Compositions comprising one or more blocking components

Abstract

In one aspect, compositions for blocking incident radiation are described herein. In some embodiments, a composition comprises one or more blocking components and a polymer component. In some implementations, one or more blocking components are present in the composition in an amount of up to 60 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition. In some cases, the polymer component is present in the composition in an amount of 20-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. In some instances, the polymer component has a hydrogen content of 2-20 wt. %, based on a weight average molecular weight of the polymer component. In some embodiments, the composition forms a film, coating, or a fabric.

Description

COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING ONE OR MORE BLOCKING COMPONENTSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C § 119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 615,202 filed on December 27, 2023, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] The present application relates to compositions comprising one or more blocking components.BACKGROUND

[0003] Radiation exposure from incident light or electromagnetic radiation to humans is a common occurrence. Humans are exposed to natural radiation from a variety of sources in the environment, including cosmic radiation. However, humans are also exposed to larger sources of radiation in particular applications. For example, electromagnetic radiation is widely used in medical diagnostics. Moreover, in larger doses, exposure to incident electromagnetic radiation, such as gamma-rays and X-rays, may be dangerous and can cause physical injury. Thus, protective materials are utilized to block or shield humans from such large doses of radiation exposure.

[0004] Currently, the materials used for blocking or shielding incident electromagnetic radiation are limited. The materials are heavy. Often, wearers find garments made with blocking materials to be uncomfortable. Moreover, because of the weight, such garments may lead to various musculoskeletal problems. Thus, there is a need for effective lightweight protective materials that block and / or shield individuals from incident electromagnetic radiation.SUMMARY

[0005] In one aspect, compositions for blocking and / or shielding incident light and / or radiation are disclosed. In some embodiments, a composition comprises one or more blocking components and a polymer component. It is to be understood that in some cases, compositions described herein block and / or shield different types of incident light and / or radiation. Forexample, in some instances, incident light and / or incident radiation may comprise incident gamma-rays, incident X-rays, incident neutron radiation, incident EMF, or some combination thereof.

[0006] Moreover, compositions described herein may have particular shielding capabilities. For example, in some cases, compositions described herein may block at least 10% of incident gamma-rays at a given grams per square meter (gsm) for a composition described herein. In some embodiments, compositions described herein may block at least 10% of incident X-rays at a given grams per square meter (gsm). In some implementations, compositions described herein may block at least 10% of incident neutron radiation at a given grams per square meter (gsm) for a composition described herein. Moreover, in some instances, compositions described herein may block at least 10% of incident EMF at a given grams per square meter (gsm) for a composition described herein.

[0007] Moreover, it is to be understood that a composition described herein may have any gsm not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, a composition described herein may have a gsm of 70-1000 or 70-300.

[0008] Turning to the blocking component, the amount of blocking component may be any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the currently disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, one or more blocking components are present in the composition in an amount of up to 60 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0009] In some instances, a blocking component comprises a gamma-ray blocking component. The identity of the gamma-ray blocking component is not limited. For example, in some cases, the gamma-ray blocking component comprises barium glass, aluminum, tungsten carbide, magnetite, or a combination thereof. Moreover, the amount of gamma-ray blocking component is also not limited. In some instances, the gamma-ray blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 15-30 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0010] In some instances, a blocking component comprises an X-ray blocking component. Any X-ray blocking component not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure may be used. For example, in some embodiments, the X-ray blocking component comprises lead, bismuth, tin, antimony, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the amount of X- ray blocking component is not limited. In some instances, the X-ray blocking component ispresent in the composition in an amount of 0.1-10 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0011] In some embodiments, a blocking component comprises a neutron absorber. The identity of the neutron absorber is not limited. For example, in some instances, a neutron absorber comprises lithium hydride, hafnium, boron- 10, borosilicate glass, or a combination thereof. Moreover, the amount of neutron absorber is also not limited. In some instances, the neutron absorber is present in the composition in an amount of 1-5 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0012] In some implementations, a blocking component comprises an EMF blocking component. Any EMF blocking component not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure may be used. For example, in some cases, an EMF blocking component comprises copper, nickel, shungite, or a combination thereof. Further, the amount of EMF blocking component is not limited. In some instances, the EMF blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 1-10 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0013] Turning to the polymer component, the polymer component may be present in the composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the polymer component is present in a composition in an amount of 10-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0014] Additionally, the polymer component may be any polymer component not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. In some implementations, a polymer component may be referred to as a “hydrogen-rich polymer.” In some embodiments, the polymer component has a hydrogen content of 2-20 wt. %, based on a weight average molecular weight of the polymer component.

[0015] In some implementations, the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic component. In some cases, the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyolefin, an ethylene copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylate (PA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene-butadiene- styrene (SBS), an acrylate polymer, polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, thermoplastic polyimide, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing. In some implementations, a polyester comprises polyethylene terephthatlate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylacticacid (PLA), an alkyd resin, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing. Moreover, in some embodiments, the polymer component comprises a thermoset polymer. In some instances, the thermoset polymer comprises thermoset polyester, poly aniline, thermoset polyurethane (PU), thermoset polyimide, silicone, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing. In some implementations, the polymer component comprises a rubber. In some instances, the polymer component comprises an epoxy. Further, in some cases, a polymer component described herein may be classified based on its properties. For example, in some embodiments, a polymer component may be amorphous, crystalline, or semicrystalline.

[0016] In some embodiments, compositions described herein may comprise one or more additional additives or components. For example, an additional additive may comprise Ag nanoparticles or Ag nanoparticle-doped C60 nanoparticles.

[0017] Compositions described herein are not limited to a particular form or product. For example, in some cases, compositions described herein form a film. In other embodiments, compositions described herein form a fabric. In some implementations, a fabric described herein may have particular properties. For example, in some cases, the fibers of a thread of a fabric may have a given denier. In some embodiments, the fibers of a thread of a fabric described herein may have a denier of 70-1000, 70-300, or 200-300. Additionally, in some instances, a fabric described herein may have a resistance to evaporating heat transfer (RET) score of the first layer of fabric between 6 and 12, according to ISO 11092.

[0018] In another aspect, methods of making a composition are presented herein. In some embodiments, methods described herein comprise dispersing one or more blocking components within a polymer component to form a composition described herein.

[0019] In yet another aspect, garments are described herein. In some embodiments, garments comprise a first layer of fabric, wherein the first layer of fabric is formed from a composition described herein. In some cases, garments described herein may further comprise one or more additional layers of fabric. In some implementations, garments described herein further comprise an adhesive bonding one or more layers of fabric.

[0020] Moreover, in some instances, garments described herein may further comprise a backer layer. A backer layer, in some embodiments, may be formed from a polyester, a polypropylene, a polyamide, a regenerated cellulose, a polyacryonitrile (PAN), or a combination thereof. In some cases, a backer layer is formed from any natural fiber, or regenerated cellulosicor synthetic fiber that is comfortable next to the skin. Further, in some instances, when the garment is worn by a wearer, the backer layer is immediately adjacent to the wearer.

[0021] These and other embodiments are described in more detail in the detailed description which follows.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] Figure 1 A illustrates an X-ray image of a lead vest.

[0023] Figure IB illustrates an X-ray image of a knit fabric formed from a composition according to an embodiment described herein.

[0024] Figure 1C illustrates an X-ray image of a vegan leather formed from a composition according to an embodiment described herein.

[0025] Figure ID illustrates an X-ray image of a film formed from a composition according to an embodiment described herein.

[0026] Figure IE illustrates an X-ray image of a rubber formed from a composition according to an embodiment described herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Embodiments described herein can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description, examples, and claims. Elements, apparatus and methods described herein, however, are not limited to the specific embodiments presented in the detailed description, examples, and claims. In particular, these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Accordingly, this disclosure is not intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the specification and in view of the claims.

[0028] All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any reference in this application shall not be construed as an admission that such reference is available as prior art to the present invention. To the extent that section headings are used, they should not be construed as necessarily limiting.

[0029] In addition, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumed therein. For example, a stated range of “1.0 to 10.0” should be considered to include any and all subranges beginning with a minimum value of 1.0 or more and ending with a maximum value of 10.0 or less, e.g., 1.0 to 5.3, or 4.7 to 10.0, or 3.6 to 7.9. All ranges disclosed herein are also to be considered to include the end points of the range, unless expressly stated otherwise. For example, a range of “between 5 and 10,” “from 5 to 10,” or “5-10” should generally be considered to include the end points 5 and 10.

[0030] Further, when the phrase “up to” is used in connection with an amount or quantity, it is to be understood that the amount is at least a detectable amount or quantity. For example, a material present in an amount “up to” a specified amount can be present from a detectable amount and up to and including the specified amount.

[0031] It is also to be understood that the article “a” or “an” refers to “at least one,” unless the context of a particular use requires otherwise.I. Compositions

[0032] In one aspect, compositions with blocking and / or shielding properties for incident light and / or radiation are disclosed. In some embodiments, a composition comprises one or more blocking components and a polymer component.

[0033] It is to be understood that in some cases, compositions described herein block and / or shield different types of incident light and / or radiation. For reference purposes herein, in some cases, blocking and / or shielding incident light, particles, or fields can refer to absorbing, scattering, modulating, attenuating, reflecting, or otherwise preventing the incident light, particles, or fields from penetrating past or transmitting through the particular form factor of the composition. Moreover, the incident light, particles, or fields may be any form of radiation and / or light not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, incident light and / or incident radiation may comprise incident gamma-rays, incident X-rays, incident neutron radiation, or incident EMF, or some combination thereof.

[0034] In some instances, a composition described herein may block and / or shield incident gamma-rays. It is to be understood that for reference purposes herein, in some instances, gammarays comprise electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength less than 10'12m or less than 1 picometer. In some preferred embodiments, the blocked and / or shielded incident gamma-rayshave a wavelength between 10'12m and IO'13m. Incident gamma-rays and / or gamma radiation may be produced in any way not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some cases, incident gamma-rays or incident gamma radiation may be produced by the decay of naturally occurring isotopes of carbon-14.

[0035] Moreover, in some embodiments, compositions described herein may block and / or shield various amounts of incident gamma-rays. The amount of incident gamma-rays blocked by a composition described herein is not limited. For example, in some implementations, a composition described herein may block and / or shield at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 99% of incident gamma-rays at a given grams per square meter (gsm) for a composition described herein. Moreover, in some embodiments, a composition described herein may block and / or shield incident gamma-rays in the amount of 5-99%, 5-90%, 5-80%, 5-70%, 5-60%, 5- 50%, 5-40%, 5-30%, 5-20%, 5-10%, 10-99%, 10-90%, 10-80%, 10-70%, 10-60%, 10-50%, 10- 40%, 10-30%, 10-20%, 20-99%, 20-90%, 20-80%, 20-70%, 20-60%, 20-50%, 20-40%, 20-30%, 30-99%, 30-90%, 30-80%, 30-70%, 30-60%, 30-50%, 30-40%, 40-99%, 40-90%, 40-80%, 40- 70%, 40-60%, 40-50%, 50-99%, 50-90%, 50-80%, 50-70%, 50-60%, 60-99%, 60-90%, 60-80%, 60-70%, 70-99%, 70-90%, 70-80%, 80-99%, 80-90%, or 90-99% at a given gsm for a composition described herein.

[0036] In some implementations, a composition described herein may block and / or shield incident X-rays. For reference purposes herein, in some embodiments, X-rays comprise electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.01 and 10 nm or between 10'11m and 10’8m. Incident X-rays may be produced in any way not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, incident X-ray radiation may be produced by diagnostic X-ray equipment (e.g., diagnostic X-ray equipment used in a healthcare setting).

[0037] Additionally, in some embodiments, compositions described herein may block and / or shield various amounts of incident X-rays. The amount of incident X-rays blocked by a composition described herein is not limited. For example, in some implementations, a composition described herein may block and / or shield at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 99% of incident X-rays at a given gsm for a composition described herein. Moreover, in someembodiments, a composition described herein may block and / or shield incident X-rays in the amount of 5-99%, 5-90%, 5-80%, 5-70%, 5-60%, 5-50%, 5-40%, 5-30%, 5-20%, 5-10%, 10- 99%, 10-90%, 10-80%, 10-70%, 10-60%, 10-50%, 10-40%, 10-30%, 10-20%, 20-99%, 20-90%, 20-80%, 20-70%, 20-60%, 20-50%, 20-40%, 20-30%, 30-99%, 30-90%, 30-80%, 30-70%, 30- 60%, 30-50%, 30-40%, 40-99%, 40-90%, 40-80%, 40-70%, 40-60%, 40-50%, 50-99%, 50-90%, 50-80%, 50-70%, 50-60%, 60-99%, 60-90%, 60-80%, 60-70%, 70-99%, 70-90%, 70-80%, 80- 99%, 80-90%, or 90-99% at a given gsm for a composition described herein.

[0038] In some embodiments, a composition described herein may block and / or shield incident neutron radiation. For reference purposes herein, in some implementations, it is to be understood that neutron radiation comprises radiation in the form of one or more free neutrons. Incident neutron radiation may be produced in any way not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, neutron radiation may be produced by cosmic radiation. Moreover, in some implementations, neutron radiation may be produced by one or more neutrons obtained from a particle accelerator.

[0039] Further, in some embodiments, compositions described herein may block and / or shield various amounts of incident neutron radiation. The amount of incident neutron radiation blocked by a composition described herein is not limited. For example, in some implementations, a composition described herein may block and / or shield at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 99% of incident neutron radiation at a given gsm for a composition described herein. Moreover, in some embodiments, a composition described herein may block and / or shield incident neutron radiation in the amount of 5-99%, 5-90%, 5-80%, 5-70%, 5-60%, 5-50%, 5-40%, 5-30%, 5-20%, 5-10%, 10-99%, 10-90%, 10-80%, 10-70%, 10-60%, 10-50%, 10-40%, 10-30%, 10-20%, 20- 99%, 20-90%, 20-80%, 20-70%, 20-60%, 20-50%, 20-40%, 20-30%, 30-99%, 30-90%, 30-80%, 30-70%, 30-60%, 30-50%, 30-40%, 40-99%, 40-90%, 40-80%, 40-70%, 40-60%, 40-50%, 50- 99%, 50-90%, 50-80%, 50-70%, 50-60%, 60-99%, 60-90%, 60-80%, 60-70%, 70-99%, 70-90%, 70-80%, 80-99%, 80-90%, or 90-99% at a given gsm for a composition described herein.

[0040] In some embodiments, a composition described herein may block and / or shield incident EMF. It is to be understood, for reference purposes herein, an electromagnetic field (EMF) comprises a combination of an electric field and a magnetic field. Incident EMF may be produced in any way not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. Forexample, in some cases, incident EMF may be produced by diagnostic medical equipment, such as MRI machines. Moreover, non-limiting examples of sources of incident EMF include but are not limited to power lines, mobile telephones, or credit card readers.

