Devices, methods, and medium for communication
By configuring frequency hopping and bandwidth adjustments for SRS transmissions, the solution optimizes SRS resource use in AI/ML-based positioning, reducing redundancy and enhancing accuracy while minimizing overhead.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/074324
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
AI Technical Summary
Existing positioning methods in 3GPP standards face challenges in efficiently utilizing sounding reference signals (SRS) for accurate user equipment (UE) location, particularly in scenarios where AI/ML-based positioning is employed, leading to redundant SRS transmissions and increased overhead.
The solution involves configuring terminal and network devices to utilize frequency hopping parameters and bandwidth adjustments for SRS transmissions, allowing for efficient resource management by muting or adjusting SRS based on AI/ML model requirements, thereby optimizing SRS usage for accurate positioning.
This approach reduces redundant SRS transmissions, minimizes overhead, and enhances positioning accuracy by aligning SRS resource allocation with the specific needs of AI/ML models, ensuring efficient data collection for training and monitoring.
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Figure CN2024074324_31072025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES, METHODS, AND MEDIUM FOR COMMUNICATIONFIELD
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices, methods, and a computer readable medium for communication.BACKGROUND
[0002] Supporting various positioning methods to provide reliable, timely and accurate user equipment (UE) location is one of the key features of the third generation partnership project (3GPP) standard. It has been agreed to investigate the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) in air interface to improve comprehensive performance in 5G-adcanced. AI / ML based mechanism to improve the positioning accuracy is one of the use cases to apply AI / ML in air interface.
[0003] Positioning related reference signals include sounding reference signals (SRSs) from a terminal device. The SRS are normally configured as periodic or semi-persistent, in this case, how to use the SRSs for positioning in a more efficient way is needed to be studied.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, methods, and a computer storage medium for communication.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters; receive, from the network device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; and transmit, to the network device, at least one SRS based on the indication.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the network device at least to: transmit, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters; transmit, to the terminal device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; and receive, from the terminal device, at least one SRS based on the frequency hopping parameter.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0; in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determine to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; and transmit, to the network device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the network device at least to: transmit, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0; in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determine to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; and receive, from the terminal device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a terminal device. The method comprises: receiving, at the terminal device from a network device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters; receiving, from the network device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; and transmitting, to the network device, at least one SRS based on the indication.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a network device. The method comprises: transmitting, at the network device to a terminal device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters; transmitting, to the terminal device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; and receiving, from the terminal device, at least one SRS based on the frequency hopping parameter.
[0011] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a terminal device. The method comprises: receiving, at the terminal device from a network device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0; in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determining to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; and transmitting, to the network device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a network device. The method comprises: transmitting, at the network device to a terminal device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0; in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determining to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; and receiving, from the terminal device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, causing the at least one processor to carry out the method according to any one of the fifth to eighth aspects above.
[0014] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0015] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0016] FIG. 1 an example communication network in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0017] FIG. 2 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating a communication process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0018] FIG. 3A illustrates an example schematic of a bandwidth for SRS in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0019] FIG. 3B illustrates an example schematic of a time for applying indicated frequency hopping parameter in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0020] FIG. 3C illustrates an example schematic of bandwidths for multiple SRSs in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIGS. 3D-3E illustrate example schematics of bandwidths for multiple SRSs in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 4 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating another communication process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 5 illustrates an example schematic of muted SRSs in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0028] FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0029] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0031] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0032] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0033] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0034] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0035] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0036] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards or technologies, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Divided Multiple Address (CDMA) , Frequency Divided Multiple Address (FDMA) , Time Divided Multiple Address (TDMA) , Frequency Divided Duplexer (FDD) , Time Divided Duplexer (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Divided Multiple Access (OFDMA) , cdma2000, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, beyond 5G (B5G) , the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. The techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radio technologies. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0037] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, device on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also be incorporated one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0038] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a satellite, an unmanned aerial systems (UAS) platform, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0039] In one embodiment, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node (MN) and the other one may be a secondary node (SN) . The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In one embodiment, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In one embodiment, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device and the second network device. In one embodiment, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In one embodiment, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0040] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0041] The terminal device or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g. frequency range 1 (FR1) (410 MHz –7125 MHz) , frequency range 2 (FR2) (24.25GHz to 71GHz) , frequency band larger than 100GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network device under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0042] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, or channel emulator.
