Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a reception unit that receives information for calculating a monitoring metric for a waveform conversion-related functionality or model; and a control unit that calculates the monitoring metric on the basis of the information. The control unit controls reporting of the monitoring metric in accordance with the type of monitoring.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station in a next-generation mobile communication system.

[0002] Long Term Evolution (LTE) has been specified for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). Also, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) has been specified with the aim of achieving higher capacity and more advanced features than LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 or later, etc.) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] A transmission signal for wireless communication is generally amplified by a power amplifier (PA) in a transmitter. However, it is known that a PA can cause nonlinear distortion, interference, and the like when the input power is large.

[0006] For future wireless communication technologies, utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control, management, etc. is being considered. For example, for future wireless communication technologies (e.g., 3GPP Rel. 19, 20, 21), compensation for the above-mentioned nonlinear distortion using AI techniques is being considered.

[0007] However, with regard to AI technology that converts signal waveforms for communication, such as the compensation for nonlinear distortion mentioned above, there has been little progress in examining how related settings, control, and communication should be performed. Unless these are clearly defined, it may be impossible to perform appropriate waveform conversion, which could hinder improvements in communication throughput and communication quality.

[0008] Therefore, one of the objectives of the present disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can suitably perform waveform conversion based on AI technology.

[0009] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure has a receiving unit that receives information for calculating a monitoring metric for waveform transformation-related functionality or a model, and a control unit that calculates the monitoring metric based on the information, and the control unit controls reporting of the monitoring metric depending on the type of monitoring.

[0010] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, waveform conversion based on AI technology can be preferably performed.

[0011] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of input / output characteristics of a PA. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of a PA. FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of compensation for nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of a PA. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a transmission / reception procedure using AI technology (Case 1). FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a transmission / reception procedure using AI technology (Case 2). FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a transmission / reception procedure using AI technology (Case 3). FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

[0012] (Nonlinear Problems of Power Amplifiers (PAs)) Transmission signals for wireless communications are generally amplified by a power amplifier (PA) in a transmitter. However, it is known that PAs can cause nonlinear distortion, interference, and the like when the input power is large.

[0013] 1 is a diagram showing an example of the input / output characteristics of a PA. In an ideal PA, the output voltage is amplified linearly relative to the input voltage. However, in a real PA, the input voltage has a nearly linear characteristic when it is below a certain value, but when it exceeds that value, the output voltage has a nonlinear characteristic, and the amplification of the output voltage relative to the input voltage becomes saturated.

[0014] FIG. 2 shows an example of nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of a PA. This diagram, also known as a constellation diagram, has the horizontal axis representing in-phase and the vertical axis representing quadrature. This example shows an example of nonlinear distortion experienced by modulation symbols based on 256 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). For example, complex numbers corresponding to baseband signals obtained at the receiving end from signals output / transmitted through a PA are plotted. The 256 signal points corresponding to the original modulation symbols are blurred due to nonlinear distortion.

[0015] As the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver increases, nonlinear distortion interference (e.g., increasing Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)) can limit the receiver's performance and become a major factor in detected errors.

[0016] (Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technology to Wireless Communications) With regard to future wireless communications technologies, the use of AI technology such as machine learning (ML) for network / device control and management is being considered.

[0017] For example, it is being considered that terminals (user terminals, user equipment (UE)) / base stations (BSs) will utilize AI technology to improve Channel State Information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reduced overhead, improved accuracy, prediction), improve beam management (e.g., improved accuracy, prediction in the time / space domain), and improve position measurement (e.g., improved position estimation / prediction).

[0018] Based on the input information, the AI ​​model may output at least one information such as an estimate, a prediction, a selected action, a classification, etc. The UE / BS may input channel state information, reference signal measurements, etc. to the AI ​​model and output highly accurate channel state information / measurements / beam selection / location, future channel state information / radio link quality, etc.

[0019] In the present disclosure, AI may be interpreted as an object (also called a subject, object, data, function, program, etc.) that has (performs) at least one of the following characteristics: - Estimation based on observed or collected information; - Selection based on observed or collected information; - Prediction based on observed or collected information.

[0020] In the present disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be used interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be used interchangeably.

[0021] In the present disclosure, an object may be, for example, an apparatus, device, etc., such as a UE or a BS. Also, in the present disclosure, an object may correspond to a program / model / entity that operates in the apparatus.

[0022] For future wireless communication technologies (e.g., 3GPP Rel. 19, 20, 21), the use of AI technology to compensate for the above-mentioned nonlinear distortion is being considered.

[0023] Figure 3 shows an example of compensation for nonlinear distortion caused by the nonlinear characteristics of a PA. This example shows the nonlinear distortion of Figure 2 compensated for using a certain AI technology. Points close to the original 256 signal points are plotted, demonstrating that the impact of nonlinear distortion can be reduced by AI technology.

[0024] The compensation of the nonlinear distortion may be performed at the transmitter side / receiver side. For example, in one scenario of adopting AI, a one-sided model for either the transmitter or the receiver may be adopted, and in another scenario, a two-sided model for both the transmitter and the receiver may be adopted.

[0025] In either scenario, the following may be considered: - The UE reports which AI technology is to be applied in the UE's uplink transmission; - The UE receives information on which AI technology should be applied in the UE's uplink transmission; - The UE receives information on which AI technology is to be applied in the UE's downlink transmission.

[0026] Regarding AI technology that converts signal waveforms for communications, such as the compensation for nonlinear distortion mentioned above, there has been little progress in examining how related settings, control, and communications should be performed. Unless these are clearly defined, it may be impossible to perform optimal waveform conversion, which could hinder improvements in communication throughput and communication quality.

[0027] (Scenario for Transmission and Reception Using AI Technology) Three cases (Cases 1 to 3 shown below) are assumed for AI / ML-based transmission and reception (TRx). Performance monitoring is considered for each case.

[0028] The three cases can be exemplified as follows. Figures 4 to 6 are diagrams showing examples of transmission and reception procedures using AI technology. Figure 4 corresponds to Case 1, Figure 5 corresponds to Case 2, and Figure 6 corresponds to Case 3. In Figures 4 to 6, AI / ML-based transmission is represented by AI Tx, and AI / ML-based reception is represented by AI Rx. Furthermore, application of AI technology in the downlink (DL) is represented by AI DL, and application of AI technology in the uplink (UL) is represented by AI UL.

[0029] <<Case 1>> In Case 1, a one-sided model on the transmit side (Tx side) is applied. In Case 1, the waveform / modulation is generated online / offline by AI / ML and notified to the receiver. The receiver receives the signal using an existing algorithm.

[0030] As a specific procedure, as shown in Figure 4, the UE reports its ability to support the application of AI technology in DL (AI DL) to the gNB.

[0031] Here, the UE may report whether it can receive / monitor AI-based waveforms / modulations (Alt1), or the UE may report whether it can monitor AI-based waveforms / modulations (Alt2), or the UE may not report the capability (Alt3).

[0032] The gNB sends an AI DL activation to the UE, and also sends a cell-specific DL signal (RS) / channel to the UE.

[0033] The gNB applies AI / ML-based transmission (AI Tx) to transmit UE-specific DL signals (RS) / channels to the UE. The DL signals may include RSs for monitoring (RSs to be monitored).

[0034] The UE reports to the gNB its ability to support the application of AI technology in the UL (AI UL).

[0035] The gNB sends an AI UL activation to the UE.

[0036] The UE applies AL Tx to transmit UL signals (RS) / data to the gNB. The UL signals may include RSs for monitoring (RSs to be monitored) / related information.

[0037] The gNB applies AL Tx and sends instructions to the UE regarding LCM operation (based on monitoring).

[0038] <<Case 2>> In Case 2, a one-sided model on the receiving side (Rx side) is applied. In Case 2, the signal transmitted by the existing Tx (a signal distorted by a non-ideal RF module) is demodulated by the AI / ML model.

[0039] As a specific procedure, as shown in Figure 5, the UE reports its ability to support DL to the gNB.

[0040] The gNB sends DL activation to the UE, and also sends cell-specific DL signals (RS) / channels to the UE.

[0041] The gNB transmits a UE-specific DL signal (RS) / channel to the UE. The DL signal may include a monitoring RS (a monitored RS).

[0042] The UE applies AI / ML based reception (AI Rx) to receive its own specific DL signal (RS) / channel.

[0043] The gNB sends instructions regarding CM operation (based on monitoring) to the UE.

[0044] The UE transmits UL signals (RS) / data to the gNB, and AI technology may not be applied to the transmission.

[0045] The gNB receives the UL signal (RS) / data by applying AI Rx.

[0046] <<Case 3>> In Case 3, a two-sided model is applied on the transmit and receive sides. In Case 3, the AI / ML model generates the waveform / modulation on the transmit side, and the AI / ML model performs demodulation on the receive side. That is, Case 3 is a combination of Cases 1 and 2.

[0047] As a specific procedure, as shown in Figure 6, the UE reports its ability to support the application of AI technology in DL (AI DL) to the gNB.

