Organic fertilizer and soil amendment comprising eggshell biochar

Abstract

The present invention according to a first aspect relates to a fertilizer and / or soil improver composition comprising eggshell biochar, preferably in combination with an acid source, such as an organic acid source. Further aspects of the invention are aimed at a method of producing the composition and the use of the composition for plant growth stimulation.

Description

[0001] ORGANIC FERTILIZER AND SOIL AMENDMENT COMPRISING EGGSHELL BIOCHAR

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] This invention relates to the field of organic fertilizers, (plant food) to supplement different soils with varying amounts of nutrients necessary for plant growth. The invention provides a composition useful as an Organic Fertilizer and / or Soil Enhancer (improver) Harnessing the Power of Eggshell Biochar preferably in combination with Mosambi Peel, such as in the form of mosambi peel powder, optionally in combination with Eggshell (Powder) and Banana Peel (Powder). The composition and its use in its most preferred embodiments provide a Sustainable Solution for Industrial Agriculture and Gardening.

[0004] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The growth of plants is determined by a variety of environmental factors including temperature, available water, available light, and available nutrients in the soil. The nutrients necessary for plant growth include: THE PRIMARY MACRONUTRIENTS nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K); THE SECONDARY MACRONUTRIENTS calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg); and the MICRONUTRIENTS boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se).

[0006] In the pursuit of sustainable agricultural practices, the invention of a novel and unique fertilizer has emerged, a revolutionizing approach to soil enrichment with a formula based on nutrients from organic produce with nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and calcium. Our cutting-edge invention integrates eggshell biochar, with a fertilizer and / or a soil improver composition, preferably an organic fertilizer composition, more preferably comprising one or more of eggshell powder, banana peel powder, and mosambi peel powder, presenting an innovative solution for improving pH neutral soil as well in industry as gardening promoting sustainable crop growth by suppling any type of soil with the nutrients it needs at that time.

[0007] Traditional fertilizers often rely on synthetic compounds that contain NPK - while effective in certain aspects - may contribute to environmental degradation and lack the comprehensive benefits provided by organic alternatives. Recognizing the need for a more sustainable and holistic approach, the invention draws inspiration from nature's abundance, mainly household waste to create a synergistic blend that enhances soil fertility and structure. General description of the invention

[0008] At the heart of this invention is the incorporation of eggshell biochar preferably together with a certain citrus fruit peel called mosambi with emphasis on nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon and calcium and its acid content. Eggshell biochar, a relative new phenomenon, is a carbon-rich material produced through the controlled pyrolysis of eggshells. This biochar not only sequesters carbon effectively but also boasts a porous structure that enhances water retention, nutrient availability, and overall soil aeration. The novel addition of eggshell biochar to a fertilizer and / or soil improver, preferably in combination with an acid source, such as mosambi peel, most preferably mosambi peel powder, sets this fertilizer apart, introducing a sustainable element to soil enhancement practices. Mosambi peel, including mosambi peel powder, is very high in natural citric acid which has natural antimicrobial properties, enriches the soil with organic content and complements the benefits of biochar eggshell in a magnificent way as soil enhancer.

[0009] Also, diverse nutrient contributions such as eggshell powder and banana peel powder, are added because collectively they bring a diverse array of nutrients to the formulation. Eggshell powder, rich in calcium and minerals, promotes plant growth and contributes to soil structure. Banana peel powder introduces organic matter, hydrogen, potassium, and other essential nutrients. The unique combination ensures a comprehensive nutrient profile, addressing various aspects of soil health.

[0010] A key driving force behind certain embodiments of the invention is its commitment to environmental sustainability. By repurposing agricultural waste, such as eggshells, banana peels, and mosambi peels, the formulation aligns with principles of a circular economy, reducing waste and contributing to a more sustainable agricultural ecosystem. This novel fertilizer according to certain embodiments acts as both a soil enhancer and a nutrient source, fostering a balanced and thriving environment for plant growth. In preferred embodiments, the integrated components, in particular eggshell biochar on the one hand and the other components on the other hand, work synergistically to improve soil structure, enhance water retention, and activate microbial life, creating an optimal foundation for sustainable agriculture. Of the other components, an acid source, preferably an organic acid source, such as a citric acid source, more preferably mosambi peel powder, is considered an important component.

[0011] In conclusion, the invention of this unique fertilizer with eggshell biochar, and according to certain preferred embodiments combined with eggshell powder, banana peel powder, and mosambi peel powder marks a significant leap forward in sustainable agricultural practices. By combining innovation with principles of organic farming, this formulation aims to contribute to the resilience and health of our soils, promoting a more sustainable and regenerative approach to industrial agriculture as well as gardening.

[0012] The invention according to a first aspect thus relates to a fertilizer and / or soil improver composition, preferably a composition comprising organic matter, containing eggshell biochar. This composition apart from the eggshell biochar preferably comprises:

[0013] - a nitrogen source;

[0014] - a potassium source;

[0015] - a phosphorous source;

[0016] -optionally an acid source, preferably an organic acid source, such as a citric acid source, more preferably mosambi peel powder;

[0017] -optionally a calcium source.

[0018] According to a second aspect the invention relates to a method for producing the composition of the invention comprising providing eggshell biochar and mixing this with other fertilizer compounds. Such a composition of the invention most preferably is a fertilizer composition.

[0019] Yet a further aspect of the invention relates to the use for plant growth stimulation of eggshell biochar in combination with a fertilizer and / or soil improver composition. In said use eggshell biochar is most preferably used in combination with a fertilizer composition, in particular a fertilizer composition comprising organic matter.

[0020] Detailed description of the invention

[0021] This invention relates to a composition of plant food and preferably at the same time soil enhancer according to certain embodiments suitable for the purpose of transforming industrial agriculture into neutral pH level land in order to grow healthy natural nutritious food. More particularly, embodiments of this invention are concerned with a novel composition for fertilizing industrial agriculture by combining eggshell powder, mosambi peel powder, banana peel powder and eggshell biochar in certain appropriate proportions.

[0022] The fertilizer composition of the invention contains eggshell biochar. Being a fertilizer composition, the composition comprises a nitrogen source, a potassium source, a phosphorous source. The skilled person will be able to select a suitable nitrogen source, a potassium source, a phosphorous source for a fertilizer. As the skilled person will understand, certain materials, in particular organic materials, may be a source for more than one of nitrogen, a potassium, phosphorous. Within the context of this invention an organic material is a material from a biological source, in particular a vegetable source. Thus, an organic material is a material consisting of biomass. Many organic materials are composed of organic molecules (organic carbon-based molecules). However, the skilled person will understand that certain organisms also produce biological materials, such as bone and eggshell, comprising small or no amounts of organic carbon. In view of their biological origin, such biomaterials have low or no amounts of organic carbon should also be considered organic materials.

[0023] The skilled person will also understand that the term “organic” is also used in the context of “organic agriculture” and “organic farming”, which is a farming system that emphasizes the use of natural processes and materials and avoids synthetic chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), focusing instead on techniques that enhance soil fertility and biodiversity. By its use of natural compounds in many embodiments, the composition of the invention may be suitable for use in organic agriculture. It may thus also in that sense be an organic composition. It will be clear from the context in what sense the term organic is used.

[0024] In the context of the present invention the terms “comprising” and “containing” are equivalent and interchangeable terms.

[0025] Preferably the composition of the invention comprises an acid source, more preferably a source of an organic acid, such as a source of a dicarboxylic acid or of a tricarboxylic acid. The acid source in particular is a citric acid source, in particular mosambi peel. When used mosambi peel is most preferably used in the form of mosambi peel powder. Optionally the fertilizer composition also comprises a calcium source, such as eggshell. When used, eggshell is most preferably used in the form of eggshell powder. Optionally the fertilizer composition also comprises banana peel. When used, banana peel is most preferably used in the form of banana peel powder.

[0026] The required, preferred and optional components of the fertilizer composition are discussed below. ESB is a carbon rich material that can be produced by heating eggshells (250-1000 degrees, such as 400-1000 degrees Celsius)in the absence of oxygen. The eggshells in particular are from an avian species, preferably a poultry species, most preferably chickens. ESB is a kind of biochar that can be prepared by a simple one-pot pyrolysis method (a). The pyrolysis method can be defined as the process of heating a certain substance in the absence of oxygen. Pyrolysis involves the chemical transformation (decomposition) of a sample on heating to high temperature 250-1000, such as 400-1000 degrees Celsius and the invention can be practiced over this range. The pyrolysis temperature for obtaining eggshell biochar according to the invention is preferably 400-700 degrees Celsius. This provides better characteristics of the eggshell biochar in connection to the absorption and release of plant nutrients. In case the eggshells are gathered and cleansed from residues in Lukewarm water. Then they are preferably kept in sunlight for 72 hours, 14 days with 5 peak sunshine hours to dry. After that they can undergo the one-pot pyrolysis method to become biochar.

[0027] Analyses of eggshell biochar. ESB can serve as a valuable soil amendment and support nutrient cycling in the soil. When infused or enriched with nutrients, ESB can become a carrier for beneficial elements. ESB also contributes to soil PH regulation. ESB components provide a porous structure that can enhance soil structure and water retention. The particular calcium content in eggshell biochar makes it particularly useful for soils that may benefit from increased calcium levels or those that require pH adjustment. ESB is also regarded as a carbon sequestration. This means it is known for storing carbon in the soil for an extended period (an advantage to fight the climate crisis). Therefore, Eggshell Biochar shows us to be an effective and innovative catalyst for organic pollutant degradation, meaning a process by which pollutants Cd and Pb (1 ,2) or contaminants in the environment are broken down, transformed or reduced to less harmful forms.

[0028] Mosambi Peel in particular Mosambi Peel Powder MPP : MPP is made from the peels of mosambi or so called citrus limetta or so-called bitter orange. MPP is a fine powder made from dried, crushed and ground mosambi peels which are very rich in nitrogen, citric acid and phosphorous. In case mosambi peels are collected from household wastage. To remove bacterial and viral contact, mosambi peels are washed in Lukewarm water. After that they are preferably kept in sunlight around 72 hours approximately 14 days of 5 peak sunshine hours.

