Devices and methods of communication
AI/ML-based mobility management in telecommunication systems enables proactive prediction and mitigation of handover failures, enhancing network stability and performance by predicting and managing mobility procedure failures.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/071676
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-17
AI Technical Summary
Conventional layer 3 (L3) and layer 1/layer 2 (L1/L2) handover mechanisms in telecommunication are reactive, leading to issues such as handover failures, radio link failures, Ping-Pong phenomena, and throughput loss, especially in high-mobility scenarios or among small cells, and there is a lack of clarity on how to utilize AI/ML-based mobility for enhancing mobility performance.
A terminal device predicts mobility procedure failures or radio link failures using AI/ML and initiates connection reestablishment procedures, transmits failure information to network devices, and performs conditional handover evaluations to candidate cells based on these predictions.
Enhances mobility performance by proactively addressing potential failures and optimizing handover processes, reducing the likelihood of handover failures and improving network stability.
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Figure CN2024071676_17072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES AND METHODS OF COMMUNICATIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication, and in particular, to devices and methods of communication for an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) -based mobility management.BACKGROUND
[0002] In a conventional layer 3 (L3) handover (HO) mechanism, HO is triggered and executed based on a reported historical measurement result and / or one or more measurement events. To improve HO robustness, a conditional handover (CHO) mechanism has been introduced. To reduce interruption time of frequent HO among small cells, a layer 1 (L1) / layer 2 (L2) triggered mobility (LTM) mechanism has been introduced. However, these mechanisms are reactive schemes which may result in an unintended event, e.g., a HO failure (HOF) , a radio link failure (RLF) , a Ping-Pong phenomenon, throughput loss, too early / late HO, etc.. Currently, a mechanism based on an AI / ML algorithm has a potential to enable a proactive scheme.SUMMARY
[0003] In general, embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods, devices and computer storage media of communication for AI / ML-based mobility management.
[0004] In a first aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: determine that a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF is predicted; and perform a set of operations comprising at least one of the following: a first operation of initiating a connection reestablishment procedure during which the terminal device transmits an indication that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF; a second operation of transmitting, to a network device, first information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF comprising a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device is to switched; or a third operation of performing, based on a condition specific to the prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF, a conditional evaluation to execute a CHO to a candidate cell.
[0005] In a second aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the network device to: receive, from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device; and transmit, to a further network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.
[0006] In a third aspect, there is provided a central unit (CU) of a network device. The CU comprises a processor. The processor is configured to cause the CU to: receive, from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device; and transmit, to a distributed unit (DU) of the network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.
[0007] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: determining, at a terminal device, that a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF is predicted; and performing a set of operations comprising at least one of the following: a first operation of initiating a connection reestablishment procedure during which the terminal device transmits an indication that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF; a second operation of transmitting, to a network device, first information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF comprising a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device is to switched; or a third operation of performing, based on a condition specific to the prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF, a conditional evaluation to execute a CHO to a candidate cell.
[0008] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: receiving, at a network device and from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device; and transmitting, to a further network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.
[0009] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method of communication. The method comprises: receiving, at a CU of a network device and from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device; and transmitting, to a distributed unit (DU) of the network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.
[0010] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon. The instructions, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any of the fourth to sixth aspects of the present disclosure.
[0011] Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] Through the more detailed description of some embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0013] FIG. 1A illustrates an example communication network in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0014] FIG. 1B illustrates a schematic diagram illustrating network protocol layer entities that may be established for a user plane (UP) protocol stack at devices according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 1C illustrates a schematic diagram illustrating network protocol layer entities that may be established for a control plane (CP) protocol stack at devices according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process of communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process of communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating still another example process of communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an example method of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method of communication implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method of communication implemented at a CU of a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0022] FIG. 8 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0023] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitations as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0025] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0026] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of the terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, Internet of things (IoT) devices, ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, device on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for integrated access and backhaul (IAB) , small data transmission (SDT) , mobility, multicast and broadcast services (MBS) , positioning, dynamic / flexible duplex in commercial networks, reduced capability (RedCap) , Space borne vehicles or air borne vehicles in non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and high altitude platforms (HAPs) encompassing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) , extended reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) and virtual reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The “terminal device” can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also incorporate one or multiple subscriber identity module (SIM) as known as multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0027] The term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , Network-controlled Repeaters, and the like.
[0028] The terminal device or the network device may have artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0029] The terminal or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g. FR1 (410 MHz to 7125 MHz) , FR2 (24.25GHz to 71GHz) , frequency band larger than 100GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connections with the network devices under MR-DC application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0030] The network device may have the function of network energy saving, self-organizing networks (SON) / minimization of drive tests (MDT) . The terminal may have the function of power saving.
[0031] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g. signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, channel emulator.
[0032] In one embodiment, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node and the other one may be a secondary node. The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In one embodiment, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In one embodiment, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device or the second network device. In one embodiment, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In one embodiment, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0033] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “includes” and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean “includes, but is not limited to. ” The term “based on” is to be read as “at least in part based on. ” The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment. ” The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment. ” The terms “first, ” “second, ” and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0034] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0035] In the context of the present disclosure, the term “a cell switch” may be interchangeably used with “reconfiguration with sync for secondary cell group (SCG) or master cell group (MCG) ” or “a cell change” . The term “primary secondary cell (PSCell) ” refers to a special cell (SpCell) of a SCG, the term “PCell” refers to a SpCell of a MCG, and the term “SpCell” refers to a primary cell of a SCG or MCG. The term “secondary cell (SCell) ” refers to a secondary cell. The term “lower-layer signaling” may be interchangeably used with “L1 / L2 signaling” . The term “RRC reconfiguration” may be interchangeably used with “RRC reconfiguration message” . The term “candidate cell” may be interchangeably used with “LTM candidate cell” or “candidate cell allowing LTM” . The term “target cell” may be interchangeably used with “target candidate cell” , “candidate target cell” , or “LTM target candidate cell” . The term “L1 measurement” may be interchangeably used with “physical layer measurement” .
[0036] In the context of the present disclosure, the term “a mobility procedure” herein may refer to an LTM cell switch procedure, a conditional LTM cell switch procedure, a CHO procedure, a subsequent CHO procedure, or any other mobility procedures existing or to be developed in future. The term “a conditional mobility procedure” herein may refer to a conditional LTM cell switch procedure, a CHO procedure, a subsequent CHO procedure, or any other mobility procedures existing or to be developed in future that are triggered by a conditional evaluation. The term “a mobility failure (MOF) ” herein may refer to a failure in a mobility procedure. The term “MOF” may be interchangeably used with “HOF” .