[0048] The gNB sends an AI DL activation to the UE, and also sends a cell-specific DL signal (RS) / channel to the UE.

[0049] The gNB applies AI / ML-based transmission (AI Tx) to transmit UE-specific DL signals (RS) / channels to the UE. The DL signals may include RSs for monitoring (RSs to be monitored).

[0050] The UE applies AI / ML based reception (AI Rx) to receive its own specific DL signal (RS) / channel.

[0051] The UE reports to the gNB its ability to support the application of AI technology in the UL (AI UL).

[0052] The gNB sends an AI UL activation to the UE, and the UE receives the activation by applying AI Rx.

[0053] The UE transmits UL signals (RS) / data to the gNB using AL Tx. The UL signals may include RSs for monitoring (RSs to be monitored) / related information. The gNB receives the UL signals (RSs) / data using AI Rx.

[0054] The gNB applies AL Tx to send an instruction regarding LCM operation (based on monitoring) to the UE, and the UE applies AI Rx to receive the instruction.

[0055] The UE may be configured / specified to perform performance monitoring for waveform transformation related functionality / models. Performance monitoring may include calculating performance metrics, deriving reporting content based on the calculated performance metrics, and reporting the derived content.

[0056] Note that the network may decide which functionality / models are activated in the UE.

[0057] <<Calculation of Performance Metrics>> The performance metric is a metric that indicates the performance of the functionality / model, and may include, for example, any of the following metrics or a combination thereof: - BLER of a [hypothetical] PDCCH / PUCCH / PUSCH / PDSCH under waveform transformation related functionality / model; - Gap (difference) of BLER of a [hypothetical] PDCCH / PUCCH / PUSCH / PDSCH between with and without waveform transformation related functionality / model; - PAPR / RSRP / SINR values ​​under waveform transformation related functionality / model; - Gap (difference) of PAPR / RSRP / SINR values ​​between with and without waveform transformation related functionality / model.

[0058] The decision as to which metrics to calculate may be based on the associated functionality / model or may be based on specific parameters, which may be predefined, may include parameters configured / instructed to the UE, or may include parameters of the UE capabilities.

[0059] The samples for calculating the performance metric may be based on any or a combination of the following: - The performance metric may be a statistic for a particular time (e.g. slot / symbol / subframe / millisecond), - The performance metric may be a statistic over a certain number of measurements / measurement occasions, - The performance metric may be a statistic over a certain number of resources / resource opportunities / transmission opportunities.

[0060] In other words, the performance metric may be calculated based on samples taken at said particular time, said certain number of measurements / measurement occasions / resources / resource opportunities / transmission opportunities.

[0061] The specific time, the certain number, etc. may be determined based on the associated functionality / model, or based on specific parameters, which may be predefined, may include parameters configured / instructed to the UE, or may include parameters of UE capabilities.

[0062] The channels / RSs used / assumed / measured to calculate the performance metrics may be determined based on the associated functionality / model or based on specific parameters, which may be predefined, may include parameters configured / instructed to the UE, or may include parameters of the UE capabilities.

[0063] <<Report Based on Performance Monitoring>> Based on performance monitoring (calculation of performance metrics), the UE may send a report (which may be called a performance monitoring report, performance metric report, performance report, etc.) including at least one of the following: - Activation / deactivation recommendation; - Functionality / model recommendation; - Calculated metric associated with the configured / instructed functionality / model; - Whether the calculated metric associated with the configured / instructed functionality / model is greater / less than a predefined / configured / instructed threshold.

[0064] The activation / deactivation recommendation may include information on whether it is recommended to apply / activate a configured / instructed functionality or a model [associated with the functionality]. The functionality / model recommendation may include information on which functionality or model is recommended to apply / activate among multiple configured / instructed functionality or multiple models [associated with the functionality].

[0065] Note that activation / deactivation recommendations, functionality / model recommendations, etc. may be based on calculated metrics. For example, a model that achieves the maximum / minimum metric among multiple models associated with a functionality may be recommended.

[0066] The UE may initiate a performance report if at least one of the following conditions is met: - The (current or newly derived) activation / deactivation recommendation changes from the activation / deactivation recommendation reported in the most recent report; - The (current or newly derived) functionality / model recommendation changes from the functionality / model recommendation reported in the most recent report; - The calculated metric associated with the configured / instructed functionality / model is greater / less than a predefined / configured / instructed threshold; - The UE is configured / instructed by the network to perform performance reporting.

[0067] (Life Cycle Management (LCM)) In future wireless communication systems (for example, Rel. 18 and later), the introduction of multiple LCMs is being considered.

[0068] The plurality of LCMs may include a functionality-based LCM and a model-ID-based LCM. The functionality-based LCM may be referred to as a functionality-based LCM, and the model-ID-based LCM may be referred to as a model-ID-based LCM.

[0069] In functionality-based LCM, a network (e.g., a base station / network node) may instruct an operation related to the functionality of an AI / ML (e.g., at least one of activation, deactivation, fallback operation, and switch). Here, the fallback operation may be an operation based on information (input information) used when applying the corresponding AI function, or an operation based on information (input information) used when applying the corresponding AI function and a non-AI function.

[0070] The UE may perform model-level LCM (eg, model switching and / or model selection) among the indicated functionality.

[0071] Among other things, the functionality may be transparent as to which models are activated / deactivated.

[0072] UE Capability information reporting may be used to signal supported functionality.

[0073] In model-ID-based LCM, a network (e.g., a base station / network node) may instruct an operation (e.g., at least one of activation, deactivation, fallback operation, and switch) related to an individual AI / ML model by a model ID.

[0074] The UE may perform model-level LCM (e.g., at least one of model switching and model selection) based on instructions from the NW.

[0075] A model may be defined in the NW by a model identifier (ID).

[0076] (Functionality Identification) As a procedure for identifying functionality, for example, the UE may report a specific condition in the UE capability (capability information). In this case, the NW may configure the corresponding functionality based on the reported condition.

[0077] Here, functionality may represent features / feature groups (FGs) available in AI / ML that are enabled by a certain configuration, such as a set of RRC parameters / LPP parameters (e.g., parameter sets for waveform transformation techniques, CSI prediction, beam prediction, and CSI compression). The configuration may be supported based on conditions indicated by UE capabilities. Functionality may also represent units that the NW can control on the UE side in the operation (activation / deactivation / switching) of LCM.

[0078] The operation of the LCM based on functionality may be controlled based on the configuration of features / feature groups available in the AI / ML described above, where signaling (signaling for activation / deactivation / switching) to support the operation of the LCM based on the functionality is considered.

[0079] The UE may also report applicable functionality updates, e.g., a mechanism for updating the applicable model after identifying the model needs to be considered.

[0080] (Model Identification) A model identified by a model ID may be associated with, for example, settings / conditions / additional conditions (specific scenarios, sites, data sets, etc.). A model may represent a unit that the NW can control on the UE side in the operation (activation / deactivation / switching) of LCM.

[0081] The operation of the Model ID-based LCM may be controlled based on the identified model, where the model may be associated with specific settings / conditions regarding UE capabilities of features / feature groups available in the AI / ML, and additional conditions determined / identified between the UE side and the NW side.

[0082] In addition, it is assumed that the identification process and control unit are different between the functionality-based LCM and the model ID-based LCM. Here, it is being considered to share the activation / deactivation / switching procedures between the functionality-based LCM and the model ID-based LCM.

[0083] The following types of model identification procedures are also considered: Type A: Model information and model IDs are associated without signaling. The UE reports supported model IDs to the NW. That is, the mapping between model IDs and model information is identified to the NW and UE without signaling. The NW and UE identify the corresponding model information based on the received model ID. Type B1: Model information is reported from the UE to the NW via the air interface (signaling). Model identification is initiated by the UE, and the NW assists (takes responsibility for) the remaining steps of model identification. During model identification, a model ID may be assigned to the model. Type B2: Model information is reported from the NW to the UE via the air interface (signaling). Model identification is initiated by the NW, and the UE responds to the remaining steps of model identification. During model identification, a model ID may be assigned to the model.

[0084] (Analysis) As mentioned above, performance monitoring for three cases of transmission and reception using AI technology (cases 1 to 3 above) is being considered. In this case, the following issues are expected. - In order to detect model failures early and identify their causes, it is necessary to define specific key performance indicators (KPIs) (Issue 1). - In order to detect model failures early and ensure the accuracy of the model, a sufficient number of transmission and reception signals are required (Issue 2).

[0085] Therefore, the present inventors have conceived a suitable setting / control / communication method for monitoring related to waveform conversion. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a waveform conversion function that takes into account the interaction between a UE and a network (NW) can improve performance (e.g., reduce nonlinearity problems in PA).

[0086] Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

[0087] (Various Reinterpretations) In the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "( )" in a sentence may indicate an explanation of the word immediately preceding it (for example, an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, a supplementary explanation, etc. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, a word enclosed in "[ ]" in a sentence may be interpreted including the word in the meaning of the entire sentence, or may be interpreted excluding (ignoring) the word in the meaning of the entire sentence. Note that "( )" and "[ ]" may also be used for purposes / meanings other than those mentioned above.