[0029] Analysis of mosambi pee / shows us that it contains various rich elements for plant food and soil health. MPP contains high amounts of citric acid which provide acidity. By changing the ratio of citric acid, the pH value of soils can be balanced. Mosambi peels and MPP contains polyphenols and flavonoids like hesperidin and naringin which are plant compounds with antioxidant properties. Also, Mosambi peel and MPP contains organic fibers which contributes to the organic matter content in soil. Furthermore, Mosambi peel and MPP contains high doses of vitamin C which contributes also as antioxidant. Mosambi peel and MPP contains a certain amount of phosphorus an essential nutrient for biological functions in DNA synthesis of plants. It supports flowering, root development and energy transfers. MPP is also high essential oils like limonene and linalool. These essential oils of Mosambi peel and MPP have been explored for their potential as natural pesticides that may deter certain pests. Utilizing Mosambi peel and MPP is also costs-effective and sustainable to improve soil fertility and support healthy plant grow. Apart from providing plant nutrients, mosambi peel can also function as an acid source. Alternative acid sources can also be used to provide acid, in particular organic acids, preferably citric acid or an alternative tricarboxylic acid. A source of a dicarboxylic can also be used. Although this is less preferred, a source of a monocarboxylic acid or an inorganic acid could also be used. It is within the ambit of the knowledge of the skilled person to select alternative acid sources. The skilled person will understand that any composition or compound comprising the mentioned acids are sources of those acids. The term acid source is thus interchangeable with organic acid. And similarly, the terms organic acid source, dicarboxylic source, tricarboxylic acid source, citric acid source are interchangeable with respectively dicarboxylic acid, tricarboxylic acid, citric acid etcetera.

[0030] Eggshell in particular Eggshell Powder (ESP): ESP is a fine powder made from crushed and ground eggshells which is rich in calcium carbonate. The eggshells in particular are from an avian species, preferably a poultry species, most preferably chickens. In case eggshells are collected from household wastage. To remove bacterial and viral contact, eggshells are washed in Luke warm water. After that eggshells are treated for 5 minutes with boiling water. Then they are kept in sunlight around 72 hours approximately 14 days of 5 peak sunshine hours.

[0031] Analysis of eggshell shows us that it is a rich calcium (Ca) source and less in acid (4), because eggshells are primarily composed of calcium carbonate, making ESP an excellent and natural source of calcium for plants. Calcium is crucial for strong cell walls and overall plant health. Also, the calcium carbonate in ESP acts as a pH buffer, helping to neutralize acidic soils and create a more balanced pH environment for plants. In addition to calcium, ESP is a nutrient boost because it contains trace amounts of other minerals like magnesium, phosphorous, proteins and amino acids, contributing to a well- rounded nutrient profile for plants. Furthermore, ESP is a slow- release fertilizer. It releases nutrients gradually, providing a slow and steady nutrient supply to plants over time. The plant gets nutrients when needed. ESP is also known to improve soil structure. When incorporated into soil, ESP can enhance soil structure, promoting better aeration and water retention. Utilizing ESP is a costs-effective and sustainable way to improve soil fertility and support healthy plant grow.

[0032] Banana peel in particular banana peel powder (BPP): BPP is a fine powder made from dried, crushed and ground banana peels which are very rich in potassium, phosphorous, calcium, magnesium and some natural compounds. In case banana peels are collected from household wastage. To remove bacterial and viral contact, banana peels are preferably washed in Lukewarm water. After that they are preferably kept in sunlight around 72 hours approximately 14 days of 5 peak sunshine hours.

[0033] Analysis of banana peel powder shows us that it contains various elements that benefit plant growth and soil health. There is an abundant quantity of potassium (K) in banana peels. BPP contains also a high amount of phosphorous (P). Also, a certain amount of calcium (Ca) is present in BPP. Furthermore, BPP contributes an essential element magnesium (Mg), soluble and insoluble fiber, which can benefit soil structure, water retention, and microbial activity. Also, BPP contains antioxidants like phenolics and flavonoids.

[0034] The repeated use of farmland impoverishes the soil. Also, the use of chemical fertilizers not only harm the environment, but excessive use can lead to nutrient run-off, contaminating water, aquatic ecosystems, they degrade soil structure and reduce microbial activity, impacting the overall health and fertility of the soil. Additionally, the energy-intensive manufacturing process of chemical fertilizers contributes to carbon emissions, adding to environmental concerns.

[0035] That is why adding fertilizers containing organic matter, such as manure, is essential for the growth of plants. The right mix is beneficial because depending on the soil other nutrients must be added. One of the most important values of soil is its pH because the pH of the soil directly affects its availability and toxicity. In general, the pH value of soil is between 6.0-7.5. If the soil does not meet this value, the soil can be deoxygenated. Because of the fact that chemical fertilizers contaminate the soil and thus reduce the immunity of the soil and particularly create an imbalance in soil pH, there has been a need to develop the fertilizer according to the invention, which according to certain embodiments is also a soil enhancer. In the preferred embodiments of figure 1 , it is named EGGxellent Fertilizer and Soil Enhancer, (figure 1 )

[0036] There are prior art inventions that capitalize on feeding the soils organically with fruit peels, waste food scraps and residual wool. These prior art inventions do not offer a formula like the formula of the present invention comprising eggshell biochar. The inventor of the present invention has found that the use of eggshell biochar in a fertilizer and / or soil improvement composition, in particular a fertilizer composition, results in a surprising stimulation of plant growth. The prior art inventions work with a mix of all fruit peels or organic waste and chemical additives. Not all fruit waste or organic waste / compost is good for all types of soil. In mis-composting, the decay process takes place without oxygen (anaerobic), creating methane or nitrous oxide. Both are harmful greenhouse gases. The present invention according to preferred embodiments focuses on the nutrients for plant growth and soil health that have low amounts of nitrates and / or create methane or nitrous oxide in low amounts.

[0037] Studies have shown that it is mainly the soil's pH value that needs to be addressed to grow healthy crops. There is a need for sustainable and balanced fertilizers to mitigate these disadvantages. The biochemical process (photosynthesis) and biological process (organic carbon production) in the soil are disturbed if the pH value of the soil is not healthy. To this end, studies have been done on retention and determination values of nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H) and carbon (C).

[0038] Nitrogen has a prominent role in the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the biochemical process by which green plants use sunlight as a source of energy to convert carbon dioxide and water. Nitrogen also plays an important role in enhancing the growth process and improving nutritional quality. Hydrogen is important for the development of the plant and the formation of organic carbon compounds, as well as providing nutrients for the plant to grow. It also stimulates the structure, biological and physical health of the soil. The released organic carbon releases nutrients to help the plant grow healthily. This is why carbon is one of the main building blocks of a plant. All this happens optimally only when the soil has a healthy pH value. Therefore, to find the right unique organic nutrient mix, nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen content must be taken into account. These biochemical and metabolic processes are highly dependent on the calcium content of the soil. According to preferred embodiments, the fertilizer and / or soil improver composition of the invention comprises a nutrient mix containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and calcium to optimally feed each type of soil.

[0039] The dependency relationship of the combination of these elements has been scientifically investigated by Khairnar & Nair (3). Khairnar & Nair contend that by combining a certain unique composition of a number of specific organic waste products, the likelihood of a high-quality organic matter nutrient can be assembled that can optimally nourish any type of soil. They begin by arguing that soil fertility and nutrient uptake can only be ensured with proper soil pH value. If the pH value of the soil is in imbalance you can bring it back to a healthy pH value through organic matter nutrition. To accomplish this, it is important to first determine the pH value of the organic matter additives. Together with the retention time and the determination of the nutrients in grams, they provide insight into how long and at what dosage the intended effect can occur. In the relevant research by Khairnar & Nair et al (3) the Glass electrode pH digital meter is used to determine the pH value of the individual components of the mix. This value is determined at 1 gram / 100ml for: a) eggshell powder, b) banana peel powder and c) mosambi peel powder. This shows that eggshell powder has a pH of 6.8; mosambi peel powder has a pH of 6.4 and banana peel powder has a pH of 8.1 .

[0040] Next, using the CHNS Analyser on eggshell powder, banana peel powder and mosambi powder by the Dumas method, an analysis is done on nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen, measured in Retention Time / Per Minute. Retention time per minute indicates how long a given value of a given quantity remains in the column. The values are respectively for: eggshell powder (N) 0.8 RT / min, (C)1 , 192 RT / min, (H)3,308 RT / min; For mosambi peel powder (N)0.792 RT / min, (0)1 ,117 RT / min, (H)2,975 RT / min and for banana peel (N) 0.8;(C) 1 ,133; (H)3,308. From this retention time analysis results the determination of concentrations of the three powders. These look as follows for nutrients

[0041] N, C and H: in 2,819 mg of eggshell powder (ESP) there is about 0.39%(N), 12.6% (C),

[0042] O.26% (H); In 2,114 mg of mosambi peel powder (MPP) there is about 1.1% (N), 38% (C), and 5.5% (H); In 2,256 mg of banana peel powder (BPP) there is about 0.79% (N), 36. 2% (C)and 6.2%285 (H) (6).

[0043] The results of this study and the aforementioned scientific studies together prove, that nitrogenous carbon is more present in mosambi powder and that banana peels contain more hydrogen (3). Furthermore, it appears that eggshell powder contains less acid and more calcium. The high calcium content allows biochemical functions and metabolic processes to be regulated. A single eggshell contains between 2.07-0.18 g of Calcium. Calcium plays a crucial role in the growth and development of a plant. Calcium also plays an important role in the formation of a plant's cell membranes (5). Furthermore, calcium lowers the acidity of the soil which means an immediate increase in crop production (6). Nitrogen combined with carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur is able to develop amino acids. These amino acids are the building blocks for proteins. Then, it appears that banana peels are alkaline and that mosambi peels naturally contain a good acid, which is excellently absorbed into the soil. With this valid and reliable result, it is scientifically proven by Khairnar and Nair et al (3). beyond doubt that a combination of eggshells, banana peels and mosambi peels provide an efficient formula for feeding the soil as needed.

[0044] In conclusion each type of soil can therefore be served by adjusting the weight of a particular component. The present invention according to certain preferred embodiment uses this knowledge but adds eggshell biochar with its surprising effect on plant growth as is shown in the attached experiments. These attached experiments show that incorporation of eggshell biochar in a fertilizer composition surprisingly stimulates plant growth on different levels including one or more selected from germination, sprouting, root development, stem development, leaf development, biomass production, vigor, and / or chlorophyl production. The invention is thus according to further aspects aimed at the use of the composition of the invention for plant growth stimulation and a method for stimulating plant growth comprising providing the composition of the invention to growing plants. The plant growth stimulation in particular is and effect on growth of an angiosperm plant, preferably from the family Piperaceae, the family Brassicaceae or the family Solanaceae, including the subfamily Solanoideae, the subfamily Nicotianoideae and the subfamily Petunioideae. More specifically, the plant growth stimulation is an effect on a plant selected from the genus Piper or the genus Peperomia, in particular Peperomia pellucida, form the genus Raphanus, in particular Raphus sativum, from the genus Brassica, in particular Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, from the genus Armoracia, in particular Armoracia rustica, from the genus Arabidopsis, in particular Arabidopsis thaliana, from the genus Solarium, in particular Solarium tuberosum, Solarium lycopersicum, Solarium melongena, from the genus Capsicum, in particular Capsicum annuum, from the genus Lycium, in particular Lycium barbarum, from the genus Nicotinia, in particular Nicotinia tabacum, or from the genus Petunia.

