more microprocessors or other control devices. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that examples of the present disclosure may be practised in conjunction with any number of systems, and that the systems described herein are merely exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0109] For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques compared to signal processing, data transmission, signalling, control and other functional aspects of the systems (and the individual operating components of the systems) may not be described in detail herein. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent example functional relationships and / or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connection may be present in an example of the present disclosure.
[0110] The term “apparatus” as used herein may refer to either a single apparatus or plural apparatus and should not be understood as being particularly limited to either a single discrete apparatus or a plurality of discrete apparatus unless a particular apparatus is further described as such.
[0111] Those skilled in the art will recognise that a wide variety of modifications, alterations, and combinations can be made with respect to the above described examples without departing from the scope of the disclosed concepts, and that such modifications, alterations, and combinations are to be viewed as being within the ambit of the disclosed concepts.
[0112] Those skilled in the art will also recognise that the scope of the invention is not limited by the examples described herein but is instead defined by the appended claims.
Claims
1.A method of determining a position of a component of a radiotherapy apparatus, the method comprising:receiving a first indication of displacement of the component in a first direction, a second indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, and a third indication of displacement of the component in the first direction,the first, second, and third indications having been obtained from respective first, second, and third sensors each having a respective displacement indication range;determining that the second indication of displacement is within a predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor; and consequentlydetermining the position of the component based on the first indication and the third indication.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the first sensor is arranged to indicate displacement with a lower resolution than each of the second and third sensors.3.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the displacement indication range of the first sensor corresponds to a greater displacement than the respective displacement indication range of each of the second and third sensors.4.The method of any preceding claim, wherein each of the second and third sensors is arranged to produce a respective output signal to indicate displacement, each output signal having a respective relationship between a value of the output signal and displacement, each respective relationship comprising a plurality of repeated intervals, wherein each interval corresponds to the displacement indication range of the respective sensor.5.The method of claim 4, wherein there is a phase difference between the output signal of the second sensor and the output signal of the third sensor, optionally wherein the phase difference is about 60°.6.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the first sensor is arranged to produce an output signal to indicate displacement in the first direction, the output signal of the first sensor having a substantially linearly proportional relationship to displacement.7.The method of any preceding claim, wherein determining the position of the component comprises determining a coarse resolution position of the component using the first indication, and determining a fine resolution position of the component using the third indication.8.The method of any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the first, second, and third sensors is arranged to convert rotational motion into an indication of displacement.9.The method of any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the first, second, and third sensors comprises a potentiometer.10.The method of any preceding claim, the method further comprising:receiving a fourth indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, a fifth indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, and a sixth indication of displacement of the component in the first direction, the fourth, fifth, and sixth indications having been obtained respectively from the first, second, and third sensors;determining that the fifth indication of displacement is not within the predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor; and consequentlydetermining the position of the component based on the fourth indication and the fifth indication.11.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the predetermined portion of the displacement indication range of the second sensor corresponds to a deadband of the second sensor.12.The method of any preceding claim, wherein the component is an imaging component of the radiotherapy apparatus.13.Apparatus arranged to perform the method of any preceding claim.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the apparatus is a radiotherapy apparatus and comprises the first sensor, the second sensor, and the third sensor.15.One or more computer-readable media containing instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the performance of the method of any of claims 1 to 12.
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