[0041] In some cases, compositions described herein may block and / or shield various amounts of incident EMF. The amount of incident EMF blocked by a composition described herein is not limited. For example, in some implementations, a composition described herein may block and / or shield at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or at least 99% of incident EMF at a given gsm for a composition described herein. Moreover, in some embodiments, a composition described herein may block and / or shield incident EMF in the amount of 5-99%, 5-90%, 5-80%, 5-70%, 5-60%, 5-50%, 5-40%, 5-30%, 5-20%, 5-10%, 10-99%, 10-90%, 10-80%, 10-70%, 10- 60%, 10-50%, 10-40%, 10-30%, 10-20%, 20-99%, 20-90%, 20-80%, 20-70%, 20-60%, 20-50%, 20-40%, 20-30%, 30-99%, 30-90%, 30-80%, 30-70%, 30-60%, 30-50%, 30-40%, 40-99%, 40- 90%, 40-80%, 40-70%, 40-60%, 40-50%, 50-99%, 50-90%, 50-80%, 50-70%, 50-60%, 60-99%, 60-90%, 60-80%, 60-70%, 70-99%, 70-90%, 70-80%, 80-99%, 80-90%, or 90-99% at a given gsm for a composition described herein.

[0042] It is to be understood, for reference purposes herein, that grams per square meter (gsm) is a unit of measurement for a composition described herein indicating the mass of a composition per square meter. A gsm for a composition described herein may be any gsm not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, a gsm for a composition described herein may be 30-1000, 30-700, 30-650, 30-600, 30-550, 30- 500, 30-450, 30-400, 30-350, 30-300, 30-250, 30-200, 30-150, 30-100, 30-70, 30-50, 50-700, 50- 650, 50-600, 50-550, 50-500, 50-450, 50-400, 50-350, 50-300, 50-250, 50-200, 50-150, 50-100, 50-70, 70-1000, 70-700, 70-650, 70-600, 70-550, 70-500, 70-450, 70-400, 70-350, 70-300, 70- 250, 70-200, 70-150, 70-100, 100-700, 100-650, 100-600, 100-550, 100-500, 100-450, 100-400, 100-350, 100-300, 100-250, 100-200, 100-150, 150-700, 150-650, 150-600, 150-550, 150-500, 150-450, 150-400, 150-350, 150-300, 150-250, 150-200, 200-700, 200-650, 200-600, 200-550, 200-500, 200-450, 200-400, 200-350, 200-300, 200-250, 250-700, 250-650, 250-600, 250-550, 250-500, 250-450, 250-400, 250-350, 250-300, 300-700, 300-650, 300-600, 300-550, 300-500, 300-450, 300-400, 300-350, 350-700, 350-650, 350-600, 350-550, 350-500, 350-450, 350-400, 400-700, 400-650, 400-600, 400-550, 400-500, 400-450, 450-700, 450-650, 450-600, 450-550,450-500, 500-700, 500-650, 500-600, 500-550, 550-700, 550-650, 550-600, 600-700, 600-650, or 650-700.

[0043] Turning to a blocking component of a composition described herein, a blocking component may be present in a composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a blocking component may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 10 wt. %, up to 20 wt. %, up to 30 wt. %, up to 40 wt. %, up to 50 wt. %, up to 60 wt. %, up to 70 wt. %, up to 80 wt.%, up to 90 wt. %, or up to 99 wt.%, based on a total weight of the composition. Moreover, a blocking component may be present in a composition in an amount of 0.1-99 wt. %, 0.1-90 wt. %, 0.1-80 wt. %, 0.1-70 wt. %, 0.1-60 wt. %, 0.1-50 wt. %, 0.1-40 wt. %, 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-99 wt. %, 0.5-90 wt. %, 0.5-80 wt. %, 0.5-70 wt. %, 0.5-60 wt. %, 0.5-50 wt. %, 0.5-40 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-99 wt. %, 1-90 wt. %, 1-80 wt. %, 1-70 wt. %, 1-60 wt. %, 1-50 wt. %, 1-40 wt. %, 1- 30 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-99 wt. %, 5-90 wt. %, 5-80 wt. %, 5-70 wt. %, 5- 60 wt. %, 5-50 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 10-99 wt. %, 10-90 wt. %, 10-80 wt. %, 10-70 wt. %, 10-60 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %,20-99 wt. %, 20-90 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %, 20-50 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %,20-30 wt. %, 30-99 wt. %, 30-90 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %, 30-60 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %,30-40 wt. %, 40-99 wt. %, 40-90 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %, 40-60 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %,50-99 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %, 60-99 wt. %, 60-90 wt. %,60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, 70-99 wt. %, 70-90 wt. %, 70-80 wt. %, 80-99 wt. %, 80-90 wt. %, or90-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0044] A blocking component described herein may have any average particle size that is not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the average particle size (D50) of the blocking component is in the range of 0.01 nm and 500,000 nm, 0.01 nm and 250,000 nm, 0.01 nm and 100,000 nm, 0.01 nm and 50,000 nm, 0.01 nm and 25,000 nm, 0.01 nm and 10,000 nm, 0.01 nm and 5,000 nm, 0.01 nm and 1,000 nm, 0.01 nm and 500 nm, 0.01 nm and 250 nm, 0.01 nm and 100 nm, 0.01 nm and 50 nm, 0.01 nm and 25 nm, 0.01 nm and 10 nm, 0.01 nm and 5 nm, 0.01 nm and 1 nm, 0.01 nm and 0.5 nm, 0.01 nm and 0.1 nm, 0.1 nm and 500,000 nm, 0.1 nm and 250,000 nm, 0.1 nm and 100,000 nm, 0.1 nm and 50,000 nm, 0.1 nm and 25,000 nm, 0.1 nm and 10,000 nm, 0.1 nm and 5,000 nm, 0.1 nm and1,000 nm, 0.1 nm and 500 nm, 0.1 nm and 250 nm, 0.1 nm and 100 nm, 0.1 nm and 50 nm, 0.1 nm and 25 nm, 0.1 nm and 10 nm, 0.1 nm and 5 nm, 0.1 nm and 1 nm, 0.1 nm and 0.5 nm, 0.5 nm and 500,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 250,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 100,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 50,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 25,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 10,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 5,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 1,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 500 nm, 0.5 nm and 250 nm, 0.5 nm and 100 nm, 0.5 nm and 50 nm, 0.5 nm and 25 nm, 0.5 nm and 10 nm, 0.5 nm and 5 nm, 0.5 nm and 1 nm, 0.5 nm and 500,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 250,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 100,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 50,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 25,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 10,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 5,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 1,000 nm, 0.5 nm and 500 nm, 0.5 nm and 250 nm, 0.5 nm and 100 nm, 0.5 nm and 50 nm, 0.5 nm and 25 nm, 0.5 nm and 10 nm, 0.5 nm and 5 nm, 0.5 nm and 1 nm, 1 nm and 500,000 nm, 1 nm and 250,000 nm, 1 nm and 100,000 nm, 1 nm and 50,000 nm, 1 nm and 25,000 nm, 1 nm and 10,000 nm, 1 nm and 5,000 nm, 1 nm and 1,000 nm, 1 nm and 500 nm, 1 nm and 250 nm, 1 nm and 100 nm, 1 nm and 50 nm, 1 nm and 25 nm, 1 nm and 10 nm, 1 nm and 5 nm, 5 nm and 500,000 nm, 5 nm and 250,000 nm, 5 nm and 100,000 nm, 5 nm and 50,000 nm, 5 nm and 25,000 nm, 5 nm and 10,000 nm, 5 nm and 5,000 nm, 5 nm and 1,000 nm, 5 nm and 500 nm, 5 nm and 250 nm, 5 nm and 100 nm, 5 nm and 50 nm, 5 nm and 25 nm, 5 nm and 10 nm, 10 nm and 500,000 nm, 10 nm and 250,000 nm, 10 nm and 100,000 nm, 10 nm and 50,000 nm, 10 nm and 25,000 nm, 10 nm and 10,000 nm, 10 nm and 5,000 nm, 10 nm and 1,000 nm, 10 nm and 500 nm, 10 nm and 250 nm, 10 nm and 100 nm, 10 nm and 50 nm, 10 nm and 25 nm, 25 nm and 500,000 nm, 25 nm and 250,000 nm, 25 nm and 100,000 nm, 25 nm and 50,000 nm, 25 nm and 25,000 nm, 25 nm and 10,000 nm, 25 nm and 5,000 nm, 25 nm and 1,000 nm, 25 nm and 500 nm, 25 nm and 250 nm, 25 nm and 100 nm, 25 nm and 50 nm, 50 nm and 500,000 nm, 50 nm and 250,000 nm, 50 nm and 100,000 nm, 50 nm and 50,000 nm, 50 nm and 25,000 nm, 50 nm and 10,000 nm, 50 nm and 5,000 nm, 50 nm and 1,000 nm, 50 nm and 500 nm, 50 nm and 250 nm, 50 nm and 100 nm, 100 nm and 500,000 nm, 100 nm and 250,000 nm, 100 nm and 100,000 nm, 100 nm and 50,000 nm, 100 nm and 25,000 nm, 100 nm and 10,000 nm, 100 nm and 5,000 nm, 100 nm and 1,000 nm, 100 nm and 500 nm, 100 nm and 250 nm, 250 nm and 500,000 nm, 250 nm and 250,000 nm, 250 nm and 100,000 nm, 250 nm and 50,000 nm, 250 nm and 25,000 nm, 250 nm and 10,000 nm, 250 nm and 5,000 nm, 250 nm and 1,000 nm, 250 nm and 500 nm, 500 nm and 500,000 nm, 500 nm and 250,000 nm, 500 nm and 100,000 nm, 500 nm and 50,000 nm, 500 nm and 25,000 nm, 500 nm and 10,000 nm, 500 nm and 5,000 nm, 500 nm and 1,000 nm, 1,000 nm and 500,000 nm, 1,000 nm and 250,000 nm,1,000 nm and 100,000 nm, 1,000 nm and 50,000 nm, 1,000 nm and 25,000 nm, 1,000 nm and 10,000 nm, 1,000 nm and 5,000 nm, 5,000 nm and 500,000 nm, 5,000 nm and 250,000 nm, 5,000 nm and 100,000 nm, 5,000 nm and 50,000 nm, 5,000 nm and 25,000 nm, 5,000 nm and 10,000 nm, 10,000 nm and 500,000 nm, 10,000 nm and 250,000 nm, 10,000 nm and 100,000 nm, 10,000 nm and 50,000 nm, 10,000 nm and 25,000 nm, 25,000 nm and 500,000 nm, 25,000 nm and 250,000 nm, 25,000 nm and 100,000 nm, 25,000 nm and 50,000 nm, 50,000 nm and 500,000 nm, 50,000 nm and 250,000 nm, 50,000 nm and 100,000 nm, 100,000 nm and 500,000 nm, 100,000 nm and 250,000 nm, or 250,000 nm and 500,000 nm. Additionally, the average particle size of a blocking component may be measured using techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, in some cases, average particle size may be measured using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. Moreover, in some embodiments, average particle size may be measured using sieve analysis. For example, in some instances, ASTM B214-22 may be used to assess the average particle size of the blocking component.

[0045] Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that in some embodiments, a blocking component contributes to the blocking and / or shielding effects of a composition described herein. A blocking component of a composition described herein may comprise, consist of, consist essentially of, or be formed from any blocking component for any form of incident light and / or radiation not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. Thus, the identity of a blocking component described herein is not limited. In some instances, a blocking component may comprise a gamma-ray blocking component, an X-ray blocking component, a neutron absorber, an EMF blocking component, or a combination thereof.

[0046] Any gamma-ray blocking component that is not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For example, in some embodiments, a gammaray blocking component comprises barium glass. In some implementations, a gamma-ray blocking component comprises aluminum. In some cases, a gamma-ray blocking component comprises tungsten carbide. In some embodiments, a gamma-ray blocking component comprises pozzolan. It is to be understood that in some cases, pozzolan may be doped, such as boron-doped pozzolan. In some instances, a gamma-ray blocking component comprises graphene.Additionally, it is also to be understood that in some cases, a plurality of gamma-ray blocking components may be used.

[0047] Moreover, in some instances, a gamma-ray blocking component comprises magnetite. It is to be understood that in some cases, natural magnetite, that is, magnetite with an unaltered or unchanged magnetic field, is a ferrimagnetic material. However, in some instances, the magnetic field or magnetic properties of magnetite may be altered, tuned, charged, or changed. The magnetic field or magnetic properties of magnetite may be altered, tuned, charged, or changed in any way not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, magnetite can be charged by placing magnetite within or near a coil carrying current and exposing the magnetite to several pulses of current. In some instances, direct current (DC) electromagnet systems use a coil of wire wound around a soft iron core. When direct current passes through the coil, a magnetic field is generated. In some cases, to tune the magnetite, the magnetite is placed within or near the coil while current is flowing to align the magnetic domains of the magnetite with the magnetic field of the system. Thus, in some embodiments, DC electromagnet systems help to produce localized magnetic fields, in which one may control the magnetic field strength of magnetite by varying the current.

[0048] In some instances, pulsed electromagnet systems are used to charge the magnetite. Pulsed electromagnet systems are similar to DC electromagnet systems, but instead of a steady current, pulses of current are used to align magnetic domains instead of a constant field. This is helpful for thorough magnetization or magnetizing a bulk amount of magnetite. Alternating current (AC) electromagnet systems use a coil like the DC system, but an alternating current generates a magnetic field that changes direction periodically. In this embodiment, to accomplish magnetization with this system, the magnetite is exposed to this alternating field.

[0049] Moreover, in some cases, a Halbach Array may also be used to tune the magnetic field of magnetite. A Halbach Array is an arrangement of permanent magnets that maximizes the magnetic field on one side of the array while canceling the field to near zero on the other side. In some instances, to utilize a Halbach Array, the magnetite is placed on the side with the strong magnetic field.

[0050] Additionally, in some embodiments, high-strength permanent magnets, like Neodymium (NdFeB) magnets, may also be used to magnetize the magnetite. For example, in some instances, magnetite may be placed close to or in contact with the permanent magnet for a duration of time to magnetize the magnetite. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that this is helpful for simplicity and portability, as it does not need power.