[0043] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or 6G networks.
[0044] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0045] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “includes” and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean “includes, but is not limited to. ” The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on. ” The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment. ” The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment. ” The terms “first, ” “second, ” and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0046] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0047] The terminal device or the network device may have AI or ML capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0048] As used herein, a model may be equivalent to at least one of the following: an AI / ML model, an ML model, an AI model, a data-driven, a data processing model, an algorithm, a functionality, a procedure, a process, an entity, a function, a feature, a feature group, a model identifier (ID) , an ID, a functionality ID, a configuration ID, a scenario ID, a site ID, or a dataset ID. As a result, the above terms may be used interchangeably.
[0049] In some embodiments, the model may be represented by or associated with a channel, a resource, a resource set, a reference signal (RS) resource, an RS resource set, an RS port, a set of RS ports, an RS port ID, or a set of RS port IDs.
[0050] In some embodiments, the model may comprise a set of weights values that may be learned during training, e.g. for a specific architecture or configuration, where a set of weights values may also be called a parameter set.
[0051] In some embodiments, the model may be used to predict a target cell, or measurements of a set of beams of a set of candidate cells in future based on at least historical measurements (e.g., layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) , L1-signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) ) of a set of beams of a set of candidate cells.
[0052] In some embodiments, an input of the AI / ML model (i.e., AI input) may refer to the input of a model and indicate data inputted into the model, which may be equivalent to data.
[0053] In some embodiments, an output of AI / ML model (i.e., AI output) may refers to the output of a model and indicate result (s) outputted by the model, which is equivalent to label / data.
[0054] In some embodiments, “ground truth” , “ground truth label” , “ground truth label of data” , “input label” , “input data” and “data” can be used interchangeably.
[0055] In some embodiments, a ground truth label of data (or ground-truth label) for monitoring or training the ML model (i.e., AI output) may refers to the authoritative, accepted data, or true answer or outcome for AI / ML model.
[0056] In some embodiments, the ground truth can be interpreted as actual / factual (i.e. actual / factual measured) data / values / results / collections / parameters, which can be used as reference, compared to prediction or inference.
[0057] AI / ML techniques play a significant role in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of positioning, which is particularly useful in indoor environments where global position system (GPS) signals might be weak or unavailable.
[0058] An AI / ML model may be deployed at a terminal device (such as a UE) , a network device (such as one or more gNBs or transmission reception points (TRPs) ) , or a core network entity (such as a location management function (LMF) ) . The AI / ML model may be used for positioning, e.g. determining a positon (or location) of a UE. Some cases (case 1, case 2b, and case 3b below) are discussed as direct AI / ML positioning, and some other cases (case 2a, and case 3a below) are discussed as AI / ML assisted positioning:
[0059] · (1st priority) Case 1: UE-based positioning with UE-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0060] · (2nd priority) Case 2b: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with LMF-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0061] · (1st priority) Case 3b: NG-RAN node assisted positioning with LMF-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0062] · (2nd priority) Case 2a: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with UE-side model, AI / ML assisted positioning.
[0063] · (1st priority) Case 3a: NG-RAN node assisted positioning with gNB-side model, AI / ML assisted positioning.
[0064] Regarding data collection for AI / ML model training for AI / ML based positioning, AI / ML model inference, or AI / ML model monitoring and update, the configuration of reference signals should be considered and studied.
[0065] Positioning related reference signals include positioning reference signals (PRSs) for downlink (DL) positioning and SRSs for uplink (UL) positioning. Take SRS for example, an SRS resource is configured by the SRS-Resource information element (IE) or SRS-PosResource IE, and a higher-layer parameter resourceType indicates that the SRS resource is configured as periodic or semi-persistent.