[0088] In the present disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted interchangeably. Also, in the present disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

[0089] In the present disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate (or indicate), select, configure, update, and determine may be read interchangeably. In the present disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and operate may be read interchangeably.

[0090] In the present disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC) control elements (CEs), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0091] In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocol (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination thereof.

[0092] In the present disclosure, MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. Broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

[0093] In the present disclosure, physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), and the like.

[0094] In the present disclosure, the terms drop, abort, cancel, puncture, rate match, postpone, do not transmit, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0095] In the present disclosure, monitoring, measurement / estimation, etc. may be performed using a reference signal (RS). In the present disclosure, the RS may include, for example, at least one of a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a synchronization signal (SS), a synchronization signal / physical broadcast channel (SS / PBCH) block, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a sounding reference signal (SRS), etc.

[0096] In the present disclosure, terms such as measurement value, measurement result, received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Block Error Rate (BLER)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), Channel State Information (CSI)), PAPR, and any metric related to measured received power / received quality may be interchangeable. A measurement value may refer to an actually measured value, not a predicted value.

[0097] The measured value may be given the notation "Layer-X (LX (for example, X=1, 2, 3, . . . ))-".

[0098] In the present disclosure, "any entity (e.g., a UE) does ..." may be read interchangeably as "any entity is configured / instructed to do ...".

[0099] In this disclosure, "condition(s)" may refer to a set of candidate values / candidate parameters in a UE capability (associated with an AI-based function). In this disclosure, "additional condition(s)" may refer to aspects that are assumed for training but are not conditions (e.g., BS beam direction, BS beam codebook, points not associated with UE capabilities).

[0100] In this disclosure, "functionality" may refer to a set of parameters / features (e.g., a set of parameters for waveform transformation techniques, CSI prediction, beam prediction, CSI compression, etc.) that are supported based on conditions specified by the UE capabilities.

[0101] In this disclosure, a "model identifier (ID)" may refer to an ID associated with a functionality / additional condition (or a model corresponding to that ID). Note that a model ID may be interchangeably read as an AI ID, a dataset ID, a pairing ID, etc.

[0102] In the present disclosure, function / functionality may be read as any of feature, function, and functionality.

[0103] In the present disclosure, a model and a model ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, a functionality and a functionality ID may be interchangeable.

[0104] In this disclosure, bit block, block of bits, bit of block, information sequence to be transmitted, data, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0105] In the present disclosure, complex value symbols, complex values, complex numbers, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0106] In the present disclosure, the terms metric, performance metric, and monitoring metric may be read interchangeably.

[0107] In the present disclosure, the sequence generator and the generator may be interchangeably read as the control unit.

[0108] In the present disclosure, NW, BS, and gNB may be read interchangeably.

[0109] In this disclosure, ground truth signals / data / information (which may also be referred to as monitoring / training information) may be signals / data / information that are used for the following reasons: To calculate metrics (e.g., to compare with model IDs / function outputs), To train / validate models.

[0110] In this disclosure, a model may refer to an entity that can perform one or more functionalities (e.g., CSI prediction, beam prediction, CSI compression, modulation / demodulation, waveform, pulse shaping, resource mapping / remapping, or parameter sets for encoding / decoding). A model may or may not have an ID for identification.

[0111] (Wireless Communication Method) In the present disclosure, a waveform conversion function may include a specific process. When a waveform conversion-related functionality / model is activated / notified / applied / configured / specified for a UE, the UE may apply the specific process (e.g., apply the specific process for the transmitter side / receiver side) or assume that the specific process is applied (e.g., assume that the specific process is applied on the transmitter side / receiver side).

[0112] In addition, when the communication partner (BS or UE) applies the above-mentioned specific processing (or it is assumed that the communication partner applies the above-mentioned specific processing), the UE or BS may perform [corresponding] transmission / reception processing (e.g., waveform conversion, inverse conversion, correction, inverse correction, modulation, demodulation, mapping, demapping, spreading, despreading, inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), FFT, etc.) taking into account that the above-mentioned specific processing has been applied.

[0113] In the following description, the above-mentioned specific processing will be referred to as waveform conversion processing, but the term is not limited to this. Furthermore, in the following description, it is mainly assumed that the waveform conversion processing is applied on the transmitter side, but part or all of the waveform conversion processing (or the corresponding waveform inverse conversion processing) described below may be applied on the receiver side. In the present disclosure, waveform conversion processing may include waveform inverse conversion processing.

[0114] The waveform conversion process may be applied to at least one of a specific channel (e.g., PUSCH, PUCCH, PDSCH, PDCCH, PBCH), a specific RS (e.g., DMRS, CSI-RS, SRS), etc. A common waveform conversion process may be applied to multiple channels / RSs.

[0115] In each embodiment, "functionality / model" may mean functionality / model related to waveform conversion unless otherwise specified.

[0116] The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to performance monitoring for waveform transformation-related functionality / models, and can be broadly categorized as follows: First embodiment: metric calculation for monitoring. Second embodiment: UE operation for metric calculation. Third embodiment: UE operation for monitoring result reporting. Fourth embodiment: resources for DL ​​monitoring. Fifth embodiment: UE operation when receiving resources for DL ​​monitoring. Sixth embodiment: resources for UL monitoring. Each embodiment will be described below based on these. Note that the first to third embodiments address the above-mentioned problem 1, and the fourth to sixth embodiments address the above-mentioned problem 2.

[0117] In the present disclosure, each embodiment / option / aspect may be applied alone or in combination with other embodiments / options.

[0118] First Embodiment The first embodiment relates to metric calculation for monitoring, and describes the general operation of a UE in KPI measurement.

[0119] In the present disclosure, the metric for link level monitoring may be read as an existing metric (existing KPI) or a first metric.

[0120] In the present disclosure, the metric for monitoring the causes of distortion may be interchangeably referred to as a new metric (new KPI), a KPI (metric) specialized for nonlinear distortion, and a second metric.

[0121] The metrics of this disclosure allow for differentiation between link degradation caused by nonlinear distortion and other reasons, and also allow for finer differentiation between types of nonlinear distortion.

[0122] Metric Calculation / Definition The UE may calculate one or more metrics for configured / scheduled resources / signals / channels based on specific configurations / instructions received through higher / physical layer signaling.

[0123] The metric may represent a measurable value to reflect the link quality (link level monitoring) or the type / level of non-linear distortion from the received signal (distortion source monitoring), and may be, for example:

[0124] Error vector magnitude (EVM) of a certain resource / signal / channel. This metric may be applied, for example, to the case of link level monitoring. SINR / BLER, etc. may also be included in the metrics for link level monitoring.

[0125] Constellation distortion vector (CDV) of a certain resource / signal / channel. This metric may be applied for example in the case of distortion source monitoring.

[0126] Statistics of amplitude / phase of CDV of a resource / signal / channel. This metric may be applied, for example, in the case of distortion source monitoring. The statistics may be expressed as maximum, minimum, mean, distribution, cumulative distribution function (CDF), or percentile values ​​in the CDF (5%, 50%, 95%, etc.).

[0127] An indication of the distortion level or type of distortion for a certain resource / signal / channel. This metric may be applied, for example, in the case of distortion source monitoring. This metric may be applied, for example, in the case of distortion source monitoring.

[0128] <<Metric Association (Case 1)>> A UE may associate one or more configured metrics with one or more configured modulation schemes / waveforms / transmission signal formats (transmission formats) instructed to the UE. The rules of the association (whether a metric can be associated with which functionality / model) may be configured / instructed to the UE.

[0129] In case 1, the NW (BS / gNB) applies the functionality / model and the UE performs monitoring.

[0130] <<Metric Association (Case 2 / 3)>> A UE may associate one or more configured metrics with one or more functionality / models based on configuration / instruction by higher layer / physical layer signaling. The rules of the association (whether a metric can be associated with which modulation scheme / waveform / transmission format) may be configured / instructed to the UE.

[0131] In Case 2 / 3, the UE has an AI / ML model, where multiple functionalities / models may mean multiple activated functionalities / models if multiple models work together to generate the final transmitted signal.

[0132] For example, one or more metrics may be associated with all functionality / models corresponding to the transmitted and received signals (such as a function to correct phase noise, a function to correct a non-ideal PA, etc.).

[0133] <<Conditions for Metric Calculation>> The UE may calculate the metric in at least one of the following cases:

[0134] If the corresponding functionality / model is activated or the corresponding modulation method / waveform / transmission format is set / indicated, this condition may be applied as the default behavior.

[0135] At least one of the configured metrics is calculated by default and its value is within a certain range (threshold). This condition may be applied to distortion source monitoring involving link level monitoring.

[0136] For example, metrics for link level monitoring such as EVM, SINR, BLER, etc. may be monitored by default. Then, if the UE monitors a degradation in EVM / BLER performance (below a configured / instructed threshold), the UE may further perform configured distortion cause monitoring (CDV or a metric related thereto). That is, the UE may perform link level monitoring and distortion cause monitoring in a tiered manner (in two stages).