[0051] Turning back to gamma-ray blocking components more generally, a gamma-ray blocking component may be present in the composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, the gamma-ray blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 0.1-99 wt. %, 0.1-90 wt. %, 0.1-80 wt. %, 0.1-70 wt. %, 0.1-60 wt. %, 0.1-50 wt. %, 0.1-40 wt. %, 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-99 wt. %, 0.5-90 wt. %, 0.5-80 wt. %, 0.5-70 wt. %, 0.5-60 wt. %, 0.5-50 wt. %, 0.5-40 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-99 wt. %, 1-90 wt. %, 1-80 wt. %, 1-70 wt. %, 1-60 wt. %, 1-50 wt. %, 1- 40 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-99 wt. %, 5-90 wt. %, 5-80 wt. %, 5- 70 wt. %, 5-60 wt. %, 5-50 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 10-99 wt. %, 10-90 wt. %, 10-80 wt. %, 10-70 wt. %, 10-60 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %,10-20 wt. %, 20-99 wt. %, 20-90 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %, 20-50 wt. %,20-40 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 30-99 wt. %, 30-90 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %, 30-60 wt. %,30-50 wt. %, 30-40 wt. %, 40-99 wt. %, 40-90 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %, 40-60 wt. %,40-50 wt. %, 50-99 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %, 60-99 wt. %,60-90 wt. %, 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, 70-99 wt. %, 70-90 wt. %, 70-80 wt. %, 80-99 wt. %,80-90 wt. %, or 90-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0052] Moreover, any X-ray blocking component that is not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. For example, in some embodiments, an X-ray blocking component comprises lead. In some cases, an X-ray blocking component comprises bismuth. In some instances, an X-ray blocking component comprises tin. In some implementations, an X-ray blocking component comprises antimony. In some implementations, an X-ray blocking component comprises tungsten carbide. In some embodiments, an X-ray blocking component comprises borosilicate glass. In some instances, an X-ray blocking component comprises graphene. Further, it is also to be understood that in some instances, a plurality of X-ray blocking components may be used.

[0053] An X-ray blocking component may be present in the composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, the X-ray blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 0.1-99 wt. %, 0.1-90 wt. %, 0.1-80 wt. %, 0.1-70 wt. %, 0.1-60 wt. %, 0.1-50 wt. %, 0.1-40 wt. %, 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-99 wt. %, 0.5-90 wt. %, 0.5-80 wt.%, 0.5-70 wt. %, 0.5-60 wt. %, 0.5-50 wt. %, 0.5-40 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-99 wt. %, 1-90 wt. %, 1-80 wt. %, 1-70 wt. %, 1-60 wt. %, 1-50 wt. %, 1-40 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-99 wt. %, 5-90 wt. %, 5-80 wt. %, 5-70 wt. %, 5-60 wt. %, 5-50 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %,10-99 wt. %, 10-90 wt. %, 10-80 wt. %, 10-70 wt. %, 10-60 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %,10-30 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 20-99 wt. %, 20-90 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %,20-50 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 30-99 wt. %, 30-90 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %,30-60 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %, 30-40 wt. %, 40-99 wt. %, 40-90 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %,40-60 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %, 50-99 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %,60-99 wt. %, 60-90 wt. %, 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, 70-99 wt. %, 70-90 wt. %, 70-80 wt. %, 80-99 wt. %, 80-90 wt. %, or 90-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0054] Further, any neutron absorber that is not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, a neutron absorber comprises lithium hydride. In some embodiments, a neutron absorber comprises hafnium. In some implementations, a neutron absorber comprises boron- 10. In some embodiments, a neutron absorber comprises borosilicate glass. In some cases, a neutron absorber comprises pozzolan. In some implementations, pozzolan may be doped, such as boron-doped pozzolan. It is also to be understood that in some instances, a plurality of neutron absorbers may be used.

[0055] A neutron absorber may be present in the composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, a neutron absorber is present in the composition in an amount of 0.1-99 wt. %, 0.1-90 wt. %, 0.1-80 wt. %, 0.1-70 wt. %, 0.1-60 wt. %, 0.1-50 wt. %, 0. 1-40 wt. %, 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-99 wt. %, 0.5-90 wt. %, 0.5-80 wt. %, 0.5-70 wt. %, 0.5-60 wt. %, 0.5-50 wt. %, 0.5-40 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-99 wt. %, 1-90 wt. %, 1-80 wt. %, 1-70 wt. %, 1-60 wt. %, 1-50 wt. %, 1-40 wt. %, 1- 30 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-99 wt. %, 5-90 wt. %, 5-80 wt. %, 5-70 wt. %, 5-60 wt. %, 5-50 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 10-99 wt. %, 10-90 wt.%, 10-80 wt. %, 10-70 wt. %, 10-60 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %,20-99 wt. %, 20-90 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %, 20-50 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %,20-30 wt. %, 30-99 wt. %, 30-90 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %, 30-60 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %,30-40 wt. %, 40-99 wt. %, 40-90 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %, 40-60 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %,50-99 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %, 60-99 wt. %, 60-90 wt. %, 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, 70-99 wt. %, 70-90 wt. %, 70-80 wt. %, 80-99 wt. %, 80-90 wt. %, or 90-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0056] Turning to the EMF blocking component, any EMF blocking component that is not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some instances, an EMF blocking component comprises silver. In some cases, silver may be in the form of a flake, powder, or nanoparticle. In some embodiments, an EMF blocking component comprises magnetite. In some cases, an EMF blocking component comprises copper. In some instances, copper may be in the form of a flake, powder, or nanoparticle. In some implementations, an EMF blocking component comprises nickel. In some instances, an EMF blocking component comprises shungite. In some implementations, an EMF blocking component comprises graphene. In some cases, an EMF blocking component comprises manganese oxide. Moreover, it is also to be understood that in some instances, a plurality of EMF blocking components may be used.

[0057] An EMF blocking component may be present in the composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, an EMF blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 0.1-99 wt. %, 0.1-90 wt. %, 0.1-80 wt. %, 0.1-70 wt. %, 0.1-60 wt. %, 0.1-50 wt. %, 0.1-40 wt. %, 0.1-30 wt. %, 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-99 wt. %, 0.5-90 wt. %, 0.5-80 wt. %, 0.5-70 wt. %, 0.5-60 wt. %, 0.5-50 wt. %, 0.5-40 wt. %, 0.5-30 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-99 wt. %, 1-90 wt. %, 1-80 wt. %, 1-70 wt. %, 1-60 wt. %, 1- 50 wt. %, 1-40 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-99 wt. %, 5-90 wt. %, 5- 80 wt. %, 5-70 wt. %, 5-60 wt. %, 5-50 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 5-30 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 10-99 wt. %, 10-90 wt. %, 10-80 wt. %, 10-70 wt. %, 10-60 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %,10-30 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 20-99 wt. %, 20-90 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %,20-50 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 30-99 wt. %, 30-90 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %,30-60 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %, 30-40 wt. %, 40-99 wt. %, 40-90 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %,40-60 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %, 50-99 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %,60-99 wt. %, 60-90 wt. %, 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, 70-99 wt. %, 70-90 wt. %, 70-80 wt. %,80-99 wt. %, 80-90 wt. %, or 90-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0058] Turning to the polymer component, in some embodiments, compositions described herein comprise a polymer component. The polymer component may be present in the composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, the polymer component is present in the composition in an amount of 10- 99.9 wt.%, 10-99 wt. %, 10-90 wt. %, 10-80 wt. %, 10-70 wt. %, 10-60 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 20-99.9 wt.%, 20-99 wt. %, 20-90 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %, 20-50 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %, 20-30 wt. %, 30-99.9 wt.%, 30-99 wt. %, 30-90 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %, 30-60 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %, 30-40 wt. %, 40-99.9 wt.%, 40-99 wt. %, 40-90 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %, 40-60 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %, 50-99.9 wt.%, 50-99 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %, 60-99.9 wt.%, 60-99 wt. %, 60-90 wt. %, 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %, 70-99.9 wt.%, 70-99 wt. %, 70-90 wt. %, 70-80 wt. %, SO- 99.9 wt.%, 80-99 wt. %, 80-90 wt. %, 90-99.9 wt.%, 90-99 wt. %, or 99-99.9 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0059] Further, the polymer component may comprise, consist of, consist essentially of, or be formed of any polymer component not inconsistent with technical objectives of the current disclosure. However, in some cases, for reference purposes herein, a polymer component may be referred to as a “hydrogen-rich polymer.” Thus, in some implementations, the polymer component has a hydrogen content of 1-20 wt. %, 1-18 wt. %, 1-16 wt. %, 1-14 wt. %, 1-12 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-8 wt. %, 1-6 wt. %, 1-4 wt. %, 2-20 wt. %, 2-18 wt. %, 2-16 wt. %, 2-14 wt. %, 2-12 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 2-8 wt. %, 2-6 wt. %, 2-4 wt. %, 4-20 wt. %, 4-18 wt. %, 4-16 wt. %, 4-14 wt. %, 4-12 wt. %, 4-10 wt. %, 4-8 wt. %, 4-6 wt. %, 6-20 wt. %, 6-18 wt. %, 6-16 wt. %, 6-14 wt. %, 6-12 wt. %, 6-10 wt. %, 6-8 wt. %, 8-20 wt. %, 8-18 wt. %, 8-16 wt. %, 8-14 wt. %, 8-12 wt. %, 8-10 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 10-18 wt. %, 10-16 wt. %, 10-14 wt. %, 10-12 wt. %, 12-20 wt. %, 12-18 wt. %, 12-16 wt. %, 12-14 wt. %, 14-20 wt. %, 14-18 wt. %, 14-16 wt. %, 16-20 wt. %, 16-18 wt. %, or 18-20 wt. %, based on a weight average molecular weight of the polymer component.

[0060] Additionally, in some embodiments, the polymer component comprises a homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, or a combination thereof. In some cases, the polymer component comprises an organic polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer component comprises a biodegradable polymer. For reference purposes herein, in some implementations, abiodegradable polymer comprises a polymer that is able to be broken down, at least partially, by bacteria through anaerobic or aerobic decomposition.

[0061] In some embodiments, the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic polymer. In some instances, the thermoplastic polymer comprises a homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the thermoplastic polymer may comprise a polyolefin. In some cases, the polyolefin comprises polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE). In some implementations, polyethylene comprises low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low- density polyethylene (LLDPE), or high-density polyethylene (HDPE). In some instances, HDPE comprises ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). In some instances, UHMWPE may have a weight average molecular weight between 3 x 106and 1 x 107g / mol, between 3 and 8 x 106g / mol, 3 x 106and 5 x 106g / mol, between 5 x 106and 1 x 107g / mol, between 5 and 8 x 106g / mol, or between 8 x 106and 1 x 107g / mol.

[0062] In some implementations, a thermoplastic polymer comprises an ethylene copolymer. The identity of the ethylene copolymer is not limited. For example, in some cases, the ethylene copolymer comprises ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene acrylic acid, ethylene methyl acrylate, or ethylene butyl acrylate, or ethylene vinyl alcohol.

[0063] In some embodiments, the thermoplastic polymer may comprise thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylate (PA), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene-butadiene- styrene (SBS), an acrylate polymer, polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, or thermoplastic polyimide. In some cases, a polyester comprises polyethylene terephthatlate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), or an alkyd resin. In some embodiments, a thermoplastic comprises an elastomer. In some instances, an elastomer comprises an elastomeric polyethylene copolymer. In some implementations, an elastomer comprises a polyamide elastomer, a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, or an olefinic thermoplastic elastomer. In some embodiments, an elastomer comprises a polyester elastomer or a copolyester elastomer. Non-limiting examples of elastomers include but are not limited to those polyester elastomers from the Hytrel line by DuPont, such as Hytrel G4044H2, Hytrel HTR8245HS, and Hytrel 3078. Moreover, in some implementations, a thermoplastic comprises an ionomer. Non-limiting examples of ionomers include but are not limited to ethylene ionomers.

[0064] Additionally, in some instances, the polymer component may be a thermoset polymer. In some cases, the thermoset polymer may be a homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, or a combination thereof. Moreover, in some embodiments, the thermoset polymer comprises thermoset polyester, polyaniline, thermoset polyurethane (PU), thermoset polyimide, or silicone.

[0065] In some implementations, the polymer component may be a conductive polymer. Non-limiting examples of conductive polymers include but are not limited to polyacetylene, polypyrrole, and polythiophene.

[0066] Further, in some embodiments, the polymer component may comprise a rubber. In some embodiments, a rubber may comprise a natural rubber. For example, in some cases, a natural rubber comprises rubbers obtained from latex. Moreover, in some implementations, a rubber may comprise a synthetic rubber. In some instances, a synthetic rubber comprises rubbers that are formed from solution polymerization or emulsion polymerization using synthetic materials. Non-limiting examples of synthetic rubbers include but are not limited to EPDM or EPR rubber, silicone rubber, nitrile rubber, butyl rubber, polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylate rubber, fluoroelastomers, and neoprene.

[0067] Additionally, in some instances, the polymer component may comprise a polysaccharide. Any polysaccharide not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, the polysaccharide comprises cellulose, cellulose acetate, starch, chitin, or chitosan. In some implementations, the polymer component may be a regenerated cellulose (e.g., a material made from cellulose as a starting and / or raw material).

[0068] In some embodiments, the polymer component may comprise an epoxy. Any epoxy not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. Non-limiting examples of an epoxy include but are not limited to phenolic glycidyl ethers, aromatic glycidyl amines, and cycloaliphatics.

[0069] In some instances, the polymer component may comprise a polyethylene oxide, also known as a polyethylene glycol (PEG). The identity of the polyethylene glycol is not necessarily limited. For example, in some embodiments, a polymer component may comprise PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 600, PEG 90, PEG 1000, PEG 1450, PEG 1540, PEG 2000, PEG 3000, PEG 3350, PEG 4000, PEG 4600, PEG 8000, PEG 12000, PEG 30000, PEG 40000, or a combination thereof.

[0070] In some implementations, the polymer component comprises an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). Non-limiting examples of IPNs include but are not limited to naturalsynthetic IPNs, rubber-thermoset IPNs, rubber-thermoset IPNs, acrylate-epoxy IPNs, hydrogel IPNs, thermoplastic-thermoset IPNs, conductive IPNs, and semi-IPNs.

[0071] Further, it is also to be understood that in some cases, a polymer component herein may be formed from a plurality of polymer components. Thus, in some instances, a polymer component herein may be a mixture of any of the foregoing polymer components stated herein.

[0072] Moreover, the polymer component described herein may be classifiable based on other properties. For example, in some cases, a polymer component may be distinguishable based upon the order of its molecular structure. That is, in some instances, a polymer component may be distinguished based upon its crystallinity. Thus, in some implementations, a polymer component may be crystalline. In some embodiments, a polymer component may be semicrystalline. However, in other implementations, a polymer component may be amorphous.