[0066] However, if the AI / ML model for positioning is activated after the activation of periodic / semi-persistent SRS, some part of the transmission of SRS may be redundant. Besides, different reliabilities of ground truths may be needed for different stages in a life cycle management (LCM) of an AI / ML model or for different models. Thus, an adjustment for SRS transmission may be needed for the AI / ML model if periodic or semi-persistent SRSs are configured.
[0067] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of communication. In the solution, a terminal device may receive a configuration indicating positioning resources for SRSs which includes a set of frequency hopping parameters. The terminal device may further receive an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of the frequency hopping parameters from a network device, and thus at least one SRS may be transmitted based on the indication. As such, a bandwidth for the at least one SRS may be determined based on the indicated frequency hopping parameter. For example, the bandwidth may be narrowed, and thus a muting mechanism for SRS may be applied, or if the bandwidth of the SRS is indicated as 0, the SRS will not be transmitted. Therefore, the transmission resources for SRSs may be saved without a side effect on the AI / ML model. Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0068] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication network 100 in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The communication network 100 may also be called as a network environment, a network system, a communication environment, a communication system, or the like, the present disclosure does not limit this aspect. The communication network 100 includes a terminal device 110, multiple network devices 120-1 to 120-M, and an LMF 130. It should be appreciated that the LMF 130 may be located in the access network or in a core network.
[0069] The multiple network devices 120-1 to 120-M (M is a positive integer, e.g. M=3) may be separately or collectively be referred to as a network device 120, which may be a gNB or a TRP.
[0070] In the communication network 100, the network device 120 can communicate / transmit data and control information to the terminal device 110, and the terminal device 110 can also communicate / transmit data and control information to the network device 120. A link from the network device 120 to the terminal device 110 is referred to as a downlink (DL) , while a link from the terminal device 110 to the network device 120 is referred to as an uplink (UL) . DL may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) . UL may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . As used herein, the term “channel” may refer to a carrier or a part of a carrier consisting of a contiguous set of resource blocks (RBs) on which a channel access procedure is performed in shared spectrum.
[0071] In the communication network 100, the terminal device 110 can communicate with the LMF 130 according to any proper communication protocol, such as an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) . In the communication network 100, the network device 120 can communicate with the LMF 130 according to any proper communication protocol, such as an NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) . It is to be understood that other protocol may also be applied and will not be listed herein.
[0072] Embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to any suitable scenarios. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented at reduced capability NR devices. Alternatively, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in one of the followings: NR multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) , NR sidelink enhancements, NR systems with frequency above 52.6GHz, an extending NR operation up to 71GHz, narrow band-Internet of Thing (NB-IOT) / enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC) over non-terrestrial networks (NTN) , NTN, UE power saving enhancements, NR coverage enhancement, NB-IoT and LTE-MTC, Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , NR Multicast and Broadcast Services, or enhancements on Multi-Radio Dual-Connectivity.
[0073] It is to be understood that the numbers of devices (i.e., the terminal devices 110 and the network device 120) and their connection relationships and types shown in FIG. 1 are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication network 100 may include any suitable numbers of devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0074] As mentioned above, different AI / ML models for positioning may require different accuracies for different scenarios. If an SRS is used for data collection for model training or model monitoring, a single SRS resource may not enough for collecting ground truths with different reliabilities, in this case, multiple SRS resources may be needed for collecting ground truths. However, the overhead for multiple SRS resources may be increased as the number of the multiple SRS resources increases, in this event, a mechanism for reducing resources may be needed.
[0075] Reference is further made to FIG. 2, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 200 may involve a terminal device 110 and a network device 120 as shown in FIG. 1. It would be appreciated that the process 200 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0076] In the process 200, the network device 120 transmits a configuration indicating positioning resources for SRS to the terminal device 110 at 210. In some implementations, the configuration may be indicated by an IE “SRS-PoSResource” . In some implementations, the configuration may be transmitted via RRC signalling or an RRC message.
[0077] In some implementations, the configuration may include a set of frequency hopping parameters, which may be a set of RRC parameters. The set of frequency hopping parameters may include multiple frequency hopping parameters, each of which may be represented as c-SRS. For example, the set of frequency hopping parameters may be represented as a c-SRS set.
