Methods, architectures, apparatuses and systems for monitoring wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) selected inactive measurement beam resource sets

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may determine first candidate sets from inactive sets of RS resources based on the beams of a first active set of RS resources, the beams of the inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. The WTRU may determine a key performance indicator (KPI) of the first active set of RS resources. The WTRU may measure respective RSRPs of the beams of the first candidate sets based on the KPI of the first active set of RS resources. The WTRU may determine respective KPIs of the first candidate sets based on the respective RSRPs of the beams of the first candidate sets. The WTRU may send information indicating a candidate set of the one or more first candidate sets based on (i) the KPI of the first active set of RS resources and (ii) the respective KPI of the candidate set.

Description

METHODS, ARCHITECTURES, APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR MONITORING WIRELESS TRANSMIT / RECEIVE UNIT (WTRU) SELECTED INACTIVE MEASUREMENT BEAM RESOURCE SETSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 615,924 filed 29-Dec-2023, the contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present disclosure is generally directed to the fields of communications, software and encoding, including, for example, to methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems directed to monitoring the performance of reference signals (RSs) measurements associated with a measurement beam resource set (e.g., Set B).

[0003] A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) may perform measurements of RSs associated with an active measurement beam resource set (e.g., Set B). When the performance of the active measurement beam resource set suffers, it may become necessary to find a new measurement beam resource set. A need exists for procedures to obtain performance information of measurement beam resource sets other than the active measurement beam resource set in advance before the active measurement beam resource set fails.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0004] Briefly stated, in one embodiment, a WTRU may be configured to monitor the performance of inactive reference signal (RS) and / or beam resource sets. The WTRU may select candidate inactive sets (e.g., Set Bs) for performance monitoring, such as based on the performance of an active set (e.g., Set A). The WTRU may report the selected inactive sets based on key performance indicators (KPIs) associated therewith.

[0005] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources. The WTRU may determine one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of a first active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information The WTRU may determine a KPI of (e.g., associated with) the first active set of RS resources. The WTRU may measure respective RSRPs of (e.g., associated with) one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets based on the KPI of the first active setof RS resources satisfying a first condition. The WTRU may determine respective KPIs of (e.g., associated with) the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets. The WTRU may send information indicating a candidate set of the one or more first candidate sets based on (i) the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying a second condition and (ii) the respective KPI of the candidate set being greater than or equal to a threshold.

[0006] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources. The WTRU may determine one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. The WTRU may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets based on a KPI of the first active set of RS resources. The WTRU may determine respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets. The WTRU may send information indicating at least one candidate set of the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective KPIs.

[0007] In one embodiment, a WTRU may determine one or more candidate sets from one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on (i) one or more beams of a first active set of RS resources and (ii) one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources. The WTRU may determine a KPI of the first active set of RS resources. The WTRU may measure one or more beams of the one or more candidate sets. The WTRU may determine respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets based on measurement information associated with the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets. The WTRU may send information indicating at least one set of the one or more candidate sets based on (i) a KPI of the first active set of RS resources and (ii) the respective KPI of the at least one set.

[0008] In one embodiment, a WTRU may be configured with one or more inactive sets of RS resources. The WTRU may determine at least one first candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. The WTRU may determine a KPI of the active set of RS resources. The WTRU may measure respective reference signal received powers (RSRPs) of one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set based on the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a first range. The WTRU may determine a KPI of the at least one first candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one candidate set. The WTRU may send information indicatingthe at least one first candidate set based on (i) the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a second range and (ii) the KPI of the at least one first candidate set being greater than or equal to a threshold.

[0009] In one embodiment, a WTRU may receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources. The WTRU may determine at least one first candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. The WTRU may determine a KPI of the active set of RS resources. The WTRU may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set based on the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a first range. The WTRU may determine a KPI of the at least one first candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set. The WTRU may modify the threshold information based on the KPI of the at least one candidate set being less than a threshold. The WTRU may determine at least one second candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of the one or more beams of the active set of RS resources, the one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or the modified threshold information. The WTRU 102 may update the KPI of the active set of RS resources. The WTRU may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the at least one second candidate set based on the updated KPI of the active set of RS resources being in the first range. The WTRU may determine a KPI of the at least one second candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one second candidate set. The WTRU may send information indicating the at least one second candidate set based on (i) the updated KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a second range and (ii) the KPI of the at least one second candidate set being greater than or equal to the threshold.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The following detailed description will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which there are shown examples of one or more of the multiple embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be understood, however, that the embodiments described herein are not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown in the drawings. In the drawings:

[0011] FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0012] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0013] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0014] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0015] FIG. 2 is a beam diagram illustrating an example of beam groups and beams of a Set B, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0016] FIG. 3 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0017] FIG. 4 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0018] FIG. 5 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0019] FIG. 6 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0020] FIG. 7 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] In describing the various embodiments of the present disclosure, certain terminology is used herein for convenience only and should not be considered as limiting such embodiments. In the drawings, the same reference numerals are employed for designating the same elements throughout the several figures and the present description.

[0022] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples may be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components and circuits have not been described in detail, so as not to obscure the following description. Further, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in lieu of, or in combination with, the embodiments and other examples described, disclosed or otherwiseprovided explicitly, implicitly and / or inherently (collectively "provided") herein. Although various embodiments are described and / or claimed herein in which an apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof carries out an operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof, it is to be understood that any embodiments described and / or claimed herein assume that any apparatus, system, device, etc. and / or any element thereof is configured to carry out any operation, process, algorithm, function, etc. and / or any portion thereof.

[0023] Example Communications System

[0024] The methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein are well-suited for communications involving both wired and wireless networks. An overview of various types of wireless devices and infrastructure is provided with respect to FIGs. 1A-1D, where various elements of the network may utilize, perform, be arranged in accordance with and / or be adapted and / or configured for the methods, apparatuses and systems provided herein.

[0025] FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), singlecarrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail (ZT) unique-word (UW) discreet Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block- filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0026] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a radio access network (RAN) 104 / 113, a core network (CN) 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a "station" and / or a "STA", may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include (or be) a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0027] The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, e.g., to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be any of a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NB), an eNode-B (eNB), a Home Node-B (HNB), a Home eNode-B (HeNB), a gNode-B (gNB), a NR Node-B (NR NB), a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0028] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in an embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each or any sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in desired spatial directions.

[0029] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0030] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0031] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0032] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0033] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0034] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0035] The base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Home Node-B, Home eNode- B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like. In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, thebase station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish any of a small cell, picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0036] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may be utilizing an NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing any of a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or Wi-Fi radio technology.

[0037] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and / or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired and / or wireless communications networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 114 or a different RAT.

[0038] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate withthe base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0039] FIG. IB is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. IB, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other elements / peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0040] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. While FIG. IB depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together, e.g., in an electronic package or chip.

[0041] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0042] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. IB as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. For example, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0043] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0044] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), readonly memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0045] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0046] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0047] The processor 118 may further be coupled to other elements / peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules / units that provide additional features, functionality and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the elements / peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (e.g., forphotographs and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The elements / peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0048] The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the uplink (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the uplink (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0049] FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0050] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0051] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL), and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0052] The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any one of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0053] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c in the RAN 104 via an SI interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0054] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the SI interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0055] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0056] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0057] Although the WTRU is described in FIGs. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0058] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0059] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an accessor an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic into and / or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802. l ie DLS or an 802.1 Iz tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0060] When using the 802.1 lac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems. For CSMA / CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0061] High throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadj acent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0062] Very high throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and / or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channel encoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams. Inverse fast fourier transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. The streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted bya transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a medium access control (MAC) layer, entity, etc.

[0063] Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.1 laf and 802.11 ah. The channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.1 laf and 802.1 lah relative to those used in802.1 In, and 802.1 lac. 802.1 laf supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.1 lah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment,802.1 lah may support meter type control / machine-type communications (MTC), such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and / or limited bandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0064] WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as802.1 In, 802.1 lac, 802.1 laf, and 802.1 lah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.1 lah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.

[0065] In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be used by 802.1 lah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0066] FIG. ID is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0067] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0068] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).

[0069] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non- standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non- standalone configuration WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with / connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In the non- standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as amobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0070] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, and the like. As shown in FIG. ID, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.

[0071] The CN 115 shown in FIG. ID may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and at least one Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0072] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different protocol data unit (PDU) sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b, e.g., to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for MTC access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0073] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policyenforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may be IP -based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

[0074] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, e.g., to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multihomed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.

[0075] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0076] In view of FIGs. 1 A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGs. 1 A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to any of: WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a- b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-b, UPFs 184a- b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other element(s) / device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation elements / devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0077] The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and / or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0078] The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and / or receive data.

[0079] Introduction

[0080] The following acronyms and abbreviations may be used throughout the disclosure.

[0081] ACK Acknowledgement

[0082] BLER Block Error Rate

[0083] BWP Bandwidth Part

[0084] CAP Channel Access Priority

[0085] CAPC Channel access priority class

[0086] CCA Clear Channel Assessment

[0087] CCE Control Channel Element

[0088] CE Control Element

[0089] CG Configured grant or cell group

[0090] CP Cyclic Prefix

[0091] CP-OFDM Conventional OFDM (relying on cyclic prefix)

[0092] CQI Channel Quality Indicator

[0093] CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0094] CSI Channel State Information

[0095] CW Contention Window

[0096] CWS Contention Window Size

[0097] CO Channel Occupancy

[0098] DAI Downlink Assignment Index

[0099] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0100] DFI Downlink feedback information

[0101] DG Dynamic grant

[0102] DL Downlink

[0103] DM-RS Demodulation Reference Signal

[0104] DRB Data Radio Bearer

[0105] eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

[0106] FeLAA Further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access

[0107] HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

[0108] KPI Key Performance Indicator

[0109] LAA License Assisted Access

[0110] LBT Listen-Before-Talk[oni] LTE Long Term Evolution e.g., from 3 GPP LTE R8 and up

[0112] NACK Negative ACK

[0113] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[0114] MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

[0115] NR New Radio

[0116] OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing

[0117] PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

[0118] PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

[0119] PHY Physical Layer

[0120] PID Process ID

[0121] PO Paging Occasion

[0122] PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

[0123] PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

[0124] PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

[0125] PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

[0126] RA Random Access (or procedure)

[0127] RACH Random Access Channel

[0128] RAR Random Access Response

[0129] RCU Radio access network Central Unit

[0130] RF Radio Front end

[0131] RLF Radio Link Failure

[0132] RLM Radio Link Monitoring

[0133] RNTI Radio Network Identifier

[0134] RO RACH occasion

[0135] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0136] RRM Radio Resource Management

[0137] RS Reference Signal

[0138] RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

[0139] RS SI Received Signal Strength Indicator

[0140] SDU Service Data Unit

[0141] SRS Sounding Reference Signal

[0142] SS Synchronization Signal

[0143] SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

[0144] SWG Switching Gap (in a self-contained subframe)

[0145] SPS Semi-persistent Scheduling

[0146] SUL Supplemental Uplink

[0147] TB Transport Block

[0148] TBS Transport Block Size

[0149] TRP Transmission / Reception Point

[0150] TSC Time-sensitive communications

[0151] TSN Time-sensitive networking

[0152] UL Uplink

[0153] URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications

[0154] WBWP Wide Bandwidth Part

[0155] WLAN Wireless Local Area Networks and related technologies (IEEE 8O2.xx domain)

[0156] In RAN meeting #94-e, a RAN study item on Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning(AI / ML) for the NR air interface was agreed. As one of the target use-cases for AI / ML for the air interface, beam management was selected. This technology could be a great foundation in improving performance and complexity in conventional beam management aspects, including beam prediction in time and / or spatial domains for overhead and latency reduction, beam selection accuracy improvement, and so forth.

[0157] For an AI / ML model employed at a WTRU, the WTRU makes a prediction of reference signal received powers (RSRPs) and / or best beam identifiers (IDs) based on a set of input measurements, such as Layer 1 (LI) beam RS measurements (e.g., Ll-RSRPs) of the RSs associated to a measurement beam resource set. As used herein, the terms measurement beam resource set, measurement set, and Set B may be used interchangeably. The prediction performance of an AI / ML may vary greatly depending on the choice of a particular Set B. Moreover, the prediction performance of the AI / ML model with the same Set B may change over time, such as due to WTRU movement and / or due to changes in channel conditions. When the performance of a Set B becomes inadequate, the WTRU may either switch to a legacy (e.g., non- AI / ML) beam management procedure or suffer from the low performing Set B and then find a new suitable Set B. Both scenarios may result in a loss in the WTRU’s performance and throughput. Finding a new suitable Set B can be a time-consuming process since it involves measuring RSs associated to potential candidate Set Bs, calculating key performance indicators (KPIs), and then selecting a new Set B based on the results. A procedure to obtain performance information of SetBs, other than the active Set B, in advance before a Set B fails, may reduce the latency in the Set B switching procedure.

[0158] Overview

[0159] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform monitoring of the performance of one or more WTRU-selected inactive measurement beam resource sets (e.g., Set Bs).

[0160] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform a procedure which includes any of the following features.