[0037] As mentioned above, in the conventional L3 HO mechanism, HO is triggered and executed based on a reported historical measurement result and / or measurement event (s) , i.e., it is a kind of reactive scheme by its nature. This mechanism may work well among macro cells when UE’s mobility is low for existing services, but may be problematic when either UE’s mobility is high or among micro cells of high density or both for existing services or future services e.g. extended reality (XR) . Such a reactive scheme may result in an unintended event, e.g., MOF, RLF, Ping-Pong phenomenon, throughput loss, or too early / late HO, etc.. To improve HO robustness, CHO mechanism has been introduced, and to reduce interruption time of frequent HO among small cells, LTM HO has also been introduced. However, these two mechanisms are not sufficient because they are still reactive schemes by design. On the other hand, a mechanism based on an AI / ML algorithm has a potential to enable a proactive scheme.
[0038] Currently, it has been agreed to study and evaluate potential benefits and gains of AI / ML aided mobility for network triggered L3-based handover, considering an AI / ML based radio resource management (RRM) measurement and event prediction including MOF / RLF prediction of a UE sided model. However, it is still unclear how to utilize MOF / RLF prediction at the UE side to enhance mobility performance.
[0039] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions of communication for AI / ML-based mobility management. In one aspect, upon determination that a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF is predicted, a terminal device performs a set of operations comprising at least one of the following: a first operation of initiating a connection reestablishment procedure during which the terminal device transmits an indication that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF; a second operation of transmitting, to a network device, first information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF comprising a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device is to switched; or a third operation of performing, based on a condition specific to the prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF, a conditional evaluation to execute a CHO to a candidate cell. In this way, mobility performance may be enhanced based on MOF / RLF prediction.
[0040] In another aspect, a network device receives, from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device; and transmits, to a further network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF. In this way, a network interface may be enhanced based on MOF / RLF prediction.
[0041] In still another aspect, a CU of a network device receives, from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device; and transmits, to a DU of the network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF. In this way, a CU-DU architecture may be enhanced based on MOF / RLF prediction.
[0042] Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0043] EXAMPLE OF COMMUNICATION NETWORK
[0044] FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic diagram of an example communication network 100A in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. As shown in FIG. 1A, the communication network 100A may include a terminal device 110 and network devices 120, 130 and 140. The network device 120 may provide one or more cells (cells 122-1 and 123-1 as shown) to serve one or more terminal devices. The network device 130 may provide one or more cells (cells 131 and 132 as shown) to serve one or more terminal devices. The network device 140 may provide one or more cells (cells 141 and 142 as shown) to serve one or more terminal devices.
[0045] As shown in FIG. 1A, the network device 120 may comprise a CU 121 and DUs 122 and 123. The CU 121 may communicate with the DUs 122 and 123. It is to be understood that the two DUs 122 and 123 are shown only for illustration, and more or less DUs may also be provided for implementation of embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0046] As shown in FIG. 1A, the DU 122 provides the cell 122-1 and the DU 123 provides the cell 123-1. It is to be understood that this is merely an example, and any of the DUs 122 and 123 may provide more cells. The terminal device 110 may communicate with any of these cells. In this example, the terminal device 110 is located in the cell 123-1 and served by the network device 120.
[0047] Although not shown, the network device 130 or 140 may comprise a CU and one or more DUs as described in connection with the network device 120. Alternatively, the network device 130 or 140 may not be implemented in a CU-DU architecture, and may be implemented in an integrated architecture as shown.
[0048] The CU 121 may communicate with the network device 130. In some embodiments where the network device 130 comprises a CU and one or more DUs, the CU 121 may communicate with the CU of the network device 130.
[0049] As shown in FIG. 1A, the communication network 100A may further include a core network element 135 in a core network (CN) . The terminal device 110 may communicate with the core network element 135 via the network device 120 and / or the network device 130. In this example, the terminal device 110 may communicate with the CU 121 via the DU 123 and the CU 121 may further communicate with the core network element 135. The core network element 135 may be an access and mobility management function (AMF) or any other similar functions.
[0050] It is to be understood that the number of devices or cells or CUs or DUs in FIG. 1A is given for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations to the present disclosure. The communication network 100A may include any suitable number of network devices and / or terminal devices and / or cells and / or CUs and / or DUs adapted for implementing implementations of the present disclosure.
[0051] The communications in the communication network 100A may conform to any suitable standards including, but not limited to, global system for mobile communications (GSM) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-evolution, LTE-advanced (LTE-A) , new radio (NR) , wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , code division multiple access (CDMA) , GSM EDGE radio access network (GERAN) , machine type communication (MTC) and the like. The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5.5G, 5G-advanced networks, or the sixth generation (6G) networks.
[0052] Communication in a direction from the terminal device 110 towards the network device 120 or 130 or 140 is referred to as uplink (UL) communication, while communication in a reverse direction from the network device 120 or 130 or 140 towards the terminal device 110 is referred to as downlink (DL) communication. The terminal device 110 may move amongst the cells of the network devices 120, 130, 140 and possibly other network devices. In UL communication, the terminal device 110 may transmit UL data and control information to the network device 120 or 130 or 140 via a UL channel. In DL communication, the network device 120 or 130 or 140 may transmit DL data and control information to the terminal device 110 via a DL channel.
[0053] The communications in the communication network 100A can be performed in accordance with UP and CP protocol stacks. Generally speaking, for a communication device (such as a terminal device or a network device) , there are a plurality of entities for a plurality of network protocol layers in a protocol stack, which can be configured to implement corresponding processing on data or signaling transmitted from the communication device and received by the communication device. FIG. 1B illustrates a schematic diagram 100B illustrating network protocol layer entities that may be established for UP protocol stack at devices according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For convenience, the following description is given by taking the network device 120 as an example of a network device.
[0054] As shown in FIG. 1B, in the UP, each of the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 may comprise an entity for the L1 layer, i.e., an entity for a physical (PHY) layer (also referred to as a PHY entity) , and one or more entities for upper layers (L2 and L3 layers, or upper layers) including an entity for a MAC layer (also referred to as a MAC entity) , an entity for a radio link control (RLC) layer (also referred to as a RLC entity) , an entity for a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer (also referred to as a PDCP entity) , and an entity for a service data application protocol (SDAP) layer (also referred to as a SDAP entity, which is established in 5G and higher-generation networks) .