[0045] In the use and method for stimulating plant growth of the composition of the invention for plant growth stimulation, the composition of the invention can simply be Ited on the soil where plants are grown or are to be grown. It may be sufficient to sprinkle a thin layer (just covering the soil) on the planting soil, but for soils having a low initial content of plant nutrients, as the skilled person will understand, a thicker layer may be required or at least may be beneficial.

[0046] Most preferably sprinkling the layer of fertilizer composition on the planting soil is followed by watering the sprinkled composition. Planting soil should be considered to mean soil suitable for growing plants, most preferably soil wherein seeds have been sown and / or plants are growing. The composition of the invention is thus preferably sprinkled on soil wherein seeds have been sown and / or plants are growing. It should be understood that watering can be by the rain and that allowing rain to fall on the composition sprinkled on the soil should be considered watering the composition. The water will serve as a carrier for constituents of the composition and transfers them into the soil. Preferably watering is repeated at intervals. Watering the composition most preferably coincides with watering the plants that are grown in the planting soil. According to alternative embodiments it is possible to mix the fertilizer composition with the planting soil, such as by ploughing the fertilizer composition in the planting soil.

[0047] The planting soil preferably is agricultural planting soil, in particular for production of food crops. Most preferably the agricultural soil is for organic agriculture. Agriculture in this sense includes horticulture. As is known to the skilled person, agricultural soil used for production of food crops and / or for organic agriculture has to conform to certain criteria in connection to the quality of the soil in respect of contaminants. These criteria may vary from country to country. The composition of the invention is thus preferably used on soil approved for agricultural use, most preferably approved for use in organic agriculture. In particular, the agricultural soil contains compounds considered to be contaminants, such as heavy metals, below accepted levels for these uses. For example, Arsenic is present in the agricultural soil used in an amount below 15,0 mg I kg dry matter and / or Cadmium is present in an amount below 1 ,0 mg / kg dry matter, in particular both Arsenic and Cadmium are below the respective indicated levels.

[0048] The present invention according to certain embodiments is aimed at enriching the soil to achieve a neutral pH in order for industrial farmland to become healthy.

[0049] Eggshell biochar according to a preferred embodiment is added to the fertilizer and / or soil improver composition, in particular a fertilizer composition, in a ratio of 3%- 20%, preferably 3%-10%. When mosambi peel, such as mosambi peel powder (MPP), which provide a high dose of nitrogen, is added it is added in a ratio of 1 %-50%, preferably 1 %-33%, such as 15-33%; 20%-50%, preferably 20%-45%, such as 20%- 35%. When banana peel, such as banana peel powder (BPP), which amongst other essential nutrients provides the hydrogen element, is added it is added in an amount of 20%-50%, preferably 20%-45%, such as 20%-35% or 20%-33%. When eggshell powder (ESP), which provides the calcium nutrient, is added, it is added in an amount of 3%- 50%, preferably 3%-40%, such as 3%-33% or 20%-40%. Given the solid nature of all indicated components, the indicated percentages according to the most preferred embodiments are weight by weight percentages (w / w%), or the equivalent mass by mass percentages (m / m%). According to alternative embodiments the indicated percentages are weight / volume percentages(w / v%), or the equivalent mass by volume percentages (m / v%).

[0050] Mosambi peel powder (MPP) in general contains: nitrogen, phosphorous, Potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, manganese, zinc + boron+ chlorine+ molybdenum + copper (N+ P+ K+ Ca+ Mg+ Fe+ S+ Mn+ Zn+ B+ Ci+ Mo+ Cu). By varying the MPP you can manipulate acidity of every kind of agricultural soil immediately. As seen in de analysis of mosambi peel powder, we come to know that it contains a high dose of citric acid and nitrogen. With this acid we can modify the formula to serve soils of clay; sand; loam; sludge and every combination of mentioned soils to become pH neutral. Citric acid also acts as a chelating agent, to bind metals and excess minerals so they can be neutralized from the soil.

[0051] MPP is also acting as acidifying agent it: 1) It releases hydrogen ions (H+) when it dissolves in water. These hydrogen ions can then interact with hydroxide ions (OH')in the soil, effectively neutralizing and reducing the soil pH level. 2)Lowering soil pH, by increasing the concentrations of hydrogen ions, citric acid can contribute to the acidification of the soil, making it more acidic. This can be beneficial in situations where pH level is too alkaline (high pH) and acidification is desired for certain plants that prefer acidic conditions.

[0052] Mosambi peel and in particular MPP can act as chelating agent, a) It is a nutrient availability element by forming complexes with metal ions in soil such as iron, manganese, and zinc. These metal ions, when chelated by citric acid, are in a form that is more soluble and therefore, more available for plant uptake, b) It prevents nutrient deficiency, by improving the availability of essential nutrients. Citric acid indirectly supports plant growth and helps prevent nutrient deficiencies. This can be particularly relevant in soils where certain nutrients may become less available at higher pH levels.

[0053] It is important to note that while citric acid can influence soil pH, its effects may be temporary, and the long-term management of soil pH often involves more sustainable practices such as the use of organic matter. Additionally, the application of citric acid should be done with care, considering the specific needs of the plants and the existing soil conditions. Appropriate organic fertilizer and other soil amendments are recommended. That is why we add to the formula of the eggshell biochar (ESB) as the main component and eggshell powder (ESP) and banana peel powder (BPP) as optional components. According to preferred embodiments of the different aspects of the invention eggshell biochar (ESB), Mosambi peel, preferably Mosambi peel powder (MPP), eggshell powder (ESP) and banana peel, such as banana peel powder (BPP), are all combined together.

[0054] MPP in general also provides antioxidant polyphenols and flavonoids and vitamin C to plants. They help neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals protecting the plant’s cells from oxidative stress. It supports overall plant health and helps defend against environmental factors like UV radiation and pollution. MPP in general contains an amount of phosphorous to help stimulate the DNA synthesis of the plant. Phosphorous ensures the accurate transmission of genetic information from one generation of cells to the next. It plays a vital role in the growth and development of plants, as well as their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. It supports roots development, flowering and energy transfer. Because mosambi peel powder in general is high in essential oils (limonene and linalool) it acts like a natural pesticide to deter certain pests. Limonene is effective against mosquitoes and ants while linalool is known to deter mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. These natural pesticides have the advantage to environmentally friendly alternatives for repelling this ranges of insects.

[0055] Although MPP contributes to plant growth, supporting with antioxidants and as repelling pesticides (N), the ratio of 1 %-50%, preferably 1%-33%, such as 15-33% MPP is also helpful to balance the pH level and acting as chelating agent.

[0056] Banana peel powder in general contains the nutrients: hydrogen (high dose), potassium (high dose), nitrogen, phosphorous + calcium + magnesium + iron + selenium + manganese+ zinc+ boron+ chlorine+ molybdenum+ copper (K+ N+ P+ Ca+ Mg+ Fe+ S+ Mn+ Zn+ B+ Ci+ Mo+ Cu). Banana peel powder (such as 20%-33%) is added according to preferred embodiments of the different aspects of the invention. Banana peel powder can be a beneficial and natural fertilizer for plants, offering several advantages in promoting soil health and plant growth. As the analysis of banana peel powder earlier shows us it in general contains various elements namely: potassium (K); phosphorous (P); calcium (C); magnesium (Mg); soluble and insoluble fiber; phenolics and flavonoids. For fertilizing, potassium is a vital nutrient for plant growth, enzyme activation and water take up. It contributes to overall plant health and fruit development. BPP in general contains also a high amount of phosphorous (P) which support flowering, root development and energy transfer in plants. Also, a certain amount of calcium (Ca) is present in BPP which contributes to cell wall structure and overall plant strength. Furthermore, BPP contributes an essential element magnesium (Mg)which helps with chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis which is responsible for the green color of leaves. BPP contains soluble and insoluble fiber, which can benefit soil structure, water retention, and microbial activity. The organic matter in banana peel powder can improve the water retention capacity of soils, helping plants access water more effectively. This may particularly be useful in sandy soils that have poor water retention (hydration benefits). Also, the organic matter in banana peel powder may enhance soil structure by improving water retention, aeration, and drainage. It also may promote the development of beneficial soil microorganisms, known as microbial habitat. Banana peel powder may provide a habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms. These microorganisms contribute to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and overall soil health. BPP in general contains compounds like phenolics, a six membered carbon ring with an attached hydroxyl group which contributes to the characteristics flavor, colors and antioxidants. BPP in general contains also flavonoids. Flavonoids are high in antioxidants which have positive effects on plant health, they protect them from oxidative damage. Flavonoids are also responsible for the various colors of fruits, vegetables, flowers and leaves. Banana peel powder is known for slow release of nutrients because it decomposes slowly, providing a gradual release of nutrients to the soil. This slow-release feature helps sustain plant growth over an extended period, reducing the risk of nutrient leaching. Banana peels have a buffering capacity, meaning they can help stabilize soil pH level. This can be particularly useful in slightly acidic soils, as the decomposition of banana peel powder can contribute to a more neutral pH level. Also, banana peels in general contain compounds like polyphenols and tannins that have natural pest-repellent properties. While not a replacement for dedicated pest control methods, the use of banana peel powder in the soil may contribute to deterring certain pests. Utilizing banana peels as a fertilizer represents a sustainable practice by recycling organic waste. This reduces the environmental impact of waste disposal and contributes to more circular and eco-friendly approach to agriculture (sustainable waste utilization). Banana peels are typically readily available and are often discarded as waste.

[0057] While banana peel powder potentially offers these advantages, it's important to note that it should be used in moderation, and its nutrient content may not meet all the specific needs of certain plants. That is why we incorporate banana peel powder preferably in an amount of 20%-33% when it is used.

[0058] Eggshell powder (ESP) in general contains the micronutrients: calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, silicon, strontium, boron and zinc (Ca+ Mg+ P+ Si+ Sr+ B+ Zn). Although eggshell biochar contributes calcium carbonate to the soil our invented formula preferably contains eggshell powder (3%-33%), because calcium carbonate is an important element for strong cell walls, various cellular processes and thus overall plant health. ESP contains more essential nutrients beside the predominant calcium (Ca). Magnesium in general is also found in eggshells. Magnesium is important for chlorophyll synthesis in plants and plays a role in various enzymatic reactions. Also Phosphorous in general is found in eggshells. Phosphorous is crucial for energy transfer, cell division, and the development of plant roots. ESP also contain small amount of protein and traces of other minerals such as zinc, copper, iron, manganese all necessary micro ingredients for plant health.