[0161] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating any of: (i) an active Set B (e.g., a set of beams and / or RS indices); (ii) a maximum number of inactive Set Bs for monitoring (e.g., a MAX_INACTIVE field); (iii) a failure threshold (e.g., FAIL THRE SHOLD field denoting an active Set B failure threshold); (iv) one or more KPI thresholds (e.g, KPI THRESHOLD1, KPI THRESHOLD2, and KPI THRESHOLD3); (v) correlation information (e.g, CORRELATION THRE SHOLD and CORRELATION OFFSET); (vi) a measured-to-total beam threshold or ratio (e.g., a PERCENT INPUT threshold which may denote a ratio between the number of measured beams and total beams in an inactive Set B); (vii) timing information (e.g., a time value T REPEAT); and / or (viii) reporting resources associated with one or more Set Bs (e.g, a CSI-Report resource corresponding to the maximum number of inactive Set Bs).

[0162] For example, a WTRU 102 may (e.g, also) receive configuration information indicating one or more additional or inactive Set Bs (e.g, a set of beams and / or RS indices).

[0163] For example, a WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs as candidates for performance monitoring based on any of: (i) beam information of the active Set B, (ii) beam information of the one or more inactive Set Bs, (iii) the correlation information (e.g, CORRELATION THRESHOLD), and / or (iv) the measured-to-total beam threshold or ratio (e.g, PERCENT INPUT threshold). For example, the WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs whose correlation (e.g, percentage of common beams between two Set Bs) with the active Set B is greater than or equal to the CORRELATION THRESHOLD and / or percentage of measured beams is greater than or equal to the PERCENT INPUT threshold, such as in ascending order of correlation, up to a certain number, such as the maximum number of the MAX INACTIVE selected inactive Set Bs.

[0164] For example, a WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring of the selected inactive Set Bs. The performance monitoring may be based on the KPI (e.g, local prediction accuracy) of the active Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring if the KPI ofthe active Set B is greater than a threshold (e.g., FAIL THRESHOLD) and the KPI of the active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLDl).

[0165] For example, a WTRU 102 may measure and / or use measured beam RSs associated with the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may determine a RSRP (e.g., measured Ll-RSRP) for each measured beam of the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may calculate KPIs (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the inactive Set Bs based on the RSRPs (e.g., the Ll-RSRPs used as AI / ML inputs).

[0166] For example, a WTRU 102 may (e.g., periodically) monitor (e.g., update the KPIs based on new and / or additional measurements) the selected inactive Set Bs, such as per period as indicated by T REPEAT. For example, at least one of the selected inactive Set Bs may be monitored if at least one selected inactive Set Bs satisfies a threshold (e.g., the KPI of at least one inactive Set B is greater than KPI THRESHOLD3).

[0167] For example, if no selected inactive Set B satisfies the threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3), a WTRU 102 may update the correlation information (e.g., subtract CORRELATION OFFSET from CORRELATION THRESHOLD), and reselect (e.g, make a new selection of) a set of inactive Set Bs for performance monitoring using the updated correlation information.

[0168] For example, a WTRU 102 may report (e.g., via C Si-Report) one or more of the selected inactive Set Bs based on the calculated KPIs of the active Set B and the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. For example, if the KPI of the active Set B is greater than FAIL THRESHOLD and the KPI of the active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., less than KPI THRESHOLD2, where FAIL THRESHOLD < KPI THRESHOLD2 < KPI THRESHOLDl), the WTRU 102 may report one or more of the selected inactive Set Bs having KPIs greater than or equal to a threshold (e.g, KPI THRESHOLD3).

[0169] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine whether the active Set B has failed, such as when the KPI of the active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g, FAIL THRESHOLD). After determining the active Set B has failed, the WTRU 102 may send information indicating the failure, such as a report of the failure.

[0170] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine (e.g, select) one or more candidate Set Bs as the one or more previously selected and reported inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may receive and measure beam RS resources (e.g, 100% coverage of beams) associated with the one or more candidate Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may measure the beam RS resources and calculate KPIs of the candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may determine a second active Set B based on thecalculated KPIs of the candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may use the second active Set B for beam ID and / or RSRP predictions (e.g., as AI / ML inputs).

[0171] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform monitoring of the performance of one or more WTRU-requested inactive measurement beam resource sets (e.g., Set Bs).

[0172] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform a procedure which includes any of the following features.

[0173] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating any of: (i) an active Set B (e.g., a set of beams and / or RS indices); (ii) a maximum number of inactive Set Bs for monitoring (e.g., a MAX_INACTIVE field); (iii) a failure threshold (e.g., FAIL THRE SHOLD field denoting an active Set B failure threshold); (iv) one or more KPI thresholds (e.g, KPI THRESHOLD1, KPI THRESHOLD2, and KPI THRESHOLD3); (v) correlation information (e.g, CORRELATION THRE SHOLD and CORRELATION OFFSET); (vi) a measured-to-total beam threshold or ratio (e.g., a PERCENT INPUT threshold which may denote a ratio between the number of measured beams and total beams in an inactive Set B); (vii) timing information (e.g., a time value T REPEAT); and / or (viii) reporting resources associated with one or more Set Bs (e.g, a CSI-Report resource corresponding to the maximum number of inactive Set Bs).

[0174] For example, a WTRU 102 may (e.g, also) receive configuration information indicating one or more additional or inactive Set Bs (e.g, a set of beams and / or RS indices).

[0175] For example, a WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs as candidates for performance monitoring based on any of: (i) beam information of the active Set B, (ii) beam information of the one or more inactive Set Bs, and / or (iii) the correlation information (e.g, CORRELATION THRESHOLD). For example, the WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs whose correlation (e.g, percentage of common beams between two Set Bs) with the active Set B is greater than or equal to the CORRELATION THRESHOLD, such as in ascending order of correlation, up to a certain number, such as the maximum number of the MAX INACTIVE selected inactive Set Bs.

[0176] For example, a WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring of the selected inactive Set Bs, such as based on the KPI(s) (e.g, local prediction accuracy) of the active Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring if a KPI of the active Set B is greater than a threshold (e.g, FAIL THRE SHOLD) and the KPI of the active Set B is less than another threshold (e g, KPI THRESHOLDl).

[0177] For example, a WTRU 102 may send information indicating a request for additional beam RS resource transmission based on the determined ratio between the number of measured beams and total beams of the selected one or more inactive Set Bs and the PERCENT INPUT threshold.

[0178] For example, a WTRU 102 may indicate a cause for the request, such as the measured KPI of active Set B. For example, the request may include, or be, an explicit indication, such as an indication of a RS resource set index with preferred additional beam information (e.g., QCL Type D). For example, the request may include, or be, an implicit indication. As an example, the WTRU 102 may send an (e.g., Set B-based implicit) indication of the selected inactive Set Bs which do not satisfy a threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT threshold). The WTRU 102 may receive additional RS resources based on the indication and a predefined rule, such as the most common beams between indicated inactive Set Bs. As another example, the WTRU 102 may send a report of a subset of beam IDs of the selected inactive Set Bs, such as the beam IDs of the most common unreceived beams, such as beams which are not configured for measurement and / or not measured, between the inactive Set Bs. The report may serve as the (e.g., beam -based implicit) indication.

[0179] For example, a WTRU 102 may receive the additional beam RS resources. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the additional beam RS resources (e.g., with a period less than or equal to T REPEAT) from a gNB 180 if the percentage of transmitted beam RSs associated to a selected inactive Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT).

[0180] For example, a WTRU 102 may measure the beam RSs and the additional beam RS resources associated with the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may determine a quantity (e.g., Ll-RSRPs) of the measured beams. The WTRU 102 may calculate a KPI (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the one or more selected inactive Set Bs based on the determined quantities (e.g., Ll-RSRPs used as AI / ML input).

[0181] For example, based on the calculated KPI of the active Set B and the one or more selected inactive Set Bs, a WTRU 102 may report (e.g., via CSI-Report) information associated with the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. For example, if the KPI of the active Set B is greater than a threshold (e.g., FAIL THRE SHOLD) and the KPI of the active Set B is less than another threshold (e g., KPI THRESHOLD2, where FAIL THRESHOLD < KPI THRESHOLD2 < KPI THRESHOLD1), the WTRU 102 may report the one or more selected inactive Set Bs having a KPI is greater than or equal to a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3).

[0182] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine whether the active Set B has failed, such as when the KPI of the active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., FAIL THRESHOLD). After determining the active Set B has failed, the WTRU 102 may send information indicating the failure, such as a report of the failure.

[0183] For example, a WTRU 102 may determine (e.g., select) one or more candidate Set Bs as the one or more previously selected and reported inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may receive and measure beam RS resources (e.g., 100% coverage of beams) associated with the one or more candidate Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may measure the beam RS resources and calculate KPIs of the candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may determine a second active Set B based on the calculated KPIs of the candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may use the second active Set B for beam ID and / or RSRP predictions (e.g., as AI / ML inputs).

[0184] Common Terminology

[0185] Artificial Intelligence (Al)

[0186] Artificial intelligence may be broadly defined as the behavior exhibited by machines. Such behavior may, for example, mimic cognitive functions to sense, reason, adapt, and / or act.

[0187] Machine Learning (ML)

[0188] Machine learning may refer to types of algorithms that solve a problem based on learning through experience (e.g., data) without explicitly being programmed (e.g., configuring a set of rules). Machine learning may be considered as a subset of Al. Different machine learning paradigms may be envisioned based on the nature of data or feedback available to the learning algorithm. For example, a supervised learning approach may involve learning a function that maps input to an output based on labeled training example, wherein each training example may be a pair consisting of input and the corresponding output. For example, unsupervised learning approach may involve detecting patterns in the data with no pre-existing labels. For example, reinforcement learning approach may involve performing sequence of actions in an environment to maximize the cumulative reward. In some solutions, it is possible to apply machine learning algorithms using a combination or interpolation of the above-mentioned approaches. For example, semi-supervised learning approach may use a combination of a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training. In this regard semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning (e.g., with no labeled training data) and supervised learning (e.g., with only labeled training data).

[0189] Deep Learning (DL)

[0190] Deep learning refers to a class of machine learning algorithms that employ artificial neural networks, such as deep neural networks (DNNs), which were loosely inspired from biological systems. DNNs are a special class of machine learning models inspired by human brains wherein the input is linearly transformed and passes through a non-linear activation function multiple times. DNNs typically consist of multiple layers where each layer consists of a linear transformation and a given non-linear activation function. The DNNs can be trained using the training data via a back-propagation algorithm. Recently, DNNs have shown state-of-the-art performance in a variety of domains, such as speech, vision, natural language etc. and for various machine learning settings supervised, un-supervised, and semi-supervised. The term AI / ML based methods / processing may refer to realization of behaviors and / or conformance to requirements by learning based on data, without explicit configuration of sequence of steps of actions. Such methods may enable learning of complex behaviors which might be difficult to specify and / or implement when using legacy methods.

[0191] Beam

[0192] A WTRU 102 may transmit or receive a physical channel or reference signal according to at least one spatial domain filter. The term “beam” may be used interchangeably herein to refer to a spatial domain filter.

[0193] A WTRU 102 may transmit a physical channel and / or signal using the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for receiving a reference signal (RS) (e.g., CSI-RS) or a synchronization signal block (SSB). The WTRU 102 transmission may be referred to as a “target”, and the received RS or SSB may be referred to as a “reference” or “source”. For example, the WTRU 102 may be said to transmit the target physical channel (or signal) according to a spatial relation with a reference RS or SSB.

[0194] The WTRU 102 may transmit a first physical channel and / or signal according to the same spatial domain filter as the spatial domain filter used for transmitting a second physical channel and / or signal. The first and second transmissions may be referred to as a “target” and a “reference” (or “source”), respectively. For example, the WTRU 102 may be said to transmit a first target physical channel (or signal) according to a spatial relation with respect to a second reference physical channel (or signal).

[0195] A spatial relation may be implicit, configured by radio resource control (RRC), and / or signaled by medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) and / or downlink control information (DCI). For example, a WTRU 102 may implicitly transmit a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) and a demodulation RS (DM-RS) of PUSCH according to the same spatial domain filter as a sounding reference signal (SRS) indicated by an SRS Resource Indicator (SRI) indicated in DCI or configured by RRC. In another example, a spatial relation may be configured by RRC for an SRS resource indicator (SRI) or signaled by MAC CE for a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). Such a spatial relation may also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0196] The WTRU 102 may receive a first target downlink channel or signal according to the same spatial domain filter or spatial reception parameter as a second reference downlink channel or signal. For example, such association may exist between a physical channel such as a physicaldownlink control channel (PDCCH) or a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and its respective DM-RS. At least when the first and second signals are reference signals, such association may exist when the WTRU 102 is configured with a quasi-colocation (QCL) assumption type D between corresponding antenna ports. Such association may be configured as a TCI (transmission configuration indicator) state. A WTRU 102 may be indicated an association between a CSI-RS or SSB and a DM-RS by an index to a set of TCI states configured by RRC and / or signaled by MAC CE. Such an indication may also be referred to as a “beam indication”.