[0055] FIG. 1C illustrates a schematic diagram 100C illustrating network protocol layer entities that may be established for CP protocol stack at devices according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For convenience, the following description is given by taking the network device 120 as an example of a network device.
[0056] As shown in FIG. 1C, in the CP, each of the terminal device 110 and the network device 120 may comprise an entity for the L1 layer, i.e., an entity for a PHY layer (also referred to as a PHY entity) , and one or more entities for upper layers (L2 and L3 layers) including an entity for a MAC layer (also referred to as a MAC entity) , an entity for a RLC layer (also referred to as a RLC entity) , an entity for a PDCP layer (also referred to as a PDCP entity) , and an entity for an RRC layer (also referred to as an RRC entity) . The RRC layer may be also referred to as an access stratum (AS) layer, and thus the RRC entity may be also referred to as an AS entity. As shown in FIG. 1C, the terminal device 110 may also comprise an entity for a non-access stratum (NAS) layer (also referred to as a NAS entity) . An NAS layer at the network side is not located in a network device and is located in CN.
[0057] In the context of the present disclosure, L1 refers to the PHY layer, L2 refers to the MAC or RLC or PDCP or SDAP layer, and L3 refers to the RRC layer. In the context of the present disclosure, L1 or L2 may also be collectively referred to as a lower-layer, and L3 may also be referred to as a higher-layer. Accordingly, L1 or L2 signaling may be also referred to as a lower-layer signaling, and L3 signaling may be also referred to as a higher-layer signaling.
[0058] Returning to FIG. 1A, a CU (e.g., the CU 121) may be responsible for accomplishing functionalities of RRC, SDAP and PDCP entities, and a DU (e.g., the DU 122 or 123 may be responsible for accomplishing functionalities of the RLC entity, the MAC entity and the PHY entity. In some embodiments, a CU and a DU may be implemented in separate devices. In some embodiments, a CU and a DU may be implemented in the same device. In some embodiments, different DUs may be implemented in separate devices. In some embodiments, different CUs are implemented in separate devices.
[0059] In the context of the present disclosure, a CU (also referred to as a gNB-CU herein) is a logic node hosting RRC, SDAP and PDCP protocols of a gNB or RRC and PDCP protocols of an en-gNB that controls operation of one or more DUs (also referred to as gNB-DUs herein) . The gNB-CU terminates a F1 interface connected with the gNB-DU. A DU is a logical node hosting RLC, MAC and PHY layers of the gNB or en-gNB, and its operation is partly controlled by gNB-CU. One gNB-DU supports one or multiple cells. One cell is supported by only one gNB-DU. The gNB-DU terminates a F1 interface connected with the gNB-CU.
[0060] Continuing to refer to FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may be located within the coverage of the cell 123-1, and the terminal device 110 may communicate with the DU 123 of the network device 120 based on a network configuration. In this case, the cell 123-1 may be referred to as a serving cell of the terminal device 110. Other cells such as the cells 122-1, 122-2 and 123-2 may be referred to as candidate cells of the terminal device 110.
[0061] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may establish a dual connection (i.e., simultaneous connection) with the network device 120 and the network device 140. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may serve as a master node (MN) , and the network device 140 may serve as a secondary node (SN) . In these embodiments, the terminal device 110 may communicate with the network device 120 via a set of serving cells. The set of serving cells form an MCG, and a primary cell in the MCG is called as PCell. In some scenarios, the PCell may be changed from the cell 123-1 to the cell 131. This procedure is called as a HO.
[0062] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may serve as a SN, and the network device 140 may serve as a MN. In these embodiments, the set of serving cells provided by the network device 120 form an SCG, and a primary cell in the SCG is called as PSCell. In some scenarios, the cell 123-1 may be initially added as a PSCell. This procedure is called as a PSCell addition. In some scenarios, the PSCell may be changed from the cell 123-1 to the cell 131. This procedure is called as a PSCell change.
[0063] In some scenarios, the network device 120 may receive a set of L1 measurement reports from the terminal device 110. Based on the set of L1 measurement reports, the network device 120 may change the terminal device 110’s serving cell by a cell switch command signaled via a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) . The cell switch command may indicate an LTM candidate cell configuration that the network device 120 previously prepared and provided to the terminal device 110 through an RRC signaling. Then the terminal device 110 may switch to a target cell (e.g., the cells 122-1) according to the cell switch command. This procedure is called as an LTM cell switch procedure.
[0064] In some scenarios, the terminal device 110 may perform L1 measurements on a set of configured LTM candidate target cells. If a condition is fulfilled at the terminal device 110, the terminal device 110 may execute an LTM cell switch to a target cell. In this case, the LTM cell switch execution is not triggered by a MAC CE, but a condition evaluation at the terminal device 110. This procedure is called as a conditional LTM cell switch procedure.
[0065] In some scenarios, the terminal device 110 may starts evaluating one or more handover execution conditions upon reception of a CHO configuration. When the one or more handover execution conditions are met, the terminal device 110 may execute a handover to a target cell. Once the handover is executed, the terminal device 110 may stop evaluating the one or more handover execution conditions. This procedure is called as a CHO procedure.
[0066] In some scenarios, the terminal device 110 may receive a pre-configured subsequent CHO configuration of a set of candidate PCells. The terminal device 110 may continue to evaluate one or more handover execution conditions after a handover procedure based on pre-configured subsequent CHO configuration of a set of candidate PCells without reconfiguration and re-initiation of CHO. When the one or more handover execution conditions are met, the terminal device 110 may execute a handover to a target cell. This procedure is called as a subsequent CHO procedure.
[0067] In some scenarios, the terminal device 110 may be deployed with an AI / ML model for MOF / RLF prediction, and thus may predict MOF / RLF.
[0068] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions of communication for mobility management based on MOF / RLF prediction so as to enhance mobility performance. More details will be described with reference to FIGs. 2 to 4 below.
[0069] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF AI / ML-BASED MOBILITY MANAGEMENT
[0070] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of mobility management utilizing HOF / RLF prediction. The solution will be described in connection with FIG. 2 below.