[0137] According to this embodiment, the UE can appropriately control metric calculation for waveform transformation related monitoring.

[0138] Second Embodiment The second embodiment relates to detailed operations of a UE for metric calculation.

[0139] <<Ground Truth [Signal] Acquisition>> The UE may acquire ground truth to calculate a metric (monitoring metric). The UE may be configured / instructed / informed / assigned the ground truth signal resource for the metric through higher layer / physical layer signaling.

[0140] Notification regarding the ground truth signal may be achieved by at least one of the following:

[0141] A bit sequence transmitted on a resource set according to a specified / configured / instructed (expected) Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS).

[0142] Information about the sequence generator (such as a PN sequence generator) that generates the bit sequence to be transmitted on the resources set by the [expected] MCS. This information may be information about the sequence generator's initialization vector, sequence start / end positions, or sequence length.

[0143] - The complex signal that is expected to be transmitted on the configured resource.

[0144] The UE may demodulate / decode the configured / instructed resources and verify the demodulated / decoded result, which may be achieved by detecting an associated error detection code, such as a CRC-32.

[0145] The UE may use the demodulated / decoded result to generate an expected received signal for the configured / instructed resources.

[0146] For example, after successfully decoding the PDSCH, the UE may use the decoding result to reconstruct the expected received signal of the PDSCH, and the UE may use the decoding result as ground truth for monitoring.

[0147] <<Details of Metric Calculation>> (EVM Calculation) If the UE is configured to measure EVM / SINR, the UE may calculate the EVM / SINR of the configured / instructed resources / channels using the acquired ground truth signal. The calculation may be performed within a time window configured / instructed through higher layer / physical layer signaling, or for each resource / channel received by the UE.

[0148] For example, the UE may calculate an error vector (error) between the actual received signal and the expected received signal based on the ground truth signal, and calculate EVM / SINR statistics based on the calculation result (error vector).

[0149] CDV Calculation The UE may follow the following procedure to derive the CDV based on the configured resources.

[0150] [Step 1] The UE may divide the received signal into one or more groups in the configured / instructed resources. The UE may perform the division according to the resource group configuration in the time domain / frequency domain. For each divided group, the UE may calculate the CDV according to the following steps:

[0151] Step 2: For each group of signals, the UE may estimate the received constellation (received constellation) using the ground truth [signal].

[0152] Step 3: The UE may apply linear operations to the expected constellation, such as scaling, rotation, affine transformation, etc. Step 3 is an optional procedure for correcting linear distortions.

[0153] Step 4: The UE may calculate the error vector, or amplitude / phase, for each point of the expected constellation.

[0154] (Other Action 1) If the UE is configured to calculate distortion levels, it may quantize the CDV [average] amplitude / phase into multiple levels. The UE may perform this quantization if it is provided with the specified / instructed / configured quantization bit number / level number and threshold values ​​for each quantization level.

[0155] (Other Operation 2) If the UE is configured to calculate distortion types, the UE may classify distortions into multiple designated / configured types. The classification method is exemplified below.

[0156] Example 1 If the CDV exhibits a relatively large phase rotation (eg, above a certain threshold), the UE may classify the distortion as PN type.

[0157] Example 2: If the CDV shows significant distortion for constellation points with relatively large amplitudes and the CDV shows less distortion for constellation points with relatively small amplitudes, the UE may classify the distortion as a non-ideal PA type.

[0158] Example 3 If no specific distortion pattern is observed (recognized), the UE may classify the distortion as linear type.

[0159] Example 4: The UE may classify the distortion as a hybrid type, which may mean that the distortion belongs to at least two types (e.g., PN type and non-ideal PA type) among the types in Examples 1 to 3 above.

[0160] <<CDV Calculation Details>> Using the ground truth [signal], the UE can calculate the average point in the constellation for all received signals that corresponds to one expected constellation point.

[0161] By using the predicted constellation based on the ground truth signal described above, the UE can calculate the difference vector between the predicted constellation and the actual received constellation.

[0162] Furthermore, the UE can calculate the average amplitude / average phase of the CDV and, if configured, determine the level / type of the CDV according to the measured amplitude / phase of the CDV.

[0163] (Example of calculation) For example, M constellation points are transmitted on the Tx side, and the corresponding expected constellation is C ０ , ..., C Ｍ－１ Assume that:

[0164] Each constellation point C ｍ (m may be 0 to M-1), the UE selects N corresponding to the constellation point from the configured resources / channels. ｍsignals, where N ｍ The signals are ｍ，０ , ..., r ｍ，Ｎｍ－１ It is assumed that the value is expressed as follows.

[0165] The UE averages the received signals to obtain the received constellation Ĉ ｍ You may calculate:

[0166] The UE calibrates the received constellation C^ ｍ For example, a linear operation may be applied to C ｖ ｍ = αC^ ｍ +β, α and β can be calculated using the least squares method as shown in the following equation (2).

[0167] Using α and β obtained according to the above formula, the UE calculates dm=C ｍ -C ｖ ｍ From the CDV value (d ｍ ) may be calculated (m may be 0 to M-1).

[0168] All the CDV values ​​(d ｍ ) may be reported / transmitted by the UE.

[0169] Alternatively, the UE may use the CDV value (d ｍ ) (i.e., the UE may report the averaged / quantized CDV values ​​(amplitude / phase).

[0170] According to this embodiment, the UE can appropriately control metric calculation for waveform transformation related monitoring.

[0171] Third Embodiment The third embodiment relates to UE operations for reporting monitoring results.

[0172] <<Conditions / Timing of Reporting>> Reporting may be triggered by existing operations. For example, the UE may be triggered to report metrics through higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling.

[0173] The UE may also be event / condition triggered to report metrics based on specified / configured / instructed thresholds for the metrics.

[0174] In the case of distortion source monitoring accompanied by link level monitoring, the UE may trigger / determine / perform reporting of the first metric based on another configured metric (second metric).

[0175] For example, if the second metric is lower than a configured / specified / indicated threshold, the UE may report the first metric.

[0176] <<Reporting Contents>> The UE may report at least one of the following information: - EVM value (link-specific metric, BLER / SINR, etc.) - CDV value of each modulation constellation point - Amplitude / phase of CDV value of each modulation constellation point - Average amplitude / average phase of CDV value - Distortion level / distortion type.

[0177] In addition to the above, the UE may also report whether some resources have been successfully received / decoded and used for metric calculation within a configured / indicated time window.

[0178] According to this embodiment, the UE can appropriately control the reporting of waveform conversion-related monitoring results.

[0179] <Fourth Embodiment> The fourth embodiment relates to resources for DL ​​monitoring.

[0180] The UE may be configured / instructed through higher layer / physical layer signaling to measure performance metrics of one or more functionalities / models on configured resources / channels.

[0181] That is, the UE receives configuration / instructions for measuring performance indicators of a certain functionality / model using specific signaling.

[0182] Here, the "configured resource / channel" may be at least one (or a combination) of the following:

[0183] <<Option 1>> - PDSCH for normal traffic (normal), which may be one or more PDSCHs received by the UE within a time window configured / indicated by higher layer / physical layer signaling. The UE may apply at least one of the following conditions to the PDSCH:

[0184] (Condition 1) The UE may treat the PDSCH that it has successfully decoded as a resource / channel for monitoring.

[0185] (Condition 2) When the PDSCH is partially decoded (i.e., when one or more code blocks are successfully decoded), the UE may treat the received signals corresponding to the successfully decoded code blocks as a resource / channel for monitoring.

[0186] (Condition 3) The UE may treat a PDSCH having a designated / configured / instructed MCS level as a resource / channel for monitoring.

[0187] (Condition 4) The UE may treat a PDSCH having a designated / configured / instructed modulation / waveform / transmission signal format as a resource / channel for monitoring.

[0188] (Condition 5) The UE may treat a PDSCH in a designated / configured / instructed resource block, or a PDSCH having a scheduled bandwidth greater than a designated / configured value (threshold), as a resource / channel for monitoring.

[0189] (Condition 6) The UE may treat the PDSCH at the designated / configured / instructed antenna port as a monitoring resource / channel. The antenna port may be, for example, the first port / first two ports based on the DMRS port number, or the antenna port configured / instructed by specific signaling.

[0190] <<Option 2>> - A monitoring-dedicated PDSCH. The PDSCH may be one or more PDSCHs received by the UE within a time window configured / instructed by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling. The UE may receive the PDSCHs on the assumption that they are configured / instructed by higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling to be monitoring-dedicated PDSCHs.

[0191] Examples of settings / indications as to whether a PDSCH is dedicated to monitoring include the following:

[0192] Example 1: The UE can be configured / instructed by one bit in the signaling that schedules / configures the PDSCH.

[0193] (Example 2) The UE can be configured / instructed by any of the antenna ports / DMRS ports / MCS / resource allocation fields or a combination thereof.

[0194] (Example 3) The UE may be configured / instructed by signaling informing it of the PDSCH waveform type or functionality / model.