[0197] Transmission and Reception Points (TRPs)

[0198] As used herein, a TRP (e.g., a transmission and reception point) may be interchangeably used with any of transmission point (TP), reception point (RP), radio remote head (RRH), distributed antenna (DA), base station (BS), a sector (of a BS), and a cell (e.g., a geographical cell area served by a BS). As used herein, multi-TRP may be interchangeably used with one or more of MTRP, M-TRP, and multiple TRPs.

[0199] Channel State Information (CSI)

[0200] A WTRU 102 may report a subset of channel state information (CSI) components, where CSI components may correspond to at least a CSI-RS resource indicator (CRI), a SSB resource indicator (SSBRI), an indication of a panel used for reception at the WTRU 102 (such as a panel identity or group identity), measurements such as Ll-RSRP, Ll-SINR taken from SSB or CSI-RS (e.g. cri-RSRP, cri-SINR, ssb-Index-RSRP, ssb-Index-SINR), and other channel state information, such as any of rank indicator (RI), channel quality indicator (CQI), precoding matrix indicator (PMI), Layer Index (LI), and / or the like.

[0201] Channel and / or Interference Measurements

[0202] A WTRU 102 may receive a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block. The SS / PBCH block (SSB) may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and physical broadcast channel (PBCH). The WTRU 102 may monitor, receive, or attempt to decode an SSB during initial access, initial synchronization, radio link monitoring (RLM), cell search, cell switching, and so forth.

[0203] A WTRU 102 may measure and report CSI, wherein the CSI for each connection mode may include or be configured with any of following: (i) a CSI Report Configuration, (ii) a CSI-RS resource set, and / or (iii) non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources.

[0204] For example, a CSI report configuration may include any of the following: (i) a CSI report quantity (e.g., Channel Quality Indicator (CQI), Rank Indicator (RI), Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI), CSI-RS Resource Indicator (CRI), Layer Indicator (LI), etc.); (ii) a CSI report type (e.g.,aperiodic, semi persistent, periodic); (iii) a CSI report codebook configuration (e.g., Type I, Type II, Type II port selection, etc.); and / or (iv) a CSI report frequency

[0205] For example, a CSI-RS Resource Set may include any of the following CSI Resource settings: (i) a NZP-CSI-RS Resource for channel measurement; (ii) a NZP-CSI-RS Resource for interference measurement; and / or (iii) CSI-IM Resource for interference measurement.

[0206] For example, NZP CSI-RS Resources may include any of the following: (i) a NZP CSI- RS Resource ID; (ii) Periodicity and / or offset; (iii) QCL information and / or TCI-state; and / or (iv) a resource mapping (e.g., number of ports, density, CDM type, etc.).

[0207] A WTRU 102 may indicate, determine, or be configured with one or more RSs. The WTRU 102 may monitor, receive, and measure one or more parameters based on the respective RSs. For example, one or more of the following may apply. The following parameters are nonlimiting examples of the parameters that may be included in reference signal(s) measurements. One or more of these parameters may be included. Other parameters may be included.

[0208] SS-RSRP may be measured based on a SS (e.g., DMRS in PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective SS. In measuring the RSRP, power scaling for the reference signals may be required. In cases where a SS-RSRP is used for Ll-RSRP, the measurement may be accomplished based on CSI-RSs in addition to the SSs.

[0209] CSI-RSRP may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS. The CSI-RSRP measurement may be configured within measurement resources for the configured CSI-RS occasions.

[0210] SS signal -to-noise and interference ration (SS-SINR) may be measured based on the synchronization signals (e.g., DMRS in PBCH or SSS). It may be defined as the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective synchronization signal divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In cases where SS-SINR is used for Ll-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers.

[0211] CSI-SINR may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective CSI-RS divided by the linear average of the noise and interference power contribution. In cases where CSI-SINR is used for Ll-SINR, the noise and interference power measurement may be accomplished based on resources configured by higher layers. Otherwise, the noise and interference power may be measured based on the resources that carry the respective CSI-RS.

[0212] Received signal strength indicator (RS SI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols and bandwidth. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, and so forth).

[0213] Cross-Layer interference received signal strength indicator (CLI-RSSI) may be measured based on the average of the total power contribution in configured OFDM symbols of the configured time and frequency resources. The power contribution may be received from different resources (e.g., cross-layer interference, co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent channel interference, thermal noise, and so forth).

[0214] Sounding reference signals RSRP (SRS-RSRP) may be measured based on the linear average over the power contribution of the resource elements (RE) that carry the respective SRS.

[0215] Beam and / or CSI Report Configurations

[0216] A CSI report configuration (e.g., CSI-ReportConfig) may be associated with a single BWP (e.g., indicated by BWP-Id). Any of the following parameters may be configured in a CSI report configuration: (i) CSLRS resources and / or CSLRS resource sets for channel and interference measurement; (ii) CSLRS report configuration type (e.g., periodic, semi-persistent, and aperiodic); (iii) CSLRS transmission periodicity (e.g., for periodic and semi-persistent CSI reports); (iv) CSLRS transmission slot offset (e.g., for periodic, semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports); (v) CSLRS transmission slot offset list (e.g., for semi-persistent and aperiodic CSI reports); (vi) time restrictions for channel and interference measurements; (vii) report frequency band configuration (e.g., wi deb and / subb and CQI, PMI, and so forth); (viii) thresholds and modes of calculations for the reporting quantities (e.g., CQI, RSRP, SINR, LI, RI, etc.); (ix) codebook configuration; (x) group based beam reporting; (xi) CQI table; (xii) subband size; (xiii) non-PMI port indication; and / or (xiv) port index.

[0217] CSLRS Resource Configurations

[0218] A CSLRS Resource Set (e.g., NZP-CSI-RS-ResourceSet) may include one or more of CSLRS resources (e.g., NZP-CSLRS-Resource and CSI-ResourceConfig). Any of the following may be configured in a CSLRS Resource: (i) CSLRS periodicity and slot offset (e.g., for periodic and semi-persistent CSLRS Resources); (ii) CSLRS resource mapping to define the number of CSLRS ports, density, CDM-type, OFDM symbol, and / or subcarrier occupancy; (iii) bandwidth part to which the configured CSLRS is allocated; and / or a reference to the TCI-State including the QCL source RS(s) and the corresponding QCL type(s).

[0219] RS Resource Set Configurations

[0220] A WTRU 102 may be configured with one or more RS resource sets. A RS resource set configuration may include any of following: (i) RS resource set ID; (ii) one or more RS resources for the RS resource set; (iii) repetition (i.e., on or off); (iv) aperiodic triggering offset (e.g., one of 0-6 slots); and / or (v) TRS information (e.g., true or not).

[0221] RS Resource Configurations

[0222] A WTRU 102 may be configured with one or more RS resources. A RS resource configuration may include any of following: (i) RS resource ID; (ii) resource mapping (e.g., REs in a PRB); (iii) power control offset (e.g., one value of -8, . . ., 15); (iv) power control offset with SS (e.g., -3 dB, 0 dB, 3 dB, 6 Db); (v) scrambling ID; (vi) periodicity and / or offset; (vii) QCL information (e.g., based on a TCI state).

[0223] Grants and / or Assignments

[0224] A grant or an assignment (e.g., a property thereof) may include any of the following: a frequency allocation; an aspect of time allocation, such as a duration; a priority; a modulation and coding scheme (MCS); a transport block size; a number of spatial layers; a number of transports blocks; a TCI state, CRI or SRI; a number of repetitions; whether the repetition scheme is Type A or Type B; whether the grant is a configured grant type 1, type 2 or a dynamic grant; whether the assignment is a dynamic assignment or a semi -persistent scheduling (configured) assignment; a configured grant index or a semi-persistent assignment index; a periodicity of a configured grant or assignment; a channel access priority class (CAPC); and / or any parameter provided in a DCI, by MAC or by RRC for the scheduling of the grant or assignment.

[0225] An indication by DCI may include any of the following: an explicit indication by a DCI field or by RNTI used to mask CRC of the PDCCH; and / or an implicit indication by a property, such as DCI format, DCI size, CORESET or search space, aggregation level, first resource element of the received DCI (e.g., index of first Control Channel Element), where the mapping between the property and the value may be signaled by RRC or MAC.

[0226] As used herein, RS may be interchangeably used with one or more of RS resource, RS resource set, RS port, and / or RS port group.

[0227] As used herein, RS may be interchangeably used with any of SSB, CSI-RS, SRS, DM- RS, tracking RS (TRS), positioning RS (PRS), and / or phase tracking RS (PTRS).

[0228] As used herein, a channel may be interchangeably used with any of following: PDCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, and the like

[0229] A key performance indicator (KPI) may refer to, but is not limited to, any of the following: signal quality (e.g., Ll-RSRP, SINR, CQI, RSSI, RSRQ); prediction performance (e.g., Percentage of the Top-1 genie-aided (i.e., best) beam is one of the Top-K predicted beams); linkquality (e.g., throughput, block error rate (BLER); data distribution (e.g., mean and / or variance of measured and / or predicted beam measurements); and / or RSRP (e.g., Ll-RSRP) difference (e.g., the difference between measured and predicted RSRP of a beam).

[0230] As used herein, a signal, channel, and / or message (e.g., as in DL or UL signal, channel, and message) may be used interchangeably.

[0231] As used herein, a RS resource set may be interchangeably used with a RS resource and / or a beam group.

[0232] As used herein, beam reporting may be interchangeably used with CSI measurement, CSI reporting, and / or beam measurement.

[0233] As described herein, solutions for beam resource prediction may be used for beam resources belonging to a single or multiple cells as well as single or multiple TRPs.

[0234] As used herein, CSI reporting may be interchangeably used with CSI measurement, beam reporting, and / or beam measurement.

[0235] As used herein, a RS resource set may be interchangeably used with a beam group.

[0236] As used herein, a Set B may be interchangeably used with a set of RS resource sets, beams, beam-pairs, beam RS resources, RS resources, and / or a beam pattern.

[0237] As used herein, a Set B may be interchangeably used with measurement RS resources, measurement RS resource set, measurement beam resources, measurement beam resource set, measurement beam pattern, measurement TCI states, and / or measurement TCI state group.

[0238] As used herein, a Set A may be interchangeably used with a set of RS resource sets, beams, beam-pairs, beam RS resources, RS resources, and / or a beam pattern.

[0239] As used herein, an active Set B may refer to a Set B which is currently being used by the WTRU 102 to make predictions and / or the predicted outputs (e.g., beam IDs, beam RS IDs, RSRPs) are currently reported and / or used by the WTRU 102.

[0240] As used herein, an inactive Set B may refer to a Set B which is either not used by the WTRU 102 to make any predictions and / or the predictions associated with the aforementioned (i.e., inactive) Set B are not currently reported and / or used by the WTRU 102.

[0241] Recovery Procedures for Active Measurement of a Beam Resource Set (Set B)

[0242] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine that an active Set B has failed. For example, an active Set B may be determined to have failed based on the KPI of the active Set B being less than a threshold (e.g., FAIL THRE SHOLD). The WTRU 102 may report the failure of the active Set B to the network.

[0243] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine one or more candidate Set Bs as the (e.g., from) one or more previously selected and reported inactive Set Bs.The WTRU 102 may receive and measure beam RS resources (e.g., 100% coverage of beams) associated with the one or more candidate Set Bs.

[0244] The WTRU 102 may measure RS resources and calculate respective KPIs of the one or more candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may determine a second active Set B based on calculated KPIs of the candidate Set Bs.

[0245] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may use the second active Set B for beam ID and / or RSRP predictions.

[0246] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a failure of a first active Set B based on at least one preconfigured condition. As used herein, the first active Set B may refer to the active Set B currently used by the WTRU 102. For example, the terms first active Set B and current active Set B may be used interchangeably.

[0247] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive a configuration of one or more parameters associated with the determination of an active Set B failure. For example, the configuration may include information indicating one or more thresholds, KPIs, and / or values of N (e.g., a number of beams and / or RSs). Such a configuration may be signaled in any of RRC, MAC CE, and / or LI signaling.

[0248] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the failure of a first active Set B based on one or more preconfigured conditions. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the failure of a (e.g., first) active Set B based on any of the following conditions.

[0249] When the KPI of the active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., KPI activeSet B < FAIL THRESHOLD), the active Set B may be determined to have failed. For example, the KPI may be associated with link quality (e.g., Ll-RSRP, Ll-SINR, hypothetical BLER). For example, the KPI may be associated with throughput.

[0250] When the prediction accuracy of the active Set B is below a threshold, the active Set B may be determined to have failed. In one example, the prediction accuracy may be expressed as intermediate metric. For example, the prediction accuracy may be expressed as the Top-K beam prediction accuracy. For example, the prediction accuracy may be expressed as the difference between measured RSRP and / or SINR and predicted RSRP and / or SINR.

[0251] When the input / output distribution of AI / ML model associated with the active Set B drifts and / or changes by a predefined threshold, the active Set B may be determined to have failed.

[0252] When the local prediction accuracy of the active Set B is below a threshold, the first active Set B may be determined to have failed.

[0253] When the number of beam failure instances exceeds a threshold, the active Set B may be determined to have failed. For example, the failure may be based on a beam failure count (e.g.,BFI COUNTER) exceeding a threshold. In some embodiments, the threshold may be lower than the beamFailurelnstanceMaxCount associated with beam failure.