[0059] It is important to note that while eggshell powder can provide supplemental calcium and other nutrients, not all nutrients in eggshells may be readily absorbed by plants. It needs acid to break it down and a carrier to infuse it into the soil and plant growth. That is why in our formula we combine ESP with ESB and preferably also MPP. Because as we explained earlier that MPP may help with synthesis of nutrients and one of the advantages of ESB is to act as carrier for nutrients.

[0060] Another valuable amendment is the fact that incorporating eggshells into our formula allows for recycling of waste materials that would otherwise end up in landfills. This helps combat the climate crisis. Not only reduces waste but also transforms it into a resource for improving soil health. Furthermore, the affordability is a valuable advantage. Eggshells are often readily available at low cast or for free, making eggshell biochar a cost-effective soil amendment.

[0061] Because eggshell biochar (ESB) is a relative new component to use, the benefit it may bring will be discussed in detail. Each of these potential benefits will then be discussed in more detail.

[0062] ESB in general contains carbon, calcium, + magnesium+ strontium phosphorous + iron (Ca+ C+ Sr+ Mg+ P + Fe).

[0063] The preferred 3%-20% ratio for ESB is more preferably set on 3%-10% because not every soil is equally polluted. ESB is a carbon-rich material. As we noticed earlier in the analyses of ESB is that it may serve as a valuable amendment to support nutrient cycling, contributes to pH regulation, enhance soil structure and water retention, and is regarded as an innovative catalyst for organic pollutant degradation (carbon sequestration).

[0064] ESB contributes to a good source of calcium because eggshells are primarily composed of calcium carbonate. When added to or incorporated into the soil, eggshell biochar slowly releases calcium, contributing to the soil’s calcium content. Calcium is an essential nutrient for plant growth and particularly important for cell wall formation, root development, and overall plant structure. ESB helps pH regulation when added to acidic soils. Eggshell biochar can help neutralize acidity and raise the pH, making the soil more neutral or slightly alkaline. This is beneficial for plants that prefer or tolerate neutral to alkaline soil conditions. ESB is a slow releaser of calcium. The decomposition of eggshells within the biochar matrix is a slow process. This slow release of calcium can provide a long-term supply of this essential nutrient to plants, promoting steady and sustained growth. ESB has valuable properties for soil / water retention and microbial habitat. Biochar is a form of charcoal produced through pyrolysis of eggshells. It has the potential to enhance soil structure by improving water retention in sandy soils and promote drainage in clayey soils. The microbial habitat of biochar is that it provides a porous structure that serves as a microbial activity, leading to improved nutrient cycling and availability for plants. ESB stimulates nutrient cycling. Nutrient cycling refers to the process by which nutrients are taken up by plants, released into the soil through various processes, and then made available again for plant uptake. In the context of eggshell biochar, nutrient cycling involves the movement and transformation of essential nutrients, particularly calcium, within the soil-plant system.

[0065] The valuable amendments of ESB are further explained below to illustrate the benefits of adding ESB according to the different aspects of the present invention.

[0066] Good source of calcium. It is important to note that while eggshell biochar can provide calcium and offer these benefits, its effectiveness depends on factors such as the quantity applied, soil conditions, and the specific needs of the plants being cultivated. Calcium is an essential nutrient for plant growth, it plays a crucial role in cell wall formation, cell division and cell elongation. Adequate calcium availability is necessary for overall plant structure, root development, and proper functioning of various physiological processes. Calcium carbonate content in eggshell biochar acts as a natural buffer. It can help regulate soil pH by neutralizing excess acidity. This is particularly beneficial in acidic soils, where the addition of eggshell biochar can contribute to pH adjustment, making the soil more favorable for plant growth. Calcium carbonate is alkaline, and the addition of eggshell biochar can help raise the pH of acidic soils. This is important for crops that thrive in neutral to slightly alkaline conditions. Reduced soil acidity also supports the availability of other essential nutrients to plants.

[0067] Eggshell biochar releases calcium gradual slowly over time. This slow release aligns with the plants' needs, providing a sustained and continuous supply of calcium to support plant growth. This is in contrast to quick-release fertilizers, offering a more stable nutrient supply. The calcium from eggshell biochar can contribute to the formation of stable soil aggregates. This enhances soil structure, promoting good aeration, water drainage, and root penetration. Improved soil structure is important for overall soil health and plant productivity. Eggshell biochar often has a high cation exchange capacity (CEC). This property enhances the retention and availability of essential calcium in the soil, promoting nutrient efficiency and reducing nutrient leaching.

[0068] ESB can support pH regulation as a buffering effect. Eggshell biochar can support pH regulations in soil through its composition and properties. Eggshells are primarily composed of calcium carbonate, which is a natural buffer. When incorporated into the soil, eggshell biochar gradually releases calcium ions and carbonate ions. The carbonate ions can react with acidic components in the soil, helping to neutralize acidity. This process acts as a buffer stabilizing the soil pH and preventing rapid fluctuations. pH adjustment of calcium carbonate is alkaline, and as it breaks down within the eggshell biochar, it releases alkaline components into the soil. This has the effect of raising the pH of acidic soils, making them more neutral or slightly alkaline. The gradual release of alkaline substances provides a sustained and long-term adjustment to soil pH level. Preventing acidification, in areas where soil acidification is a concern due to factors like acid rain or the use of acidic fertilizers, the incorporation of eggshell biochar can act as a preventative measure. The buffering capacity of calcium carbonate helps maintain the soil's pH within an acceptable range for plant growth.

[0069] Before applying eggshell biochar for pH regulation, it's advisable to conduct a soil test to understand the current pH of the soil and determine the appropriate quantity needed for the desired pH adjustment. It is important to note that while ESB can have a pH-regulating effect it impact may vary based on factors such as the initial pH of the soil, the quantity of eggshell biochar added, and the buffering capacity of the soil.

[0070] A slow release of calcium. The slow release of calcium to the soil via eggshell biochar offers several advantages, contributing to improved soil health and enhanced plant growth. Here are some of the advantages: The slow release of calcium from eggshell biochar provides a sustained and continuous supply of this essential nutrient to plants. This is particularly beneficial because it aligns with the plants' growth and development phases, ensuring that calcium is available when needed.

[0071] Reduced risk of over fertilization. Slow-release mechanisms help avoid the risk of over-fertilization. Rapid or excessive application of certain fertilizers can lead to nutrient imbalances, environmental pollution, and harm to plant roots. The gradual release of calcium from eggshell biochar allows for better control over nutrient availability without causing negative effects. Long term soil amendment eggshell biochar contributes to long-term soil improvement. As the biochar decomposes slowly, it continues to release calcium over an extended period. This long-term effect is valuable for sustainable agriculture, providing a lasting impact on soil fertility and plant nutrition. Stable soil pH regulation, the slow release of calcium helps in stabilizing soil pH over time. Calcium carbonate, present in eggshell biochar, acts as a pH buffer, neutralizing excess acidity. This gradual adjustment prevents sudden pH fluctuations, creating a more stable and favorable environment for plant growth. Enhanced nutrient uptake, Slow-release calcium supports better nutrient uptake by plant roots. The steady availability of calcium promotes efficient absorption by plant roots, ensuring that this essential nutrient is readily accessible for various physiological processes. Improves plant resilience, the sustained availability of calcium contributes to improved plant resilience. Adequate calcium is associated with stronger cell walls, increased disease resistance, and enhanced tolerance to environmental stressors. Plants with sufficient calcium are better equipped to withstand challenges and exhibit overall better health. Reduced environmental impact, Slow-release mechanisms can reduce the environmental impact associated with nutrient runoff. When nutrients are released gradually, plants can take up what they need, and there is less risk of excess nutrients leaching into water bodies, causing pollution.

[0072] Efficient use of resources, Slow-release calcium from eggshell biochar allows for efficient utilization of resources. This aligns with sustainable agriculture practices, emphasizing the importance of resource efficiency, reduced waste, and long-term soil health.

[0073] It is important to note that the effectiveness of slow-release calcium from eggshell biochar depends on factors such as soil type, climate, and the specific needs of the plants being grown. Proper application, based on soil testing and consideration of plant requirements, is essential to maximize the benefits of this slow-release nutrient source.

[0074] Properties of ESB soil / water retention and microbial habitat. ESB can enhance soil structure and water retention through several mechanisms. The porous structure of biochar, improves aeration . Because biochar has a porous structure that creates open spaces in the soil it improves soil aeration by allowing better movement of air between soil particles. Adequate aeration is crucial for root respiration and the activity of soil microorganisms. Increased surface area for Water retention. The porous nature of biochar increases its surface area therefore it provides more sites for water molecules to adhere to, helping to retain water in the soil. In sandy soils with poor water retention, the addition of eggshell biochar can enhance the soil’s ability to hold onto water.

[0075] Enhanced cation exchange capacity (CEC), nutrient retention, Biochar, including eggshell biochar, has a high cation exchange capacity (CEC). CEC is the soil's ability to retain and exchange positively charged ions (cations), including essential nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The higher CEC helps retain these nutrients in the soil, making them available to plants and reducing the risk of nutrient leaching.

[0076] Microbial habitat, support for microorganisms, The porous structure of biochar may serve as a habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms. These microorganisms contribute to the breakdown of organic matter and the formation of soil aggregates. Improved soil aggregation enhances water retention and drainage by creating channels for water movement. Reduced soil compaction, prevention of compaction, the addition of eggshell biochar can contribute to the prevention of soil compaction. Compacted soils have reduced pore spaces, limiting water infiltration and root penetration. The improved soil structure from biochar helps maintain a more open and loose soil, allowing water to penetrate and roots to grow more effectively.

[0077] Organic matter incorporation, integration with organic material, when eggshell biochar is added to the soil. Eggshells contain a proteinaceous eggshell membrane, which is also pyrolyzed in the conversion of the eggshells to eggshell biochar (provided it is not removed). When added to a fertilizer composition, it can integrate with fertilizer compounds included therein such as organic matter. This integration improves the overall organic content of the soil, contributing to better soil structure. Organic matter plays a key role in enhancing soil structure by promoting the formation of stable aggregates. It is important to note that the effectiveness of eggshell biochar in enhancing soil structure and water retention can vary depending on factors such as soil type, climate, and the specific conditions of the site. Additionally, the application of eggshell biochar should be part of a comprehensive soil management plan that considers other factors such as nutrient needs, pH requirements, and crop-specific considerations.