[0078] In some example embodiments, the set of frequency hopping parameters may include multiple values, e.g. some values in the set of {0, 1, …, 63} .
[0079] In some instances, for SRSs with semi-persistent or periodic configuration, the network device 120 may configure a set of c-SRS contained in SRS-PosResource for the terminal device 110. In some instances, in case the network device 120 does not configure c-SRS to the terminal device 110, then the set of c-SRS may be a default value (such as 0) , or may be a total set of preconfigured c-SRS (such as a set of {0, 1, …, 63} ) , or may be a default subset of the total set.
[0080] In some example embodiments, the configuration may further include a repetition number for a specific c-SRS, for example, the repetition number may be represented as r. Detailed embodiments related to the repetition number may refer to some implementations below.
[0081] In the process 200, the network device 120 transmits an indication to the terminal device 110 at 210, where the indication may indicate one frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters.
[0082] In some implementations, the indication may be carried in a MAC CE or in a DCI. In some implementations, the indicated frequency hopping parameter may be a specific value of c-SRS.
[0083] In addition or alternatively, the network device 120 may determine the frequency hopping parameter before transmitting the indication. In some example embodiments, there may be a model deployed at the network device 120, and the network device 120 may determine the frequency hopping parameter based on a model accuracy of the model deployed at the network device 120, that is, the frequency hopping parameter may be determined by the network device 120 directly.
[0084] In some other example embodiments, the LMF 130 may determine the frequency hopping parameter, e.g. based on models deployed at multiple TRPs, and the LMF 130 may transmit information about the frequency hopping parameter to the network device 120 via NRPPa message. In some examples, the network device 120 may generate the indication based on the information from the LMF 130.
[0085] In some other example embodiments, a further device (such as another TRP or the terminal device 110) may have a deployed model. The further device (such as another TRP or the terminal device 110) may select a specific frequency hopping parameter based on a model accuracy of the model deployed at the further device, and the further device (such as another TRP or the terminal device 110) may transmit information about the frequency hopping parameter to the network device 120. In some examples, the network device 120 may determine the frequency hopping parameter based on the information from the further device (such as another TRP or the terminal device 110) . For example, the determined frequency hopping parameter may be the same as or may be different from the specific frequency hopping parameter. For example, the information from the terminal device 110 may be an indicator (such as an index) of the specific frequency hopping parameter in the configuration.
[0086] Alternatively, the terminal device 110 may determine a first bandwidth for a transmission of SRS based on the indication, i.e. the frequency hopping parameter. The terminal device 110 may further change (or adjust) the bandwidth for SRS transmission. In some implementations, the terminal device 110 may change the bandwidth from a second bandwidth to the first bandwidth, for example, the second bandwidth is a bandwidth for transmitting SRSs before receiving the indication. As shown in FIG. 2, the terminal device 110 may perform a bandwidth adjustment at 225, for example, the terminal device 110 may apply the first bandwidth for following SRS transmissions.
[0087] It is understood that with a smaller value of c-SRS at least for positioning SRS, the first bandwidth may be narrow, that is the SRS has a smaller bandwidth, which may result the accuracy of the model for positioning is lower as the reliability of ground truths for training / monitoring data is lower relatively. However, the overhead of SRS is low relatively. In some examples, if the first bandwidth is narrow, then some part of resources within the SRS resource set may be selected for SRS transmission while other resources may be muted, that is, a muting operation may be implemented and remaining resources within the SRS resource set can be used for SRS transmission.
[0088] It is understood that with a larger value of c-SRS at least for positioning SRS, the first bandwidth may be wide, that is the SRS has a larger bandwidth, which may result the accuracy of the model for positioning is higher as the reliability of ground truths for training / monitoring data is higher relatively. However, the overhead of SRS is high relatively.
[0089] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 transmits at least one SRS at 230. In some implementations, the at least one SRS is transmitted based on the indication, e.g. based on the first bandwidth. In some example embodiments, the terminal device 110 may apply the first bandwidth for the transmission of the at least one SRS.