[0073] Further, in some instances, a polymer component may have a glass-transition temperature (Zg). It is to be understood, for reference purposes herein, that a glass-transition temperature for a polymer component is directed to the temperature at which a polymer component transitions from a hard and / or “glassy” state into a viscous or rubbery state that occurs with a temperature increase. In some embodiments, a polymer component may have a glass-transition temperature (7g) in the range of -150°C to 450°C, -150°C to 400°C, -150°C to 350°C, -150°C to 300°C, -150°C to 250°C, -150°C to 200°C, -150°C to 150°C, -150°C to 160°C, -150°C to 140°C, -150°C to 120°C, -150°C to 100°C, -150°C to 80°C, -150°C to 60°C, - 150°C to 40°C, -150°C to 20°C, -150°C to 0°C, -150°C to -20°C, -150°C to -40°C, -150°C to - 60°C, -150°C to -80°C, -150 to -100°C, -100°C to 450°C, -100°C to 400°C, -100°C to 350°C, - 100°C to 300°C, -100°C to 250°C, -100°C to 200°C, -100°C to 180°C, -100°C to 160°C, -100°C to 140°C, -100°C to 120°C, -100°C to 100°C, -100°C to 80°C, -100°C to 60°C, -100°C to 40°C, -100°C to 20°C, -100°C to 0°C, -100°C to -20°C, -100°C to -40°C, -100°C to -60°C, -100°C to - 80°C, -80°C to 450°C, -80°C to 400°C, -80°C to 35O°C, -80°C to 300°C, -80°C to 250°C, -80°C to 200°C, -80°C to 180°C, -80°C to 160°C, -80°C to 140°C, -80°C to 120°C, -80°C to 100°C, - 80°C to 80°C, -80°C to 60°C, -80°C to 40°C, -80°C to 20°C, -80°C to 0°C, -80°C to -20°C, - 80°C to -40°C, -80°C to -60°C, -60°C to 450°C, -60°C to 400°C, -60°C to 35O°C, -60°C to 300°C, -60°C to 250°C, -60°C to 200°C, -60°C to 180°C, -60°C to 160°C, -60°C to 140°C, -60°C to 120°C, -60°C to 100°C, -60°C to 80°C, -60°C to 60°C, -60°C to 40°C, -60°C to 20°C, - 60°C to 0°C, -60°C to -20°C, -60°C to -40°C, -40°C to 450°C, -40°C to 400°C, -40°C to 35O°C, -40°C to 300°C, -40°C to 250°C, -40°C to 200°C, -40°C to 180°C, -40°C to 160°C, -40°C to 140°C, -40°C to 120°C, -40°C to 100°C, -40°C to 80°C, -40°C to 60°C, -40°C to 40°C, -40°C to 20°C, -40°C to 0°C, -40°C to -20°C, -20°C to 450°C, -20°C to 400°C, -20°C to 350°C, -20°C to 300°C, -20°C to 250°C, -20°C to 200°C, -20°C to 180°C, -20°C to 160°C, -20°C to 140°C, - 20°C to 120°C, -20°C to 100°C, -20°C to 80°C, -20°C to 60°C, -20°C to 40°C, -20°C to 20°C, - 20°C to 0°C, 0°C to 450°C, 0°C to 400°C, 0°C to 350°C, 0°C to 300°C, 0°C to 250°C, 0°C to 200°C, 0°C to 180°C, 0°C to 160°C, 0°C to 140°C, 0°C to 120°C, 0°C to 100°C, 0°C to 80°C, 0°C to 60°C, 0°C to 40°C, 0°C to 20°C, 20°C to 450°C, 20°C to 400°C, 20°C to 350°C, 20°C to 300°C, 20°C to 250°C, 20°C to 200°C, 20°C to 180°C, 20°C to 160°C, 20°C to 140°C, 20°C to 120°C, 20°C to 100°C, 20°C to 80°C, 20°C to 60°C, 20°C to 40°C, 40°C to 450°C, 40°C to 400°C, 40°C to 350°C, 40°C to 300°C, 40°C to 250°C, 40°C to 200°C, 40°C to 180°C, 40°C to 160°C, 40°C to 140°C, 40°C to 120°C, 40°C to 100°C, 40°C to 80°C, 40°C to 60°C, 60°C to 450°C, 60°C to 400°C, 60°C to 350°C, 60°C to 300°C, 60°C to 250°C, 60°C to 200°C, 60°C to180°C, 60°C to 160°C, 60°C to 140°C, 60°C to 120°C, 60°C to 100°C, 60°C to 80°C, 80°C to450°C, 80°C to 400°C, 80°C to 350°C, 80°C to 300°C, 80°C to 250°C, 80°C to 200°C, 80°C to180°C, 80°C to 160°C, 80°C to 140°C, 80°C to 120°C, 80°C to 100°C, 100°C to 450°C, 100°C to 400°C, 100°C to 350°C, 100°C to 300°C, 100°C to 250°C, 100°C to 200°C, 100°C to 180°C, 100°C to 160°C, 100°C to 140°C, 100°C to 120°C, 120°C to 450°C, 120°C to 400°C, 120°C to 350°C, 120°C to 300°C, 120°C to 250°C, 120°C to 200°C, 120°C to 180°C, 120°C to 160°C, 120°C to 140°C, 140°C to 450°C, 140°C to 400°C, 140°C to 350°C, 140°C to 300°C, 140°C to 250°C, 140°C to 200°C, 140°C to 180°C, 140°C to 160°C, 160°C to 450°C, 160°C to 400°C, 160°C to 350°C, 160°C to 300°C, 160°C to 250°C, 160°C to 200°C, 160°C to 180°C, 180°C to 450°C, 180°C to 400°C, 180°C to 350°C, 180°C to 300°C, 180°C to 250°C, 180°C to 200°C, 200°C to 450°C, 200°C to 400°C, 200°C to 350°C, 200°C to 300°C, 200°C to 250°C, 250°C to 450°C, 250°C to 400°C, 250°C to 350°C, 200°C to 300°C, 300°C to 450°C, 300°C to 400°C, 300°C to 350°C, 350°C to 450°C, 350°C to 400°C, or 400°C to 450°C. Additionally, the glass transition temperature for a polymer component may be measured using techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, in some cases, the glass transition temperature for a polymer component may be measured using differential scanning calorimetry. For example, in someinstances, the glass transition temperature for a polymer component may be measured using ISO 11357.

[0074] Moreover, in some embodiments, a polymer component may be flame retardant or have particular flame retardant properties. For example, in some cases, the polymer component has a vO or vl rating according to UL 94 V. Testing sample thickness achieving a vO or vl rating can be less than 2 mm or less than 1 mm, such as 0.8 mm or 0.4 mm, in some embodiments. Moreover, in some cases, a polymer component described herein passes FAR 25.853 (60 second and 12 second).

[0075] Additionally, in some implementations, a polymer component described herein may have particular thermal properties. For example, in some cases, according to ASTM C518, the thermal conductivity of polymers herein may be between 0.1 and 0.3 W / mK, 0.1 and 0.2 W / mK, or 0.2 and 0.3 W / mK at 50°C.

[0076] Further, in some embodiments, a polymer component described herein may have particular electrical properties. For example, a polymer component described herein may have an electric strength according to IEC 60243-1 in the range of 15-25 kV / mm, 15-20 kV / mm, or 20- 25 kV / mm. Moreover, in some cases, a polymer component may have a surface resistivity according to IEC 60093 in the range of 1 x 1013ohm to 1 x 1015ohm, 1 x 1013ohm to 1 x 1014ohm, or 1 x 1014ohm to 1 x 1013ohm. Additionally, in some embodiments, a polymer component may have a volume resistivity according to IEC 60093 in the range of 1 x 10’7ohmm to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 10'7ohmmto 1 x 1013ohmm, 1 x 10'7ohm mto 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 10'7ohmmto 1 x 10nohmm, 1 x 10'7ohm mto 1 x 109ohmm, 1 x 10'7ohmmto 1 x 107ohmm, 1 x 10'7ohm m to 1 x 105ohm m, 1 x 10’7ohm m to 1 x 103ohm m, 1 x 10’7ohmm to 1 x 101ohm m, 1 x 10'7ohm m to 1 x 10'1ohm m, 1 x 10'7ohm m to 1 x 10'3ohm m, 1 x 10'7ohmm to 1 x 10’3ohm m, 1 x 10'5ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 10’5ohmmto 1 x 1015ohm m, 1 x 10'5ohm mto 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 10’3ohm m to 1 x 1011ohm m, 1 x 10’5ohm m to 1 x 109ohm m, 1 x 10’5ohm m to 1 x 107ohm m, 1 x 10'3ohm m to 1 x 105ohm m, 1 x 10'5ohm m to 1 x 103ohm m, 1 x ICT5ohm m to 1 x 101ohm m, 1 x 10'5ohm m to 1 x ICT1ohm m, 1 x 10'5ohm m to 1 x 10'3ohm m, 1 x 10'3ohmmto 1 x 1017ohmm, 1 x 10‘3ohmmto 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 10’3ohmmto 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 10'3ohm m to 1 x 1011ohm m, 1 x 10'3ohm m to 1 x 109ohm m, 1 x 10'3ohm mto 1 x 107ohm m, 1 x 10’3ohm mto 1 x ICPohm m, 1 x 10’3ohmmto 1 x 103ohm m, 1 x 10'3ohm m to 1 x 101ohm m, 1 x 10‘3ohm m to 1 x ICT1ohm m, 1 x 10'1ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 10'1ohm m to 1 x 1015ohm m, 1 x 10'1ohm m to 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 10'1ohm m to 1 x 1011ohm m, 1 x 10'1ohm m to 1 x 109ohm m, 1 x 10'1ohm m to 1 x 107ohm m, 1 x 10'1ohm m to 1 x 105ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 103ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 101ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 1015ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 1011ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 109ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 107ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 103ohm m, 1 x 101ohm m to 1 x 103ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 1015ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 1011ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 109ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 107ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 105ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 1015ohm m, 1 x 105ohm m to 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 1011ohm m, 1 x 103ohm m to 1 x 109ohm m, 1 x 105ohm m to 1 x 107ohm m, 1 x 107ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 107ohm m to 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 107ohm m to 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 107ohm m to 1 x 1011ohm m, 1 x 107ohm m to 1 x 109ohm m, 1 x 109ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 109ohm m to 1 x 1015ohm m, 1 x 109ohm m to 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 109ohm m to 1 x 1011ohm m, 1 x 1011ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 1011ohm m to 1 x 1015ohm m, 1 x 1011ohm m to 1 x 1013ohm m, 1 x 1013ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m, 1 x 1013ohm m to 1 x 1015ohm m, or 1 x 1015ohm m to 1 x 1017ohm m.

[0077] Turning to other components of compositions described herein, compositions described herein may further comprise one or more additional additives or components other than those described above. For example, in some embodiments, an additive described herein comprises nanoparticles. In some instances, nanoparticles described herein may comprise metal nanoparticles. The identity of the metal is not necessarily limited. For example, in some embodiments, a metal may comprise gold, silver, copper, zinc, magnesium, or titanium.Moreover, nanoparticles may be used in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. In some instances, nanoparticles may comprise 0.1-20 wt. %, 0.1-10 wt.%, 0.1-8 wt. %, 0.1-6 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-4 wt. %, 0.1-3 wt. %, 0.1-2 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-20 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-8 wt. %, 0.5-6 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-4 wt. %, 0.5-3 wt. %, 0.5-2 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-8 wt. %, 1-6 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 1-4 wt. %, 1-3 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 2-20 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 2-8 wt. %, 2-6 wt. %, 2-5 wt. %, 2-4 wt. %, 2-3 wt. %, 3-20 wt. %, 3-10 wt. %, 3-8 wt. %, 3-6 wt. %, 3-5 wt. %, 3-4 wt. %, 4-20 wt. %, 4-10 wt. %, 4-8 wt. %, 4-6 wt. %, 4-5 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 5-8 wt. %, 5-6 wt.%, 6-20 wt. %, 6-10 wt. %, 6-8 wt. %, 8-20 wt. %, 8-10 wt. %, or 10-20 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0078] In some instances, an additive described herein may comprise nanowires. In some embodiments, nanowires described herein may comprise metal nanowires. The identity of the metal is not necessarily limited. For example, in some embodiments, a metal may comprise gold, silver, copper, zinc, magnesium, or titanium. Moreover, nanowires may be used in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. In some cases, nanowires may comprise 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-8 wt. %, 0.1-6 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-4 wt. %, 0.1-3 wt. %, 0.1- 2 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-8 wt. %, 0.5-6 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-4 wt. %, 0.5-3 wt. %, 0.5-2 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-8 wt. %, 1-6 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 1-4 wt. %, 1-3 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 2-8 wt. %, 2-6 wt. %, 2-5 wt. %, 2-4 wt. %, 2-3 wt. %, 3-10 wt. %, 3-8 wt. %, 3-6 wt. %, 3-5 wt. %, 3-4 wt. %, 4-10 wt. %, 4-8 wt. %, 4-6 wt. %, 4-5 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 5-8 wt. %, 5-6 wt. %, 6-10 wt. %, 6-8 wt. %, or 8-10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0079] In some embodiments, an additive described herein may comprise carbon nanotubes. In some embodiments, carbon nanotubes described herein may be single-walled or multi-walled. Moreover, carbon nanotubes may be used in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. In some cases, carbon nanotubes may comprise 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-8 wt. %, 0.1-6 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-4 wt. %, 0.1-3 wt. %, 0.1-2 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-8 wt. %, 0.5-6 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-4 wt. %, 0.5-3 wt. %, 0.5- 2 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-8 wt. %, 1-6 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 1-4 wt. %, 1-3 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 2-8 wt. %, 2-6 wt. %, 2-5 wt. %, 2-4 wt. %, 2-3 wt. %, 3-10 wt. %, 3-8 wt. %, 3-6 wt. %, 3-5 wt. %, 3-4 wt. %, 4-10 wt. %, 4-8 wt. %, 4-6 wt. %, 4-5 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 5-8 wt. %, 5-6 wt. %, 6-10 wt. %, 6-8 wt. %, or 8-10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0080] In some implementations, an additive described herein may comprise fullerene. Any fullerene species not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, fullerene may comprise buckyballs or C60 nanoparticles. In some implementations, C60 nanoparticles may be doped with other molecules or other nanoparticles. For example, in some embodiments, C60 nanoparticles may be doped with nitrogen such that one or more atoms of the nanoparticle are replaced with a nitrogen atom. Moreover, in some instances, C60 nanoparticles may comprise or be doped with metal nanoparticles, such as goldand / or silver nanoparticles. Moreover, in some embodiments, metal microparticles and / or nanoparticles described herein, for example, gold or silver microparticles and / or nanoparticles, may also be doped with buckyballs or C60 nanoparticles. Further, fullerene may be used in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. In some instances, fullerene may comprise 0.1-10 wt. %, 0.1-5 wt. %, 0.1-4 wt. %, 0.1-3 wt. %, 0.1-2 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.1-0.5 wt. %, 0.5-10 wt. %, 0.5-5 wt. %, 0.5-4 wt. %, 0.5-3 wt. %, 0.5-2 wt. %, 0.5-1 wt. %, 1-10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 1-4 wt. %, 1-3 wt. %, 1-2 wt. %, 2-10 wt. %, 2-5 wt. %, 2-4 wt. %, 2-3 wt. %, 3-10 wt. %, 3-5 wt. %, 3-4 wt. %, 4-10 wt. %, 4-5 wt. %, or 5-10 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0081] Further, in some embodiments, an additional additive described herein comprises one or more plasticizers. A plasticizer may be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some implementations, for example, the plasticizer is present in the composition in an amount of 1-90 wt. %, 1-80 wt. %, 1-70 wt. %, 1-60 wt. %, 1-50 wt. %, 1-40 wt. %, 1-30 wt. %, 1-20 wt. %, 1- 10 wt. %, 1-5 wt. %, 5-90 wt. %, 5-80 wt. %, 5-70 wt. %, 5-60 wt. %, 5-50 wt. %, 5-40 wt. %, 5- 30 wt. %, 5-20 wt. %, 5-10 wt. %, 10-90 wt. %, 10-80 wt. %, 10-70 wt. %, 10-60 wt. %, 10-50 wt. %, 10-40 wt. %, 10-30 wt. %, 10-20 wt. %, 20-90 wt. %, 20-80 wt. %, 20-70 wt. %, 20-60 wt. %, 20-50 wt. %, 20-40 wt. %, 20-30%, 30-90 wt. %, 30-80 wt. %, 30-70 wt. %, 30-60 wt. %, 30-50 wt. %, 30-40 wt. %, 40-90 wt. %, 40-80 wt. %, 40-70 wt. %, 40-60 wt. %, 40-50 wt. %, 50-90 wt. %, 50-80 wt. %, 50-70 wt. %, 50-60 wt. %, 60-90 wt. %, 60-80 wt. %, 60-70 wt. %,70- 90 wt. %, 70-80 wt. %, or 80-90 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Moreover, any plasticizer not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some implementations, for instance, a plasticizer may be a mineral oil or a phthalate. Non-limiting examples of phthalates include but are not limited to dioctyl phthalate (DOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). In some embodiments, a plasticizer may comprise trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM), epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO), citrate esters (e.g., tributyl citrate), or polymeric plasticizers.