[0078] ESB lends itself to be a perfect nutrient cycling medium. When infused with nutrients eggshell biochar can become a carrier for beneficial elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. In the different aspects of the invention biochar, in particular eggshell biochar is preferably combined with mosambi peel, in particular mosambi peel powder, high in nitrogen and citric acid, optionally together with banana peel high in potassium, phosphorous, calcium magnesium and optionally some other natural compounds. Also, eggshell powder high in calcium carbonate may optionally be infused. Eggshell powder contains also magnesium, phosphorous, proteins and some other traces of minerals like copper, iron, manganese and zinc. As explained above the eggshell biochar is most preferably obtained from eggshells containing the eggshell membrane.

[0079] However, all described embodiments and variations of the invention can also be performed with eggshell biochar obtained from eggshells from which the eggshell membrane has been at least partially removed, including fully removed. The invention thus preferably includes embodiments wherein the eggshell biochar is obtained from an eggshell mass wherein on average at least 20%, such as at least 30%, at least 40%, most preferably at least 50%, such as at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% of the inner surface area of the eggshells is covered with an eggshell membrane.

[0080] Plant uptake, calcium uptake by plants, Plants take up calcium through their roots. The released calcium from eggshell biochar becomes available in the soil solution, and plant roots absorb it for various physiological processes, including cell wall formation and cellular signaling.

[0081] Soil microorganisms play a role in breaking down the organic components of eggshell biochar. As they decompose organic matter, they release nutrients, including calcium, into the soil, contributing to the nutrient pool available to plants.

[0082] Eggshell biochar often has a high cation exchange capacity (CEC). This property allows biochar to retain and exchange ions, including calcium, with the soil. The CEC contributes to nutrient cycling by holding onto essential nutrients and making them available to plants.

[0083] The biochar component of eggshell biochar continues to decompose over time, contributing to the mineralization of organic matter. This process releases nutrients back into the soil, supporting the nutrient cycling process.

[0084] The calcium carbonate content in eggshell biochar provides pH buffering capacity. As it interacts with soil acids, it helps maintain a stable pH, creating favorable conditions for nutrient cycling and plant growth.

[0085] The use of eggshells in biochar represents a form of nutrient recycling. By repurposing waste materials, nutrient cycling becomes more sustainable, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and minimizing nutrient loss.

[0086] Eggshell biochar, with its porous structure, can enhance soil aggregation. This creates a more stable soil structure with improved porosity, water infiltration, and aeration. The enhanced soil structure can be likened to a catalyst for promoting better physical conditions in the soil.

[0087] The calcium carbonate content from eggshells in biochar can act as a pH buffer, helping to regulate soil pH levels. In acidic soils, the alkaline nature of calcium carbonate can neutralize acidity, contributing to improved conditions for plant growth. This regulatory role is akin to a catalyst in facilitating optimal pH conditions. Nutrient retention and availability, cation exchange capacity (CEC) Eggshell biochar typically exhibits a high cation exchange capacity (CEC). This property allows the biochar to retain and exchange essential nutrients, making them more available to plants. The nutrient retention and exchange functions can be considered catalyst-like in facilitating nutrient cycling. Water retention an efficiency, increased water holding capacity. The porous structure of biochar, including eggshell biochar, enhances water retention in the soil. This can be likened to a catalyst for water management, improving the efficiency of water use by plants and minimizing water runoff.

[0088] The porous nature of eggshell biochar provides a habitat for beneficial soil microorganisms. This supports microbial activity, including nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. The presence of biochar can act as a catalyst for enhancing soil microbial communities.

[0089] Eggshell biochar contributes to carbon sequestration in the soil. The stable carbon content from the biochar acts as a long-term storage mechanism, reducing carbon dioxide emission and sequestering carbon in relatively inert form. Due to all these benefits, biochar is part of the invented.

[0090] According to preferred embodiments of the invention the amount of the optional eggshell powder and banana peel powder relative to eggshell biochar and also in relation with the preferred mosambi peel, in particular mosambi peel powder, can be varied considerably according to the final concentration desired to serve different kind of soils (Clay, Sand, Silt or Loam soil or combination). Mosambi peel has a higher nitrogen and calcium level than the rest so if more nitrogen is desired in a specific formulation, then additional mosambi powder may be added to the fertilizer mixture. If there is more need for hydrogen more banana peel powder will be added. If soils need more calcium more eggshell powder will be added and if soils need to be made more porous to in order that plants can absorbs nutrients easier higher amounts of eggshell biochar can be added. The reverse of all is also possible, less mosambi peel if soils are to acidic, less banana powder if there is less need for hydrogen, less eggshell powder if soils have too much calcium, less biochar if grounds are too porous.

[0091] A preferred fertilizer and / or soil improver composition, in particular a fertilizer composition, comprises eggshell powder, banana peel powder, mosambi peel powder and eggshell biochar in an amount of respectively about 30% eggshell powder + about 35% of banana peel powder + about 25% of mosambi peel powder + about 10% eggshell biochar.

[0092] The fertilizer and / or soil improver composition of the invention, in particular a fertilizer composition, can be produced in line with the schematic overview of figure 1 .

[0093] I. Mosambi peels and banana peels as well as the eggshell are collected separately from household wastage. II. The mosambi peels as well as the banana peels are separately thoroughly cleaned with Luke warm water (36-40 degrees Celsius) to remove bacterial and viral contact.

[0094] III. After they are exposed to the sun for 72 hours, 14 days with 5 peak sunshine hours.

[0095] IV. Then the eggshells are also thoroughly cleaned with Luke warm water (36-40 degrees Celsius) to remove bacterial and viral contact. After that they are treated for 5 minutes with boiling water. They are exposed to the sun for 72 hours, 14 days with 5 peak sunshine hours.

[0096] V. When all products are dry, they are crushed to small pieces in order to make powder using a grinder.

[0097] VI. Thereafter they are checked separately on nutrients, packed in airtight bags.

[0098] VII. Then they are stored against protocol in a dry place, ready for use.

[0099] VIII. Eggshell biochar comes in airtight bags from a producer. There is has gone through a process of pyrolysis. This is a process which involve heating of eggshell where in absence of oxygen they are heated to 400-1000 degrees Celsius. The eggshells become carbonized, they are crushed and sealed in airtight bags against protocol, ready for use.

[0100] IX. When there is a demand for a particular mix, the recipe is examined and produced.

[0101] X. The factory gets a notice to compose the product against protocol.

[0102] XI. The nutrients are checked. The product is mixed according to customer’s wishes

[0103] XII. Stored in airtight bags, ready to meet the client.

[0104] The preferred composition of the invented fertilizer formula (figure 1) contains:

[0105] 1. Mosambi powder (such as 1 %-33%): Contains high dose of nitrogen + macronutrients phosphorous and potassium (P+K) and micronutrients: calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, chlorine, molybdenum and copper in particular in bioavailable form or a form convertible thereto (schematically: Ca+ Mg+ Fe+ S+ Mn+ Zn+ B+ Ci+ Mo+ Cu+)

[0106] 2. Banana peel powder (such as 20%-33%): Contains high dose of hydrogen + macronutrients: (N+P+K) and micronutrients: calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, Manganese, zinc, boron, chloride, molybdenum and copper, in particular in a bioavailable form or a form convertible thereto(schematically Ca+ Mg+ Fe+ Se+ Mn+ Zn+ B+ CI+ Mo+ Cu+). 3.Eggshell biochar (such as 3%-10%): Contains high dose carbon + micronutrients: calcium, strontium, magnesium, phosphorous and iron, in particular in bioavailable form or a form convertible thereto (schematically: Ca+ C+ Sr+ Mg+ P+ Fe+).

[0107] 4. Eggshell powder (such as 3%-33%): Contains high dose of calcium + micronutrients: magnesium, phosphorous, silicone, strontium, boron and zinc, in particular in bioavailable form or a form convertible thereto (schematically: Ca+ Mg+ P+ Si+ Sr+ B+ Zn+).

[0108] The required nutrients, according to some embodiments all nutrients, are blend together - as needed for a certain type of soil- to achieve a homogenous mixture. The mixture is tested for different values after that sealed in airtight bags and stored in a cool, dry place to maintain its integrity and prevent clumping.

[0109] The composition of the invention according to preferred embodiments is used in a form wherein eggshell biochar is combined with a source of an organic acid, such as a citric acid source, as a fertilizer for a plant selected from the family Piperaceae, Brassicaceae or Solanoideae. The eggshell biochar according to these preferred embodiments preferably is produced from eggshells containing eggshell membrane. The organic acid from the organic acid source, for example liberated on watering, lowers the pH of the soil where the composition is applied and the general environment of the eggshell biochar.

[0110] EXPERIMENTS

[0111] EXPERIMENT I. Peperomia Pellucida

[0112] Peperomia pellucida is a valuable medicinal plant with a range of therapeutic applications. Optimizing its cultivation may enhance its medicinal potency, offering economic benefits and advancing public health. Traditionally, it has been utilized to treat various ailments, including eye disease, abdominal pain, abscesses, acne, boils, colic, fatigue, gout, headache, renal disorders, and rheumatic joint pain. The therapeutic efficacy of Peperomia Pellucida is primarily attributed to its leaves and stems, which contain bioactive compounds. Research indicates that the plant exhibits analgesic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities.

[0113] 1. Materials

[0114] Seeds: Peperomia Pellucida seeds sourced online from Malaysia supplier. • Soil Types:

[0115] Treatment 0, Neutral Soil: Blumenerde universal potting soil with no additives.

[0116] Treatment III, 3-Component fertilizer: Neutral soil with application of 3- component fertilizer mix of mosambi peel powder, banana powder, and eggshell powder (1 :1 :1 weight ratio).

[0117] Treatment IV, 4-Component fertilizer: Neutral soil with application of 4- component fertilizer mix of mosambi peel powder, banana powder, eggshell powder (1 :1 :1 ratio), and eggshell biochar (10% by weight). The treatment IV fertilizer was obtained by adding the required amount of eggshell biochar to the fertilizer prepared for treatment III.

[0118] • Pots: Minimum 12 cm diameter pots labeled for each soil type.

[0119] • Water: Luke-warm, pH-neutral water.

[0120] • Measuring Tools: Ruler for stem length, yarn for stem thickness, notebook for recording observations.

[0121] • Lighting: Natural light, providing 12-14 hours light per day.

[0122] • Thermometer: To monitor a consistent temperature in the range of 18-25°C.

[0123] • Labels: For marking the soil type on each pot.

[0124] • Camera / Phone: For visual documentation at key growth stages.

[0125] • Plants in the different treatments were incubated in the same area and thus subjected to the same conditions during the course of the experiment.