[0195] Option 3: One or more CSI-RS resources.

[0196] According to this embodiment, the UE can appropriately determine the monitoring resources for waveform transformation related functionality / models.

[0197] Fifth Embodiment The fifth embodiment relates to UE behavior when receiving resources for DL ​​monitoring.

[0198] The UE may perform at least one of the following operations upon receiving the configured / scheduled resources / channels: The operation may be to calculate a metric value.

[0199] Option 1: The UE may assume that the configured / scheduled resources / channels are transmitted with the corresponding functionality / model, which the UE can decode using a suitable receiver.

[0200] <<Option 2>> In the case of a PDSCH dedicated to monitoring, the UE may assume that the configured / scheduled resource / channel is generated by a specified / configured bit sequence or a bit sequence that can be generated by configured parameters.

[0201] For example, the UE may assume that the configured / scheduled resources / channels are generated by a bit sequence (configured / instructed initial vector and sequence length) generated by a sequence generator (PN generator) of an existing specification.

[0202] The UE may assume that the configured / scheduled resources / channels are generated and mapped by encoding and modulating a bit sequence according to the indicated / specified MCS.

[0203] According to this embodiment, the UE can properly receive resources for DL ​​monitoring.

[0204] Sixth Embodiment The sixth embodiment relates to resources for UL monitoring.

[0205] <<Option 1>> A UE may be configured / scheduled to transmit one or more resources / channels through higher layer / physical layer signaling.

[0206] Here, the "resource / channel" may be at least one (or a combination) of the following:

[0207] (Alt1) PUSCH / PUCCH / SRS: Existing signaling / existing transmission schemes may be applied for configuration / scheduling.

[0208] (Alt2) PUSCH / PUCCH / SRS with resource / channel generation scheme configured / indicated through higher layer / physical layer signaling.

[0209] For example, the UE may generate the resource / channel using a specified sequence or a bit sequence (set / instructed initial vector and sequence length) generated by a bit sequence generator (PN generator) of existing specifications.

[0210] The UE may encode and modulate a bit sequence according to the indicated / specified MCS and map the modulated signal to the resources / channels.

[0211] <<Option 2>> In case 1 / 3, the UE may transmit configured / scheduled resources / channels in the processing of activated or indicated functionality / model.

[0212] <<Option 3>> In case 2, the UE may transmit on the configured / scheduled resources / channels using the configured / instructed transmission parameters.

[0213] For example, the UE may be configured with a power boost parameter for the corresponding resource / channel transmission, and may increase the transmission power under a configuration with relaxed requirements on signal quality (according to the requirements on signal quality).

[0214] If a receiver (e.g., NW / UE) applying AI / ML techniques can correct signal distortion, a relaxed (group of) signal quality requirements may be defined by the specification to allow the UE to transmit at higher power.

[0215] According to this embodiment, the UE can appropriately transmit resources for UL monitoring.

[0216] <Supplementary Notes> <<Supplementary Note 1: AI Model Information>> In the present disclosure, AI model information may refer to information including at least one of the following: - Input / output information of an AI model. - Pre-processing / post-processing information for the input / output of an AI model. - Parameter information of an AI model. - Training information for an AI model. - Inference information for an AI model. - Performance information regarding an AI model.

[0217] Here, the input / output information of the AI ​​model may include information on at least one of the following: - Contents of the input / output data (e.g., RSRP, SINR, amplitude / phase information in the channel matrix (or precoding matrix), information on the angle of arrival (Angle of Arrival (AoA)), information on the angle of departure (Angle of Departure (AoD)), location information); - Auxiliary information of the data (which may be called meta-information); - Type of the input / output data (e.g., immutable value, floating-point number); - Bit width of the input / output data (e.g., 64 bits for each input value); - Quantization interval (quantization step size) of the input / output data (e.g., 1 dBm for L1-RSRP); - Range that the input / output data can take (e.g., [0, 1]).

[0218] In the present disclosure, the information on AoA may include information on at least one of an azimuth angle of arrival and a zenith angle of arrival (ZoA). The information on AoD may include information on at least one of an azimuth angle of departure and a zenith angle of departure (ZoD).

[0219] In the present disclosure, location information may be location information related to a UE / NW. The location information may include at least one of information (e.g., latitude, longitude, altitude) obtained using a positioning system (e.g., a satellite positioning system (Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Global Positioning System (GPS), etc.)), information about a BS neighboring (or serving) the UE (e.g., a BS / cell identifier (ID), a BS-UE distance, a direction / angle of the BS (UE) as seen from the UE (BS), coordinates of the BS (UE) as seen from the UE (BS) (e.g., X / Y / Z axis coordinates), etc.), a specific address of the UE (e.g., an Internet Protocol (IP) address), etc. The location information of the UE is not limited to information based on the position of the BS, and may be information based on a specific point.

[0220] The location information may include information about its implementation (e.g., location / position / orientation of antennas, location / orientation of antenna panels, number of antennas, number of antenna panels, etc.).

[0221] The location information may include mobility information, which may include information indicating at least one of information indicating a mobility type, a moving speed of the UE, an acceleration of the UE, and a moving direction of the UE.

[0222] Here, the mobility type may correspond to at least one of a fixed location UE, a movable / moving UE, a no mobility UE, a low mobility UE, a middle mobility UE, a high mobility UE, a cell-edge UE, a not-cell-edge UE, etc.

[0223] In the present disclosure, environmental information (for data) may be information about the environment in which the data is acquired / used, and may correspond to, for example, frequency information (such as a band ID), environmental type information (information indicating at least one of indoor, outdoor, Urban Macro (UMa), Urban Micro (Umi), etc.), information indicating Line Of Site (LOS) / Non-Line Of Site (NLOS), etc.

[0224] Here, LOS may mean that the UE and the BS are in an environment where they can see each other (or there is no obstruction), and NLOS may mean that the UE and the BS are not in an environment where they can see each other (or there is an obstruction). The information indicating LOS / NLOS may indicate a soft value (e.g., the probability of LOS / NLOS) or a hard value (e.g., either LOS or NLOS).

[0225] In the present disclosure, meta-information may mean, for example, information regarding input / output information suitable for an AI model, information regarding acquired / acquirable data, etc. Specifically, meta-information may include information regarding beams of RS (e.g., CSI-RS / SRS / SSB, etc.) (e.g., the pointing angle of each beam, the 3 dB beam width, the shape of the pointed beam, the number of beams), layout information of the gNB / UE antenna, frequency information, environmental information, meta-information ID, etc. Note that meta-information may be used as input / output of the AI ​​model.

[0226] The pre-processing / post-processing information for the input / output of the AI ​​model may include information on at least one of the following: Whether to apply normalization (e.g., Z-score normalization (standardization), min-max normalization); Parameters for normalization (e.g., mean / variance for Z-score normalization, min / max for min-max normalization); Whether to apply a specific numerical conversion method (e.g., one hot encoding, label encoding, etc.); Selection rules for whether to use as training data.

[0227] For example, Z-score normalization (x) is performed as a preprocessing step for input information x. ｎｅｗ = (x - μ) / σ, where μ is the mean of x and σ is the standard deviation) ｎｅｗ may be input to the AI ​​model, and the output y ｏｕｔ may be subjected to post-processing to obtain the final output y.

[0228] The information on the parameters of the AI ​​model may include information on at least one of the following: - Information on weights in the AI ​​model (e.g., neuron coefficients (connection coefficients)); - Structure of the AI ​​model; - Type of the AI ​​model as a model component (e.g., Residual Network (ResNet), DenseNet, RefineNet, Transformer model, CRBlock, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)); - Function of the AI ​​model as a model component (e.g., decoder, encoder).

[0229] Note that the weight information in the AI ​​model may include information on at least one of the following: - Bit width (size) of the weight information; - Quantization interval of the weight information; - Granularity of the weight information; - Range that the weight information can take; - Weight parameters in the AI ​​model; - Information on the difference from the AI ​​model before update (if updating); - Weight initialization method (e.g., zero initialization, random initialization (based on normal distribution / uniform distribution / truncated normal distribution), Xavier initialization (for sigmoid function), He initialization (for rectified linear units (ReLU))).

[0230] The structure of the AI ​​model may also include information about at least one of the following: the number of layers, the type of layer (e.g., convolutional layer, activation layer, dense layer, normalization layer, pooling layer, attention layer), layer information, time series specific parameters (e.g., bidirectionality, time step), parameters for training (e.g., type of function (e.g., L2 regularization, dropout function, etc.), where (e.g., after which layer) to place this function).

[0231] The layer information may include information about at least one of the following: Number of neurons in each layer; Kernel size; Stride for pooling / convolutional layers; Pooling method (MaxPooling, AveragePooling, etc.); Residual block information; Number of heads; Normalization method (Batch normalization, instance normalization, layer normalization, etc.); Activation function (Sigmoid, tanh function, ReLU, leaky ReLU information, Maxout, Softmax).