[0082] In some instances, an additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more antioxidants. An antioxidant may be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, an antioxidant may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 5wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Moreover, any antioxidant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, an antioxidant comprises a primary antioxidant. In some cases, a primary antioxidant comprises a phenolic antioxidant. Non-limiting examples of phenolic antioxidants include but are not limited to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Irganox 1010. In some implementations, a primary antioxidant comprises an aminic antioxidant. Non-limiting examples of aminic antioxidants include but are not limited to diphenylamine and polymeric amines. In some embodiments, an antioxidant comprises a secondary antioxidant. Non-limiting examples of secondary antioxidants include but are not limited to phosphites, such as triphenyl phosphite, trixylyl phosphate, and thioesters, such as dithioester antioxidants. In some cases, an antioxidant comprises a radical scavenger. Non-limiting examples of radical scavengers include but are not limited to ascorbic acid or tocopherols, such as Vitamin E. In some implementations, an antioxidant comprises a metal deactivator. Non-limiting examples of metal deactivators include but are not limited to sorbitol-based compounds and benzotriazoles, such as 2-(2’ -hydroxy-5 ’-methylphenyl) benzotri azole.

[0083] In some implementations, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more UV stabilizers. AUV stabilizer may be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some cases, a UV stabilizer may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Moreover, any UV stabilizer not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some cases, a UV stabilizer comprises a UV absorber. Non-limiting examples of a UV absorber include but are not limited to benzophenones, such as oxybenzone or benzophenone-4; benzotriazoles; and triazines, such as cyanoacrylate triazines. In some implementations, a UV stabilizer comprises a hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS). Non-limiting examples of HALSs include but are not limited to substituted amines, such as 6-(l,l,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-2,4,6-trimethylphenol, and piperidine derivatives, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinol. In some instances, a UV stabilizer comprises a photostabilizer. For reference purposes herein, in some embodiments, a photostabilizer specifically promotes the photostability of a polymer component describedherein. In some cases, a photostabilizer comprises organic metal compounds. Non-limiting examples of organic metal compounds include but are not limited to zinc stearate and calcium stearate. In some embodiments, a photostabilizer comprises silicone-based stabilizers. In some implementations, one or more UV stabilizers may be combined to achieve synergistic stabilizing effects.

[0084] In some instances, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more biocides. A biocide can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. Further, in some embodiments, a biocide may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Moreover, any biocide not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, a biocide comprises a pesticide. Non-limiting examples of pesticides include but are not limited to glyphosate, pyrethroids, organochlorines, organophosphates, and atrazine. In some implementations, a biocide comprises an antimicrobial. In some embodiments, an antimicrobial comprises an antibiotic. For example, in some cases, an antibiotic comprises amoxicillin, doxycycline, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, or clindamycin. Moreover, in some embodiments, a biocide may comprise zinc, zinc oxide, Chaga mushroom extract or powder, or hemp extract.

[0085] In other embodiments, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more flame retardants. A flame retardant can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a flame retardant may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Further, any flame retardant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, a flame retardant comprises a halogenated flame retardant. Non-limiting examples of halogenated flame retardants include but are not limited to tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), decabromodiphenyl ether (DecaBDE), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In some implementations, a flame retardant comprises a phosphorous-based flame retardant. For reference purposes herein, it is to be understood that a phosphorous-based flame retardant comprises phosphorous. Non-limiting examples of phosphorous-based flame retardants includebut are not limited to tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and phenyl phosphonates. In some instances, a flame retardant comprises an inorganic flame retardant. Non-limiting examples of inorganic flame retardants include but are not limited to Al(0H)3, Mg(0H)2, and zinc borates. In some embodiments, a flame retardant comprises an intumescent flame retardant. For reference purposes herein, in some instances, intumescent flame retardants form a protective char layer when exposed to heat. Non-limiting examples of intumescent flame retardants include but are not limited to expandable graphite and phosphorous-nitrogen-based compounds.

[0086] In some embodiments, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more antistatic agents. An antistatic agent can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, an antistatic agent may be present in the composition in an amount of 0.01-2.5 wt. %, 0.1-2.5 wt. %, 0.2-2.5 wt. %, 1-2.5 wt. %, 0.01-1 wt. %, 0.1-1 wt. %, 0.2-1 wt. %, 0.01-0.2 wt. %, 0.1-0.2 wt. %, or 0.01-0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Additionally, any antistatic agent not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure may be used. In some cases, an antistatic agent comprises non-ionic surfactants. Non-limiting examples of non-ionic surfactants include but are not limited to fatty acid esters, such as sorbitan esters (e.g., sorbitan monooleate), and alkyoxylated alcohols. In some embodiments, an antistatic agent comprises an ionic surfactant. Non-limiting embodiments of ionic surfactants include but are not limited to quaternary ammonium compounds, such as benzalkonium chloride. Moreover, in some cases, an ionic surfactant comprises sodium lauryl sulfate. In some instances, an antistatic agent comprises a conductive filler. For reference purposes herein, in some embodiments, a conductive filler increases the conductivity of a composition described herein, which allows for the dissipation of static charge. In some cases, a conductive filler comprises carbon black. In some implementations, a conductive filler comprises a metallic filler. In some instances, a metallic filler comprises aluminum powder or copper powder. In some embodiments, an antistatic agent comprises a polymeric antistatic agent. In some cases, a polymeric antistatic agent comprises polyethylene glycol or polyvinyl alcohol.

[0087] In some implementations, an additional additive of a composition described herein may comprise one or more colorants. Any colorant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises a dye and / orpigment. In some cases, a pigment may be organic or inorganic. Moreover, the colorant may be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some instances, for example, a colorant may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 7.5 wt. %, 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0088] In some instances, an additional additive of a composition described herein may comprise one or more optical brighteners. An optical brightener can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some instances, for example, a colorant may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition. Additionally, any optical brightener not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, an optical brightener comprises a stilbene. For example, in some cases, a stilbene comprises 4,4’ -diamino-2, 2’ -stilbenedisulfonic acid (DAS). In some implementations, an optical brightener comprises a biphenyl derivative. In some embodiments, a biphenyl derivative comprises 4,4’-distyryl biphenyl. In some instances, an optical brightener comprises a coumarin derivative. Non-limiting examples of a coumarin derivative include but are not limited to coumarin and 7-aminocoumarin. In some embodiments, an optical brightener comprises a naphthalene derivative. Non-limiting examples of naphthalene derivatives include but are not limited to l,4-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)naphthalene. In some cases, an optical brightener comprises a pyrazoline derivative.

[0089] Moreover, in some instances, an additional additive of a composition described herein comprises one or more fillers. A filler can be present in a composition described herein in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the present disclosure. In some implementations, a filler may be present in the composition in an amount of 0.01-10%, 0.01-8%, 0.01-5%, 0.01-2%, 0.01-1%, 0.01-0.5%, 0.5-10%, 0.5-8%, 0.5-5%, 0.5-2%, 0.5-1%, 1-10%, 1- 8%, 1-5%, 1-2%, 2-10%, 2-8%, 2-5%, 5-10%, 5-8%, or 8-10%, based on the total weight of the composition. Any filler not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some cases, a filler may comprise calcium carbonate (CaCCh), talc, silica (SiC>2), kaolin(aluminum silicate), glass fibers, barium sulfate (BaSCh), mica, clay, magnesium hydroxide (M (0H)2), or wollastonite (calcium metasilicate).

[0090] Turning to forms of compositions described herein, in some cases, it is to be understood that compositions described herein are not limited to a particular form or product. An assortment of forms or products formed from compositions described herein may be contemplated, including but not limited to foams, films, yams (including monocomponent, bicomponent, and tricomponent yarns), fabrics, and / or textiles, rubbers, composites (i.e., thermoplastic composites and thermoset composites), paints, coatings, adhesives, wallpaper, wall coverings, laminates, insulation blocks, tiles, injection-molded products, and cast-molded products.

[0091] In some embodiments, a composition described herein may be in the form of a foam. That is, in some cases, a composition described herein may form a foam as the result of the action of a foaming agent or foaming techniques. Thus, in some instances, a composition described herein further comprises a foaming agent. In some cases, a foaming agent may comprise a chemical foaming agent (CFA). It is to be understood for reference purposes herein that in some implementations, a chemical foaming agent may produce gas and / or gas bubbles upon heating or interacting with the components of a composition to produce gas and / or gas bubbles. Any chemical foaming agent not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. Non-limiting examples of chemical foaming agents include but are not limited to azodicarbonamide, endothermic foaming agents, such as sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, and organic peroxides. A chemical foaming agent may be present in a composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some embodiments, a chemical foaming agent may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0092] In some instances, a foaming agent may comprise a physical foaming agent. For reference purposes herein, in some embodiments, a physical foaming agent refers to an agent that creates a foam through physical means (i.e., high pressure). In some implementations, a physical foaming agent comprises a gas. For example, in some instances, the gas comprises carbon dioxide (CO2) or nitrogen (N2). In some implementations, the gas comprises a hydrocarbon. Non-limiting examples of a hydrocarbon include but are not limited to pentane, butane, orisobutane. In some cases, the gas comprises a fluorinated hydrocarbon. Non-limiting examples of fluorinated hydrocarbons include but are not limited to hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons.

[0093] Moreover, in some embodiments, in combination with a foaming agent, a surfactant may be used to stabilize the foam. Any surfactant not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure may be used. In some instances, the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant. In some cases, a non-ionic surfactant comprises an ethoxylated alcohol. In some implementations, the surfactant comprises anionic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of anionic surfactants include but are not limited to sodium lauryl sulfate, fatty alcohol sulfates, and alkylbenzene sulfonates. In some embodiments, the surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of cationic surfactants include but are not limited to benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, hydroxyethyl laurdimonium chloride, and hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium chloride. A surfactant may be present in a composition in any amount not inconsistent with the technical objectives of this disclosure. In some embodiments, a surfactant may be present in the composition in an amount of up to 5 wt. %, up to 4 wt. %, up to 3 wt. %, up to 2 wt. %, up to 1 wt. %, up to 0.5 wt. %, or up to 0.1 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.

[0094] Turning to other forms of compositions described herein, in some embodiments, compositions described herein may form a film. It is to be understood that in some cases, a film may comprise or be a relatively thin layer of a composition described herein (meaning, the film can be thin in one dimension, but not necessarily thin in the other two dimensions). Moreover, in some cases, a film formed from a composition described herein may be easily bent, rolled, or folded. In some embodiments, a film formed from a composition described herein comprises a coating. In some instances, a film formed from a composition described herein comprises one or more layers, films, and / or sheets in a laminate product.

[0095] Moreover, in some cases, a film may have particular thicknesses. For example, in some embodiments, the film is less than 0.5 mm, less than 0.3 mm, or less than 0.1 mm in thickness. In some instances, a film formed from a composition described herein comprises a sheet. It is to be understood that in some cases, a sheet comprises films of thicknesses in the range of 0.5-10 mm, 0.5-8 mm, 0.5-5 mm, 0.5-3 mm, 0.5-1 mm, 1-10 mm, 1-8 mm, 1-5 mm, 1-3 mm, 3-10 mm, 3-8 mm, 3-5 mm, 5-10 mm, 5-8 mm, or 8-10 mm. Moreover, in someembodiments, a sheet may have a thickness of at least 10 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, or 100 mm. In some cases, a sheet may have a thickness in the range of 10 mm- 100 mm, 10 mm-90 mm, 10 mm-80 mm, 10 mm-70 mm, 10 mm-60 mm, 10 mm-50 mm, 10 mm-40 mm, 10 mm-30 mm, 10 mm-20 mm, 20 mm-100 mm, 20 mm-90 mm, 20 mm-80 mm, 20 mm-70 mm, 20 mm-60 mm, 20 mm-50 mm, 20 mm-40 mm, 20 mm-30 mm, 30 mm-100 mm, 30 mm-90 mm, 30 mm-80 mm, 30 mm-70 mm, 30 mm-60 mm, 30 mm-50 mm, 30 mm-40 mm, 40 mm-100 mm, 40 mm-90 mm, 40 mm-80 mm, 40 mm-70 mm, 40 mm-60 mm, 40 mm-50 mm, 50 mm-100 mm, 50 mm-90 mm, 50 mm-80 mm, 50 mm-70 mm, 50 mm-60 mm, 60 mm-100 mm, 60 mm-90 mm, 60 mm-80 mm, 60 mm-70 mm, 70 mm-100 mm, 70 mm-90 mm, 70 mm-80 mm, 80 mm-100 mm, 80 mm-90 mm, or 90 mm-100 mm.