[0126] 2. Experimental Setup a. Planting Stage for Experiment: Peperomia Pellucida

[0127] The planting stage for the Peperomia pellucida experiment begins after seed germination in neutral soil under controlled conditions. The steps are as follows:

[0128] Sowing the Seeds:

[0129] The Peperomia pellucida seeds were sown evenly on the surface of Blumenerde Universal soil. Ensure the seeds are spread uniformly to facilitate consistent germination.

[0130] Germination Period:

[0131] Allow the seeds to germinate in neutral soil until seedlings appear and are viable for transplantation.

[0132] Soil Preparation: Ensure that the soil is adequately moist with lukewarm water before planting.

[0133] Initiating the Experiment: Carefully transfer the germinated seedlings into pots containing the respective soil types:

[0134] T reament 0, Neutral Soil: Untreated Blumenerde

[0135] Treatment III, 3-Component Soil: Neutral soil supplemented with the 3-component mix (mosambi powder, banana powder, and eggshell powder in equal proportions).

[0136] Treatment IV, 4-Component Soil: Neutral soil supplemented with the 4-component mix (3-component mix with an additional 10% eggshell biochar).

[0137] The fertilizer mix powder of treatments III and IV was sprinkled evenly on top of the neutral soil in an amount just covering the soil surface. This was done after transfer of plants to the soil designated for the different treatments and prior to the first watering. After the plants were repotted into a larger pot, fertilizer was applied again similar to the initial application. b. Watering:

[0138] Water generously after planting, ensuring the soil is evenly moist and 0.5 cm water is visible. Repeat watering every other day to maintain consistent soil moisture. c.Labeling: Clearly label each pot with the soil type (e.g., ‘Neutral Soil,’ ‘3 Components,’ ‘4 Components’). d.Temperature: The plants were placed in a location with a stable temperature of 18- 25°C. e. Lighting: The pots were placed in a well-lit area with 12-14 hours of natural sunlight.

[0139] 3. Observations and Data Collection

[0140] 1. Daily Monitoring:

[0141] • Moisture levels were checked daily and water was provided to the plants if needed. Equal amounts of water were provided to the different treatments.

[0142] • The growth stages (e.g., sprouting, leaf development) were observe and documented.

[0143] 2. Measurements:

[0144] Stem length and thickness were measured weekly using a ruler and caliper.

[0145] The number of leaves were counted and note their size (length x width). Changes in leaf color (e.g., light green, green, dark green, intense green) were recorded.

[0146] 3. Photos:

[0147] • Photos were taken at different growth stages to document progress visually. xperiment Duration

[0148] • Total Duration: 26 days.

[0149] • Key Time Points:

[0150] • Week 0 (5-11 March): Initial planting and germination.

[0151] • Week 1 (12-18 March): Early growth stage, development of small leaves.

[0152] • Week 2 (19-25 March): Mid-stage growth, leaf enlargement.

[0153] • Week 3 (26-31 March): Full growth for ending experiment, maximum leaf count and size. ost-Experiment Analysis

[0154] 1. Final Observations:

[0155] • Carefully remove plants from the soil and place them in lukewarm water.

[0156] • Trace the outlines of leaves and stems on a white A4 sheet using a soft pencil.

[0157] • Replant immediately after tracing and water generously.

[0158] 2. Measurements:

[0159] • Measure final stem length, thickness, and leaf size.

[0160] • Record total leaf count and note any abnormalities.

[0161] 3. Comparative Analysis:

[0162] • Compare growth parameters (stem length, leaf size, leaf number, and leaf color) across soil types.

[0163] • Highlight differences in performance between neutral, 3-component, and 4- component soils.

[0164] 4. Reporting Results:

[0165] • Create tables and graphs summarizing growth data.

[0166] • Include photos to support findings. . Key Observations from Experiment Peperomiamia Pellucida

[0167] 1 . Neutral Soil (treatment 0):

[0168] • Limited growth, with narrow stems and small leaves.

[0169] 2. 3-Component fertilizer (Treatment III): • improvement, with larger leaves and broader stems compared to neutral soil.

[0170] 3. 4-Component fertilizer (treatment IV):

[0171] • Superior performance relative to both treatment (0) and (III), including larger leaf size, and thicker stems and itense green color. • Plants developed up to 16 leaves by Week 3, four times the leaf count of plants in neutral soil and nearly twice the count for treatment (III).

[0172] • Peperomia Pellucida data • Highlights: The 4-component fertilizer composition demonstrated a remarkable enhancement in plant growth, resulting in leaves that were significantly larger, thicker, greener, and up to four times more abundant, along with broader stems compared to other treatments. Notably, treatment IV produced the unexpected effect of further increasing leaf size and greenness, which indicates a higher concentration of medicinal compounds. Scaling of the application of the invention holds significant potential to contribute to improving human health and quality of life. The results of this experiments are further illustrated in figures 2.1 -2.4 and figure 3. In figures 2.1 -2.4 peperomia plants are shown for the different treatments ((0), (III) and (IV) shown from left to right) on the different evaluation moments (Fig 2.1 = week 0, Fig. 2.2 = week 1 , Fig. 2.3 is week 2, Fig. 2.4 = week 3). Figure 3 shows a graphical presentation of the data for this peperomia experiment.

[0173] EXPERIMENT ll.Tomato (Marmande Variety)

[0174] Tomato was selected for this study due to its widespread cultivation, high economic value, and sensitivity to soil and nutrient conditions, making it an ideal candidate for experimental research. Tomato belongs to the Solanaceae family, which includes other important crops like potatoes, eggplants, and peppers. Tomato represents a broader category of fruit-bearing crops due to its shared physiological traits and nutrient requirements. Insights gained from tomato experiments can be extrapolated to other crops with similar growth patterns, particularly those within the Solanaceae family.

[0175] 1. Materials

[0176] • Tomato Seeds: Variety 'Marmande'. EKO-certified Marmande seeds from De Bolster, Netherlands.

[0177] • Treatments:

[0178] The same treatments as used in the perperomia experiment described above were used. a. Neutral Soil (treatment 0): Blumenerde universal soil Gardenline™(no additives). b. 3 Components (treatment III): Neutral soil with application of 3-component fertilizer of mosambi powder, banana powder, eggshell powder (equal weight parts). c. 4 Components fertilizer (treatment IV): Neutral soil with application of 4- component fertilizer of mosambi powder (30 w / w%), banana powder(30w / w%), eggshell powder (30 w / w%), eggshell biochar (10 w / w%).

[0179] • Pots: 25 cm diameter, labeled for each soil type.

[0180] • Fertilizer: for 3 component soil fertilizer of treatment III consisting of eggshells, mosambi shell powder and banana shell powder in same quantities was used; for 4 component soil fertilizer the EGGx-fertilizer of a preferred embodiment of the invention used eggshell powder; banana shell powder and mosambi shell powder in same quantities (30 w / w%) and eggshell biochar in 10 w / w%.

[0181] • Water: pH-neutral.

[0182] • Measuring Tools: Ruler or Yarn for stem diameter, notebook for observations.

[0183] • Lighting: Natural light supplemented with artificial light source (12-14 hours light / day).

[0184] • Thermometer: For checking maintaining temperature between 20-25°C.

[0185] • Labels: For marking soil types and tracking plant growth.

[0186] 2. Experimental Setup a. Planting Stage for Experiment: Tomato (Marmande Variety).

[0187] The planting stage for the Tomato experiment involved a multi-step process to ensure uniform growth conditions across the three soil types. The procedure is as follows: Initial Seed Sowing: Sow Tomato (Marmande) seeds directly on the surface of the soil of the three treatments:

[0188] Neutral Soil: Blumenerde Universal soil without additives.

[0189] 3-Component fertilizer (III): Neutral soil supplemented with fertilizer composition containing mosambi powder, banana powder, and eggshell powder in equal proportions.

[0190] 4-Component fertilizer: Neutral soil supplemented with the 3-component fertilizer mix and an additional 10% (w / w) eggshell biochar added to the treatment III fertilizer.

[0191] Germination Period:

[0192] The seeds were allowed to germinate in the soil of the three treatments under controlled conditions (temperature 18-25°C and 12-14 hours of light). The germination progress was monitored and it was ensure that the soil remained evenly moist but not waterlogged.

[0193] Transplanting to Experimental Pots:

[0194] Once the seedlings have germinated and reached a viable stage, the plants were carefully transfer into smaller pots containing the respective soils of the different treatments: Neutral Soil (0): Blumenerde Universal soil. 3-Component fertilizer treatment (III): Neutral soil supplemented with the 3-component mix.

[0195] 4-Component fertilzer treatment (IV): Neutral soil supplemented with the 4-component mix (3-component mix + 10% (w / w) eggshell biochar).

[0196] For treatment III and IV an appropriate amount of the fertlizer mix was sprinkled onto the soil as needed. The respective fertilizer mix compositions were evenly applied across the surface of the soil to ensure optimal nutrient availability.

[0197] Replanting in Larger Pots:

[0198] As the tomato plants grow and outgrow the smaller pots, they were transplanted into larger pots (minimum 25 cm diameter) while maintaining the same soil conditions: An additional thin layer (just covering the soil) of the respective fertilizer mix (3-component or 4-component) was applied to the soil surface after replanting to support continued growth. ly was ensure that the soil was adequately moist during transplanting to reduce plant stress and promote healthy root development.

[0199] Soil and Environmental Conditions:

[0200] Maintain consistent environmental conditions: Temperature: 20-25°C. Lighting: 12-14 hours of natural light supplemented with artificial light per day. Regularly monitor soil moisture and water as needed to ensure optimal hydration with lukewarm water. Plants in the different treatments were incubated in the same area and thus subjected to the same conditions during the course of the experiment.

[0201] Seed Planting: For tomato the experiment started after the seeds had germinated in different soil. This was done to ensure a uniform starting point for recording growth after germination. a. Plant one tomato seed per pot. Make a small hole slightly deeper than the roots and cover up with soil. b. Pots with neutral soil (treatment 0) were only filled with Blumenerde universal soil. Pots for 3 components fertlizer treatment (III) were filled with Blumenerde universal soil covered with a thin layer of 3 component fertilizer. Pots for 4 components soil were filled with Blumenerde universal soil covered with a thin layer of EGGx-firtilizer 4 component fertilizer (treatment IV). c. Once the pots were too small (after 12 days) the plants were replanted in bigger pots and 3 and 4 component fertilizer was applied to lightly cover the soil.

[0202] Watering: Water until the soil is covered with 0.5 cm of luke water when you put the plant in the pot. Monitor daily and maintain soil moisture throughout the experiment every other day.