[0254] When the active Set B is no longer transmitted, the active Set B may be determined to have failed. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication that the transmission of the active Set B is suspended and / or deactivated by a gNB 180. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication that more than N beams and / or RSs within the active Set B are no longer transmitted by the gNB.

[0255] When the periodicity of the active Set B is increased to a longer periodicity that may lead to degraded performance, the active Set B may be determined to have failed. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a reconfiguration of the active Set B from the gNB 180 which includes a change in the periodicity of the active Set B, such as a change to a longer periodicity.

[0256] In certain representative embodiments, upon failure of the current active Set B, the WTRU 102 may be configured to transmit an active Set B failure indication to the gNB. For example, the WTRU 102 may report the active Set B failure in a CSI report. For example, the WTRU 102 may report the active Set B failure in a MAC CE. For example, the WTRU 102 may report the active Set B failure in a UCI (e.g., PUCCH). For example, the WTRU 102 may report the active Set B failure in a RRC message. For example, the active Set B failure message may include an indication of one or more candidate Set Bs. For example, one or more candidate Set Bs may be associated with one or more previously selected and reported inactive Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the candidate Set Bs based on methods described herein. For example, the candidate Set Bs may be (e.g., selected as) a subset of the inactive Set Bs configured for a WTRU 102.

[0257] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine a second active Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may indicate the second active Set B to the network. As used herein, the term a second active Set B may refer to the target active Set B determined by the WTRU 102 upon failure of a current (e.g., first) active Set B used by the WTRU 102. For example, the terms second active Set B and target active Set B may be used interchangeably.

[0258] In certain representative embodiments, upon failure of the current active Set B, the WTRU 102 may report the active Set B failure.

[0259] In certain representative embodiments, upon failure of the current active Set B, the WTRU 102 may transmit an indication of one or more candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may receive configuration and / or transmission of one or more candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may receive and measure beam RS resources (e.g., 100% coverage of beams) associated with the one or more candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may measure RS resources and calculate respectiveKPIs of the candidate Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may determine a second active Set B based on one or more conditions. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a second (e.g., target) active Set B based on any of the following conditions.

[0260] The Set B within the candidate Set Bs that results in a best KPI may be determined as the second active Set B. For example, the Set B with the highest link quality (e.g., Ll-RSRP, Ll- SINR, throughput or lowest hypothetical BLER) may be determined as the second active Set B.

[0261] The Set B within the candidate Set B with a best prediction accuracy may be determined as the second active Set B. In one example, the prediction accuracy may be expressed as an intermediate metric. For example, the prediction accuracy may be expressed as the Top-K beam prediction accuracy. For example, the prediction accuracy may be expressed as difference between measured RSRP and / or SINR and predicted RSRP and / or SINR.

[0262] The Set B within the candidate Set B with a best local prediction accuracy may be determined as the second active Set B.

[0263] The smallest Set B size among the candidate Set Bs that meets one or more preconfigured KPIs may be determined as the second active Set B. For example, this may be beneficial to reduce the RS and / or measurement overhead.

[0264] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may indicate the second active Set B via RS resources and / or RS resource sets (e.g., indicated RS resource IDs and / or RS resource set IDs). For example, the WTRU 102 may transmit such an indication via a CSI report. For example, the WTRU 102 may transmit such an indication via UCI (e.g., PUCCH). For example, the WTRU 102 may transmit such an indication via MAC CE. The WTRU 102 may use the second active Set B for beam ID and / or RSRP predictions.

[0265] Upon failure of the current active Set B, the WTRU 102 may be configured to start a timer. For example, if the WTRU 102 does not receive at least one candidate Set B before the expiry of the timer (e.g., a time duration elapses), the WTRU 102 may transmit an indication and / or report to the network. For example, if the WTRU 102 cannot determine a second active Set B before the expiry of the timer (e.g., a time duration elapses), the WTRU 102 may transmit indication and / or report to the network. In some embodiments, the WTRU 102 may be preconfigured with one or more RACH preambles and / or resources, and / or PUCCH resources for such an indication. For example, if the WTRU 102 cannot determine a second active Set B before the expiry of the timer (e.g., a time duration elapses), the WTRU 102 may initiate a beam failure recovery procedure.

[0266] Local Beam Prediction Accuracy and KPIs

[0267] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may calculate a KPI based on a type of WTRU prediction (e.g., type of AI / ML model output). For example, the WTRU 102 may calculate KPIs using any of the following.

[0268] For example, a WTRU 102 may predict (e.g., using an AI / ML model) RSRP values. A best predicted beam may be determined based on the predicted RSRP values. As an example, the predicted beam may be from Set A and not measured from Set B or inactive Set B, and the prediction accuracy may be calculated based on the measured RSRP of the predicted beam (e.g., a TCI state) and the predicted RSRP. As an example, the predicted beam may be from Set B or the measured beam of inactive Set B, and the prediction accuracy may be calculated based on the predicted RSRP and the measured RSRP.

[0269] For example, a WTRU 102 may predict (e.g., using an AI / ML model) best beam indices. For example, one or more beam groups may be defined. Each beam group may be represented by a Set B beam and may include multiple Set A beams. The WTRU 102 may receive a configuration of a number of beam groups (e.g., N_BG), the size (e.g., number of beams) of a beam group (e.g., SIZE BG), and / or a starting beam ID (e.g., START ID) of the first beam group. If a beam group of the predicted best Set A beam is same as the beam group of the best Set B beam in the measurement, the WTRU 102 may assume that the prediction is correct. For example, the WTRU 102 may support a time duration for the measurement. For example, the WTRU 102 may perform 10 measurements with 7 correct and 3 incorrect and may determine the prediction as having 70% accuracy. For example, the WTRU 102 may consider neighboring beam groups. For example, if beam groups are the same, the WTRU 102 may increment a count by a first value (e.g., +1). For example, if the predicted beam is in a neighboring beam group of a best measured beam group, the WTRU may increment a count by a second value (e.g., +0.5). For example, the WTRU 102 may perform a number of trials (e.g., predicted measurements) and determine a prediction accuracy based on a total count and the number of trials. As an example, for 5 trials or predictions, the total count may be determined as 1 (e.g., predicted beam is correct) + 0.5 (e.g., predicted beam is in a neighboring group) + 0 (e.g., predicted beam is incorrect) + 1 (e.g., predicted beam is correct) + 0 (e.g., predicted beam is incorrect), and the prediction accuracy may be determined as 2.5 / 5 (e.g., 50% accuracy).

[0270] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured to predict one or more best beams for transmission and / or reception of one or more signals and / or channels. The WTRU 102 may measure, calculate, and / or determine one or more KPIs for monitoring the performance and / or the accuracy of the predicted beams and / or the prediction procedure.

[0271] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine, be configured, and / or receive one or more configurations and / or indications (e.g., via RRC, MAC-CE, DCI, etc.) to perform one or more actions for calculating one or more KPIs. The WTRU 102 may determine the actions for calculating the KPIs based on one or more “prediction types” that may be identified in association with the procedure and / or system model that is used for the predictions. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine one or more prediction types based on the predicted parameters. For example, in an AI / ML system, the WTRU 102 may determine one or more prediction types based on the output of the AI / ML system (e.g., model). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine, be (pre)configured, and / or receive configurations on the different prediction types. As such, the WTRU 102 may calculate one or more KPIs based on the determined and / or configured prediction types.

[0272] One or more of the following examples may apply. The following procedures and / or parameters are non-limiting examples of the procedures and / or parameters that may be included in calculating KPIs. One or more of these procedures and / or parameters may be included. Other procedures and / or parameters may be included.

[0273] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may predict RSRP. The prediction type may be an RSRP type.

[0274] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine one or more best predicted beams based on one or more predicted parameters. For example, the WTRU 102 may predict one or more parameters based on measurements, where the predicted parameters may include, but are not limited to, RSRP, RSRQ, and / or SINR. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine one or more best predicted beams based on one or more predicted RSRP values.

[0275] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine and / or calculate the prediction accuracy for one or more predicted beam resources. For example, the WTRU 102 may compare one or more predicted parameters with one or more measured parameters. In an example, if the difference between the predicted parameters and the corresponding measured parameters is lower than a determined and / or configured threshold, the WTRU 102 may determine that the prediction accuracy is acceptable (e.g., that the prediction is valid). Otherwise, if the difference between the predicted parameters and the corresponding measured parameters is higher than the determined and / or configured threshold, the WTRU 102 may determine that the prediction accuracy is non-acceptable (e.g., that the prediction is invalid). Predicted beams may be from a Set A and / or a (e.g., active or inactive) Set B.

[0276] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the predicted beam belongs to a determined and / or configured Set A. That is, the WTRU 102 may determine that the predicted beam may not be from one or more active and / or inactive Set Bs.

[0277] For example, the WTRU 102 may measure RSRP based on one or more signals and / or channels that have a same TCI-state with the predicted beam. For example, the WTRU 102 may measure the RSRP of one or more signals and / or channels that have a spatial relation, for example based on QCL Type D, with the predicted beam. In an example, the WTRU 102 may determine the signals and / or channels to be measured based on the spatial domain filter that is used for receiving them. In an example, the WTRU 102 may measure the RSRP based on one or more signals (e.g., SSB, CSI-RS, PT-RS, TRS, etc.). In another example, the WTRU 102 may measure the RSRP based on one or more reference signals associated with one or more channels (e.g., PDCCHDMRS, PDSCHDMRS, PBCHDMRS, etc ). The WTRU 102 may compare the predicted RSRP with the measured RSRP and determine the prediction accuracy.

[0278] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the predicted beam belongs to an active or inactive Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the predicted beam belongs to one or more of the active and / or inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may compare the predicted RSRP with the measured RSRP and determine the prediction accuracy.

[0279] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may predict best beam indices. The prediction type may be a beam index type.

[0280] FIG. 2 is a beam diagram illustrating an example of beam groups and beams of a Set B, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0281] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine, be (pre)configured, and / or receive one or more configurations and / or indications of one or more beam groups. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the configuration information and / or indications on the beam groups via any of RRC, MAC-CE, DCI, etc. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that each (e.g., determined, received, and / or configured) beam group may include at least a beam from a configured and / or determined Set B and one or more beams from a configured and / or determined Set A. The configuration information and / or indications may include any of the following parameters: (i) number of beam groups; (ii) size of beam groups; and / or (iii) beam IDs.

[0282] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine, be (pre)configured, and / or receive the number of beam groups. For example, the number of beam groups may be indicated by N_BG. In an example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with a total number of the beam resources. The WTRU 102 may determine the number of beam groups based on the total number of beams and the size of beam groups.

[0283] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine, be (pre)configured, and / or receive the size of beam groups. For example, the size of beam groups may be indicated by SIZE BG. In an example, the size of the beam groups may indicate the number of beams included in each beam group. For example, the size of the beam groups may be similar for all beam groups, or indicated and / or configured separately for each beam group.

[0284] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine, be (pre)configured, and / or receive the beam IDs corresponding to the beam resources that are included in each beam group. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the beam IDs based on one or more of RS indices, TCI states, etc. In an example, the WTRU 102 may receive the beam IDs based on one or more of SSB indices, CSI- RS indices, or other RS indices. The WTRU 102 may determine and / or receive the beam IDs based on implicit and / or explicit indications where any of the following may apply. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive an absolute and / or exact value of the beam indices for each of the beam resources that are included in a beam group. In an example, for a first beam group with a first size, the WTRU 102 may receive a number of indications and / or configurations up to the first size for the beam indices of the beam resources that are included in the first beam group. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a starting beam ID, such as indicated by START ID. In an example, the starting beam ID may correspond to the beam resource with the lowest, or the highest, beam ID value in the beam group, where the other beam IDs in the beam group may be ordered in ascending or descending orders, respectively. In an example, upon reception of the starting beam ID (e.g., START ID), the WTRU 102 may determine the beam IDs corresponding to the other beam resources that are included in the beam group. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the beam ID of the other beam resources consecutively, starting from the configured and / or determined starting ID up to the configured and / or determined size corresponding to the beam group.

[0285] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine and / or be configured to perform one or more measurements based on one or more beam resources in a determined and / or configured time duration. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine and / or be configured to measure one or more parameters based on one or more beam resources, such as where the beam resources may be from a configured and / or determined Set B. In an example, the WTRU 102 may measure any of RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, etc. In an example, the WTRU 102 may receive the configurations, or indications thereof, via any of RRC, MAC-CE, DCI, etc.

[0286] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may calculate accuracy based on one or more predicted beam resources, corresponding beam groups, and / or one or more measurements. For example, the WTRU 102 may restart and / or initiate an accuracy parameter(e.g., AC Param) for calculating the accuracy. In an example, the WTRU 102 may determine the value of the accuracy parameter to be equal to zero. The WTRU 102 may then increment the value of the accuracy parameter based on one or more determined and / or (pre)configured values. For example, the configured values may be a first value (e.g., 1), a second value (e.g., 0.5), and so forth.