[0071] FIG. 2 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating an example process 200 of communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. The process 200 may involve the terminal device 110 and the network devices 120, 130 and 140 as illustrated in FIG. 1A. In this example, the network device 120 and 140 provide serving cells for the terminal device 110, and the network devices 130 provides candidate cells for the terminal device 110. A serving cell may be SpCell, PCell or PSCell of the terminal device 110. In this example, the terminal device 110 may establish a dual connection with the network device 120 and the network device 140. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may serve as a MN and the network device 140 may serve as a SN. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may serve as a SN and the network device 140 may serve as a MN.
[0072] As shown in FIG. 2, the terminal device 110 may determine 210 that a failure of a mobility procedure or RLF is predicted. In some embodiments, the mobility procedure may comprise a HO procedure. In some embodiments, the mobility procedure may comprise a PSCell change or addition procedure. In some embodiments, the mobility procedure may comprise a reconfiguration with sync procedure. In some embodiments, the mobility procedure may comprise a LTM cell switch procedure.
[0073] In other words, the terminal device 110 may predict that a MOF (e.g., handover failure, PSCell change / addition failure, reconfiguration with sync failure, or LTM cell switch failure) or RLF is to be triggered. It is to be understood that the terminal device 110 may perform the prediction based on any suitable AI / ML models existing or to be developed in future, and the present disclosure does not limit this aspect.
[0074] Upon prediction of the MOF or RLF, the terminal device 110 may perform a set of operations (i.e., one or more operations) . With reference to FIG. 2, if the terminal device 110 predicts the MOF or RLF is to be triggered, the terminal device 110 may initiate 220 a connection reestablishment procedure (e.g., RRC reestablishment procedure) immediately (for convenience, also referred to as a first operation herein) . During the connection reestablishment procedure, the terminal device 110 transmits an indication that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to prediction of the MOF or RLF. In other words, during the connection reestablishment procedure, the terminal device 110 indicates that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to prediction of the MOF or RLF.
[0075] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the indication by including, in a RRC reestablishment request message, a reestablishment cause indicating the indication. In some embodiments, a dedicated value for a reestablishment cause in the RRC reestablishment request message may be introduced to indicate that the re-establishment is trigged due to prediction of MOF or RLF.
[0076] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the indication by using, for a common control channel (CCCH) message, a logical channel identity (LCID) dedicated for the indication. In other words, the terminal device 110 may use one LCID of the CCCH message dedicated for the indication to transmit the RRC reestablishment request message.
[0077] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the indication by using a random access channel (RACH) resource dedicated for the indication during the connection reestablishment procedure. For example, the RACH resource may be a RACH configuration, a RACH preamble, a RACH occasion, or a random access partition.
[0078] In some embodiments, if the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to the prediction of the MOF or RLF, the terminal device 110 may set the reestablishment cause to a value (e.g., handoverFailure) indicating a handover failure. In some embodiments, if the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to the prediction of the MOF or RLF, the terminal device 110 may set the reestablishment cause to a value (e.g., otherFailure) indicating other failure.
[0079] In some embodiments, if the MOF is predicted, the terminal device 110 may consider a timer (e.g., T304) for a reconfiguration with sync procedure for a MCG as expiry. In other words, the terminal device 110 may consider T304 for MCG as expiry upon prediction of MOF, and perform a procedure for T304 expiry, which further triggers the connection re-establishment procedure.
[0080] In some embodiments, if the MOF is predicted, the terminal device 110 may release a RACH configuration dedicated for the terminal device 110, and revert back to a UE configuration used in a source PCell. In some embodiments, in case of predicted MOF, the terminal device 110 may perform the following before initiating the connection reestablishment procedure: releasing the dedicated RACH configuration including dedicated preambles and dedicated msgA PUSCH resources, and reverting back to the UE configuration used in the source PCell.
[0081] In some embodiments, if the MOF or RLF is predicted, the terminal device 110 may store information (for convenience, also referred to as second information herein) of the predicted MOF or RLF. In some embodiments, before initiating the RRC reestablishment procedure, the terminal device 110 may store the second information for the predicted MOF or RLF in a UE variable.
[0082] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may indicate availability of the second information to the network device 120, e.g., in a RRC message such as RRCReconfigurationComplete or RRCSetupComplete or RRCResumeComplete or RRCRestablishmentComplete message. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive a request for the second information from the network device 120, e.g., in a RRC message such as a UEInformationRequest message. The terminal device 110 may report the second information to the network device 120, e.g., in a RRC message such as a UEInfomrationResponse message.
[0083] In some embodiments, the second information may comprise at least one of the following: an indication of the predicted MOF or RLF; a set of available measurement quantities / results of the serving cell, target cell and neighboring cells; a set of predicted measurement quantities / results of the serving cell, target cell and neighboring cells (when the predicted MOF or RLF happens) ; time information of the predicted MOF or RLF, e.g., X ms since the report of the first information, or an exact time point of the predicted MOF or RLF to be happened; a potential cause of the RLF, e.g., radio link problem (T310 / T312 expiry) , random access problem, maximum number of retransmissions of RLC packet has been reached, consistent listen before talk (LBT) failure, etc. ; a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device 110 is to switched; predicted trajectory cell information, e.g., including a list of cell IDs and predicted time in which the terminal device 110 stays in a cell; a type of the predicted MOF, e.g., too late mobility, mobility to a wrong cell, or too early mobility; a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring, e.g., a resource (or a reference signal) that the terminal device 110 may use for radio link monitoring or beam; information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure; a possibility of the predicted MOF or RLF; a cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) of the terminal device 110 used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the MOF; an identity (ID) of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure; an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; or an ID of the target PCell of the predicted MOF.
[0084] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may initiate connection re-establishment upon prediction of MOF or RLF only if the network device 120 configures that it is allowed or supported, e.g., in an information element (IE) otherConfig of a RRCReconfiguration message.
[0085] Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, if the terminal device 110 predicts that the MOF or RLF is to be triggered, the terminal device 110 may transmit or report 230 information (for convenience, also referred to as first information herein) of the predicted MOF or RLF to the network device 120 (also referred to as a second operation herein) .
[0086] In some embodiments, the first information may comprise at least one of the following: the indication of the predicted MOF or RLF; the set of available measurement quantities / results of the serving cell, target cell and neighboring cells; the set of predicted measurement quantities / results of the serving cell, target cell and neighboring cells (when the predicted MOF or RLF happens) ; the time information of the predicted MOF or RLF, e.g., X ms since the report of the first information, or the exact time point of the predicted MOF or RLF to be happened; the potential cause of the RLF, e.g., radio link problem (T310 / T312 expiry) , random access problem, maximum number of retransmissions of RLC packet has been reached, consistent LBT failure, etc. ; the suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device 110 is to switched; the predicted trajectory cell information, e.g., including a list of cell IDs and predicted time in which the terminal device 110 stays in a cell; the type of the predicted MOF, e.g., too late mobility, mobility to a wrong cell, or too early mobility; the suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring, e.g., a resource (or a reference signal) that the terminal device 110 may use for radio link monitoring or beam; the information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure; the possibility of the predicted MOF or RLF.