[0090] In some example embodiments, the first bandwidth may be narrower than the second bandwidth. FIG. 3A illustrates an example schematic of a bandwidth 310 for SRS in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3A, a second bandwidth is used for the X-th transmission of the SRS, the first bandwidth is used for the (X+1) -th transmission of the SRS, and the first bandwidth is narrower than the second bandwidth.
[0091] In some implementations, the terminal device 110 may determine to apply the first bandwidth (i.e. the indication or the indicated frequency hopping parameter) from a specific time point. In some example embodiments, the specific time point may be a time offset after a time when receiving the indication, that is, the first bandwidth is not applied immediately after receiving the indication but after a time offset. For example, the time offset is determined based on a time duration for preparing the at least one SRS. In some examples, the time offset may be a timeline which may be represented as k. In some examples, the time offset may be a SRS preparation time which may equal to a PUSCH preparation time.
[0092] FIG. 3B illustrates an example schematic of a time 320 for applying indicated frequency hopping parameter in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is assumed that a c-SRS (such as c-SRS 1) is applied while an indication is received. As shown in FIG. 3B, the terminal device 110 receives the indication at 322 in slot n, where the indication indicates a new c-SRS such as c-SRS 2; and the terminal device 110 may apply the new c-SRS (c-SRS 2) at 324. Specifically, the terminal device 110 will not change the bandwidth of SRS for the subsequent transmission until the time after n+k slot, where k is the timeline for the terminal device 110 applying the new c-SRS (c-SRS 2) . For example, the timeline k is depending on a UL SRS preparation procedure time, which may be the same as a PUSCH preparation time. Thus, the SRSs 321, 323, and 325 transmitted before the time 324 should apply the previous c-SRS (c-SRS 1) , and the SRSs 326 and 328 transmitted after the time 324 should apply the new c-SRS (c-SRS 2) .
[0093] In some implementations, when changing the bandwidth for SRS, some resources may be released, for example, the first bandwidth is narrower than the second bandwidth. In some implementations, the released resources may be used for further transmission. As such, the resource may be utilized in a more efficient way.
[0094] In some examples, the released resources may be re-scheduled by the network device 120 for other UL transmissions, such as PUSCH / PUCCH with a hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgement (ACK) or a scheduling request (SR) . In some examples, the released resources may be re-scheduled by the network device 120 for other DL transmissions, such as PDSCH / PDCCH with HARQ-ACK or SR. In some examples, the released resources may be re-scheduled by the network device 120 for other SRS resource transmission for the same terminal device 110. In some examples, the released resources may be re-scheduled by the network device 120 as other SRS resources for one or more further terminal devices, for example, the released resources may be FDMed by the one or more further terminal devices.
[0095] In some other implementations, the bandwidth may be further changed after a period. In some examples, another c-SRS may be used after the period.
[0096] For example, if the terminal device 110 determines the value of c-SRS is 10 for the n-th transmission of SRS, and determines the value of c-SRS is 11 for the (n+t) -th transmission of SRS. The value of c-SRS may be represented as CSRS, and it is determined that mSRS, 0=36 for CSRS=10 and mSRS, 0=40 for CSRS=11 according to SRS bandwidth configuration. Then the SRS bandwidth from the n-th transmission to the (n+t-1) -th transmission is:
[0097] where is a number of physical blocks (RBs) associated with a subcarrier spacing, and KTC is a transmission comb parameter. The SRS bandwidth for the (n+t) -th transmission is:
[0098] FIG. 3C illustrates an example schematic of bandwidths 330 for multiple SRSs in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 3C, the bandwidth for each of the n-th transmission to the (n+t-1) -th transmission is and the bandwidth for the (n+t) -th transmission is
[0099] In some other example implementations, the terminal device 110 may determine the frequency hopping parameter for a specific SRS based at least on the repetition number of specific c-SRS, e.g. that included in the configuration. For example, the repetition number is represented as r.
[0100] In some examples, the set of frequency hopping parameters may include multiple frequency hopping parameters with corresponding indexes, for example, the indexes may be in an increasing order. For example, a number of the multiple frequency hopping parameters may be represented as N, which is an integer.