[0287] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the predicted (e.g., best) beam belongs to a determined and / or configured Set A. The WTRU 102 may determine that the predicted (e.g., best) Set A beam belongs to and / or is included in a first beam group. In an example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the determined first beam group is the same as the beam group that includes the (e.g., best) measured Set B beam, such as the beam with the highest measured RSRP. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the prediction may be correct if the determined first beam group includes both the (e.g., best) predicted Set A beam and the (e.g., best) measured Set B beam. In an example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the prediction is correct, the WTRU 102 may determine to increment the value of the accuracy parameter by a (pre)configured value, such as 1.

[0288] In another example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the predicted (e.g., best) beam belongs to and / or is included in a first beam group, where the determined first beam group is a neighbor to a second beam group that includes the (e.g., best) measured Set B beam, such as the beam with the highest measured RSRP. In an example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the (e.g., best) predicted Set A beam is in a beam group that is adjacent and / or neighboring to the (e.g., best) measured Set B beam, the WTRU 102 may determine to increment the value of the accuracy parameter by a (pre)configured value, such as 0.5.

[0289] In an example, the WTRU 102 may determine that the predicted (e.g., best) beam is not included in the same or neighboring beam group as the (e.g., best) measured Set B beam, the WTRU 102 may determine the prediction to be incorrect. The WTRU 102 may determine to not increment the value of accuracy parameter, or may add a value, such as 0, to the accuracy parameter.

[0290] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine and / or be configured with neighbor beam groups based on spatial relations between the beam groups. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a configuration on the neighbor beam groups from a gNB 180 (e.g., via RRC, MAC-CE, DCI, etc.). The WTRU 102 may receive the indication on the neighbor beam groups based on any of the following.

[0291] For example, for a first beam group, the WTRU 102 may receive an explicit indication of the beam groups that are adjacent and / or neighbors to the first beam group. In an example, the WTRU 102 may receive the indices corresponding to the neighbor and / or adjacent beam groups.

[0292] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine that one or more of the beam resources indicated and / or configured in a first beam group are also included in one or more second beam groups. As such, the WTRU 102 may determine (e.g., implicitly) that the first beam group is a neighbor and / or adjacent with the determined second beam groups.

[0293] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may perform one or more accuracy measurements (e.g., for one or more accuracy measurement occasions) to determine the accuracy parameter (e.g., AC Param) in a determined and / or configured time duration. For example, the WTRU 102 may determine or be configured with a number of times to perform corresponding measurements and / or a number of trials. For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured with any of a periodicity, start time, and / or time duration to perform the corresponding measurements. For example, at the end of the time window, the WTRU 102 may divide the calculated accuracy parameter by the number of times that the measurements were accomplished.

[0294] As an example, a WTRU 102 may perform 10 measurements, where 7 were correct and 3 were incorrect. The WTRU 102 may determine the accuracy as 7 / 10 or 70%.

[0295] As another example, a WTRU 102 may perform 5 measurements, where the first is in the correct beam group, the second is in a neighboring beam group, the third is an incorrect beam group, the fourth is in a correct beam group, and the fifth is incorrect. In this example, the WTRU 102 may determine the accuracy to be 50%. For example, the accuracy may be calculated as { 1 (correct) + 0.5 (neighboring) + 0 (incorrect) + 1 (correct) + 0 (incorrect)} / 5 (number of trials) or 2.5 / 5 (e.g., 50%).

[0296] Performance Monitoring of WTRU-Selected Inactive Measurement Beam Resource Sets (Set Bs)

[0297] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating any of: (i) an active Set B (e.g., a set of beams and / or RS indices); (ii) a maximum number of inactive Set Bs for monitoring (e.g., a MAX INACTIVE field); (iii) a failure threshold (e.g., FAIL THRESHOLD field denoting an active Set B failure threshold); (iv) one or more KPI thresholds (e g., KPI THRESHOLDl, KPI THRESHOLD2, and KPI THRESHOLD3); (v) correlation information (e g., CORRELATION THRE SHOLD and CORRELATION OFFSET); (vi) a measured-to-total beam threshold or ratio (e.g., a PERCENT INPUT threshold which may denote a ratio between the number of measured beams and total beams in an inactive Set B); (vii) timing information (e.g., a time value T REPEAT);and / or (viii) reporting resources associated with one or more Set Bs (e.g., a CSI-Report resource corresponding to the maximum number of inactive Set Bs).

[0298] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) determine and / or receive configuration information indicating one or more additional or inactive Set Bs (e.g., a set of beams and / or RS indices).

[0299] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs as candidates for performance monitoring based on any of: (i) beam information of the active Set B, (ii) beam information of the one or more inactive Set Bs, (iii) the correlation information (e.g., CORRELATION THRESHOLD), and / or (iv) the measured-to-total beam threshold or ratio (e.g., PERCENT INPUT threshold). For example, the WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs whose correlation (e.g., percentage of common beams between two Set Bs) with the active Set B is greater than or equal to the CORRELATION THRESHOLD and / or percentage of measured beams is greater than or equal to the PERCENT INPUT threshold, such as in ascending order of correlation, up to a certain number, such as the maximum number of the MAX_INACTIVE selected inactive Set Bs.

[0300] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring of the selected inactive Set Bs. The performance monitoring may be based on the KPI (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the active Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring if the KPI of the active Set B is greater than a threshold (e.g., FAIL THRE SHOLD) and the KPI of the active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLDl).

[0301] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure and / or use measured beam RSs associated with the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may determine a RSRP (e.g., measured LI -RSRP) for each measured beam of the one or more selected inactive SetBs. The WTRU 102 may calculate KPIs (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the inactive Set Bs based on the RSRPs (e.g., the Ll-RSRPs used as AI / ML inputs).

[0302] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may (e.g., periodically) monitor (e.g., update the KPIs based on new and / or additional measurements) the selected inactive Set Bs, such as per period as indicated by T REPEAT. For example, at least one of the selected inactive Set Bs may be monitored if at least one selected inactive Set Bs satisfies a threshold (e.g., the KPI of at least one inactive Set B is greater than KPI THRESHOLD3).

[0303] In certain representative embodiments, there may not be a selected inactive Set B that satisfies the threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3), and the WTRU 102 may update the correlation information (e.g, subtract CORRELATION OFFSET from CORRELATION THRESHOLD),and reselect (e.g., make a new selection of) a set of inactive Set Bs for performance monitoring using the updated correlation information.

[0304] In certain representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may report (e.g., via CSI-Report) one or more of the selected inactive Set Bs based on the calculated KPIs of the active Set B and the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. For example, if the KPI of the active Set B is greater than FAIL THRESHOLD and the KPI of the active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., less than KPI THRESHOLD2, where FAIL THRESHOLD < KPI THRESHOLD2 < KPI THRESHOLDl), the WTRU 102 may report one or more of the selected inactive Set Bs having KPIs greater than or equal to a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3).

[0305] As described herein, an inactive Set B may be interchangeably used with a selected- inactive Set B and / or a semi-active Set B.

[0306] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive (e.g., via any of RRC, MAC-CE and / or DCI, such as by an indication therein) configuration information associated with any of the following: (i) two or more Set Bs; (ii) one or more RS resources; and / or (iii) one or more RS resource sets. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a configuration of multiple RS resource sets where each RS resource in a respective RS resource set may be associated to a Set B. As an example, the WTRU 102 may receive a configuration of an indication (e.g., one or more of RS set IDs, set of RS IDs, and / or beam IDs) associated with each RS resource indicating an association between the RS resource and two or more Set Bs.

[0307] In certain representative embodiments, the configuration of a Set B and a RS resource set may be identical (e.g., Set B = RS resource set).

[0308] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may measure one or more RSs based on a configuration and / or indication from a gNB 180. For example, measurement may be based on any of the following: (i) an active Set B; (ii) an active RS resource set; (iii) a semi-active set B; (iv) activation of a RS resource; and / or (v) activation of a RS resource set. For example, the WTRU 102 may measure active Set Bs (and associated RS resources / resource sets) based on an activation (e.g., indicated by a gNB 180). For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured and / or indicated (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE and / or DCI) with an active Set B (e.g., measured and to be reported to the gNB and which may be based on WTRU 102 prediction), one or more semi-active Set Bs (e.g., measured but not to be reported), and one or more inactive Set B (e.g., not measured and not to be reported (e.g., to the gNB)). For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured and / or indicated (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE and / or DCI) with one or more activated RS resources among the configured RS resources. For example, the WTRU 102 may beconfigured and / or indicated (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC CE and / or DCI) with one or more activated RS resource sets among the configured RS resource sets.

[0309] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may identify whether a Set B is active, semi-active, or inactive. For example, the WTRU 102 may identify a Set B as active if all the RSs in the Set B are activated (e.g., based on the configuration and / or indication). If a part of the Set B is active (e.g., some RSs in the Set B are activated), the WTRU 102 may identify the Set B as semi-active (or inactive). If all the RSs of the Set B are inactive, the WTRU 102 may identify the Set B as inactive. For example, the WTRU 102 may label any configured Set Bs other than an active Set B as inactive Set Bs.

[0310] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine and / or calculate a correlation value between two Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may calculate a correlation between two Set Bs as the percentage of common RSs, RS IDs, and / or beam IDs associated with the two Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may calculate a correlation between two Set Bs as the percentage of QCL-Type D related beams and / or RSs between the two Set Bs. For example, a correlation may be based on any of the following: (i) a number of duplicated beams; (ii) a number of duplicated RSs; (iii) a ratio of duplicated beams; and / or (iv) a ratio of duplicated RSs.

[0311] For example, the correlation may be defined as number of duplicated beams in the two set Bs. If a first Set B includes a first beam, a second beam and a third beam, and a second Set B includes the first beam, the third beam and a fourth beam, then the correlation may be determined as two.

[0312] For example, the correlation may be defined as a ratio of duplicated beams in the two set Bs. If a first Set B includes a first beam, a second beam and a third beam, and a second Set B includes the first beam, the third beam and a fourth beam, then the correlation may be determined as 2 / 3. The correlation may be based on a ratio from one Set B (e.g., one or more of a ratio of duplicated beams in the first Set B or the second Set B, and / or a minimum / maximum / average ratio of the duplicated beams).

[0313] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive a configuration (e.g., via one or more of RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI, such as by an indication therein) of one or more of the following: (i) a maximum number of inactive Set Bs, (e.g., denoted by MAX INACTIVE, to monitor for performance); (ii) a failure threshold (e.g., denoted by FAIL THRESHOLD); (iii) KPI thresholds (e g., denoted by KPI THRE SHOLD 1, KPI THRESHOLD2 and KPI THRESHOLD3); (iv) a correlation threshold between two Set Bs (e.g., denoted by CORRELATION THREHSOLD); (v) an offset for correlation threshold (e.g., denoted by CORRELATION OFFSET); (vi) a percentage threshold (e g., denoted by PERCENT INPUT)indicating a percentage (e.g., ratio) between the required number of measurements and the number of total RSs and / or beams associated to a Set B (e.g., inactive Set B); (vii) a time period (e.g., denoted by T REPEAT); and / or (viii) one or more UL resources (e.g., MAX INACTIVE number of UL resources and / or CSI-Reports) for the WTRU 102 to send a report and / or indication associated with any inactive Set Bs.

[0314] For example, a failure threshold may be used as a threshold for a KPI (e.g., local prediction accuracy, Ll-RSRP difference, Top-K beam prediction accuracy threshold). The WTRU 102 may use the failure threshold to determine a Set B or beam prediction failure (e.g., based on a comparison with the FAIL THRE SHOLD).

[0315] For example, three KPI thresholds may be provided to the WTRU 102 (e.g., local prediction accuracy threshold, Ll-RSRP difference threshold, Top-K beam prediction accuracy threshold).

[0316] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may select one or more candidate inactive Set Bs for performance monitoring (e.g., denoted by selected-inactive Set Bs). The selection may be based on the correlation between the active and inactive Set Bs (e.g., from configured Set Bs). For example, the WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs for performance monitoring whose correlation with an active Set B is greater than the CORRELATION THRESHOLD. For example, the WTRU 102 may select up to a MAX INACTIVE number of the inactive Set Bs for performance monitoring. For example, the WTRU 102 may select the inactive Set Bs for performance monitoring whose correlation with the active Set B is greater than the CORRELATION THRESHOLD in an ascending order of correlation up to the maximum number indicated by MAX INACTIVE.

[0317] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may select one or more candidate inactive Set Bs for performance monitoring (e.g., based on one or more of Set B IDs, associated beam information, WTRU 102 position and WTRU 102 mobility). For example, the WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive neighboring Set Bs based any of (i) Set B IDs (e.g., adjacent Set B IDs from the active Set B ID), (ii) associated beam information (e.g., beam direction and beam width), (iii) WTRU 102 position and / or location (e.g., acquired by GPS); and / or (iv) WTRU 102 mobility (e.g., moving direction and / or speed). The WTRU 102 may apply an additional selection (e.g., based on a ratio of measurements and etc.) after selecting the one or more inactive neighboring Set Bs.