[0087] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the first information based on an AI / ML model supported by the terminal device 110 or capability of the terminal device 110. In other words, the terminal device 110 may report part of the first information listed above based on the AI / ML model supported by the terminal device 110 or capability supported by the terminal device 110.
[0088] In some embodiments, if the RLF is predicted, the terminal device may stop a timer for RLF detection, and reset a counter for RLF detection. For example, if the terminal device 110 predicts that the RLF is to be triggered, the terminal device 110 may stop T310 / T312 and reset counters N310 and N311.
[0089] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may start a timer upon transmission of the first information of the predicted MOF or RLF. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the first information of the predicted MOF or RLF if the timer is not running.
[0090] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may report the first information of the predicted MOF or RLF only if the network device 120 configures that the reporting of the first information is allowed or supported, e.g., in an IE otherConfig of a RRCReconfiguration message. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may report the first information via a UEAissistanceInformation message.
[0091] As shown in FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit 231 the first information to the network device 120 directly. For example, the first information of the predicted MOF or RLF may be transmitted to the network device 120 directly (a SpCell of which the RLF is predicted, or a source SpCell upon of the mobility procedure which is predicted to be failed) via a direct signaling radio bearer (SRB) between the terminal device 110 and the network device 120.
[0092] Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit 232 the first information to the network device 140 and the network device 140 may forward 233 the first information to the network device 120. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the first information of the predicted MOF or RLF to the network device 140 by a direct SRB between the terminal device 110 and the network device 140, and then the network device 140 may forward the first information of the predicted MOF or RLF to the network device 120. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the first information of the predicted MOF or RLF by a leg associated with a cell group of the network device 140 of a split SRB between the terminal device 110 and the network device 120. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the first information to the network device 140 only if the cell group transmission of the network device 140 is not suspended, and the cell group of the network device 140 is not deactivated.
[0093] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration indicating that the first information is transmitted to the network device 120 directly or via the network device 140.
[0094] In some embodiments, after reception of the first information of the predicted MOF or RLF, the network device 120 may transmit to the terminal device 110 a mobility command (e.g., RRCReconfiguration with reconfigurationWithSync, MobilityFormNRCommand, or LTM cell switch command) . As shown in FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit 234 the mobility command to the terminal device 110 directly. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit the mobility command to the terminal device 110 via the network device 140. As shown in FIG. 2, the network device 120 may transmit 235 the mobility command to the network device 140 via an Xn interface, and then the network device 140 may transmit 236 the mobility command to the terminal device 110 via a direct SRB between the terminal device 110 and the network device 140 (e.g., SRB3) , e.g., in a DLInformationTransferMRDC message.
[0095] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may be MN, and network device 140 may be SN. In some other embodiments, the network device 120 may be SN, and network device 140 may be MN.
[0096] Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the network device 120 (e.g., as a source gNB) may transmit 237, to the network device 130 (e.g., as a target gNB) , a message (e.g., a Handover Cancel message) of cancelling a mobility from the network device 120 to the network device 130. In some embodiments, the message may comprise a cause value indicating that the MOF is predicted.
[0097] Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, if the terminal device 110 predicts that the MOF or RLF is to be triggered, the terminal device 110 may perform 240, based on a condition specific to the prediction of the MOF or RLF, a conditional evaluation to execute a CHO to a candidate cell (also referred to as a third operation herein) . In other words, “prediction of MOF or RLF” may be introduced as an additional triggering condition for CHO evaluation of a candidate cell. If the terminal device 110 predicts that MOF / RLF is to be triggered, the terminal device 110 may use MOF / RLF-prediction specific CHO event for conditional evaluation to execute CHO to a candidate cell.
[0098] In some embodiments, if the terminal device 110 predicts that the MOF or RLF is to be triggered, and if the entry condition (s) applicable for an event associated with a conditional reconfiguration ID of a candidate cell (condReconfigId) , is fulfilled for the candidate cell, the terminal device 110 may consider the event to be fulfilled; else (if the terminal device 110 does not predict that MOF / RLF is to be triggered) , the terminal device 110 may consider that the event to be not fulfilled.
[0099] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising: the condition as an event triggering the CHO; and an indication that the event is considered to be satisfied only if the MOF or RLF is predicted. In other words, the network device 120 may need to configure the triggering event with an additional indication, which indicates that event is a MOF / RLF specific CHO event and the event is only considered to be satisfied if the terminal device 110 predicts that the MOF / RLF is to be triggered.
[0100] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising an indication of whether the first operation or the second operation is to be performed. Based on the configuration, the terminal device 110 may perform the first operation or the second operation. In other words, the network device 120 may configure the terminal device 110 whether to perform the first operation or the second operation, and the terminal device 110 may determine whether to perform the first operation or the second operation based on the configuration.
[0101] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising a threshold for a probability of the predicted MOF or RLF. If the probability of the predicted MOF or RLF is higher than or equal to the threshold, the terminal device 110 may perform the set of operations, e.g., the first operation or the second operation or the third operation. For example, the network device 120 may configure a threshold of occurrence probability to the terminal device 110. The terminal device 110 may perform the first operation or the second operation or the third operation with an additional condition “if the predicted possibility occurrence of the predicted MOF or RLF is higher than the threshold” .
[0102] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration of prediction time in which prediction of the MOF or RLF is applied, and apply the prediction of the MOF or RLF based on the configuration of prediction time. In other words, the network device 120 may configure requested prediction time indicating a specific point in time to which the prediction of MOF or RLF applies.
[0103] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising a threshold for predicted occurrence time of the MOF or RLF. In some embodiments, if the predicted occurrence time of the MOF or RLF is higher than or later than the threshold, the terminal device 110 may perform the set of operations, e.g., the first operation or the second operation or the third operation. In some embodiments, if the predicted occurrence time of the MOF or RLF is lower than or earlier than to the threshold, the terminal device 110 may perform the set of operations, e.g., the first operation or the second operation or the third operation.