[0203] Temperature Control: The pots were placed in a location with a consistent temperature of 18-25°C.

[0204] Lighting: Provide 12-14 hours of light per day using natural sunlight supplemented with artificial light.

[0205] Germination of tomato in different soils before starting the experiment: a.Neutral soil: after 7 days b.3 component soil :after 6 days c.4 component soil: after 3 day

[0206] 3. Observations and Data Collection

[0207] 1. Daily Monitoring: a. The soil moisture is checked daily, and water levels were adjusted as necessary. b. Visible growth changes were recorded (sprouting, new leaves, color look at table with data).

[0208] 2. Measurements:

[0209] The plants were carefully removed from the soil and placed in a cup of luke warm water. Afterward, they were placed one by one on an A4 sheet. The contours of the leaves and stems were then outlined using a soft A6 pencil. Immediately afterward, the plants were replanted and watered generously

[0210] • Subsequently, Stem length and circumference at 0, 24, 120, 192, 288, and 384 hours (day 0, 1 , 5, 8, 12, 16) were measured with precision using a flexible measuring tape and a piece of yarn.

[0211] • The number of stems and leaves were counted and noted upon their size (length x width).

[0212] • Leaf color Observe and documented (e.g., light green, green, dark green, intense green).

[0213] 3. Photos: a. photos of the plants at each growth stage were taken for visual documentation. xperiment Duration

[0214] • Total Duration: 32 days.

[0215] • Time Points:

[0216] 1) 0-7 days: planting (day 0 and initial setup.

[0217] 2) Day 8-12: growth of seeds.

[0218] 3) Day 13-17: Early growth stage.

[0219] 4) Day 18-22: Mid-stage growth.

[0220] 5) Day 23-27: late mid-stage growth.

[0221] 6) Day 28-32: last stage growth for experiment arvesting and Post-Experiment Analysis

[0222] 1. Observations: a. The plants were carefully removed from the soil and placed water. After that they were put one at the time on a white A4 sheet. The contours of the leaves and stems were then outlined using a soft A6 pencil. Immediately afterward, the plants were replanted and watered generously b. Overall plant size documentation. 2. Comparative Analysis: a. Growth parameters were compared (stem length, leaf number, leaf size, root diameter) between soil types. b. Analyze trends in growth and leaf color over time were analysed. 3. Reporting Results: a. Tables and graphs to summarize growth data for each soil type were drafted. b. Photos to highlight differences in growth stages across soil types were taken. • Observed growth parameters for Tomato

[0223] • Highlights: At the end of the experiment the 4-component fertilizer treatment (IV) resulted in an about 9-fold increase in leaf count and superior stem growth compared to the control (treatment 0). In comparison to the 3-composnent fertilizer (treatment III) the increase in leaf count was about 3-fold increase and stem growth was also superior. The leaves for treatment IV were intensively green and much larger than the plants in the other treatments. As a further surprising effect, the addition of eggshell biochar caused the plants to develop 2 stems for tomato during germination and showed faster emergence of plant structures after sowing. Pictures of tomato plants from the experiment are shown in figures 4.1- 4.6. In figures 4.1 -4.6 tomato plants are shown for the different treatments ((0), (III) and (IV) shown from left to right) on the 6 evaluation moments (Fig 2.1 = time moment 1 , Fig. 2.2 = 2, Fig. 2.3 = 3, Fig. 2.4 = 4, Fig. 2.5 = 5, Fig. 2.6 = 6). Figure 5 shows a graphical presentation of the data for this tomato experiment.

[0224] EXPERIMENT III. Radish (Cherry Belle Variety)

[0225] Radish was selected for this study due to its rapid growth cycle, ease of cultivation, and sensitivity to soil conditions, making it an ideal candidate for experimental research.

[0226] Radish belongs to the Brassicaceae family, which includes agriculturally significant crops like broccoli, kale, and mustard greens. Radish represents a broader category of root vegetables (e.g., turnips, carrots, and beets) due to its shared physiology and nutritional requirements. Findings from these radish experiments can be extrapolated to similar crops, providing valuable insights into more general agricultural practices. 1. Materials

[0227] • Radish Seeds: Variety 'Cherry Belle'. EKO-certified Cherry Belle seeds from De Bolster, Netherlands.

[0228] • Treatments:

[0229] The same treatments as used in the perperomia and tomato experiment described above were used. a. Neutral Soil: “Blumenerde universal” (Gardenline™) soil without the addition of further additives. b. 3 Components fertilizer (treatment III: Neutral soil + mosambi powder, banana powder, eggshell powder (equal weight parts). c. 4 Components fertilizer (treatment IV): Neutral soil + mosambi peel powder (30% (w / w)), banana peel powder (30% (w / w)), eggshell powder (30% (w / w)), eggshell biochar ((10 % (w / w))).

[0230] • Pots: Minimum 15 cm diameter, labeled for each soil type.

[0231] • Water: pH-neutral.

[0232] • Measuring Tools: Ruler or Yarn, for stem diameter, notebook for observations.

[0233] • Lighting: Natural light supplemented with artificial light (12-14 hours light / day).

[0234] • Thermometer: For temperature registration between 20-25°C.

[0235] 2. Experimental Setup a. Planting Stage for Experiment: Radish (Cherry Belle Variety)

[0236] The planting stage for the Radish experiment was designed to directly test the effects of different soil treatments from the very beginning of the growth cycle. The following standardized procedure was applied:

[0237] Direct Seed Sowing: Radish (Cherry Belle) seeds were sown directly into small pots containing soils of the three treatments:

[0238] ■ Neutral Soil (0): Blumenerde Universal soil without additives.

[0239] ■ 3-Component fertilizer Soil (III): Neutral soil supplemented with mosambi peel powder, banana peel powder, and eggshell powder in equal weight proportions. 4-Component fertilizer Soil (IV): Neutral soil supplemented with the 3-component mix and an additional 10% (w / w) eggshell biochar (based on the 3-component mix).

[0240] Seeds were placed evenly at a spacing of 5 cm and covered with a thin layer of soil. To the treatment (III) and (IV) soil, a sprinkling of fertilizer composition was applied to the surface of the soil after sowing, such that the soil was lightly covered (a just covering layer) with fertilizer composition.

[0241] Watering: After sowing, the soil was wetered evenly until it is moist with luke warm (water showing 0.5 above the soil) . Consistent soil moisture was ensured by watering lightly every other day to support germination and early seedling development.

[0242] Growth Monitoring: The seeds were allowed to germinate under controlled conditions: Temperature: 20-25°C. Lighting: 12-14 hours of natural and / or artificial light per day (artificial light supplement as required to meet 12-14 hours lighting). Plants were monitor daily for visible growth, including sprouting and the appearance of cotyledons. Plants of all treatments were subjected to the same light, temperature and watering conditions.

[0243] Transplanting to Larger Pots: Once the radish plants outgrew the initial pots, they were carefully transplanted into larger pots (minimum 15 cm diameter) with the neutral soil and treated as follows:

[0244] Neutral Soil (0): only Refill with pure Blumenerde Universal soil.

[0245] 3-Component fertilizer Soil (III): Lightly sprinkle the 3-component mix onto the soil surface after replanting.

[0246] 4-Component fertilizer Soil (IV): Apply a thin, even layer of the 4-component mix (EGGx-fertilizer), including 10% eggshell biochar, to the soil surface.

[0247] Water the plants immediately after transplanting to ensure optimal hydration and reduce transplant shock.

[0248] Soil and Environmental Conditions: Maintain consistent environmental conditions: Temperature: 20-25°C throughout the experiment. Lighting: 12-14 hours of light per day, either natural sunlight or supplemented by artificial lighting. Monitor and adjust soil moisture every other day to keep the soil uniformly moist. Plants of all treatments were subjected to the same light, temperature and watering conditions. bservations and Data Collection

[0249] 1. Daily Monitoring: a. Soil moisture was checked daily and plants were watered as necessary - mostly every other day. b. Growth changes (sprouting, new leaves, color) were visually inspected daily and relevant observations were recorded.

[0250] 2. Measurements: a. Stem length and circumference were measured at 0, 18, 120, 192, 288, and 384 hours (day 0, 5, 8, 12, 16). b. Number of leaves were counted and size (length x width) was noted. c. Leaf color (e.g., light green, green, dark green, intense green) was observed and documented. d. Root diameter was recorded at the final stage (384 hours). xperiment Duration

[0251] • Total Duration: 16 days (384 hours).

[0252] • Key Time Points:

[0253] 0. 0 hours (Day 0): Initial setup and planting.

[0254] 1 . 18 hours: Check for sprouting (cotyledons).

[0255] 2. 28 hours

[0256] 3. 32 hours

[0257] 4. 37 hours

[0258] 5. 120 hours (Day 5): Early growth stage.

[0259] 6. 192 hours (Day 8): Mid-stage growth.

[0260] 7. 288 hours (Day 12): Full growth stage.

[0261] 8. 384 hours (Day 16): Harvest for 4 component soil and final measurements. arvesting and Post-Experiment Analysis

[0262] 1. Observations: a. Plants were carefully removed from the soil and place in a cup of luke warm water. b. After that they were placed on a white A4 sheet. The leaves and stem contoures were outlined using a soft A6 pencil. c. Immediately thereafter plants were replanted and watered generously. d. Subsequently, the dimensions of the leaves, stem thickness, and stem length were measured with precision using a flexible measuring tape and a piece of yarn.

[0263] Radishes (Cherry Belle Variety) data

[0264] Highlights: The treatment with the 4-component fertilizer composition resulted in larger leaves, longer stems, and significantly darker leaves compared to the other treatments. As a surprising effect, the addition of eggshell biochar caused faster germination in only 18 hours and significant faster growth. Early emergence of a 3rdleaf from the seeds together with the cotyledons is also surprising. In figures 6 the radish plants are shown for the different treatments (treatment (0), (III) and (IV) shown from left to right) on evaluation moments 1 -8. On evaluation moments 1 -3 plants are only shown for treatment IV, as the plants for treatments (0) and (III) had not emerged yet. Figure 7 shows a graphical presentation of the data for this radish experiment.

[0265] EXPERIMENT IV. Additional test Radish Growth (Cherry Belle Variety)

[0266] Objective

[0267] From the previous experiments it can already be derived that the surprising effects obtained with the 4-component fertilizer can be attributed to the addition of eggshell biochar. To further confirm this, an additional test was performed wherein the effects of four different treatments were compared: Neutral Soil (treatment 0), Eggshell Biochar (treatment EBS), the 3-Component fertilizer of the previous experiments (treatment III), and the 4-Component fertilizer composition of the previous exeriments (treatment IV). The effect of these treatments on the growth performance of Raphanus sativus (radish) was evaluated.