[0318] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the selected-inactive Set Bs (e.g., based on the PERCENT INPUT threshold). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine the selected-inactive Set Bs based on a ratio of active RSs and / or beams. For example,the WTRU 102 may calculate a ratio between the number of active RSs and / or beams and the number of all RSs and / or beams in an inactive Set B. Based on the calculated ratio, the WTRU 102 may determine the selected-inactive Set Bs whose ratio is greater than the PERCENT INPUT threshold (e.g., up to a maximum number of MAX IN ACTIVE).

[0319] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the selected-inactive Set Bs (e.g., based on both PERCENT INPUT and the correlation of inactive Set Bs with the active Set B). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine a first set of selected-inactive Set Bs whose correlation with the active Set B is greater than the CORRELATION THRE SHOLD. Based on the first set of selected-inactive Set Bs, the WTRU 102 may determine a second set (e.g., subset of the first set) of selected-inactive Set Bs by using the ratio between the number of active RSs and the number of all RSs in an inactive Set B greater than the PERCENT INPUT (e.g., up to a maximum number of MAX IN ACTIVE).

[0320] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring of the selected-inactive Set Bs based on one or more KPIs (e.g., local beam prediction accuracy) of the active Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring of any of the selected-inactive Set Bs if the KPI of an active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD1, where KPI THRE SHOLD 1 is greater than FAIL THRESHOLD).

[0321] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may calculate one or more KPIs (e.g., local beam prediction accuracy, Top-K beam prediction accuracy, and / or RSRP-difference) for one or more Set Bs (e.g., active and / or inactive Set Bs). For example, the WTRU 102 may calculate local beam prediction accuracy KPIs (e.g., beam prediction accuracy for each Set B) for one or more Set Bs based on the predicted output (e.g., beam ID, RS ID and / or RSRPs) and measurements (e.g., measured RSRP of predicted best beam, best beam ID, and / or RS ID determined based on measured RSs).

[0322] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may measure the one or more RSs associated with the selected-inactive Set Bs (e.g., based on initiating performance monitoring of the selected-inactive Set Bs). For example, the WTRU 102 may measure any of the following: (i) RSs based on the active RS resources and / or RS resource sets; (ii) duplicated RSs and / or beams with an active Set B; and / or (iii) RSs based on the active RS resources and duplicated RSs with an active Set B.

[0323] For example, the WTRU 102 may measure any (e.g., all) active RS resources of any active RS resource sets (e.g., RS resources associated to a Set B).

[0324] For example, the WTRU 102 may measure any (e.g., all) common active RS resources between two or more selected-inactive Set Bs.

[0325] For example, the WTRU 102 may identify any (e.g., all) RSs that are configured for both an active Set B and an inactive Set B of the selected-inactive Set Bs. Based on the identified RSs, the WTRU 102 may use a measured quality of the duplicated beams or measurements of each selected-inactive Set B.

[0326] For example, the WTRU 102 may identify RSs that are configured for both an active Set B and an inactive Set B of the selected-inactive Set Bs. Based on the identified RSs, the WTRU 102 may use a measured quality of the duplicated beams or measurements of each selected-inactive Set B. Based on the condition that the ratio between the number of RS quality measurements and the number of all RSs associated to a selected-inactive Set B is less than or equal to a threshold (e.g., PERCENT THRESHOLD), the WTRU 102 may measure one or more additional (e.g., not duplicated with active Set B, or common RSs between two or more selected-inactive Set Bs) active RS resources associated to the selected-inactive Set Bs such that the ratio becomes greater than the threshold (e.g, PERCENT THRE SHOLD).

[0327] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may predict qualities of RSs in one or more selected-inactive Set Bs (e.g., based on the measurements). For example, the WTRU 102 may determine qualities (e.g, RSRPs) of one or more measured (e.g, activated) RSs associated with the selected-inactive Set Bs (e.g, based on the RS measurements). Based on the determined qualities, the WTRU 102 may determine and / or predict qualities of one or more unmeasured (e.g, deactivated) RSs associated with the selected-inactive Set Bs. Based on the determined qualities of the one or more measured RSs and the one or more unmeasured RSs, the WTRU 102 may calculate and / or determine one or more KPIs (e.g, local beam prediction accuracy) for one or more of the selected-inactive Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may input the determined qualities (e.g, RSRPs) associated with the RSs belonging to the selected-inactive Set Bs to determine one or KPIs for one or more selected-inactive Set Bs based on the determined qualities.

[0328] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may (e.g, continuously) monitor performance (e.g, updating KPIs of the Set Bs based on the new RS measurements) of the selected-inactive Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may periodically update the KPIs of the selected-inactive Set Bs based on the new RS measurements (e.g, with a period of T REPEAT). For example, the WTRU 102 may continuously monitor the performance of the selected-inactive Set Bs based on the condition that at least one selected-inactive Set B has a KPI greater than a threshold (e.g, KPI THRESHOLD3).

[0329] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may (e.g, continuously) monitor performance of the selected-inactive Set Bs based on the KPI of the active Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may periodically calculate an updated KPI of the active Set B based on new RSmeasurements (e.g., with a period of T REPEAT). For example, the WTRU 102 may continuously monitor the performance of the selected-inactive Set Bs if the updated KPI of active Set B is less than or equal to a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLDL For example, the WTRU 102 may stop monitoring the performance of the selected-inactive Set Bs if the updated KPI of the active Set B is greater than (or equal to) the threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLDl).

[0330] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may modify and / or update the correlation information, such as a correlation threshold (e.g., CORRELATION THRESHOLD), such as based on the KPIs of the selected-inactive Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may update the correlation information (e.g., CORRELATION THRESHOLD) by subtracting an offset from a correlation threshold (e.g., subtract CORRELATION OFFSET from the CORRELATION THRESHOLD) based on the condition that none of the selected-inactive Set B have a respective KPI greater than a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3). For example, the WTRU 102 may update the correlation threshold (e.g., CORRELATION THRESHOLD) by adding an offset to a correlation threshold (e.g., add CORRELATION OFFSET to the CORRELATION THRESHOLD) based on the condition that all the selected-inactive Set Bs have respective KPIs greater than a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3). In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may send (e.g., via CSLReport) information indicating the updated correlation information (e.g., CORRELATION THRE SHOLD). For example, the WTRU 102 may select a (e.g., new) set of selected-inactive Set Bs based on the updated correlation information (e.g, CORRELATION THRE SHOLD).

[0331] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may send information indicating (e.g., an indication of) the selected-inactive Set Bs (e.g, in the UL resources configured for indicating Set Bs, such as via a CSLReport). For example, the WTRU 102 may send information indicating the selected-inactive Set Bs based on the KPIs of the active and / or selected-inactive Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may send information indicating the selected-inactive Set Bs based on the condition that the KPI of the active Set B is less than a threshold (e.g, KPI THRESHOLD2, where FAIL THRESHOLD < KPI THRESHOLD2 < KPI THRESHOLDl). For example, the WTRU 102 may send information indicating the selected-inactive Set Bs which have respective KPIs greater than a threshold (e.g, KPI THRESHOLD3). In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may send a report indicating the calculated KPIs of the indicated selected-inactive Set Bs.

[0332] Performance Monitoring of WTRU-Requested Inactive Measurement Beam Resource Sets (Set Bs)

[0333] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating any of (i) an active Set B (e.g., a set of beams and / or RS indices); (ii) a maximum number of inactive Set Bs for monitoring (e.g., a MAX INACTIVE field); (iii) a failure threshold (e.g., FAIL THRESHOLD field denoting an active Set B failure threshold); (iv) one or more KPI thresholds (e g., KPI THRESHOLDl, KPI THRESHOLD2, and KPI THRESHOLD3); (v) correlation information (e g., CORRELATION THRE SHOLD and CORRELATION OFFSET); (vi) a measured-to-total beam threshold or ratio (e.g., a PERCENT INPUT threshold which may denote a ratio between the number of measured beams and total beams in an inactive Set B); (vii) timing information (e.g., a time value T REPEAT); and / or (viii) reporting resources associated with one or more Set Bs (e.g., a CSI-Report resource corresponding to the maximum number of inactive Set Bs).

[0334] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may (e.g., also) receive configuration information indicating one or more additional or inactive Set Bs (e.g., a set of beams and / or RS indices).

[0335] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs as candidates for performance monitoring based on any of (i) beam information of the active Set B, (ii) beam information of the one or more inactive Set Bs, and / or (iii) the correlation information (e.g., CORRELATION THRESHOLD). For example, the WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs whose correlation (e.g., percentage of common beams between two Set Bs) with the active Set B is greater than or equal to the CORRELATION THRESHOLD, such as in ascending order of correlation, up to a certain number, such as the maximum number of the MAX_INACTIVE selected inactive Set Bs.

[0336] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring of the selected inactive Set Bs, such as based on the KPI(s) (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the active Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring if a KPI of the active Set B is greater than a threshold (e.g., FAIL THRE SHOLD) and the KPI of the active Set B is less than another threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLDl).

[0337] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may send information indicating a request for additional beam RS resource transmission based on the determined ratio between the number of measured beams and total beams of the selected one or more inactive Set Bs and the PERCENT INPUT threshold.

[0338] For example, the WTRU 102 may indicate a cause for the request, such as the measured KPI of active Set B. For example, the request may include, or be, an explicit indication, such as an indication of a RS resource set index with preferred additional beam information (e.g., QCLType D). For example, the request may include, or be, an implicit indication. As an example, the WTRU 102 may send an (e.g., Set B-based implicit) indication of the selected inactive Set Bs which do not satisfy a threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT threshold). The WTRU 102 may receive additional RS resources based on the indication and a predefined rule, such as the most common beams between indicated inactive Set Bs. As another example, the WTRU 102 may send a report of a subset of beam IDs of the selected inactive Set Bs, such as the beam IDs of the most common unreceived beams, such as beams which are not configured for measurement and / or not measured, between the inactive Set Bs. The report may serve as the (e.g., beam -based implicit) indication.

[0339] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive the additional beam RS resources. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive the additional beam RS resources (e.g., with a period less than or equal to T REPEAT) from a gNB 180 if the percentage of transmitted beam RSs associated to a selected inactive Set B is less than a threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT).

[0340] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may measure the beam RSs and the additional beam RS resources associated with the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may determine a quantity (e.g., Ll-RSRPs) of the measured beams. The WTRU 102 may calculate a KPI (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the one or more selected inactive Set Bs based on the determined quantities (e.g., Ll-RSRPs used as AI / ML input).

[0341] For example, based on the calculated KPI of the active Set B and the one or more selected inactive Set Bs, a WTRU 102 may report (e.g., via CSI-Report) information associated with the one or more selected inactive Set Bs. For example, if the KPI of the active Set B is greater than a threshold (e.g., FAIL THRE SHOLD) and the KPI of the active Set B is less than another threshold (e g., KPI THRESHOLD2, where FAIL THRESHOLD < KPI THRESHOLD2 < KPI THRESHOLD1), the WTRU 102 may report the one or more selected inactive Set Bs having a KPI is greater than or equal to a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3).

[0342] As used herein, an inactive Set B may be interchangeably used with a selected-inactive Set B and / or a semi-active Set B.

[0343] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive (e.g., via any of RRC, MAC-CE, and / or DCI, such as an indication therein) a configuration of any of the following: (i) two or more Set Bs; (ii) one or more RS resources; and / or (iii) one or more RS resource sets.

[0344] For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a configuration of one or more RS resource sets. Each RS resource in an RS resource set may be associated with a Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may receive a configuration of an indication (e.g., any of RS set IDs, set of RS IDs, and / or beam IDs), associated with each RS resource, indicating an association between the RS resource and two or more Set Bs.

[0345] In some embodiments, the configuration of a Set B and the configuration of a RS resource set may be identical (e.g., Set B = RS resource set).

[0346] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may measure one or more RSs based on a configuration and / or indication from a gNB 180. For example, the measurement may be based on any of the following: (i) an active Set B; (ii) a RS resource set; (iii) a semi-active Set B; (v) a RS resource activation; and / or (iv) a RS resource set activation.

[0347] For example, the WTRU 102 may measure active Set Bs (e.g., and associated RS resources and / or resource sets) based on an activation (e.g., indicated by a gNB 180).

[0348] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured and / or indicated (e.g., via any of RRC, MAC CE, and / or DCI) with an active Set B (e.g., measured and to be reported to the gNB 180, such as using a WTRU 102 prediction), one or more semi-active Set B (e.g., measured but not to be reported to the gNB 180), and one or more inactive Set B (e.g., not measured and not to be reported to the gNB 180).

[0349] For example, the WTRU 102 may be configured and / or indicated (e.g., via any of RRC, MAC CE, and / or DCI) with one or more activated RS resources and / or RS resource sets among the configured RS resources and / or resource sets.

[0350] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may identify whether a Set B is active, semi-active or inactive. For example, the WTRU 102 may identify a Set B as active if all the RSs in the Set B are activated (e.g., based on the configuration and / or indication). If a part of the Set B is active (e.g., some RSs in the Set B are activated), the WTRU 102 may identify the Set B as semi-active (or inactive). If all the RSs of the Set B is inactive, the WTRU 102 may identify the Set B as inactive.

[0351] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may label (e.g., consider) the configured Set Bs other than the active Set B as inactive Set Bs.