[0104] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising an indication that the first operation or the second operation is to be performed upon a set of conditions is satisfied. If the set of conditions is satisfied, the terminal device 110 may perform the first operation or the second operation. For example, if the prediction time is lower than or earlier than a time threshold, the terminal device 110 may perform one of the first operation and the second operation. Alternatively, if the prediction time is higher than or later than the time threshold, the terminal device 110 may perform one of the first operation and the second operation. For another example, if the possibility of the predicted MOF or RLF is lower than or equal to a possibility threshold, the terminal device 110 may perform one of the first operation and the second operation. Alternatively, if the possibility of the predicted MOF or RLF is higher than or equal to the possibility threshold, the terminal device 110 may perform one of the first operation and the second operation. It is to be understood that any other suitable conditions may also be feasible.
[0105] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may configure the terminal device 110 to make the prediction of MOF or RLF periodically. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may configure a periodicity of the prediction to the terminal device 110.
[0106] So far, solutions of AI / ML-based mobility management are described in view of an interaction between UE and network.
[0107] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF NETWORK INTERFACE ENHANCEMENT
[0108] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of managing information of MOF / RLF prediction. The solution will be described below in connection with FIG. 3.
[0109] FIG. 3 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating another example process 300 of communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 300 will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. The process 300 may involve the terminal device 110, the network devices 120 and 130 and the core network element 135 as illustrated in FIG. 1A. In this example, the network device 120 provides a serving cell for the terminal device 110, and the network devices 130 provides candidate cells for the terminal device 110. The serving cell may be SpCell, PCell or PSCell of the terminal device 110.
[0110] As shown in FIG. 3, the terminal device 110 may transmit 310, to the network device 120, information of a MOF or RLF that is predicted at the terminal device 110. In some embodiments, the information of the predicted MOF or RLF may comprise at least one of the following: an indication of the predicted MOF or RLF; a set of available measurement quantities / results of the serving cell, target cell and neighboring cells; a set of predicted measurement quantities / results of the serving cell, target cell and neighboring cells (when the predicted MOF or RLF happens) ; time information of the predicted MOF or RLF, e.g., X ms since the report of the first information, or an exact time point of the predicted MOF or RLF to be happened; a potential cause of the RLF, e.g., radio link problem (T310 / T312 expiry) , random access problem, maximum number of retransmissions of RLC packet has been reached, consistent LBT failure, etc. ; a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device 110 is to switched; predicted trajectory cell information, e.g., including a list of cell IDs and predicted time in which the terminal device 110 stays in a cell; a type of the predicted MOF, e.g., too late mobility, mobility to a wrong cell, or too early mobility; a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring, e.g., a resource (or a reference signal) that the terminal device 110 may use for radio link monitoring or beam; information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure; a possibility of the predicted MOF or RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the MOF; an ID of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure; an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; or an ID of the target PCell of the predicted MOF.
[0111] In some embodiments, the information of the predicted MOF or RLF may comprise the first information described above. In some embodiments, the information of the predicted MOF or RLF may comprise the second information described above. Other details of the first information and the second information are not repeated here for conciseness.
[0112] With reference to FIG. 3, the network device 120 may transmit 320 the information of the predicted MOF or RLF to the network device 130 providing a target cell. As shown in FIG. 3, in some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit 321 the first or second information of the predicted MOF or RLF to the network device 130 directly. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit the first or second information of the predicted MOF or RLF to the network device 130 via the core network element 135 (e.g., AMF) . As shown in FIG. 3, the network device 120 may transmit 322 the first or second information of the predicted MOF or RLF to the core network element 135 and the core network element 135 may forward 323 the first or second information of the predicted MOF or RLF to the network device 130.
[0113] With the process 300, a network interface may be enhanced based on MOF or RLF prediction.
[0114] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF CU-DU ENHANCEMENT
[0115] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide another solution of managing information of MOF / RLF prediction. The solution will be described below in connection with FIG. 4.
[0116] FIG. 4 illustrates a signaling chart illustrating still another example process 400 of communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 400 will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. The process 400 may involve the terminal device 110, the CU 121 and the DU 123 as illustrated in FIG. 1A. In this example, the DU 123 provides a serving cell for the terminal device 110. The serving cell may be SpCell, PCell or PSCell of the terminal device 110.
[0117] As shown in FIG. 4, the terminal device 110 may transmit 410, to the CU 121, information of a MOF or RLF that is predicted at the terminal device 110. In some embodiments, the information of the predicted MOF or RLF may comprise at least one of the following: an indication of the predicted MOF or RLF; a set of available measurement quantities / results of the serving cell, target cell and neighboring cells; a set of predicted measurement quantities / results of the serving cell, target cell and neighboring cells (when the predicted MOF or RLF happens) ; time information of the predicted MOF or RLF, e.g., X ms since the report of the first information, or an exact time point of the predicted MOF or RLF to be happened; a potential cause of the RLF, e.g., radio link problem (T310 / T312 expiry) , random access problem, maximum number of retransmissions of RLC packet has been reached, consistent LBT failure, etc. ; a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device 110 is to switched; predicted trajectory cell information, e.g., including a list of cell IDs and predicted time in which the terminal device 110 stays in a cell; a type of the predicted MOF, e.g., too late mobility, mobility to a wrong cell, or too early mobility; a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring, e.g., a resource (or a reference signal) that the terminal device 110 may use for radio link monitoring or beam; information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure; a possibility of the predicted MOF or RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the MOF; an ID of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure; an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; or an ID of the target PCell of the predicted MOF.
[0118] In some embodiments, the information of the predicted MOF or RLF may comprise the first information described above. In some embodiments, the information of the predicted MOF or RLF may comprise the second information described above. Other details of the first information and the second information are not repeated here for conciseness.
[0119] With reference to FIG. 4, the CU 121 may transmit 420 the information of the predicted MOF or RLF to the DU 123 providing the serving cell.
[0120] With the process 400, a CU-DU architecture may be enhanced based on MOF or RLF prediction.
[0121] It is to be understood that operations of the processes 200 to 400 may be carried out separately or in any suitable combinations.
[0122] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF METHODS
[0123] Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods of communication implemented at a terminal device and a network device. These methods will be described below with reference to FIGs. 5 to 7.
[0124] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 500 of communication implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 500 may be performed at the terminal device 110 as shown in FIG. 1A. For the purpose of discussion, in the following, the method 500 will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. It is to be understood that the method 500 may include additional blocks not shown and / or may omit some blocks as shown, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0125] At block 510, the terminal device 110 determines that a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF is predicted.