[0096] In some embodiments, compositions described herein may form a yarn. In some instances, a yarn may comprise a monocomponent yarn. Stated differently, in some cases, a yam may comprise a single component comprising a composition described herein. Moreover, in some implementations, a yarn described herein may form a bicomponent or a tricomponent yarn. Thus, in some instances, a yarn described herein may comprise two or three components, respectively.

[0097] In some embodiments, at least one component in a bicomponent yam comprises a composition described herein. In some instances, both components in a bicomponent yam comprise a composition described herein. However, in some cases, one component of the bicomponent yarn is an additional polymer component. The identity of the additional polymer component is not limited. Non-limiting examples of an additional polymer component include but are not limited to PET, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), elastomers such as copolyester elastomers, polyolefins, polyamides, and polyamide elastomers. In some instances, the polymer component of the composition described herein and the additional polymer component are the same. In some embodiments, the polymer component of the composition described herein and the additional polymer component are similar. Stated differently, in some cases, the polymer component of the composition described herein and the additional polymer component are from the same family (e.g., the polyester family, the polyolefin family, the polyamide family).

[0098] Moreover, the morphology of a bicomponent yarn is not limited. For example, in some cases, the morphology of bicomponent yam may be a sheath-core morphology or an “islands in the sea” morphology. In some instances of a sheath-core morphology of abicomponent yarn described herein, the sheath forms the majority of the outside surface of the fiber of the yam. In some embodiments, the sheath forms a covering about the core. In some cases, the core may be centered in the fiber cross-section or may be off-center. Further, in some implementations, the sheath may cover the core in a complete fashion over the circumference of the fiber or may be only partially covering over the circumference of the fiber. In the case where the covering is partial about the circumference, the morphology is distinguished from side-by- side morphologies in that the core makes up the majority of the volume of the fiber. In some embodiments, the sheath may comprise a composition described herein or a second polymer component. Moreover, in some cases, the core may comprise a composition described herein or an additional polymer component.

[0099] In some embodiments, a bicomponent yarn described herein may have an “islands in the sea” morphology. In some such embodiments, the “sea” form a continuous matrix in which the “islands” exist. The “islands” are referred to as such because of their appearance in cross- sectional views of the bicomponent fiber, and the “islands” are elements embedded in the continuous “sea” matrix. In some instances, the “islands” may comprise a composition described herein or an additional polymer component. Moreover, in some cases, the “sea” may comprise a composition described herein or an additional polymer component.

[0100] Turning to tricomponent yarns, in some cases, a yarn described herein comprises a tricomponent yarn. In some embodiments, one or more components in a tricomponent yarn comprises a composition described herein. In some cases, one or more components of the tricomponent yarn comprises an additional polymer component. The identity of the additional polymer component is not limited. Non-limiting examples of an additional polymer component include but are not limited to PET, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), elastomers such as copolyester elastomers, polyolefins, polyamides, and polyamide elastomers. In some instances, the polymer component of the composition described herein and the additional polymer component are the same. In some embodiments, the polymer component of the composition described herein and the additional polymer component are similar. Stated differently, in some cases, the polymer component of the composition described herein and the additional polymer component are from the same family (e.g., the polyester family, the polyolefin family, the polyamide family). In some implementations, the polymer component of the composition described herein and the additional two components of the tri component fiber are the same orfrom the same family. Additionally, the morphology of a tricomponent yarn is not limited. For example, in some instances, the morphology of a tricomponent yarn is a sheath-core-core morphology or an “islands in the sea” morphology.

[0101] Turning to other forms of compositions herein, in some implementations, compositions described herein may form a fabric. In some instances, a fabric described herein may be coated or uncoated. Non-limited examples of coatings for a fabric described herein include but are not limited to polyvinyl chloride, polyurethanes, silicones, and acrylics.

[0102] Fibers, yarns, and / or fabrics described herein may have, in some cases, particular properties. In some embodiments, the fibers of a thread of a fabric and / or yarn may have a given denier. It is to be understood for reference purposes herein, that denier refers to the mass in grams per 9,000 meters of the individual fibers and / or threads or filaments of a yarn and / or fabric. In some embodiments, the fibers of a yarn and / or fabric described herein have a denier of 10-100,000, 10-75,000, 10-50,000, 10-25,000, 10-10,000, 10-1000, 10-950, 10-900, 10-850, 10- 800, 10-750, 10-700, 10-650, 10-600, 10-550, 10-500, 10-450, 10-400, 10-350, 10-300, 10-250, 10-200, 10-150, 10-100, 10-50, 50-100,000, 50-75,000, 50-50,000, 50-25,000, 50-10,000, 50- 1000, 50-950, 50-900, 50-850, 50-800, 50-750, 50-700, 50-650, 50-600, 10-550, 50-500, 50-450, 50-400, 50-350, 50-300, 50-250, 50-200, 50-150, 50-100, 70-1000, 70-300, 100-100,000, 100- 75,000, 100-50,000, 100-25,000, 100-10,000, 100-1000, 100-950, 100-900, 100-850, 100-800, 100-750, 100-700, 100-650, 100-600, 100-550, 100-500, 100-450, 100-400, 100-350, 100-300, 100-250, 100-200, 100-150, 150-100,000, 150-75,000, 150-50,000, 150-25,000, 150-10,000, 150-1000, 150-950, 150-900, 150-850, 150-800, 150-750, 150-700, 150-650, 150-600, 150-550, 150-500, 150-450, 150-400, 150-350, 150-300, 150-250, 150-200, 200-100,000, 200-75,000, 200-50,000, 200-25,000, 200-10,000, 200-1000, 200-950, 200-900, 200-850, 200-800, 200-750, 200-700, 200-650, 200-600, 200-550, 200-500, 200-450, 200-400, 200-350, 200-300, 200-250, 250-100,000, 250-75,000, 250-50,000, 250-25,000, 250-10,000, 250-1000, 250-950, 250-900, 250-850, 250-800, 250-750, 250-700, 250-650, 250-600, 250-550, 250-500, 250-450, 250-400, 250-350, 250-300, 250-1000, 250-950, 250-900, 250-850, 250-800, 250-750, 250-700, 250-650, 250-600, 250-550, 250-500, 250-450, 250-400, 250-350, 250-300, 300-100,000, 300-75,000, 300-50,000, 300-25,000, 300-10,000, 300-1000, 300-950, 300-900, 300-850, 300-800, 300-750, 300-700, 300-650, 300-600, 300-550, 300-500, 300-450, 300-400, 300-350, 350-100,000, 350- 75,000, 350-50,000, 350-25,000, 350-10,000, 350-1000, 350-950, 350-900, 350-850, 350-800,350-750, 350-700, 350-650, 350-600, 350-550, 350-500, 350-450, 350-400, 400-100,000, 400- 75,000, 400-50,000, 400-25,000, 400-10,000, 400-1000, 400-950, 400-900, 400-850, 400-800, 400-750, 400-700, 400-650, 400-600, 400-550, 400-500, 400-450, 450-100,000, 450-75,000, 450-50,000, 450-25,000, 450-10,000, 450-1000, 450-950, 450-900, 450-850, 450-800, 450-750, 450-700, 450-650, 450-600, 450-550, 450-500, 500-100,000, 500-75,000, 500-50,000, 500- 25,000, 500-10,000, 500-1000, 500-950, 500-900, 500-850, 500-800, 500-750, 500-700, SOO- OSO, 500-600, 500-550, 550-100,000, 550-75,000, 550-50,000, 550-25,000, 550-10,000, 550- 1000, 550-950, 550-900, 550-850, 550-800, 550-750, 550-700, 550-650, 550-600, 600-100,000, 600-75,000, 600-50,000, 600-25,000, 600-10,000, 600-1000, 600-950, 600-900, 600-850, 600- 800, 600-750, 600-700, 600-650, 650-100,000, 650-75,000, 650-50,000, 650-25,000, 650- 10,000, 650-1000, 650-950, 650-900, 650-850, 650-800, 650-750, 650-700, 700-100,000, 700- 75,000, 700-50,000, 700-25,000, 700-10,000, 700-1000, 700-950, 700-900, 700-850, 700-800, 700-750, 750-100,000, 750-75,000, 750-50,000, 750-25,000, 750-10,000, 750-1000, 750-950, 750-900, 750-850, 750-800, 800-100,000, 800-75,000, 800-50,000, 800-25,000, 800-10,000, 800-1000, 800-950, 800-900, 800-850, 850-100,000, 850-75,000, 850-50,000, 850-25,000, 850- 10,000, 850-1000, 850-950, 850-900, 900-100,000, 900-75,000, 900-50,000, 900-25,000, 900- 10,000, 900-1000, 900-950, 950-100,000, 950-75,000, 950-50,000, 950-25,000, 950-10,000, 950-1000, 1000-100,000, 1000-75,000, 1000-50,000, 1000-25,000, 1000-10,000, 10,000- 100,000, 10,000-75,000, 10,000-50,000, 10,000-25,000, 25,000-100,000, 25,000-75,000, 25,000- 50,000, 50,000-100,000, 50,000-75,000, or 75,000-100,000.

[0103] Additionally, in some instances, a fabric formed from a composition described herein may be considered a “breathable” fabric. For reference purposes herein, the breathability of a fabric is measured using a resistance to an evaporating heat transfer (RET) score. In some cases, a fabric described herein may be extremely breathable. Thus, in some implementations, a fabric described herein may have a RET score less than 6. In some embodiments a fabric described herein may be very breathable. Thus, in some instances, a fabric described herein may have a RET score between 6 and 12. In some cases, a fabric described herein may be moderately breathable. Thus, in some embodiments, a fabric described herein may have a RET score between 13 and 20. In some cases, a fabric described herein may not be considered breathable. Moreover, in some instances, a fabric described herein may have a RET score greater than 20. The RET score may be measured using techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example,in some embodiments, the RET score of a fabric described herein may be measured according to ISO 11092.[001041 Moreover, in some embodiments, a fabric formed from a composition described herein may have particular properties related to its stiffness and / or flexibility. For example, in some embodiments, a fabric may have a flex length in the range of 1 mm to 100 mm, 1 mm to 80 mm, 1 mm to 60 mm, 1 mm to 40 mm, 1 mm to 30 mm, 1 mm to 20 mm, 1 mm to 10 mm, 10 mm to 100 mm, 10 mm to 80 mm, 10 mm to 60 mm, 10 mm to 40 mm, 10 mm to 30 mm, 10 mm to 20 mm, 20 mm to 100 mm, 20 mm to 80 mm, 20 mm to 60 mm, 20 mm to 40 mm, 20 mm to 30 mm, 30 mm to 100 mm, 30 mm to 80 mm, 30 mm to 60 mm, 30 mm to 40 mm, 40 mm to 100 mm, 40 mm to 80 mm, 40 mm to 60 mm, 60 mm to 100 mm, 60 mm to 80 mm, or 80 mm to 100 mm, according to ASTM D1388.II. Methods of Making a Composition

[0105] In another aspect, methods of making a composition are described herein. In some embodiments, a method of making a composition comprises dispersing one or more blocking components within a polymer component to form a composition. The composition may be any composition described herein in Section I.

[0106] In some implementations, the composition may be further modified to form pellets. For example, in some embodiments, a method described herein may further comprise melting the composition. In some cases, the method may composition extruding the composition. It is to be understood that in some instances, melting, mixing, and extrusion may be performed in a manner known to one of ordinary skill in the art. General methods of melting, mixing, and extrusion are described by Giles Jr, H. F., Wagner Jr., J. R., Mount, E. M., Mount III, E. M. (2013). Extrusion: The Definitive Processing Guide and Handbook (Netherlands: Elsevier Science).

[0107] In some embodiments, extruding the composition comprises extruding with a single screw extruder using static or dynamic mixing. In some cases, extruding the composition may comprise extruding the composition with a single-screw, twin-screw, or multi-screw extruder. In some implementations, the method may further comprise setting the composition. In some embodiments, setting the composition comprises curing the composition. In some implementations, curing the composition comprises moisture curing the composition or UV curing the composition. In some cases, setting the composition comprises cooling thecomposition. In some cases, cooling the composition comprises cooling the composition with a water bath. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise forming pellets of the composition.

[0108] In some instances, pellets of the composition may be further modified to form different forms of the composition. For example, in some cases, the method further comprises melting the pellets of the composition, extruding the melted pellets of the composition, setting the melted pellets of the composition, and forming filaments of the composition. In some instances, the method may further comprise melting the pellets of the composition, extruding the melted pellets of the composition, setting the melted pellets of the composition, and forming a film or sheet of the composition. In some embodiments, setting the melted pellets of the composition comprises curing the melted pellets of the composition. In some implementations, curing the melted pellets of the composition comprises moisture curing the melted pellets of the composition or UV curing the melted pellets of the composition. In some cases, setting the melted pellets of the composition comprises cooling the melted pellets of the composition.

[0109] Further, in some cases, the melted composition may be placed into or formed by a mold. For example, in some implementations, a method described herein may comprise casting the melted composition in a mold. However, the molding process described herein is not limited. In some cases, the composition may be used in film blowing, rotational molding, extrusion molding, profile extrusion, thermoforming, vacuum forming, thermoset processing techniques (e g., hand lay-up, spray-up, resin transfer molding, compression molding, vacuum molding / bagging, pultrusion, autoclave molding, resin infusion, and thermal pressing), blow molding, heat press molding, calender molding, coating molding, casting molding, dipping molding, transfer molding, and similar molding applications.

[0110] Moreover, an article formed from a composition described herein, such as a molded or casted composition formed from a composition herein, can find application in a variety of fields, such as protective shields.III. Garments

[0111] In yet another aspect, garments are described herein. In some instances, a garment comprises a first layer of fabric, wherein the first layer of fabric is formed from a composition described herein. The composition may be any composition described herein in Section I.

[0112] In some embodiments, a garment described herein may comprise one or more additional layers of fabric. The one or more additional layers of fabric may comprise any material not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. Non-limiting examples of material for such fabric include but are not limited to cotton, linen, leather, wool, silk, polyester, polyamide, viscose, and combinations and / or blends thereof.

[0113] In some implementations, a garment described herein may comprise an adhesive bonding one or more layers of fabric. Any adhesive not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, the adhesive may comprise a polymer. In some cases, the polymer comprises an acrylate. Non-limiting examples of an acrylate described herein include but are not limited to a methacrylate.

[0114] In some cases, a garment described herein may comprise a backer layer. It is to be understood that, in some implementations, when a garment is worn by a wearer, a backer layer is immediately adjacent to the wearer. In some cases, a backer layer may be adjacent to or immediately touch the skin. Stated differently, in some implementations, a backer layer may be a layer that comes in direct contact with the skin of the wearer. However, in some cases, a backer layer may not be adjacent to or immediately touch the skin. In some instances, another article of clothing and / or another garment may form an additional layer between the garment described herein and the skin.