[0352] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine and / or calculate a correlation value between two Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may calculate a correlation between two Set Bs as the percentage of common RSs, RS IDs, and / or beam IDs associated with two Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may calculate a correlation between two Set Bs as the percentage of QCL-TypeD related beams RSs between the two Set Bs. For example, the correlation may be based on any of the following: (i) a number of duplicated beams; (ii) a number of duplicated RSs; (iii) a ratio of duplicated beams; (iv) and / or a ratio of duplicated RSs.

[0353] For example, the correlation may be defined as the number of duplicated beams in the two set Bs. For example, if a first Set B includes a first beam, a second beam and a third beam anda second Set B includes the first beam, the third beam and a fourth beam, then the correlation may be determined as two.

[0354] For example, the correlation may be defined as a ratio of the duplicated beams in the two set Bs. For example, if a first Set B includes a first beam, a second beam and a third beam and a second Set B includes the first beam, the third beam and a fourth beam, then the correlation may be determined as 2 / 3. The correlation may be based on a ratio from one Set B (e.g., one or more of a ratio of duplicated beams in a first Set B or a second Set B, and / or a minimum / maximum / average ratio of duplicated beams).

[0355] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may monitor the performance of one or more inactive Set Bs in addition to monitoring the performance of an active Set B. For example, this may reduce the time required to identify and switch Set Bs in the case the performance of the active Set B falls below an acceptable level. To identify and monitor one or more inactive Set Bs, the WTRU 102 may use one or combinations of the following solutions.

[0356] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information associated with determining, requesting, and / or receiving additional RS resources.

[0357] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may be configured and / or indicated (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, DCI indication) with one or a combination of the following configuration information: (i) a maximum number of inactive Set Bs to be monitored (e.g., MAX INACTIVE); (ii) a failure threshold (e.g., FAIL THRE SHOLD, a beam prediction accuracy related KPI) to determine the failure of the active Set B; (iii) KPI threshold information associated with the Set Bs (e.g., KPI THRESHOLDl, a KPI THRESHOLD2, and a KPI THRESHOLD3); (iv) a correlation threshold (e.g, CORRELATION THRESHOLD associated with the correlation between a first Set B (e.g., active Set B) and a second Set B; (v) percentage or ratio threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT) associated with measuring the ratio between the number of RS resources and / or beams required to evaluate or estimate the performance of a Set B (e.g., inactive Set B) and the total number of RS resources and / or beams in the Set B; (vi) a time value or interval (e.g., T REPEAT) indicating a periodicity for monitoring a Set B; (vii) CSI-Report resources corresponding to a the maximum number of Set Bs; and / or (viii) UL resources to report measurements (e.g., Ll-RSRP) and / or computed and / or determined parameters (e.g., KPI associated with a Set B) of inactive Set Bs.

[0358] For example, if the performance of an active Set B is less than the failure threshold (e.g., FAIL THRESHOLD), the WTRU 102 may select a different Set B. For example, the WTRU 102 may select one Set B out of the monitored inactive Set Bs as the active Set B.

[0359] For example, the correlation threshold may be used to determine the percentage of common beams between a first Set B (e.g., an inactive Set B) and a second Set B (e.g., active Set B).

[0360] For example, the percentage threshold may be used to determine the ratio between the number of RS resources and / or beams required to evaluate or estimate the performance of a Set B (e.g., inactive Set B) and the total number of RS resources and / or beams in the Set B.

[0361] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine to initiate monitoring of the performance of inactive Set Bs.

[0362] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may initiate performance monitoring of any of inactive Set Bs, such as a configured and / or indicated set of inactive Set Bs (e.g., via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, DCI indication by a gNB 180) based on a KPI (e.g., local prediction accuracy estimated by the WTRU 102) of the active Set B. For example, when the WTRU 102 determines that a KPI of the active Set B (e.g., KPI activeSet B) is less than a KPI threshold (e.g, KPI THRESHOLD1, such as FAIL THRESHOLD < KPI activeSet B < KPI THRESHOLDl), the WTRU 102 may initiate monitoring of one or more inactive Set Bs. To monitor the one or more inactive Set Bs, the WTRU 102 may request additional RS resources and / or RS resource sets (e.g, indicated RS resource IDs and / or RS resource set IDs), such as via a PUCCH or PUSCH transmission.

[0363] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may determine the inactive Set Bs to be monitored.

[0364] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may select one or more inactive Set Bs for monitoring performance (e.g, local prediction accuracy) based on correlations between the active Set B and any (e.g, each) inactive Set B. As described herein, a selected inactive Set B for performance monitoring may be referred to as a candidate Set B. As described herein, the correlation between the active Set B and an inactive Set B nay referred as the correlation of the inactive Set B or inactive Set B correlation. For example, a WTRU 102 may select up to the MAX INACTIVE number of inactive Set Bs as candidate Set Bs that have at least the CORRELATION THRESHOLD level of correlation with the active Set B. For example, there may be more than the MAX INACTIVE number of inactive Set Bs with correlations exceeding the CORRELATION THRESHOLD level, and the WTRU 102 may first shortlist the Set Bs having correlation exceeding the CORRELATION THRESHOLD. Then, the WTRU 102 may list (e.g, sort) the shortlisted inactive Set Bs in ascending order of their correlations (e.g, correlation with the active Set B) and pick the first MAX INACTIVE number of inactive Set Bs as candidateSet Bs. The WTRU 102 may monitor the performance (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the selected (e.g., up to MAX_INACTIVE) candidate Set Bs.

[0365] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may request and / or receive additional RS resources for monitoring the performance of the candidate Set Bs.

[0366] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may send a request for additional RS resources and / or additional RS resource sets based on one or combination of the following solutions.

[0367] For example, the WTRU 102 may determine to request additional RS resources based on the selected inactive Set Bs (i.e., candidate Set Bs) and a threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT). For example, the WTRU 102 may send the request (e.g., via a PUCCH and / or PUSCH transmission) and receive additional RS resources (e.g., with a periodicity less than or equal to T REPEAT) from the gNB, such as where the percentage of transmitted RS resources associated to a selected inactive Set B is less than the threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT).

[0368] For example, the WTRU 102 may request additional RS resources via an explicit indication. As an example, the WTRU 102 may send an indication of the one or more RS resource set indices with preferred additional beam information (e.g., QCL Type D). To this end, the WTRU 102 may indicate indices of the RS resources and / or RS resource sets via a PUCCH and / or PUSCH transmission. For example, the WTRU 102 may indicate the index of a RS resource set and a bit map in which each bit corresponds to a RS resource in the RS resource set. A bit value of 1 may indicate that the corresponding RS resource is requested. A bit value of 0 may indicate that the corresponding RS resource is not requested, or vice versa.

[0369] For example, the WTRU 102 may request additional RS resources via an implicit indication. To this end, the WTRU 102 may use one or a combination of the following examples.

[0370] As an example of an implicit indication, the WTRU 102 may send an indication of the selected inactive Set Bs which do not satisfy the threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT). The WTRU 102 may receive a configuration (e.g., a confirmation indication via a RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, DCI indication) for receiving additional RS resources based on the WTRU 102 indication and / or preconfigured rule(s). As another example, the WTRU 102 may receive additional RS resources based on the WTRU 102 indication and / or a preconfigured rule(s). For example, RS resources in the middle (e.g., based on RS resource index) of RS resources of active and inactive Set Bs. In another example, the WTRU 102 may receive common (e.g., the most common) RS resources between the indicated inactive Set Bs.

[0371] As another example of an implicit indication, the WTRU 102 may request a subset of RS resources out of the selected inactive Set Bs. To this end, the WTRU 102 may report indices of thesubset of RS resources of the selected inactive Set Bs. For example, WTRU 102 may report indices of common (e.g., the most common) unreceived beams (e.g., RS resources not configured for measurements, not measured, and so forth) among the inactive Set Bs. The WTRU 102 may receive a configuration (e.g., a 1-bit confirmation indication via a RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, DCI indication) for receiving additional RS resources based on the WTRU 102 indication. If the WTRU 102 does not receive a confirmation from the gNB 180 or the gNB 180 implicitly indicates that a selected set of additional beams are transmitted (e.g., indicated via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, DCI indication), the WTRU 102 may determine the RS resources and / or RS resource sets to be received based on the threshold (e.g., PERCENT INPUT). For example, each RS resource set may be associated with a PERCENT INPUT threshold (e.g., a first RS resource set for meeting a PERCENT INPUT threshold of 50% and a second RS resource set for meeting a PERCENT INPUT threshold of 25%).

[0372] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may, in addition to indicating additional RS resources are required, indicate a cause for the request for additional resources. For example, the WTRU 102 may report the measured KPI of the active Set B (e.g., KPI activeSet B) and / or transmit a 1-bit indication via a PUCCH and / or PUSCH transmission. In the case of a 1- bit indication, a bit value of 0 may indicate that the KPI activeSet B is less than KPI THRESHOLDl, and a bit value of 0 may indicate that the KPI activeSet B = FAIL THRE SHOLD + bxFAIL_THRESHOLD, where the factor ‘b’ is a constant (e g., (pre)configured by the gNB 180 via RRC signaling, MAC-CE indication, of DCI indication).

[0373] In certain representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may monitor the performance of the (e.g., selected) inactive Set Bs. For example, the WTRU 102 may measure (e.g., RSRPs, such as Ll-RSRPs) RS resources and the additional RS resources associated with the selected inactive Set Bs (e.g., candidate SetBs). The WTRU 102 may estimate, predict or otherwise determine the KPIs (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the selected inactive Set Bs based on the measurements (e.g., by using all or a subset of the measured Ll-RSRPs as AI / ML input to determine the local prediction accuracy).

[0374] Based on the (e.g., estimated, predicted or determined) KPIs of the active Set B and the inactive Set Bs, the WTRU 102 may report (e.g., via CSLReport, PUCCH transmission, PUSCH transmission) identities of any of the one or more inactive Set Bs. For example, if the performance (e.g., local prediction accuracy) of the active Set B falls below a KPI threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD2 where FAIL THRESHOLD < KPI activeSet B < KPI THRESHOLD2), the WTRU 102 may report the identities of the inactive Set Bs that are determined to performbetter than another KPI threshold KPI (e.g., KPI THRESH0LD3 where FAIL THRESHOLD < KPI THRESH0LD2 < KPI THRESH0LD3).

[0375] FIG. 3 is a procedural diagram illustrating an example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets (e.g., Set Bs), according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources at 302. At 304, the WTRU 102 may determine at least one first candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. At 306, the WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the active set of RS resources. At 308, the WTRU 102 measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set based on the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a first range. At 310, the WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the at least one first candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one candidate set. At 312, the WTRU 102 may send information indicating the at least one first candidate set based on (i) the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a second range and (ii) the KPI of the at least one first candidate set being greater than or equal to a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3).

[0376] For example, at 304, the determining of the at least one first candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources is based on correlations and / or ratios between the one or more beams of the active set of RS resources and the one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources satisfying the threshold information (e.g., CORRELATION THRESHOLD and / or PERCENT INPUT).

[0377] For example, at 302, the configuration information may include information indicating uplink resources associated with the one or more inactive sets of the RS resources. At 312, the sending of the information indicating the at least one first candidate set may use the indicated uplink resources.

[0378] For example, a failure threshold (e.g., FAIL THRESHOLD) for the active set of RS resources and a first threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLDl) defines the first range (e.g., the KPI of the active Set B>FAIL_THRESHOLD and the KPI of the active Set B < KPI THRESHOLDl).

[0379] For example, a failure threshold (e.g., FAIL THRESHOLD) for the active set of RS resources and a second threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD2) defines the second range (e.g., the KPI of the active Set B > FAIL THRESHOLD and the KPI of the active Set B < KPI THRESHOLD2).

[0380] For example, the WTRU 102 may performing beam ID and / or RSRP prediction using the at least one first candidate set.

[0381] In certain other embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receiving configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources. The WTRU 102 may determine at least one first candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the active set of RS resources. The WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set based on the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a first range. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the at least one first candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set. The WTRU 102 may modify the threshold information (e.g., subtract CORRELATION OFFSET) based on the KPI of the at least one candidate set being less than a threshold (e.g., KPI THRESHOLD3). The WTRU 102 may determine at least one second candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of the one or more beams of the active set of RS resources, the one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or the modified threshold information. The WTRU 102 may update the KPI of the active set of RS resources. The WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the at least one second candidate set based on the updated KPI of the active set of RS resources being in the first range. The WTRU may determine a KPI of the at least one second candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one second candidate set. The WTRU may send information indicating the at least one second candidate set based on (i) the updated KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a second range and (ii) the KPI of the at least one second candidate set being greater than or equal to the threshold.

[0382] FIG. 4 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets (e.g., Set Bs), according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 4, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating a plurality of inactive sets of RS resources at 402. At 404, the WTRU 102 may select two or more inactive sets of RS resources from the plurality of inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the plurality of inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. At 406, the WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the active set of RS resources. At 408, the WTRU 102may send information indicating a request for transmission of additional RS resources based on a ratio of the one or more beams of the active set of RS resources and the one or more beams of the selected two or more inactive sets. At 410,the WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the selected two or more inactive sets and the additional RS resources based on the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a first range. At 412, the WTRU 102 may determine respective KPIs of the selected two or more inactive sets based on the respective RSRPs of the selected two or more inactive sets and the additional RS resources. At 414, the WTRU 102 may send information indicating at least one of the selected two or more inactive sets based on (i) the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a second range and (ii) the KPI of the at least one of the selected two or more inactive sets being greater than or equal to a threshold.