[0126] At block 520, the terminal device 110 performs a set of operations. The set of operations may comprise at least one of the following: a first operation of initiating a connection reestablishment procedure during which the terminal device transmits an indication that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF; a second operation of transmitting, to a network device, first information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF comprising a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device is to switched; or a third operation of performing, based on a condition specific to the prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF, a conditional evaluation to execute a CHO to a candidate cell.
[0127] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the indication by at least one of the following: including, in a RRC reestablishment request message, a reestablishment cause indicating the indication; using, for a CCCH message, a LCID dedicated for the indication; or using a RACH resource dedicated for the indication during the connection reestablishment procedure.
[0128] In some embodiments, if the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to the prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF, the terminal device 110 may set a reestablishment cause in a RRC reestablishment request message to a value indicating a handover failure or other failure.
[0129] In some embodiments, if the failure of the mobility procedure is predicted, consider a timer for a reconfiguration with sync procedure for a MCG as expiry. In some embodiments, if the failure of the mobility procedure is predicted, the terminal device 110 may release a RACH configuration dedicated for the terminal device 110 and revert back to a UE configuration used in a source PCell.
[0130] In some embodiments, if the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF is predicted, the terminal device 110 may store second information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF. In some embodiments, the second information may comprise at least one of the following: the first information; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure; an ID of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure; an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; or an ID of the target PCell of the mobility procedure.
[0131] In some embodiments, the first information may further comprise at least one of the following: a possibility of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF; predicted trajectory cell information; a type of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure; a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring; or information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure.
[0132] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine the first information based on an AI model supported by the terminal device 110 or capability of the terminal device 110. In some embodiments, if the RLF is predicted, the terminal device 110 may stop a timer for RLF detection, and reset a counter for RLF indication.
[0133] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the first information to the network device 120 directly. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the first information to the network device 120 via a further network device.
[0134] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration indicating that the first information is transmitted to a MN directly or via a SN.
[0135] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may a mobility command from the network device 120 directly. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive the mobility command from the network device 120 via the further network device.
[0136] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising: the condition as an event triggering the CHO; and an indication that the event is considered to be satisfied only if the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF is predicted.
[0137] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the set of operations by: receiving, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising an indication of whether the first operation or the second operation is to be performed; and performing the first operation or the second operation based on the configuration.
[0138] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the set of operations by: receiving, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising a threshold for a probability of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF; and in accordance with a determination that the probability of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF is higher than or equal to the threshold, performing the set of operations.
[0139] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the set of operations by: receiving, from the network device 120, a configuration of prediction time in which prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF is applied; and applying the prediction of the failure of mobility procedure or the RLF based on the configuration of prediction time.
[0140] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the set of operations by: receiving, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising a threshold for predicted occurrence time of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF; and in accordance with a determination that the predicted occurrence time of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF is higher or lower than the threshold, performing the set of operations.
[0141] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may perform the set of operations by: receiving, from the network device 120, a configuration comprising an indication that the first operation or the second operation is to be performed upon a set of conditions is satisfied; and in accordance with a determination that the set of conditions is satisfied, performing the first operation or the second operation.
[0142] In some embodiments, the mobility procedure may comprise: a HO procedure; a PSCell change or addition procedure; a reconfiguration with sync procedure; or a LTM cell switch procedure.
[0143] With the method 500, MOF / RLF prediction may be utilized to enhance mobility performance.
[0144] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 600 of communication implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 600 may be performed at the network device 120 as shown in FIG. 1A. For the purpose of discussion, in the following, the method 600 will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. It is to be understood that the method 600 may include additional blocks not shown and / or may omit some blocks as shown, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0145] At block 610, the network device 120 receives, from the terminal device 110, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device. In some embodiments, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF may comprise the first information above. In some embodiments, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF may comprise the second information above.
[0146] In some embodiments, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF may comprise at least one of the following: a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device 110 is to switched; predicted trajectory cell information; a type of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure; a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring; information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure; a possibility of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure; an ID of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure; an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; or an ID of the target PCell of the mobility procedure.
[0147] At block 620, the network device 120 transmits, to a further network device (e.g., the network device 130) , the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF to the further network device directly. In some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF to the further network device via the core network element 135 (e.g., AMF) .
[0148] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may transmit, to another network device providing a target cell, a handover cancel message comprising a cause value indicating that MOF is predicted.
[0149] With the method 600, a network interface may be enhanced based on MOF / RLF prediction.
[0150] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 700 of communication implemented at a CU of a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the method 700 may be performed at the CU 121 as shown in FIG. 1A. For the purpose of discussion, in the following, the method 700 will be described with reference to FIG. 1A. It is to be understood that the method 700 may include additional blocks not shown and / or may omit some blocks as shown, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0151] At block 710, the CU 121 may receive, from the terminal device 110, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device 110. In some embodiments, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF may comprise the first information above. In some embodiments, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF may comprise the second information above.
[0152] In some embodiments, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF may comprise at least one of the following: a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device 110 is to switched; predicted trajectory cell information; a type of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure; a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring; information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure; a possibility of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF; a C-RNTI of the terminal device 110 used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure; an ID of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure; an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; or an ID of the target PCell of the mobility procedure.
[0153] At block 720, the CU 121 may transmit, to a DU (e.g., the DU 123 serving the terminal device 110) of the network device 120, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.
[0154] With the method 700, a CU-DU architecture may be enhanced based on MOF / RLF prediction.
[0155] It is to be understood that the operations of methods 500 to 700 correspond to that described in connection with FIGs. 2 to 4, and thus other details are not repeated here for conciseness.
[0156] EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVICES
[0157] FIG. 8 is a simplified block diagram of a device 800 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 800 can be considered as a further example implementation of the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 or 130 or 140 or the core network element 135 as shown in FIG. 1A. Accordingly, the device 800 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 or 130 or 140 or the core network element 135.