[0232] An AI model may be included as a component of another AI model, for example, an AI model that includes model component #1, ResNet, model component #2, a Transformer model, a dense layer, and a normalization layer in that order.

[0233] The training information for the AI ​​model may include information about at least one of the following: - Information for the optimization algorithm (e.g., type of optimization (Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)), AdaGrad, Adam, etc.), parameters of the optimization (learning rate, momentum information, etc.); - Information on the loss function (e.g., information on metrics of the loss function (Mean Absolute Error (MAE)), Mean Square Error (MSE), Cross Entropy Loss, NLL Loss, Kullback-Leibler (KL) Divergence, etc.)); - Parameters to be frozen for training (e.g., layers, weights); - Parameters to be updated (e.g., layers, weights); - Parameters to be (used as) initial parameters for training (e.g., layers, weights); - Method of training / updating the AI ​​model (e.g., (recommended) number of epochs, batch size, number of data to use for training).

[0234] The inference information for the AI ​​model may include information regarding decision tree branch pruning, parameter quantization, and functions of the AI ​​model, etc. Here, the functions of the AI ​​model may correspond to at least one of, for example, time domain beam prediction, spatial domain beam prediction, an autoencoder for CSI feedback, and an autoencoder for beam management.

[0235] An autoencoder for CSI feedback may be used as follows: The UE inputs the CSI / channel matrix / precoding matrix into the AI ​​model of the encoder and transmits the encoded bits as CSI feedback (CSI report). The BS inputs the received encoded bits into the AI ​​model of the decoder to reconstruct the CSI / channel matrix / precoding matrix, which is the output.

[0236] In spatial domain beam prediction, the UE / BS may input measurement results (beam quality, e.g., RSRP) based on sparse (or thick) beams into an AI model and output dense (or thin) beam quality.

[0237] In time domain beam prediction, the UE / BS may input time series (past, present, etc.) measurement results (beam quality, e.g., RSRP) into an AI model and output future beam quality.

[0238] The performance information regarding the AI ​​model may include information regarding the expected value of a loss function defined for the AI ​​model.

[0239] The AI ​​model information in the present disclosure may include information regarding the application range (applicable range) of the AI ​​model. The application range may be indicated by a physical cell ID, a serving cell index, etc. The information regarding the application range may be included in the above-mentioned environment information.

[0240] AI model information regarding a specific AI model may be predetermined in a standard or may be notified to a UE from a network (NW). An AI model defined in a standard may be referred to as a reference AI model. AI model information regarding a reference AI model may be referred to as reference AI model information.

[0241] Note that the AI ​​model information in the present disclosure may include an index for identifying the AI ​​model (which may be referred to as, for example, an AI model index, an AI model ID, a model ID, etc.). The AI ​​model information in the present disclosure may include an AI model index in addition to / instead of the input / output information of the AI ​​model described above. The association between the AI ​​model index and the AI ​​model information (for example, input / output information of the AI ​​model) may be predetermined in a standard, or may be notified to the UE from the NW.

[0242] The AI ​​model information in the present disclosure may be associated with an AI model and may be referred to as AI model relevant information, simply relevant information, etc. The AI ​​model relevant information does not need to explicitly include information for identifying the AI ​​model. The AI ​​model relevant information may be information that includes only meta information, for example.

[0243] In the present disclosure, the model ID may be interchangeably read as an ID (model set ID) corresponding to a set of AI models. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, the model ID may be interchangeably read as a meta information ID. The meta information (or the meta information ID) may be associated with information about a beam (beam setting) as described above. For example, the meta information (or the meta information ID) may be used by the UE to select an AI model taking into account which beam the BS is using, or may be used to notify the BS of which beam to use to apply the AI ​​model deployed by the UE. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, the meta information ID may be interchangeably read as an ID (meta information set ID) corresponding to a set of meta information.

[0244] <<Supplementary Note 2: Notification of Information to UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information to the UE (from the NW) (in other words, reception of any information from the BS by the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0245] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) in the MAC subheader, which is not defined in existing standards.

[0246] When the notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

[0247] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0248] <<Supplementary Note 3: Notification of Information from UE>> In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE (to the NW) (in other words, transmission / report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal / channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

[0249] When the notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID, which is not defined in existing standards, in the MAC subheader.

[0250] If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0251] Furthermore, any information in the above-described embodiments may be notified from the UE periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[0252] <<Supplementary Note 4>> In the present disclosure, functionality may refer to a set of parameters (e.g., a set of parameters for CSI prediction / beam prediction / CSI compression) that can be supported based on conditions indicated by UE capabilities.

[0253] The UE may report parameter values ​​related to the functionality / model as conditions to the NW via higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC, MAC CE) / physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI). For example, the UE may report the conditions using UE capability / feature / feature group reporting.

[0254] The UE may report or instruct the parameter values ​​related to the functionality / model as additional conditions to the NW using higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling or methods other than signaling via the air interface of the NW (e.g., operator's configurations, pre-configured messages, etc.).

[0255] The UE may report or be instructed on information / instructions about the parameters corresponding to these additional conditions (e.g., parameter names) as information / instructions about the additional conditions using higher layer signaling / physical layer signaling or methods other than signaling via the air interface of the network (e.g., operator's configurations, pre-configured messages, etc.).

[0256] For example, the UE may report a device ID, a vendor ID, etc. as additional information. The UE may also be notified of a cell ID as an additional condition. The UE may also report or be instructed to report information such as a cell ID / UE ID instead of a parameter name.

[0257] Methods other than signaling via the air interface of the network may be methods related to pre-configuration of the UE (for example, configuration by the UE vendor) or operator configuration provided by the network operator.

[0258] <<Regarding Application of Each Embodiment>> In a UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the above-mentioned embodiments may be applied (used) when one or more of the following conditions are met: - a higher layer parameter indicating the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is configured; - the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on related higher layer parameters; - the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is specified / activated / triggered by a MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS; - a specific UE capability indicating (or related to) the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is reported or supported; - the application of the specific processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0259] The specific UE capabilities may indicate at least one of the following: - Supporting the specific processing / operation / control / assumptions / information; - Supporting specific features / functionality / models; - Supporting waveform transformations [for specific features / functionality / models]; - Supporting metrics used for specific features / functionality / models; - Supporting sequence generators used to generate ground truth [signals / information].

[0260] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), or may be a capability for each frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, a band, a band combination, a BWP, a component carrier, etc.), or may be a capability for each frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), or may be a capability for each subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or may be a capability for each Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

[0261] Furthermore, the specific UE capability may be a capability that is applied to all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be a capability for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) or Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0262] If the above conditions are not met, the UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0263] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplemented with respect to one embodiment (first or second embodiment) of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives information for calculating a monitoring metric for waveform transformation-related functionality or a model; and a control unit that calculates the monitoring metric based on the information. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the control unit calculates an error vector magnitude (EVM) or a constellation distortion vector (CDV) as the monitoring metric. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the information is information about ground truth, and the receiving unit receives notification of the information about the ground truth using a specific bit sequence. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplementary Notes 1 to 3, wherein the control unit, when configured to calculate a distortion level, quantizes a constellation distortion vector (CDV), and, when configured to calculate a distortion type, classifies distortion into a plurality of types.

[0264] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplemented with respect to one embodiment (third embodiment) of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives information for calculating monitoring metrics for waveform transformation-related functionality or models; and a control unit that calculates the monitoring metrics based on the information, wherein the control unit controls reporting of the monitoring metrics according to a type of monitoring. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the monitoring is at least one of link level monitoring and distortion cause monitoring, and wherein, in the case of the distortion cause monitoring involving the link level monitoring, the control unit determines reporting of a first metric for the link level monitoring based on a second metric for the distortion cause monitoring. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein the report includes at least one of an error vector magnitude (EVM) value and a constellation distortion vector (CDV) value. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any one of Supplements 1 to 3, wherein the control unit controls to report whether some resources have been successfully received and used for calculating the monitoring metrics within a set time window.

[0265] (Supplementary Notes) The following inventions are supplementary notes regarding an embodiment (fourth, fifth, and sixth embodiments) of the present disclosure. [Supplementary Note 1] A terminal comprising: a receiver that receives, in configured resources, information for calculating a monitoring metric for waveform transformation-related functionality or a model; and a controller that calculates the monitoring metric based on the information, wherein the configured resources are a downlink shared channel (PDSCH) treated as monitoring resources according to a specific condition, a PDSCH dedicated to monitoring, or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource. [Supplementary Note 2] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1, wherein the controller assumes that the configured resources are transmitted together with the corresponding functionality or model. [Supplementary Note 3] The terminal according to Supplementary Note 1 or Supplementary Note 2, wherein, if the configured resources are PDSCH dedicated to monitoring, the controller assumes that the configured resources are generated by a specific bit sequence. [Supplementary Note 4] The terminal according to any of Supplements 1 to 3, wherein the controller assumes that the configured resources are generated and mapped by encoding and modulating a bit sequence according to a specified modulation and coding scheme (MCS).

[0266] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination thereof.