[0101] In some example embodiments, the indication from the network device 120 may include a repetition number, which is used to determine the frequency hopping parameter. That is, the indication may implicitly indicate the frequency hopping parameter, e.g. for a specific SRS with an SRS counter (represented as nSRS) .
[0102] In some examples, the terminal device 110 may determine that an index of the frequency hopping parameter is i, e.g. according to the following equation:
[0103] where, nSRS is the SRS counter which is associated with the specific SRS, e.g. given in clause 6.4.1.4.3 in 3GPP TS 38.211. N is the number of frequency hopping parameters (c-SRS) in the set of frequency hopping parameters, in some examples, if the network device 120 does not configure c-SRS to the terminal device 110, then N=1. r is the repetition number of a specific frequency hopping parameter (c-SRS) in the set of frequency hopping parameters, which is configured as an RRC parameter contained in SRS-PosResource, in some examples, if the configuration does not include r, then r=1.
[0104] In addition, the terminal device 110 may determine a first bandwidth based on the frequency hopping parameter (e.g., the index i) and further transmit the specific SRS by applying the first bandwidth.
[0105] For example, if the terminal device 110 is configured with a c-SRS set as {6, 8, 10} , and a repetition number is indicated as 2, the terminal device 110 may determine that N=3 and r=2. For SRS transmissions from the 80-th transmission (i.e. nSRS=80) , the value i of c-SRS may be determined by:
[0106] for nSRS=80
[0107] for nSRS=81
[0108] …
[0109] Accordingly, it is determined that i= {2, 2, 3, 3, 1, 1, 2, 2, …} for nSRS= {80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, …} , that is, the values of c-SRS are {8, 8, 10, 10, 6, 6, 8, 8, …} respectively. In addition, a bandwidth for each SRS transmission may be determined. For example, for the 80-th and 81-st transmissions, the value of c-SRS is 8, and the bandwidth is for the 82-nd and 83-rd transmissions, the value of c-SRS is 10, and the bandwidth is for the 84-th and 85-th transmissions, the value of c-SRS is 6, and the bandwidth is for the 86-th and 87-th transmissions, the value of c-SRS is 8, and the bandwidth is …
[0110] FIGS. 3D-3E illustrate example schematics of bandwidths for multiple SRS transmissions, for example, an interpenetrating transmission scheme may be used for the SRS transmissions. Specifically, it is assumed that Toffset=6 , TSRS=10 , KTC=2, μ=1, where is a number of symbols for an SRS transmission, TSRS is a periodicity of SRS and Toffset is a time offset of SRS, KTC is a transmission comb parameter, μ is subcarrier spacing. FIG. 3D illustrates the 80-th to the 83-rd SRS transmissions 340 in a system frame number (SFN) 10, where the 80-th transmission and the 81-sr transmission are in slot 6 with a bandwidth 28 RBs, and the 82-nd transmission and the 83-rd transmission are in slot 16 with a bandwidth 36 RBs. FIG. 3E illustrates the 84-th to the 87-th SRS transmissions 350 in an SFN 11, where the 84-th transmission and the 85-th transmission are in slot 6 with a bandwidth 24 RBs, and the 86-th transmission and the 87-th transmission are in slot 16 with a bandwidth 28 RBs.
[0111] According to some embodiments discussed with reference to FIGS. 2-3E, a process for SRS transmission is provided, in the solution, a bandwidth of SRS transmission may be adjusted or changed. For example, a frequency hopping parameter may be applied based on different model accuracies or different model stages. In some examples, in response to a dynamic indication of frequency hopping parameter from the network device 120, different reliabilities of ground truths can be collected according to different frequency hopping parameters (thus different bandwidths) by the terminal device 110. As such, different reliability levels may be achieved e.g. for collecting ground truths of the model. Therefore, a balance between an accuracy of the model and SRS overhead may be achieved.
[0112] As mentioned above, an AI / ML model for positioning may be deployed, and the AI / ML model may be activated after a configuration of periodic SRS or an activation of semi-persistent SRS. A transmission frequency of SRS should be different for different LCM stages of the model. However, if a periodic SRS is configured, the SRS resources cannot be in keep with a requirement of the AI / ML model; if a semi-persistent SRS is configured, additional signalling such as MAC CE is needed to activate / deactivate the SRS for meeting the requirement of the AI / ML model.