[0268] A. Materials

[0269] 1 . Radish Seeds:

[0270] • Variety: Cherry Belle (EKO-certified).

[0271] 2.

[0272] • Neutral Soil, treatment (0): Blumenerde Universal soil without additives, as used in previous experiments.

[0273] • Eggshell Biochar Soil, treatment ESB: Neutral soil supplemented with eggshell biochar only. About 1 / 10 of powder applied in other treatments used.

[0274] • 3-Component fertilizer: Neutral soil supplemented with mosambi powder, banana powder, and eggshell powder (1 :1 :1 ratio) as used in previous experiments.

[0275] • 4-Component fertilizer: Neutral soil supplemented with 3-Component fertilizer mix as used in previous experiments.

[0276] 3. Pots:

[0277] • Initial: Small pots (15 cm diameter).

[0278] • After Day 3: Transplanted to larger pots (25 cm diameter).

[0279] 4. Environmental Controls:

[0280] • Grow Lamp: To ensure 12-14 hours of consistent light daily and maintain temperature.

[0281] • Cultivation Chamber: Used to maintain the temperature within the optimal range of 20-25°C.

[0282] • Plants in all treatments were subjected to the same light and temperature conditions.

[0283] 5. Other Materials:

[0284] • pH-neutral luke warm water.

[0285] • Flexible measuring tape.

[0286] • A6 soft pencil.

[0287] • White A4 sheets for leaf tracing.

[0288] • Labels for each batch. Camera for visual documentation

[0289] B. Experimental Setup

[0290] 1. Seed Planting:

[0291] • Radish seeds were placed evenly, on the soil surface.

[0292] • The soil was lightly covered (a just covering layer) with the composition of the treatment. Treatment 0 did not receive any additional treatment.

[0293] • Water the soil until it is uniformly moist, ensuring approximately 0.5 cm of water is visible on the surface.

[0294] 2. Environmental Control:

[0295] • Cultivation Chamber: Maintains the temperature between 20-25°C throughout the experiment.

[0296] • Grow Lamp: Positioned above the pots in the cultivation chamber to provide 12-14 hours of light daily.

[0297] 3. Transplanting to Larger Pots (Day 3):

[0298] • When plants start to outgrow the initial pots, they were carefully transplantinto larger pots. For treatment IV this was after 3 days.

[0299] • After transplant, for treatments ESB, III, and IV fertilizer compositions were reapplied as top dressing.

[0300] • It was ensured that the soil remained uniformly moist after transplantation.

[0301] C. Observations and Data Collection

[0302] 1. Daily Monitoring:

[0303] • Every other day soil moisture was checked and if necessary, watering was provided to maintain optimal hydration.

[0304] • Visible growth changes, including sprouting, leaf emergence, and stem development were recorded.

[0305] 2. Measurements: • Stem length, stem width, leaf count, and leaf dimensions (length x width) were measured at:

[0306] ■ 0 hours (Day 0): Initial setup.

[0307] ■ 18 hours (Day 1): Germination check & Sprouting check & growth

[0308] ■ 28 hours (Day 1-2): Germination check & Sprouting check & growth

[0309] ■ 32 hours (Day 2): Germination check & Sprouting check & growth

[0310] ■ 37 hours (Day 2): Germination check & Sprouting check & growth

[0311] ■ 120 hours (Day 5): growth stage.

[0312] ■ 288 hours (Day 12): growth stage.

[0313] 3. Leaf Tracing:

[0314] • At each key time point, plants were carefully removed from the soil, and placed in lukewarm water, and positioned on a white A4 sheet.

[0315] • The leaves and stems were outlined using a soft A6 pencil. Plants were thereafter immediately replanted and watered generously.

[0316] 4. Photographic Documentation:

[0317] • Images were captured at each key stage for visual comparison.

[0318] D. Results Analysis

[0319] 1. Growth Parameters:

[0320] • Stem length, stem width, leaf count, leaf size were compared across treatments.

[0321] • Trends in Leaf Color:

[0322] • Changes in leaf pigmentation were documented, categorizing as light green, green, dark green, or intense green.

[0323] E.Key Time Points and Observations:

[0324]

[0325]

[0326]

[0327] In figures 8.1-8.6 radish plants are shown for the different treatments ((0), (ESB), (III) and (IV) shown from left to right) on the different evaluation moments (Fig 8.1 = 18h, Fig. 8.2 = 28h, Fig. 8.3 = 32h, Fig. 8.4 = 37h, Fig. 8.5 = 5 days, Fig. 8.6 = 12 days). F. Conclusion

[0328] The 4-Component fertilizer demonstrated the most significant improvements in germination speed, stem robustness, and leaf size. By Day 1 , plants in the soil supplemented with 4-Component fertilizer showed superior performance, underscoring the efficacy of the 4-component fertilizer. The comparison with the ESB treatment shows that, as expected based on the composition of Eggshell biochar, the superior effects of the treatment IV fertilizer relative to the treatment III fertilizer, is due to a surprising nonadditive interaction of eggshell biochar with other fertilizer components. In the fertilizer of treatment IV, it is in particular the interaction of eggshell biochar with mosambi peel that is relevant. Mosambi peel contains a high level of acid in the form of citric acid. Thus, it can be expected that the surprising effects obtained with the treatment IV fertilizer are connected to the interaction of eggshell biochar with an (organic) acid, such as citric acid and similar carboxylic acids in particular tricarboxylic acids, but potentially also dicarboxylic acids.

[0329] Literature

[0330] 1 . Yong Sik OK et al. Application of eggshell waste for the immobilization of cadmium and lead in a contaminated soil. Environ Geochem Health, 2011 Jan. Page 39.

[0331] 2. Ashrafi M. et al. Immobilization of Pb, Cd, and Zn in a contaminated soil using eggshell and banana stem amendments: metal leachability and a sequential extraction study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2015. PMID: 25060308, 2015 Jan. Page 39.

[0332] 3. Mayur Dattatray Khairnar & Sagar Sreekumar Nair. Study on eggshell and fruit peels as fertilizer. International Conference on Sustainable Development (ICSD 2019) At: Pune Volume: Novateur Publications IJIERT-ISSN No: 2394-3696 ISBN. No. 978-93-87901-05-6.

[0333] 4. Lucas R. Brun, Maela Lupo, Damia'n A. Delorenzi,Vero'nica E. Di Loreto and

[0334] Alfredo Rigalli, Chicken eggshell as suitable calcium source at home, Int J Food Sci Nutr, Early Online: 1 -4 2013 Informa UK Ltd.

[0335] DOI :10.3109 / 09637486.2013.787399

[0336] 5. Hirai J.Jariwalal , Huma S.Syed, Study on Use of Fruit PeelsPowder as a Fertilizer.

[0337] Conference: Recent Advances in Environmental Sciences and Engineering November 2016.

[0338] 6. El Habbasha S.F. and Faten M. Ibrahim, Calcium: Physiological Function, Deficiency and Absorption. International Journal of Chem Tech Rese arch CODEN(USA): IJCRGG ISSN: 0974-4290 Vol.8, No.12 pp 196-202,2015.

Claims

Claims1. Fertilizer and / or soil improver composition, preferably a composition comprising organic matter, containing eggshell biochar.

2. A composition according to claim 1 containing:- a nitrogen source;- a potassium source;- a phosphorous source;-optionally an acid source, preferably an organic acid source, such as a source of a dicarboxylic acid source or a tricarboxylic acid source, more preferably a citric acid source, in particular mosambi peel, most preferably mosambi peel powder;-optionally a calcium source, in particular a calcium carbonate source, such as eggshells;3. A composition according to any of the previous claims containing Mosambi peel powder and preferably one or more selected from:-Banana peel powder;-Eggshell powder; more preferably banana peel powder and eggshell powder.

4. A composition according to any of the claims 1-3 containing:-Mosambi peel powder in an amount of 1 %-50%, preferably 1 %-33%, such as 15%-33%; -Banana peel powder in an amount of 20%-50%, preferably 20%-45%, such as 20%- 35% or 20%-33%;-Eggshell powder in an amount of 3%-50%, preferably 3%-40%, such as 3%-33% or 20%-40%;-Eggshell biochar in an amount of 3%-20%, preferably 3%-10%.

5. Composition of any of the claims 1-4, wherein the eggshell biochar is obtained from eggshells containing at least partially the eggshell membrane, preferably such that at least 20%, such as at least 30%, at least 40%, most preferably at least 50%, such as at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% of the inner surface area of the pyrolyzed eggshell mass was covered with an eggshell membrane.

6. Composition of any of the claims 1-5 containing:20%-40%, preferably 25%-35%, such as about 30% of mosambi peel powder; 20%-40%, preferably 25%-35%, such as about 30% or about 35% banana peel powder; 20%-40%, preferably 25%-35% such as about 30% eggshell powder;5%-15%, preferably 8%-12% such as about 10% eggshell biochar.

7. Method for producing the composition of any of the claims 1-3, comprising providing eggshell biochar and mixing this with other fertilizer compounds, preferably the compounds of claim 6 and mixing adjusted weights of the compounds8. Use for plant growth stimulation of eggshell biochar in combination with a fertilizer composition, wherein the plant growth stimulation preferably includes stimulation of one or more selected from germination, sprouting, root development, stem development, leaf development, biomass production, vigor and / or chlorophyl production.

9. Use according to claim 7, wherein the eggshell biochar is in a composition of any of the claims 1 -610. Use according to claims 8-9, wherein the plant growth stimulation is for stimulating growth of an angiosperm plant preferably from the family Piperaceae, such as from the genus Piper or the genus Peperomia, in particular Peperomia pellucida, from the family Brassicaceae, such as form the genus Raphanus, in particular Raphus sativum, from the genus Brassica, in particular Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Brassica napus, from the genus Armoracia, in particular Armoracia rustica, from the genus Arabidopsis, in particular Arabidopsis thaliana, from the family Solanaceae, including from the subfamily Solanoideae such as from the genus Solarium, in particular Solarium tuberosum, Solarium lycopersicum, Solarium melongena, from the genus Capsicum, in particular Capsicum annuum, from the genus Lycium, in particular Lycium barbarum, or from the subfamily Nicotianoideae such as from the genus Nicotinia in particular Nicotinia tabacum or from the subfamily Petunioideae such as from the genus Petunia.

11. Use according to any of the claims 8-10, wherein eggshell biochar in combination with the fertilizer composition are sprinkled on top of planting soil, preferably as a just covering even layer on the planting soil covering plant seeds or plant roots, wherein theplanting soil preferably is agricultural planting soil, most preferably agricultural soil for organic agriculture.

Images