[0267] 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may be simply referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0268] The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

[0269] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (Master Node (MN)), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (Secondary Node (SN)). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0270] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0271] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are located within the macrocell C1 and form small cells C2 that are smaller than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The location, number, shape, size, etc. of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as the base station 10.

[0272] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize multi-input multi-output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or may be formed by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called, for example, a supercell) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called, for example, subcells). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell with a quasi-static / dynamically variable physical range. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0273] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CCs) and dual connectivity (DC).

[0274] Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). The macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and the small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band higher than 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

[0275] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may perform communication using at least one of time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) in each CC.

[0276] The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), an X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between the base stations 11 and 12, the base station 11 corresponding to the upper station may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and the base station 12 corresponding to the relay station (relay) may be called an IAB node.

[0277] The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 directly or via another base station 10. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), and the like.

[0278] The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). A single network node may provide multiple functions. Communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may also be performed via the DN.

[0279] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

[0280] An Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-based radio access scheme may be used in the wireless communication system 1. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), or the like may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0281] The radio access scheme may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access schemes (e.g., other single-carrier transmission schemes, other multi-carrier transmission schemes) may be used as the UL and DL radio access schemes.

[0282] In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

[0283] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), or the like may be used as an uplink channel.

[0284] The PDSCH transmits user data, higher layer control information, a System Information Block (SIB), etc. The PUSCH may transmit user data, higher layer control information, etc. Furthermore, the PBCH may transmit a Master Information Block (MIB).

[0285] Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

[0286] Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be referred to as a DL assignment, a DL DCI, etc., and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be referred to as a UL grant, a UL DCI, etc. Note that the PDSCH may be replaced with DL data, and the PUSCH may be replaced with UL data.

[0287] A control resource set (CORESET) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to resources for searching for DCI. The search space corresponds to a search region and a search method for PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

[0288] One search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," "CORESET configuration," and the like in the present disclosure may be read interchangeably.

[0289] The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

[0290] In the present disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

[0291] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

[0292] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for the PBCH) may be referred to as an SS / PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), or the like. Note that the SS, SSB, and the like may also be referred to as a reference signal.

[0293] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or the like may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific reference signal).

[0294] (Base Station) Fig. 8 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the base station may include one or more of each of the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140.

[0295] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0296] The control unit 110 performs overall control of the base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, and the like that are explained based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0297] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing (setting up, releasing, etc.) of communication channels, status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

[0298] The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0299] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be configured from a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be configured from a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may be configured from a reception processing unit 1212, the RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

[0300] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0301] The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0302] The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0303] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 110, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0304] The transmitter / receiver unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0305] The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

[0306] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

[0307] The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, thereby acquiring user data, etc.

[0308] The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0309] The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0310] The transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving section 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

[0311] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a radio unit (RU), a distributed unit (DU), and a central unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level functions of the physical layer (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level functions of the physical layer (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement the functions of the PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer.

[0312] In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may include a single device that realizes all of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU, or may include multiple devices that each realize some of the functions of the RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In the present disclosure, the base station 10 may be interchangeably read as RU / DU / CU.

[0313] The transceiver 120 may transmit information for calculating monitoring metrics for waveform transformation-related functionality or models, and the controller 110 may control the generation of the information.

[0314] The control unit 110 may control the reception of the monitoring metrics reported from the terminal depending on the type of monitoring.

[0315] The transceiver 120 may transmit information for calculating monitoring metrics for waveform transformation-related functionality or models in configured resources. The controller 110 may control generation of the information. The configured resources may be a downlink shared channel (PDSCH) treated as a monitoring resource according to specific conditions, a PDSCH dedicated for monitoring, or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource.

[0316] (User Terminal) Fig. 9 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the user terminal 20 may include one or more of each of the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230.

[0317] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of the present embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each unit described below may be omitted.

[0318] The control unit 210 performs overall control of the user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

[0319] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception, measurement, etc. using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

[0320] The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be configured with a transmitter / receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on common understanding in the technical field related to the present disclosure.

[0321] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

[0322] The transmitting / receiving antenna 230 can be configured from an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates, such as an array antenna.

[0323] The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0324] The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and the receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like.

[0325] The transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data, control information, etc. obtained from the control unit 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

[0326] The transmitter / receiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

[0327] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the setting of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the transmission processing to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and if not, it may not be necessary to perform DFT processing as the transmission processing.

[0328] The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc. on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

[0329] On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

[0330] The transceiver unit 220 (reception processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

[0331] The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0332] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on the channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on the interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of an NZP CSI-RS resource for interference measurement, a CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resource, etc. Note that CSI-IM may be referred to as CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. Note that in the present disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be interchangeably read as interchangeable.

[0333] The transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in the present disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0334] The transceiver unit 220 may receive information for calculating a monitoring metric for a waveform transformation-related functionality or model. The control unit 210 may calculate the monitoring metric based on the information. The control unit 210 may calculate an error vector magnitude (EVM) or a constellation distortion vector (CDV) as the monitoring metric. The information may be information about ground truth. The transceiver unit 220 may receive notification of the information about the ground truth using a specific bit sequence. If the control unit 210 is configured to calculate a distortion level, the control unit 210 may quantize the constellation distortion vector (CDV). If the control unit 210 is configured to calculate a distortion type, the control unit 210 may classify the distortion into multiple types.

[0335] The control unit 210 may control reporting of the monitoring metrics according to the type of monitoring. The monitoring may be at least one of link-level monitoring and distortion cause monitoring. In the case of the distortion cause monitoring accompanied by the link-level monitoring, the control unit 210 may determine reporting of a first metric for the link-level monitoring based on a second metric for the distortion cause monitoring. The report may include at least one of an error vector magnitude (EVM) value and a constellation distortion vector (CDV) value. The control unit 210 may control reporting of whether some resources have been successfully received and used for calculating the monitoring metrics within a set time window.

[0336] The transceiver 220 may receive information for calculating monitoring metrics for waveform transformation-related functionality or models in configured resources. The control unit 210 may calculate the monitoring metrics based on the information. The configured resources may be a downlink shared channel (PDSCH) treated as a monitoring resource according to specific conditions, a PDSCH dedicated to monitoring, or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) resource. The control unit 210 may assume that the configured resources are transmitted along with the corresponding functionality or model. If the configured resources are PDSCH dedicated to monitoring, the control unit may assume that the configured resources are generated by a specific bit sequence. The control unit 210 may assume that the configured resources are generated and mapped by encoding and modulating a bit sequence according to a specified modulation and coding scheme (MCS).

[0337] (Hardware Configuration) Note that the block diagrams used to explain the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method for realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using a single device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.) and these multiple devices. The functional block may be realized by combining software with the single device or the multiple devices.

[0338] Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, election, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs transmission may be called a transmitting unit, transmitter, etc. As described above, the implementation method of each is not particularly limited.

[0339] For example, a base station, a user terminal, or the like according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. The above-described base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, and the like.

[0340] In the present disclosure, the terms apparatus, circuit, device, section, unit, etc. may be used interchangeably. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the drawings, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

[0341] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, serially, or in other ways. Furthermore, processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

[0342] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading specified software (programs) onto hardware such as a processor 1001 and a memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communication via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and the storage 1003.

[0343] The processor 1001, for example, runs an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, a register, etc. For example, at least a part of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transceiver unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

[0344] The processor 1001 also reads programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes in accordance with these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above-described embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and the other functional blocks may be implemented in a similar manner.

[0345] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be configured by at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EEPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be referred to as a register, cache, main memory, etc. The memory 1002 may store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0346] Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disc (e.g., a Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disc, a Blu-ray disc), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

[0347] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmission / reception device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, or a communication module. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmission / reception unit 120 (220), transmission / reception antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmission / reception unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmission unit 120a (220a) and a reception unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

[0348] The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a light emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that outputs to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one device (e.g., a touch panel).

[0349] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and the memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

[0350] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using this hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

[0351] In addition, the devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be realized by the above-mentioned functional block / hardware configuration.

[0352] (Modifications) Note that terms described in the present disclosure and terms necessary for understanding the present disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may also be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc. depending on the applicable standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0353] A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0354] Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter applied to at least one of transmission and reception of a signal or channel, and may indicate at least one of, for example, Subcarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame structure, specific filtering performed by a transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing performed by a transceiver in the time domain.

[0355] A slot may be composed of one or more symbols (such as an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbol or a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbol) in the time domain. A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

[0356] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0357] A radio frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol all represent time units for transmitting signals. The radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol may be referred to by other names corresponding to the radio frame, the subframe, the slot, the minislot, and the symbol. Note that the time units such as a frame, a subframe, a slot, a minislot, and a symbol in the present disclosure may be interchangeable.

[0358] For example, one subframe may be referred to as a TTI, or multiple consecutive subframes may be referred to as a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be referred to as a TTI. That is, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (for example, 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc. instead of a subframe.

[0359] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station performs scheduling to allocate radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) to each user terminal in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0360] The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-encoded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) to which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0361] When one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit for scheduling. Also, the number of slots (minislots) constituting the minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0362] A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a regular TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, regular subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a regular TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

[0363] In addition, a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and greater than or equal to 1 ms.