[0113] Reference is further made to FIG. 4, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 400 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 400 may involve a terminal device 110 and a network device 120 as shown in FIG. 1. It would be appreciated that the process 400 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0114] In the process 400, the network device 120 transmits a configuration to the terminal device 110 at 410, where the configuration indicates a bandwidth related parameter for SRS. In some implementations, the bandwidth related parameter may be mSRS, 0 or mSRS, b (b≠0) . In some implementations, the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0.
[0115] In some implementations, if the network device 120 determines that part of SRS resources should be muted, or at least one SRS should be used for positioning, or a model for positioning is activated for one of: training, monitoring, or inferring, then the configuration may be transmitted. In some implementations, the configuration may be dedicated for positioning model related operations, for example, the configuration is an AI / ML model related configuration which is carried in AI / ML related signalling.
[0116] In some examples, if the model inference is going to be preformed, and if the model input does not rely solely on the SRS or an individual input is effective for subsequent several model inferences, the network device 120 may determine that some SRS resources should be muted.
[0117] In some other examples, if the model monitoring is going to be preformed, and if the SRS is used for collecting ground truths for model monitoring, the network device 120 may determine not to mute the SRS transmissions or determine to mute only a few SRS transmissions.
[0118] In some examples, if the at least one SRS is to be used for data collection, the network device 120 may determine that the at least one SRS should be transmitted in a sense frequency for collecting training data, for example, some less SRS resources should be muted; or the network device 120 may determine that the at least one SRS should be transmitted in a sparse frequency for collecting inference data, for example, some more SRS resources should be muted. For example, the collected training data may include a pair of input and output, where the input may be one of channel impulse response (CIR) , power delay profile (PDP) , or delay of path (DP) , where the output may be the ground truth of location of the terminal device 110, timing estimation between the terminal device 110 and a specific gNB / TRP, or the line of sight (LOS) or non line of sight (NLOS) indication. For example, the collected inference data may include an input.
[0119] In some embodiments, the network device 120 may configure the value of mSRS, 0 as 0; and may configure the value of mSRS, b with b≠0 as 0 if the freqHopping is configured for positioning SRS.
[0120] For example, the network device 120 may configure the field of c-SRS, which indicate the value of mSRS, 0 or with BSRS≠0 as 0 directly, for the muted SRS resource (s) , where BSRS is given by the field b-SRS.
[0121] For example, the network device 120 may configure the field of c-SRS with multiple values of mSRS, 0 or with BSRS≠0, and at least one value is 0. The network device 120 may indicate that mSRS, 0 or for the muted SRS is the value of 0, e.g. by a DCI or a MAC CE.
[0122] For example, the network device 120 may provide an additional configuration that include a field of c-SRS with a value of 0, where the additional configuration is associated with the AI / ML model. For example, the additional configuration may be provided via AI / ML model related signalling, e.g. the signalling may be used for activating the model, triggering data collection, indicating an occasion of model inference / monitoring / training, etc.
[0123] In the process 400, the terminal device 110 determines to apply the value of 0 for the bandwidth related parameter at 420, and the network device 120 determines to apply the value of 0 for the bandwidth related parameter too at 425.
[0124] In some implementations, the network device 120 may transmit an indication to the terminal device 110, and the indication may indicate that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied. In some examples, the indication is carried in a DCI or a MAC CE. For example, the network device 120 may transmit a DCI or a MAC CE to the terminal device 110, and the DCI may indicate that the value of 0 should be applied for a specific SRS transmission. In some implementations, if a specific SRS should be muted, then the value of 0 for the bandwidth related parameter will be applied.
[0125] In some implementations, the terminal device 110 may determine to apply the value of 0 for mSRS, 0 or with BSRS≠0 if a condition is met, for example, the condition may include one of: an indication from the network device 120, an AI / ML model for positioning is activated, or a data collection for model training / monitoring / inference is activated.