[0158] As shown, the device 800 includes a processor 810, a memory 820 coupled to the processor 810, a suitable transceiver 840 coupled to the processor 810, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 840. The memory 810 stores at least a part of a program 830. The transceiver 840 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 840 may include at least one of a transmitter 842 or a receiver 844. The transmitter 842 and the receiver 844 may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 840 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an access node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a mobility management entity (MME) / AMF / SGW / UPF and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0159] The program 830 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 810, enable the device 800 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGs. 1A to 7. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 810 of the device 800, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 810 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 810 and memory 820 may form processing means 850 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0160] The memory 820 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 820 is shown in the device 800, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 800. The processor 810 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 800 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0161] In some embodiments, a terminal device comprises a circuitry configured to: determine that a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF is predicted; and perform a set of operations comprising at least one of the following: a first operation of initiating a connection reestablishment procedure during which the terminal device transmits an indication that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF; a second operation of transmitting, to a network device, first information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF comprising a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device is to switched; or a third operation of performing, based on a condition specific to the prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF, a conditional evaluation to execute a CHO to a candidate cell.
[0162] In some embodiments, a network device comprises a circuitry configured to: receive, from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device; and transmit, to a further network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.
[0163] In some embodiments, a CU of a network device comprises a circuitry configured to: receive, from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a RLF that is predicted at the terminal device; and transmit, to a DU of the network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.
[0164] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0165] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0166] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above with reference to FIGs. 1A to 7. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0167] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0168] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0169] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0170] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A terminal device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the terminal device to:determine that a failure of a mobility procedure or a radio link failure (RLF) is predicted; andperform a set of operations comprising at least one of the following:a first operation of initiating a connection reestablishment procedure during which the terminal device transmits an indication that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF;a second operation of transmitting, to a network device, first information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF comprising a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device is to switched; ora third operation of performing, based on a condition specific to the prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF, a conditional evaluation to execute a conditional handover (CHO) to a candidate cell.2.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to transmit the indication by at least one of the following:including, in a radio resource control (RRC) reestablishment request message, a reestablishment cause indicating the indication;using, for a common control channel (CCCH) message, a logical channel identity (LCID) dedicated for the indication; orusing a random access channel (RACH) resource dedicated for the indication during the connection reestablishment procedure.3.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is further caused to at least one of the following:in accordance with a determination that the connection reestablishment procedure is initiated due to the prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF, set a reestablishment cause in a radio resource control (RRC) reestablishment request message to a value indicating a handover failure or other failure;in accordance with a determination that the failure of the mobility procedure is predicted, consider a timer for a reconfiguration with sync procedure for a master cell group (MCG) as expiry;in accordance with a determination that the failure of the mobility procedure is predicted, release a random access channel (RACH) configuration dedicated for the terminal device and revert back to a user equipment (UE) configuration used in a source primary cell (PCell) ; orin accordance with a determination that the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF is predicted, store second information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.4.The terminal device of claim 3, wherein the second information comprises at least one of the following:the first information;a cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) of the terminal device used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF;a C-RNTI of the terminal device used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure;an identity (ID) of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure;an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; oran ID of the target PCell of the mobility procedure.5.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the first information further comprises at least one of the following:a possibility of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF;predicted trajectory cell information;a type of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure;a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring; orinformation of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure.6.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is further caused to at least one of the following:determine the first information based on an artificial intelligence (AI) model supported by the terminal device or capability of the terminal device; orin accordance with a determination that the RLF is predicted, stop a timer for RLF detection, and reset a counter for RLF indication.7.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to transmit the first information by:transmitting the first information to the network device directly; ortransmitting the first information to the network device via a further network device.8.The terminal device of claim 7, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:receive, from the network device, a configuration indicating that the first information is transmitted to a master node (MN) directly or via a secondary node (SN) ;receive a mobility command from the network device directly; orreceive the mobility command from the network device via the further network device.9.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is further caused to:receive, from the network device, a configuration comprising:the condition as an event triggering the CHO; andan indication that the event is considered to be satisfied only if the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF is predicted.10.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to perform the set of operations by:receiving, from the network device, a configuration comprising an indication of whether the first operation or the second operation is to be performed; andperforming the first operation or the second operation based on the configuration.11.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to perform the set of operations by:receiving, from the network device, a configuration comprising a threshold for a probability of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF; andin accordance with a determination that the probability of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF is higher than or equal to the threshold, performing the set of operations.12.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to perform the set of operations by:receiving, from the network device, a configuration of prediction time in which prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF is applied; andapplying the prediction of the failure of mobility procedure or the RLF based on the configuration of prediction time.13.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to perform the set of operations by:receiving, from the network device, a configuration comprising a threshold for predicted occurrence time of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF; andin accordance with a determination that the predicted occurrence time of the failure of the mobility procedure or the RLF is higher or lower than the threshold, performing the set of operations.14.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to perform the set of operations by:receiving, from the network device, a configuration comprising an indication that the first operation or the second operation is to be performed upon a set of conditions is satisfied; andin accordance with a determination that the set of conditions is satisfied, performing the first operation or the second operation.15.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the mobility procedure comprises:a handover (HO) procedure;a primary secondary cell (PSCell) change or addition procedure;a reconfiguration with sync procedure; ora layer 1 or layer 2 triggered mobility (LTM) cell switch procedure.16.A network device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the network device to:receive, from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a radio link failure (RLF) that is predicted at the terminal device; andtransmit, to a further network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.17.The network device of claim 16, wherein the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF comprises at least one of the following:a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device is to switched;predicted trajectory cell information;a type of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure;a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring;information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure;a possibility of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF;a cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) of the terminal device used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF;a C-RNTI of the terminal device used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure;an identity (ID) of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure;an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; oran ID of the target PCell of the mobility procedure.18.The network device of claim 16, wherein the terminal device is caused to transmit the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF by:transmitting the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF via a core network element.19.A central unit (CU) of a network device, comprising:a processor configured to cause the CU to:receive, from a terminal device, information of a failure of a mobility procedure or a radio link failure (RLF) that is predicted at the terminal device; andtransmit, to a distributed unit (DU) of the network device, the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF.20.The network device of claim 19, wherein the information of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF comprises at least one of the following:a suggested or predicted target cell to which the terminal device is to switched;predicted trajectory cell information;a type of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure;a suggested configuration of a radio link monitoring;information of a random access procedure in the mobility procedure;a possibility of the predicted failure of the mobility procedure or RLF;a cell-radio network temporary identifier (C-RNTI) of the terminal device used in a PCell upon prediction of the RLF;a C-RNTI of the terminal device used in the source PCell or a target PCell upon prediction of the failure of the mobility procedure;an identity (ID) of a source PCell of a last mobility procedure;an ID of the PCell in which the RLF is predicted; oran ID of the target PCell of the mobility procedure.
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