[0364] A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and the frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

[0365] In addition, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may have a length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI, each of which may be composed of one or more resource blocks.

[0366] In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

[0367] Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource region of one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0368] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by their index relative to a Common Reference Point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

[0369] The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

[0370] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal / channel outside the active BWP. Note that the terms "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

[0371] The above-described structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, symbols, etc. are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, the cyclic prefix (CP) length, etc. may be changed in various ways.

[0372] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc. described in the present disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, may be expressed using relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or may be expressed using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0373] The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting in any way. Furthermore, the mathematical expressions and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and therefore the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not intended to be limiting in any way.

[0374] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0375] Furthermore, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and / or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input / output via multiple network nodes.

[0376] Input and output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (for example, memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input and output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

[0377] With respect to any information (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) described in the present disclosure, even if not specifically stated in the above embodiments, any first device (e.g., UE / base station) may notify any second device (e.g., base station / UE) of information indicating / specifying (or relating to) the value of the any information.

[0378] The notification of information is not limited to the aspects / embodiments described in the present disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in the present disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0379] Note that the physical layer signaling may be referred to as Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. Furthermore, the RRC signaling may be referred to as an RRC message, such as an RRC Connection Setup message or an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message. Furthermore, the MAC signaling may be notified using, for example, a MAC Control Element (CE).

[0380] Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "it is X") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be made implicitly (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

[0381] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a Boolean value represented by true or false, or by a comparison of numerical values ​​(e.g., comparison with a predetermined value).

[0382] Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0383] Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted or received over a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and / or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave), these wired and / or wireless technologies are included within the definition of transmission media.

[0384] As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. A "network" may refer to devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0385] In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding," "precoder," "weight (precoding weight)," "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)," "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)," "spatial relation," "spatial domain filter," "transmit power," "phase rotation," "antenna port," "layer," "number of layers," "rank," "resource," "resource set," "beam," "beam width," "beam angle," "antenna," "antenna element," "panel," "UE panel," "transmitting entity," "receiving entity," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0386] In the present disclosure, the term "antenna port" may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal / channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the term "resource" may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal / channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time / frequency / code / space / power resources. Furthermore, the spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

[0387] The group may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, and the like.

[0388] In addition, in the present disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable terms.

[0389] In addition, in the present disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0390] Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) property," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interchangeable.

[0391] In the present disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interchangeable. In the present disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, and subset may be interchangeable.

[0392] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. The "spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable with "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. The TCI state and the TCI may be interchangeable. The spatial relationship information and the spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

[0393] In the present disclosure, terms such as "base station (BS)," "radio base station," "fixed station," "NodeB," "eNB (eNodeB)," "gNB (gNodeB)," "access point," "transmission point (TP)," "reception point (RP)," "transmission / reception point (TRP)," "panel," "cell," "sector," "cell group," "carrier," "component carrier," etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

[0394] A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the overall coverage area of ​​the base station can be partitioned into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can be provided with communication service by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms "cell" or "sector" refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​a base station and / or base station subsystem that provides communication service within that coverage.

[0395] In the present disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control / operate based on the information.

[0396] In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," "terminal," etc. may be used interchangeably.

[0397] A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

[0398] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0399] The mobile body is a movable object that can move at any speed and naturally includes cases where the mobile body is stationary. Examples of the mobile body include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcars, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted thereon. The mobile body may also be a mobile body that moves autonomously based on an operation command.

[0400] The mobile object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned mobile object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0401] 11 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0402] The drive unit 41 is configured with at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by a user.

[0403] The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (for example, an input / output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0404] The signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the current of the motor, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 obtained by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal obtained by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal obtained by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 obtained by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 obtained by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 obtained by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. obtained by an object detection sensor 58.

[0405] The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, an audio system, speakers, a display, a television, and a radio, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs for controlling these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60 or the like to provide various information / services (e.g., multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0406] The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., keyboards, mice, microphones, switches, buttons, sensors, touch panels, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., displays, speakers, LED lamps, touch panels, etc.) that output to the outside.

[0407] The driving assistance system unit 64 includes various devices for providing functions to prevent accidents and reduce the driver's driving burden, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), Inertial Navigation Systems (INSs)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driving assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0408] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to and from the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58, which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0409] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Furthermore, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 described above (or may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0410] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of signals from the above-mentioned various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above-mentioned input.

[0411] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, traffic signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH received by the communication module 60 (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH)).

[0412] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided in the vehicle 40.

[0413] Furthermore, a base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, the aspects / embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D) or Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, terms such as an uplink channel and a downlink channel may be read as a sidelink channel.

[0414] Similarly, the user terminal in the present disclosure may be read as a base station, in which case the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

[0415] In the present disclosure, an operation described as being performed by a base station may be performed by its upper node in some cases. It is apparent that in a network including one or more network nodes having a base station, various operations performed for communication with a terminal may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving-Gateway (S-GW), etc.), or a combination thereof.

[0416] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched depending on the implementation. Furthermore, the order of the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc. of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be changed unless inconsistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps using an example order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

[0417] Each aspect / embodiment described in the present disclosure may be a technology other than Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal number)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.17 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.19 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.21 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.22 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.23 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.24 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.25 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.26 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.27 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.28 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.29 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.30 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.31 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.32 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.33 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802. The present invention may be applied to systems that use IEEE 802.20, Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), or other suitable wireless communication methods, or to next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. Furthermore, the present invention may be applied to a combination of multiple systems (e.g., a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0418] As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

[0419] As used in this disclosure, any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc. does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must in some way precede the second element.

[0420] The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking up in a table, database, or another data structure), ascertaining, etc.

[0421] Additionally, "determining" may be considered to be "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory), etc.

[0422] Furthermore, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "determination" may be considered to be "determining" some kind of action. In the present disclosure, "determination" may be read interchangeably with the above-mentioned actions.

[0423] Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine / determining" may be interchangeably read as "assume / assuming," "expect / expecting," "consider / considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interchangeably read as "assumes not to do...."

[0424] In the present disclosure, "expect" may be interchangeably read as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." ("..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be interchangeably read as "be expected ..." or "do ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. "does not expect ..." may be interchangeably read as "be not expected ..." or "does not ... (if the above "..." is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to")," etc. Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be interchangeably read as "an apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0425] The "maximum transmit power" in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0426] As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected," "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

[0427] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, etc., as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

[0428] In the present disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "coupled" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

[0429] When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Furthermore, when the term "or" is used in this disclosure, it is not intended to be an exclusive or.

[0430] In this disclosure, where articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, the disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are in the plural form.

[0431] In the present disclosure, terms such as "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than," "more than," "equal to," etc. may be interchangeable. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative. Furthermore, in the present disclosure, terms meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "fast," "slow," "wide," "narrow," etc. may be interchangeable, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative, as expressions with "i-th" (i is an arbitrary integer) attached (for example, "highest" may be interchangeable with "i-th highest").

[0432] In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0433] In the present disclosure, terms such as "when A, B," "if A, (then) B," "B upon A," "B in response to A," "B based on A," "B during / while A," "B before A," "B at (the same time as) / on A," "B after A," "B since A," and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Note that A, B, and the like herein may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and regular sentences, depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). A time offset may also be applied to the time at which A occurs. For example, "A" may be interchangeable with "before / after a time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (eg, one or more symbols / slots) may be predefined or may be specified by the UE based on signaled information.

[0434] In the present disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be read interchangeably.

[0435] Although the invention according to the present disclosure has been described in detail above, it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention according to the present disclosure is not limited to the embodiments described in the present disclosure. The description of the present disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and does not impose any limiting meaning on the invention according to the present disclosure.

Claims

1. A terminal comprising: a receiving unit that receives information for calculating monitoring metrics for a functionality or model related to waveform conversion; and a control unit that calculates the monitoring metrics based on the information, wherein the control unit controls reporting of the monitoring metrics according to a type of monitoring.

2. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the monitoring is at least one of link level monitoring and distortion cause monitoring, and in the case of the distortion cause monitoring accompanied by the link level monitoring, the control unit determines reporting of a first metric for the link level monitoring based on a second metric for the distortion cause monitoring.

3. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the reporting includes at least one of an error vector magnitude (EVM) value and a constellation distortion vector (CDV) value.

4. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit controls to report whether some resources are normally received and used for calculation of the monitoring metrics within a set time window.

5. A wireless communication method of a terminal, comprising: receiving information for calculating monitoring metrics for a functionality or model related to waveform conversion; calculating the monitoring metrics based on the information; and controlling reporting of the monitoring metrics according to a type of monitoring.

6. A base station comprising: a transmitting unit that transmits information for calculating monitoring metrics for a functionality or model related to waveform conversion; a control unit that controls generation of the information, wherein the control unit controls reception of the monitoring metrics reported from a terminal according to a type of monitoring.

Images