[0115] A backer layer may be formed from, comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of any material not inconsistent with the current disclosure. For example, in some cases, a backer layer may be formed from a polyester (e.g., polyethylene). In some implementations, a backer layer may be formed from a polypropylene. In some embodiments, a backer layer may be formed from a polyamide. In some cases, a backer layer may be formed from a regenerated cellulose or a polyacryonitrile (PAN). Moreover, it is to be understood that in some implementations, a backer layer may be formed from a combination and / or blend of materials.

[0116] In some instances, a garment may further comprise a closing component. Any closing component not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure may be used. In some embodiments, a closing component may comprise a hook and eye closure. In some implementations, a closing component may comprise a hook and loop fastener and / or hook and loop closure. In some embodiments, a hook and loop fastener may comprise a hook fastener, a loop fastener, or a combination thereof. Further, in some cases, a closing component maycomprise a zipper. Moreover, in some implementations, a closing component may comprise a button closure.

[0117] A garment may comprise any article of clothing not inconsistent with the technical objectives of the current disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, a garment may comprise a shirt and / or top. In some instances, a garment may comprise a pant. In some implementations, a garment may comprise a vest. Non-limiting examples of a garment described herein include but are not limited to jackets, sweaters, sweatshirts, leggings, undergarments, socks, hosiery, medical uniforms, and shoes. Moreover, in some cases, a garment may include a protective garment. Non-limiting examples of protective garments include but are not limited to thyroid shields, half aprons, full aprons, unitards, sleeves, head caps, and leg wraps.

[0118] A garment described herein may find application in a variety of fields, such as protective clothing and / or garments for medical diagnostics (e g., X-ray machine operators), protective uniforms (i.e., medical and / or healthcare uniforms and / or uniforms for security agents and / or security guards and / or staff), and protective clothing and / or garments for space travel.

[0119] For instance, in some non-limiting examples, a fabric or garment described herein can be made with a laminated film or coating applied to the fabric or garment that contains the above-described radiation blocking or other active materials in a film or coating which is applied to one or more layers of fabric to provide a minimum of 20% radiation blocking (or some other technical effect described hereinabove related to blocking of incident waves, particles, or fields. In another non-limiting example embodiment, a composite fabric and / or garment described herein can have integral pockets that are filled with one or more visco-elastic polymer materials filled or loaded with blocking materials described above. In some such cases, the integral polymer can be filled or loaded to provide either the sole or the primary blocking agent for protection from the various incident waves, particles, or fields described above, and such fabrics and / or garments can be used as or attached to or disposed on dividers, walls, rooms and / or personal protection garments. In some embodiments, such fabrics, structures, and / or garments can be substantially thicker than traditional knitted and woven fabrics, which do not have such three-dimensional pockets to hold loaded visco-elastic filled polymers of various types as well as natural and synthetic rubbers to provide comfort and conformability in garments worn by individuals who must move and work. In some cases, such composite structures in dividers, walls and / or rooms can form complex three-dimensional forms to provide increased radiationprotection (or protection from other waves, particles, or fields as described above) around various geometries and equipment.[001201 These foregoing embodiments are further illustrated in the following non-limiting examples.EXAMPLE 1 Blocking Compositions

[0121] Herein, radiation-shielding and / or blocking compositions are described. The compositions are shown in Table 1-2. The amount of each component shown in Table 1-2 is in wt. %. “Comp.” means “Composition.” It is to be understood that all components of a given composition add up to 100 wt. %. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that silver- doped carbon 60 provides unique radiation-protective properties. Moreover, not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed magnetite tuned with a magnetic field allows the dynamic modulation of the radiation shielding capabilities of blocking compositions described herein. Further, not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that in some cases, boron-doped pozzolan shields neutrons.Table 1. Radiation shielding and / or blocking Compositions 1-6.Table 2. Radiation shielding and / or blocking Compositions 7-13.EXAMPLE 2Ag-Doped C60

[0122] Herein, the doping of carbon 60, also known as buckyballs, with silver is described. The method incorporates carbon 60 as fullerene in a powder form; colloidal silver; and an organic solvent compatible with carbon 60, such as toluene or benzene.

[0123] The carbon 60 doping process comprises a preparation step, an additive step, an ultrasonic treatment step, an incubation step, a separation step, a drying step, and a characterization step. The preparation step begins with preparing a carbon 60 solution by dissolving a specific quantity of carbon 60 fullerene in an appropriate organic solvent to create a saturated solution. Next, a magnetic stirrer is utilized to ensure complete dissolution.

[0124] In the additive step, colloidal silver is added. Colloidal silver is added slowly to the carbon 60 solution while continuously stirring. The amount of colloidal silver added depends on the desired concentration of silver in the final product.

[0125] The ultrasonic treatment step includes placing the mixture in an ultrasonic bath. The ultrasonic treatment helps to evenly distribute the silver nanoparticles in the solution and enhances the doping of carbon 60 with silver.

[0126] Within the incubation step, the solution sits for a predetermined period, often several hours to a few days, depending on the desired level of doping. This step facilitates the interaction between silver nanoparticles and carbon 60 molecules.

[0127] The separation step begins after incubation. Centrifuging the solution separates the doped carbon 60 particles from the solvent and excess silver nanoparticles. This step may be repeated several times to ensure purity.

[0128] The drying step includes spreading the wet silver-carbon 60 composition in a thin layer in a vacuum oven. Drying occurs at a low temperature under vacuum to remove any residual solvent.

[0129] Lastly, the characterization step begins once the solution is dried. The doped carbon 60 is characterized to confirm successful doping. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) may be used to confirm successful doping of the carbon 60 particles.EXAMPLE 3 Composition Manufacture

[0130] Herein, a non-limiting Example of manufacturing a composition for blocking radiation is described.

[0131] For the composition described, the polymer component is a random amorphous propylene-ethylene copolymer with over 80% propylene content. A mineral oil that acts as a plasticizer is further utilized, making the polymer component softer and enhancing its acceptance of the blocking components. In this preferred embodiment, the present composition is created through a series of steps: particle size selection, base matrix preparation, incorporation of the blocking components, viscosity control, and post processing.

[0132] Particle size selection begins with utilizing fine particle sizes and increasing the surface area, enhancing interactions and distribution within the polymer matrix. In some embodiments, the particle size of the blocking component is between 0.1 to 7 microns. However, in some cases, a range of sizes are utilized to ensure a good packing factor.

[0133] The base matrix preparation includes melting the polymer component using a twin- screw extruder. Further, mineral oil is incorporated gradually until the mixture is homogenized. This yields a softened, more receptive polymer blend with the polymer component: mi neral oil ratio between 0.1 and 0.9.

[0134] The incorporation of the blocking components is done via the gradually introduction of the blocking components to the softened polymer component mixture in the twin-screw extruder. The fine particle sizes allow for efficient dispersion within the matrix. A consistent feed rate is maintained for the shielding components to prevent agglomeration or clumping.

[0135] Viscosity control then ensures that the viscosity of the resulting composition can be tuned by adjusting the polymer component mineral oil ratio. A higher mineral oil content may reduce the viscosity, making the mixture more flowable.

[0136] Regular viscosity measurements are taken using a device like a viscometer to ensure consistency. The consistency of the composition allows the composition to be spread or molded easily but retains enough body to stay in place upon application during viscosity measurements.

[0137] Finally, post-processing involves cooling and collecting the composition once extruded. The composition is then tested for the blocking and / or shielding properties to ensure the desired criteria are met.EXAMPLE 4 Filament Yarns

[0138] The present Example incorporates a radiation-shielding and / or blocking composition into a filament yarn through a series of steps.

[0139] First, a masterbatch preparation utilizes a component selection of the primary matrix, which in some embodiments, may be a hydrogen-rich polymer component. In some embodiments, a polymer component comprises a hydrogen-rich polymer, such as polyethylene (for example, UHMWPE) or polypropylene. The blocking components are then dry mixed, based on the percentages provided, to achieve uniform distribution. The components are then further melted and mixed using twin-screw extruders to melt the chosen hydrogen-rich polymer. The pre-mixed blocking components are gradually introduced to ensure a thorough mix. The blend is then cooled and cut it into small pellets, forming the masterbatch. Furthermore, a filament is extruded by feeding the masterbatch pellets at 30 wt. % blocking component into the extruder, where they are melted. The molten polymer mixture is then passed through a spinneret to form continuous filaments. The nascent filaments are drawn and / or stretched to enhance the molecular orientation and the strength of the filament.

[0140] The resultant filaments are wound onto bobbins, making yarns of desired thickness and properties. Further, the composition goes through a post-extrusion treatment where the filaments are heated under tension to a specific temperature below its melting point. Then, it is cooled. This helps in reducing the internal stresses and improving crystallinity.

[0141] Depending on the end-use, the filament surface can be treated for to enhance properties, like adhesion or wettability. This could involve physical methods like plasma treatment or chemical methods using certain coupling agents.

[0142] The composition is then checked for quality control and validation. First, the filament’s strength and elongation properties are assessed. Then, a validation of the shielding effectiveness of the extruded yarn against various radiation types is performed. Next, the process ensures that the filament diameter is consistent across the length. Finally, a visual inspection takes place where there is a check for any visible defects or irregularities in the filament.

[0143] Lastly, the composition is packed and stored. Once the filament yarn passes quality checks, it is packaged in moisture-proof packaging, ensuring it remains uncontaminated. The yarn is stored in environments that prevent degradation from UV light, moisture, or other environmental factors.

[0144] Additionally, the melt flow index, spinneret design, and drawing ratio are considered. The MFI of the hydrogen-rich polymer and the masterbatch play a role in determining the extrusion parameters. The design and size of the spinneret holes directly influence the diameter and the cross-sectional shape of the filament. The drawing ratio, which is how much the filament is stretched, is considered to achieve a balance of tensile strength and flexibility.EXAMPLE 5 Film Extrusion

[0145] In this non-limiting Example, a composition described herein is extruded into a film.

[0146] The film extrusion process begins with preparing a masterbatch by mixing the polymer component with the blocking components. Then, the masterbatch is fed into the film extrusion system. The material is then extruded into thin films, maintaining consistent thickness. The extruded film is then cooled and rolled for storage or further processing.

[0147] In some instances, the melt blending heats the polymer blend in the extruder until it reaches a molten state. Afterwards, a flat die is used for producing sheet-like films. The design and gap of the die play roles in determining the final film thickness and quality.

[0148] In some embodiments, the molten blend is extruded through a die, where it takes the shape of a thin film. The extruded film is immediately cooled using a chilled roller to solidify it.In some cases, the film is stretched in the machine direction (MD) and / or transverse direction (TD) to improve mechanical properties and reduce film thickness. In some cases, the produced film is rolled onto reels for further processing or storage.EXAMPLE 6Molding Compositions

[0149] In this non-limiting Example, a molding process is described using compositions described herein.

[0150] The molding process begins with pre-mixing all components of a composition and heating the composition until the composition is homogenous. In some embodiments, if the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic, injection molding, blow molding, or rotational molding may be employed. Additionally, in some cases, if the polymer component comprises a thermoset, curing agents may be added, and the composition may be molded into the desired shape and allowed to cure under specified conditions. Within the molding process, recycled or bio-based materials may be used, wherever feasible.

[0151] Next, the components of the composition are pre-processed. The components, especially the polymer component, are dried to remove any moisture. Depending on the desired properties, particle size may be adjusted using milling or sieving. Furthermore, the composition is formulated such that a sustainable, hydrogen-rich polymer component is used that complements the radiation-shielding capabilities of the blocking components. In some embodiments, the polymer component comprises polyethylene (for example, UHMWPE), polypropylene, or bio-based resins. The blocking components are combined in the desired proportions, ensuring a homogenous mix. The appropriate curing agents are incorporated to promote cross-linking in the resin. Additives, like UV stabilizers or flame retardants, are added to composition.

[0152] Further, the composition is manufactured via injection molding. The blocking components are introduced into the melted or liquid polymer resin. High-shear mixers are used to ensure proper dispersion and prevent agglomeration. The blend is heated to convert the composition into a molten state. The melt is injected into a mold under high pressure.

[0153] The mold is cooled to solidify the composition into the desired shape. The part comprising the composition is ejected. Depending on the application, the surface of the composition may be sanded, polished, or coated to improve aesthetics or performance. Furthermore, in an alternative embodiment, the magnetite of the composition can be charged in a variety of ways, as described previously.EXAMPLE 7Garments Comprising Blocking Compositions

[0154] In this non-limiting Example, garments are described. Products with different shielding efficiencies are created by incorporating tungsten carbide into polyester and spin yarn to create knit fabrics and garments. The yarn may be knit to surfaces with soft textured polyester DTY for comfort.

[0155] Herein, a vegan leather garment comprises a microporous tungsten carbide layer and polyurethane layers. The garment further comprises a backer layer. In some embodiments, the backer layer comprises a soft brushed polyester knit fabric. Moreover, herein, an additional garment is manufactured with two layers of vegan leather with tungsten carbide in the microporous and polyurethane layers with backing polyester knit fabric only for the top leather. The bottom leather layer backing does not have tungsten carbide, since this layer may be brushed. In some cases, tungsten carbide is abrasive and creates discomfort for the user. These two leather layers are bonded together via a hot melt glue type material comprising tungsten carbide, an isotactic propylene with random ethylene blocks, and Miner.EXAMPLE 8 Textiles

[0156] In this non-limiting Example, textiles are described.

[0157] It is to be understood that in some cases, blocking components described herein may be considered to be dense or have a higher density in comparison to a polymer component. For example, magnetite has a density of 5.17 g / cm3. In contrast, the density of polyethylene, particularly ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, may be in the range of 0.92-0.94 g / cm3. Insome embodiments, textiles described herein formed from a composition comprising a blocking component with a high density, such as magnetite, are found to lack flexibility and / or be stiff when the composition also comprises a polymer component that is crystalline. Thus, in some cases, to increase flexibility and / or decrease stiffness of a textile formed from a composition comprising a blocking component with a high density, a polymer component that is amorphous may be used.EXAMPLE 9Shielding Assessment for X-Rays

[0158] In this non-limiting Example, compositions that have the ability to shield forms of radiation are described. The compositions are effective barriers against radiation over a consistent and extended period. Compositions described herein allow for a wide range of products, such as wearables, automotive and aviation interior flooring and barrier parts.

[0159] Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of EMF and radiation has been linked to a variety of health issues, including but not limited to headaches, sleep disturbances, fatigue, muscle and bone atrophy, electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS), and a weakened immune system. Studies suggest that EMF exposure may impact cognitive function, including memory and concentration. Such exposure, especially during nighttime, can interfere with the body’s natural sleep patterns and can also contribute to increased stress and anxiety.