[0383] For example, the information indicating the request includes information indicating respective IDs of the selected two or more inactive sets that are associated with the additional RS resources.

[0384] For example, the respective IDs may be respective RS resource set indices of the inactive sets of RS resources associated with the additional RS resources.

[0385] For example, the respective IDs may be respective RS resource set indices of the selected two or more inactive sets that are associated with the additional RS resources.

[0386] For example, the respective IDs may be respective beam identifiers which are associated with the selected two or more inactive sets.

[0387] For example, the WTRU 102 may perform beam ID and / or RSRP prediction using at least one of the selected two or more inactive sets based on the KPIs of the selected two or more inactive sets.

[0388] FIG. 5 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets (e.g., Set Bs), according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources at 502. The WTRU 102 may determine one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of a first active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information at 504. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of (e.g., associated with) the first active set of RS resources at 506. The WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of (e.g., associated with) one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets based on the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying a first condition at 508. The WTRU 102 may determine respective KPIs of (e.g., associated with) the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets at 510. The WTRU 102 may send information indicating a candidate set of the one or more first candidate sets based on (i) the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying asecond condition and (ii) the respective KPI of the candidate set being greater than or equal to a threshold at 512.

[0389] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the candidate set from the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets which are greater than or equal to the threshold.

[0390] In some representative embodiments, the information indicating the candidate set may include information indicating the candidate set as a second active set of RS resources.

[0391] In some representative embodiments, the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying the second condition may be associated with (e.g., indicative of) failure of the first active set of RS resources.

[0392] In some representative embodiments, the determination of the one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources may be based on one or more correlations and / or one or more ratios between (i) the one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources and (ii) the one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources satisfying threshold information. For example, the one or more correlations may satisfy the threshold information. For example, the one or more ratios may satisfy the threshold information.

[0393] In some representative embodiments, the sending of the information indicating the one or more first candidate sets may use one or more uplink resources associated with the one or more inactive sets of RS resources.

[0394] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating the one or more uplink resources associated with the one or more inactive sets of RS resources.

[0395] In some representative embodiments, the KPI of the first active set of RS resources may be determined to satisfy the first condition when the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within a first range.

[0396] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine that the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within the first range.

[0397] In some representative embodiments, a failure threshold for (e.g., associated with) the first active set of RS resources and a first threshold may (e.g., be used to) define the first range.

[0398] In some representative embodiments, the KPI of the first active set of RS resources may be determined to satisfy the second condition when the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within a second range.

[0399] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine that the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within the second range.

[0400] In some representative embodiments, a failure threshold for (e.g., associated with) the first active set of RS resources and a second threshold may (e.g., be used to) define the second range.

[0401] In some representative embodiments, the configuration information may indicate the first active set of RS resources.

[0402] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the first active set of RS resources.

[0403] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources. For example, the KPI of the first active set of RS resources may be determined based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources.

[0404] FIG. 6 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 6, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources at 602. The WTRU 102 may determine one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information at 604. The WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets based on a KPI of the first active set of RS resources at 606. The WTRU 102 may determine respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets at 608. The WTRU 102 may send information indicating at least one candidate set of the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective KPIs at 610.

[0405] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may send a request associated with the one or more first candidate sets prior to measuring the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets.

[0406] In some representative embodiments, the request may be based on the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying a first condition.

[0407] In some representative embodiments, the KPI of the first active set of RS resources may be determined to satisfy the first condition when the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within a first range.

[0408] In some representative embodiments, the respective KPI of the at least one candidate set may be determined due to being greater than or equal to a threshold.

[0409] In some representative embodiments, the information indicating the at least one candidate set may be sent based on the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying a second condition.

[0410] In some representative embodiments, the KPI of the first active set of RS resources may be determined to satisfy the second condition when the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within a second range.

[0411] In some representative embodiments, the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying the second condition may be associated with failure of the first active set of RS resources.

[0412] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources. For example, the KPI of the first active set of RS resources may be determined based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources.

[0413] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the first active set of RS resources.

[0414] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may receive an indication of the first active set of RS resources.

[0415] FIG. 7 is a procedural diagram illustrating another example procedure for performance monitoring of resource sets, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7, a WTRU 102 may determine one or more candidate sets from one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on (i) one or more beams of a first active set of RS resources and (ii) one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources at 702. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the first active set of RS resources at 704. The WTRU 102 may measure one or more beams of the one or more candidate sets at 706. The WTRU 102 may determine respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets based on measurement information associated with the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets at 708. The WTRU 102 may send information indicating at least one set of the one or more candidate sets based on (i) a KPI of the first active set of RS resources and (ii) the respective KPI of the at least one set at 710.

[0416] In certain other representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources. The WTRU 102 may determine at least one first candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of theactive set of RS resources. The WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set based on the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a first range. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the at least one first candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one candidate set. The WTRU 102 may send information indicating the at least one first candidate set based on (i) the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a second range and (ii) the KPI of the at least one first candidate set being greater than or equal to a threshold.

[0417] In certain other representative embodiments, a WTRU 102 may receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of RS resources. The WTRU 102 may determine at least one first candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of an active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the active set of RS resources. The WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set based on the KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a first range. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the at least one first candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one first candidate set. The WTRU 102 may modify the threshold information based on the KPI of the at least one candidate set being less than a threshold. The WTRU 102 may determine at least one second candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of the one or more beams of the active set of RS resources, the one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or the modified threshold information. The WTRU 102 may update the KPI of the active set of RS resources. The WTRU 102 may measure respective RSRPs of one or more beams of the at least one second candidate set based on the updated KPI of the active set of RS resources being in the first range. The WTRU 102 may determine a KPI of the at least one second candidate set based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the at least one second candidate set. The WTRU 102 may send information indicating the at least one second candidate set based on (i) the updated KPI of the active set of RS resources being in a second range and (ii) the KPI of the at least one second candidate set being greater than or equal to the threshold.

[0418] In some representative embodiments, the WTRU 102 may determine the at least one first candidate set from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on correlations and / or ratios between the one or more beams of the active set of RS resources and the one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources satisfying the threshold information.

[0419] In some representative embodiments, the configuration information may include information indicating uplink resources associated with the one or more inactive sets of the RSresources. For example, the sending of the information indicating the at least one first candidate set or the sending of the information indicating the at least one second candidate set may use the indicated uplink resources.

[0420] In some representative embodiments, a failure threshold for the active set of RS resources and a first threshold may (e.g., be used to) define the first range.

[0421] In some representative embodiments, a failure threshold for the active set of RS resources and a second threshold may (e.g., be used to) define the second range.

[0422] One or more embodiments provide a computer program comprising instructions which when executed by one or more processors cause such processors to perform the encoding and / or decoding methods according to any of the embodiments described above. One or more embodiments also provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to the methods described above.

[0423] One or more embodiments provide a computer readable storage medium having stored thereon video data generated according to the methods described above. One or more embodiments also provide a method and apparatus for transmitting or receiving video data generated according to the methods described above.

[0424] The embodiments described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or a process, an apparatus, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of implementation (e.g., as a method), the implementation of such features may also be implemented in other forms. An apparatus may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. Corresponding methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor.

[0425] Various numeric values are used in the present application. Such specific values are for example purposes and the embodiments described are not limited to these specific values.

[0426] Various methods are described herein, and such methods comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. Unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for the proper operation of the method, the order and / or use of specific steps and / or actions may be modified or combined. Additionally, terms such as “first”, “second”, etc. may be used in various embodiments to modify an element, component, step, operation, etc., for example, a “first decoding” and a “second decoding”. Use of such terms does not imply an order to the operations unless specifically required.

[0427] The present disclosure may refer to “determining” various pieces of information. Determining information may include one or more of, for example, estimating, calculating, predicting, or retrieving (e.g., from memory) the information.

[0428] The present disclosure may refer to “accessing” various pieces of information. Accessing information may include one or more of, for example, receiving, retrieving (e.g., from memory), storing, moving, copying, calculating, determining, predicting, or estimating the information. Similarly, the present disclosure may refer to “receiving” various pieces of information. Receiving information may include one or more of, for example, accessing or retrieving (e.g., from memory) the information.

[0429] It is to be understood that use of any of the following “ / ”, “and / or”, and “at least one of’ is intended to encompass all possible selections of listed items, taken either individually or in any combination thereof.

[0430] While specific embodiments have been described in the foregoing description in connection with the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that embodiments described herein are examples only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present disclosure or the following claims. Although features and elements are described herein in particular combinations, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that such features or elements may be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. It is understood, therefore, that the overall teachings of the present disclosure are not limited to the particular embodiments, implementations, and examples disclosed herein, but are intended to cover variations, modifications, and alternatives as defined by the appended claims and any and all equivalents thereof.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: receiving configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of reference signal (RS) resources; determining one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of a first active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information; determining a key performance indicator (KPI) of the first active set of RS resources; measuring respective reference signal received powers (RSRPs) of one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets based on the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying a first condition; determining respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets; and sending information indicating a candidate set of the one or more first candidate sets based on (i) the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying a second condition and (ii) the respective KPI of the candidate set being greater than or equal to a threshold.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining the candidate set from the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets which are greater than or equal to the threshold.

3. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the information indicating the candidate set includes information indicating the candidate set as a second active set of RS resources.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying the second condition is associated with failure of the first active set of RS resources.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the determining of the one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources is based on one or more correlations and / or one or more ratios between (i) the one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources and(ii) the one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources satisfying threshold information.

6. The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the sending of the information indicating the one or more first candidate sets uses one or more uplink resources associated with the one or more inactive sets of RS resources.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: receiving configuration information indicating the one or more uplink resources associated with the one or more inactive sets of RS resources.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfy the first condition when the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within a first range.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising: determining that the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within the first range.

10. The method of any one of claims 8-9, wherein a failure threshold for the first active set of RS resources and a first threshold defines the first range.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfy the second condition when the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within a second range.

12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: determining that the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within the second range.

13. The method of any one of claims 11-12, wherein a failure threshold for the first active set of RS resources and a second threshold defines the second range.

14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the configuration information indicates the first active set of RS resources.

15. The method of any one of claims 1-13, further comprising: determining the first active set of RS resources.

16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, further comprising: measuring respective reference signal received powers (RSRPs) of one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources,wherein the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is determined based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources.

17. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a transceiver, memory, and a processor which are configured to: receive configuration information indicating one or more inactive sets of reference signal (RS) resources, determine one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources based on any of one or more beams of a first active set of RS resources, one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources, and / or threshold information, determine a key performance indicator (KPI) of the first active set of RS resources, measure respective reference signal received powers (RSRPs) of one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets based on the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying a first condition, determine respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the one or more first candidate sets, and send information indicating a candidate set of the one or more first candidate sets based on (i) the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying a second condition and (ii) the respective KPI of the candidate set being greater than or equal to a threshold.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: determining the candidate set from the one or more first candidate sets based on the respective KPIs of the one or more first candidate sets which are greater than or equal to the threshold.

19. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-18, wherein the information indicating the candidate set includes information indicating the candidate set as a second active set of RS resources.

20. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-19, wherein the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfying the second condition is associated with failure of the first active set of RS resources.

21. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-20, wherein the determination of the one or more first candidate sets from the one or more inactive sets of RS resources is based on one or more correlations and / or one or more ratios between (i) the one or more beams of the first active set ofRS resources and (ii) the one or more beams of the one or more inactive sets of RS resources satisfying threshold information.

22. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-21, wherein the information indicating the one or more first candidate sets is sent using one or more uplink resources associated with the one or more inactive sets of RS resources.

23. The WTRU of claim 22, wherein the transceiver, the memory, and the processor are configured to: receive configuration information indicating the one or more uplink resources associated with the one or more inactive sets of RS resources.

24. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-23, wherein the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfy the first condition when the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within a first range.

25. The WTRU of claim 24, wherein the transceiver, the memory, and the processor are configured to: determine that the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within the first range.

26. The WTRU of any one of claims 24-25, wherein a failure threshold for the first active set of RS resources and a first threshold defines the first range.

27. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-26, wherein the KPI of the first active set of RS resources satisfy the second condition when the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within a second range.

28. The WTRU of claim 27, wherein the transceiver, the memory, and the processor are configured to: determine that the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is within the second range.

29. The WTRU of any one of claims 27-28, wherein a failure threshold for the first active set of RS resources and a second threshold defines the second range.

30. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-29, wherein the configuration information indicates the first active set of RS resources.

31. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-29, wherein the transceiver, the memory, and the processor are configured to: determining the first active set of RS resources.

32. The WTRU of any one of claims 17-31, wherein the transceiver, the memory, and the processor are configured to: measure respective reference signal received powers (RSRPs) of one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources, wherein the KPI of the first active set of RS resources is determined based on the respective RSRPs of the one or more beams of the first active set of RS resources.

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