[0160] Daily exposure to X-ray radiation comes from various sources, both natural and manmade. Humans are constantly exposed to cosmic radiation from space, with higher doses during air flights. Terrestrial radiation, from radioactive materials in soil and rocks, adds to this, along with small amounts of radiation from everyday items, like food and building materials. While these levels are generally low, they contribute to overall exposure. Moreover, in the medical field, devices such as X-ray devices, CT scanners, and mammography units are often used for diagnosing and detecting conditions. These devices use controlled doses of radiation to produce detailed images, but repeated or prolonged use can lead to accumulated exposure and potential health risks.

[0161] Compositions described herein provide an effective solution to this issue by using compositions described to form protective garments. These compositions attenuate radiation,significantly reducing exposure and safeguarding medical personnel during diagnostic procedures. The compositions may enhance occupational safety, ensuring a safer work environment and minimizing the long-term health risks associated with radiation exposure. Compositions described herein may also help to reduce EMF exposure. This may help maintain brain function and mental clarity, improve overall wellness, and reduce the risk of health issues. Compositions and articles formed from compositions described herein may also be used in the automotive industry, such as in electric and hybrid vehicles to shield occupants from EMF emitted by the vehicle’s electrical system; the aerospace industry in spacecrafts, satellites, and aviation; industrial settings, such as manufacturing and nuclear facilities; electronic and telecommunication settings; residential and commercial buildings; and public safety and national security.

[0162] Herein, several compositions are described and were tested for their attenuation rate for incident X-ray radiation at 53 keV. The compositions include a knit fabric, a vegan leather, a film, and a rubber. The knit fabric had 4 layers of the composition. X-ray images showing the radio-opacity of each composition to X-rays are shown in Figures 1A-1E.

[0163] The attenuation rate of each composition is defined by measuring the dose rate of an X-ray energy source ranging from 0 to 1000 keV passing through each composition The attenuation rate was compared to a blank sample using the following formula:The blank sample exhibits zero attenuation and thus no protection. The results are shown in Table 3 for the various compositions tested.Table 3. X-Ray attenuation results for various compositions.

[0164] The results indicate that the knit fabric composition demonstrated an attenuation rate of 47.97% relative to the blank control, signifying its capacity to protect from X-ray radiation 47.97% better than the blank control in comparison. The leather composition showed an attenuation rate of 68.48%, and the film had an attenuation rate of 64.44%. Notably, the accumulated dose for the rubber composition was approximate 100 times less than that of the control lead vest. Of the compositions tested, the rubber composition had the highest attenuation rate.EXAMPLE 10Bicomponent Yarns

[0165] In this non-limiting Example, a novel bicomponent yarn for radiation protection textiles is described. The yarn features a sheath-core architecture where approximately 30% of the cross-sectional area is occupied by a core containing noble metal-doped fullerenes (C60). The remaining 70% constitutes a sheath layer embedded with magnetically charged magnetite. Bicomponent Construction

[0166] The yarn is extruded using a bicomponent fiber spinning process, ensuring a precise distribution of core and sheath materials. The core (30% by volume) is composed of a polymer component. For example, in some embodiments, the polymer component comprises polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) or polyamide. The composition is loaded with C60 fullerenes doped with finely dispersed silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. The sheath (70% by volume) is formed from a compatible polymer, for instance, a polyolefin or polyimide, homogeneously infused with magnetically tuned magnetite nanoparticles.Applications

[0167] Textiles produced from this bicomponent yarn can be woven or knit into fabrics for radiation-protective garments, shielding layers in aerospace applications, or advanced shielding media in medical and industrial environments.Conclusion

[0168] This bicomponent yarn represents a solution for radiation protection. Not intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that by incorporating silver- and gold-doped C60 fullerenes within a magnetically charged magnetite sheath, the yam provides effective radiation shielding and may be used for multifunctional protective textiles.

[0169] Additional exemplary embodiments contemplated herein are as follows:

[0170] Embodiment 1. A composition comprising: one or more blocking components; and a polymer component, wherein one or more blocking components are present in the composition in an amount of up to 60 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition; wherein the polymer component is present in the composition in an amount of 10-99 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition; wherein the polymer component has a hydrogen content of 2-20 wt. %, based on a weight average molecular weight of the polymer component; wherein the composition forms a film or a fabric; wherein the composition blocks at least 10% of incident gamma-rays at a grams per square meter (gsm) of 70-1000 or 70-300; wherein the composition blocks at least 10% of incident X-rays at a grams per square meter (gsm) of 70- 1000 or 70-300; wherein the composition blocks at least 10% of incident neutron radiation at a grams per square meter (gsm) of 70-1000 or 70-300; orwherein the composition blocks at least 10% of incident EMF at a grams per square meter (gsm) of 70-1000 or 70-300.[001711 Embodiment 2. The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein: the blocking component comprises a gamma-ray blocking component; and the gamma-ray blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 15-30 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0172] Embodiment 3. The composition of Embodiment 2, wherein: the composition forms a fabric; and the composition blocks at least 10% of incident gamma-rays at a denier of 200-300.

[0173] Embodiment 4. The composition of Embodiment 2, wherein the gamma-ray blocking component comprises barium glass, aluminum, tungsten carbide, magnetite, or a combination thereof.

[0174] Embodiment 5. The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein: the blocking component comprises an X-ray blocking component; and the X -ray blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 0.1-10 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0175] Embodiment 6. The composition of Embodiment 5, wherein: the composition forms a fabric; and the composition blocks at least 10% of incident X-rays at a denier of 200-300.

[0176] Embodiment 7. The composition of Embodiment 5, wherein the X-ray blocking component comprises lead, bismuth, tin, antimony, or a combination thereof.

[0177] Embodiment 8. The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein: the blocking component comprises a neutron absorber; and the neutron absorber is present in the composition in an amount of 1-5 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0178] Embodiment 9. The composition of Embodiment 8, wherein: the composition forms a fabric; and the composition blocks at least 10% of incident neutron radiation at a denier of 200-300.

[0179] Embodiment 10. The composition of Embodiment 8, wherein the neutron absorber comprises lithium hydride, hafnium, boron- 10, borosilicate glass, or a combination thereof.

[0180] Embodiment 11. The composition of Embodiment 1, wherein:the blocking component comprises an EMF blocking component; and the EMF blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 1-10 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

[0181] Embodiment 12. The composition of Embodiment 11, wherein: the composition forms a fabric; and the composition blocks at least 10% of incident EMF at a denier of 200-300.

[0182] Embodiment 13. The composition of Embodiment 11, wherein the EMF blocking component comprises copper, nickel, shungite, or a combination thereof.

[0183] Embodiment 14. The composition of any of Embodiments 1-13, wherein the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic polymer or a thermoset polymer.

[0184] Embodiment 15. The composition of Embodiment 14, wherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyolefin, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylate (PA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), an acrylate polymer, polyetheretherketone, poly sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, thermoplastic polyimide, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

[0185] Embodiment 16. The composition of Embodiment 15, wherein the polyester comprises a copolyester elastomer, polyethylene terephthatlate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), an alkyd resin, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

[0186] Embodiment 17. The composition of Embodiment 14, wherein the thermoset polymer comprises thermoset polyurethane (PU), thermoset polyimide, silicone, or a mixture of the foregoing.

[0187] Embodiment 18. The composition of any of Embodiments 1-13, wherein the polymer component comprises a rubber.

[0188] Embodiment 19. The composition of any of Embodiments 1-13, wherein the polymer component comprises an epoxy.

[0189] Embodiment 20. The composition of any of Embodiments 1-19, wherein the polymer component is amorphous.

[0190] Embodiment 21. The composition of any of Embodiments 1-20, further comprising an additive.

[0191] Embodiment 22. The composition of Embodiment 14, wherein the additive comprises Ag nanoparticles or Ag nanoparticle-doped C60 nanoparticles.

[0192] Embodiment 23. A garment comprising: a first layer of fabric, wherein the first layer of fabric is formed from the composition of any of Embodiments 1-22.

[0193] Embodiment 24. The garment of Embodiment 23, wherein the resistance to evaporating heat transfer (RET) score of the first layer of fabric is between 6 and 12, according to ISO 11092.

[0194] Embodiment 25. The garment of Embodiment 23, wherein the garment further comprises one or more additional layers of fabric.

[0195] Embodiment 26. The garment of Embodiment 23, wherein the garment further comprises a backer layer.

[0196] Embodiment 27. The garment of Embodiment 26, wherein the backer layer is formed from a polyester, a polypropylene, a polyamide, or any natural fiber, or regenerated cellulosic or synthetic fiber that is comfortable next to the skin, or a combination thereof.

[0197] Embodiment 28. The garment of Embodiment 26 or Embodiment 27, wherein when the garment is worn by a wearer, the backer layer is immediately adjacent to the wearer.

[0198] Embodiment 29. The garment of Embodiment 25, wherein the garment further comprises an adhesive bonding one or more layers of fabric.

[0199] Embodiment 30. A method of making a composition, the method comprising: dispersing one or more blocking components within a polymer component to form a composition; wherein the composition is any of Embodiments 1-22.

[0200] Embodiment 31. The method of Embodiment 30, further comprises melting the composition.

[0201] Embodiment 32. The method of Embodiment 31, wherein the method further comprises extruding the composition.

[0202] Embodiment 33. The method of Embodiment 32, wherein the method further comprises: cooling the composition; and forming pellets of the composition.

[0203] Embodiment 34. The method of Embodiment 33, wherein the method further comprises: melting the pellets of the composition; extruding the melted pellets of the composition; cooling the melted pellets of the composition; and forming fdaments of the composition.

[0204] Embodiment 35. The method of Embodiment 33, wherein the method further comprises: melting the pellets of the composition; extruding the melted pellets of the composition; cooling the melted pellets of the composition; and forming a fdm of the composition.

[0205] Embodiment 36. The method of Embodiment 31, wherein the method further comprises casting the melted composition in a mold.

[0206] Embodiment 37. The method of Embodiment 36, wherein the melted composition solidifies to form an article.

[0207] Embodiment 38. The article formed from the method of Embodiment 37.

[0208] Embodiment 39. A fabric formed from the composition of any of Embodiments 1-22.

[0209] Embodiment 40. A film formed from the composition of any of Embodiments 1-22.

[0210] Embodiment 41. A coating formed from the composition of any of Embodiments 1-22.

[0211] Embodiment 42. A paint comprising the composition of any of Embodiments 1-22.

[0212] All patent documents referred to herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Various embodiments of the invention have been described in fulfillment of the various objectives of the invention. It should be recognized that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and adaptations thereof will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A composition comprising: one or more blocking components; and a polymer component, wherein one or more blocking components are present in the composition in an amount of up to 60 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition; wherein the polymer component is present in the composition in an amount of 20-99 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition; wherein the polymer component has a hydrogen content of 2-20 wt. %.. based on a weight average molecular weight of the polymer component; wherein the composition forms a fdm or a fabric; wherein the composition blocks at least 10% of incident gamma-rays at a grams per square meter (gsm) of 70-1000; wherein the composition blocks at least 10% of incident X-rays at a grams per square meter (gsm) of 70-1000; wherein the composition blocks at least 10% of incident neutron radiation at a grams per square meter (gsm) of 70-1000; or wherein the composition blocks at least 10% of incident EMF at a grams per square meter (gsm) of 70-1000.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein: the blocking component comprises a gamma-ray blocking component; and the gamma-ray blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 2-30 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein: the composition forms a fabric; and the composition blocks at least 20% of incident gamma-rays at a denier of 70-300.

4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the gamma-ray blocking component comprises barium glass, aluminum, tungsten carbide, magnetite, or a combination thereof.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein: the blocking component comprises an X-ray blocking component; and the X -ray blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 0.1-10 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

6. The composition of claim 5, wherein: the composition forms a fabric; and the composition blocks at least 20% of incident X-rays at a denier of 70-300.

7. The composition of claim 5, wherein the X-ray blocking component comprises lead, bismuth, tin, antimony, or a combination thereof.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein: the blocking component comprises a neutron absorber; and the neutron absorber is present in the composition in an amount of 1-5 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

9. The composition of claim 8, wherein: the composition forms a fabric; and the composition blocks at least 20% of incident neutron radiation at a denier of 70-300.

10. The composition of claim 8, wherein the neutron absorber comprises lithium hydride, hafnium, boron- 10, borosilicate glass, or a combination thereof.

11. The composition of claim 1, wherein: the blocking component comprises an EMF blocking component; and the EMF blocking component is present in the composition in an amount of 1-10 wt. %, based on a total weight of the composition.

12. The composition of claim 11, wherein: the composition forms a fabric; and the composition blocks at least 20% of incident EMF at a denier of 70-300.

13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the EMF blocking component comprises copper, nickel, shungite, or a combination thereof.

14. The composition of any of claims 1-13, wherein the polymer component comprises a thermoplastic polymer or a thermoset polymer.

15. The composition of claim 14, wwherein the thermoplastic polymer comprises a polyolefin, an ethylene copolymer, thermoplastic polyurethane (PU), polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyester, polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), polyacrylate (PA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), an acrylate polymer, polyetheretherketone, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, thermoplastic polyimide, an elastomer, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the polyester comprises polyethylene terephthatl te (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), an alkyd resin, or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.

17. The composition of claim 14, wherein the thermoset polymer comprises thermoset polyester, polyaniline, thermoset polyurethane (PU), thermoset polyimide, silicone, or a mixture of the foregoing.

18. The composition of any of claims 1-13, wherein the polymer component comprises a rubber.

19. The composition of any of claims 1-13, wherein the polymer component comprises an epoxy.

20. The composition of any of claims 1-19, wherein the polymer component is amorphous.

21. The composition of any of claims 1-20, further comprising an additive.

22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the additive comprises Ag nanoparticles or Ag nanoparticle-doped C60 nanoparticles.

23. A garment compri sing : a first layer of fabric, wherein the first layer of fabric is formed from the composition of claim 1.

24. The garment of claim 23, wherein the resistance to evaporating heat transfer (RET) score of the first layer of fabric is between 6 and 12, according to ISO 11092.

25. The garment of claim 23, wherein the garment further comprises one or more additional layers of fabric.

26. The garment of claim 23, wherein the garment further comprises a backer layer.

27. The garment of claim 26, wherein the backer layer is formed from a polyester, a polypropylene, a polyamide, a regenerated cellulose, a polyacrylonitrile, or a combination thereof.

28. The garment of claim 26 or claim 27, wherein when the garment is worn by a wearer, the backer layer is immediately adjacent to the wearer.

29. The garment of claim 25, wherein the garment further comprises an adhesive bonding one or more layers of fabric.

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