[0126] In the process 400, the terminal device 110 transmits at least one SRS at 430. In some implementations, the at least one SRS is unmuted, that is, the bandwidth related parameter (mSRS, 0 or with BSRS≠0) for the at least one SRS is not 0.
[0127] In some implementations, the specific SRS will not be transmitted since the bandwidth related parameter (mSRS, 0 or with BSRS≠0) for the specific SRS is 0.
[0128] For example, a bandwidth for the specific SRS is or thus the specific SRS will not be transmitted. In other words, the specific SRS is muted or released.
[0129] In some implementations, the released resources may be used for further transmission. As such, the resource may be utilized in a more efficient way. In some examples, the released resources may be re-scheduled by the network device 120 for other UL transmissions, such as PUSCH / PUCCH with HARQ-ACK or SR. In some examples, the released resources may be re-scheduled by the network device 120 for other DL transmissions, such as PDSCH / PDCCH with HARQ-ACK or SR.
[0130] In some other implementations, the value of mSRS, 0 or with BSRS≠0 may be reset after a period. In some examples, if the AI / ML model for positioning is deactivated or if data collection for model training / monitoring / inference is deactivated, the value of 0 for mSRS, 0 or with BSRS≠0 may be stop applying. For example, a previous value that is used before the activation of the AI / ML model may be applied.
[0131] FIG. 5 illustrates an example schematic of muted SRSs 500 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 5, an AI / ML model is activated at 501 and deactivated at 502. During a period from time 501 to time 502, some SRS resources are muted / released. Specifically, the SRS transmissions 510, 520, and 540 are muted, while the SRS transmission 530 is not muted. For example, the unmuted SRS transmission 530 may be used for collecting ground truth of the activated AI / ML model.
[0132] According to some embodiments discussed with reference to FIGS. 4-5, a value of 0 may be configured for the bandwidth related parameter mSRS, 0 or mSRS, b (b≠0) . As such, some SRS transmissions may be muted and the SRS resources may be released. This solution may introduce minor specification impact by adding a value of 0 for the bandwidth related parameter, e.g. in SRS bandwidth configuration table. Therefore, the SRS configuration may be used for the current usage and also the AI / ML model scenario in a compatible mode, and a flexibility of the configuration may be increased.
[0133] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 600 implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the terminal device 110 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0134] At block 610, the terminal device 110 receives, from a network device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, where the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters. At block 620, the terminal device 110 receives, from the network device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters. At block 630, the terminal device 110 transmits, to the network device, at least one SRS based on the indication.
[0135] In some example embodiments, the indication is comprised in DCI or a MAC CE.
[0136] In some example embodiments, the terminal device applies a first bandwidth associated with the frequency hopping parameter for a transmission of the at least one SRS from a specific time point.
[0137] In some example embodiments, the specific time point is a time offset after a time when receiving the indication. In some example embodiments, the time offset is determined based on a time duration for preparing the at least one SRS.
[0138] In some example embodiments, the terminal device selects, from the set of frequency hopping parameters, a specific frequency hopping parameter based on a positioning accuracy of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device; and the terminal device transmits, to the network device, an indicator of the specific frequency hopping parameter selected by the terminal device, and where the indication is determined by the network device based on the indicator.
[0139] In some example embodiments, the configuration further comprises a repetition number of a specific SRS, and the terminal device determines the frequency hopping parameter for the specific SRS based on: an SRS counter associated with the specific SRS, a total number of frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters, and the repetition number of the specific SRS.
[0140] In some example embodiments, the terminal device determines a first bandwidth based on the frequency hopping parameter; if the first bandwidth is narrower than a previous bandwidth, the terminal device releases bandwidth resources to change the current bandwidth to the first bandwidth; and the terminal device performs a further transmission using the released bandwidth resources.
[0141] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 700 implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the network device 120 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0142] At block 710, the network device transmits, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, where the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters. At block 720, the network device transmits, to the terminal device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters. At block 730, the network device receives, from the terminal device, at least one SRS based on the frequency hopping parameter.
[0143] In some example embodiments, the indication is comprised in DCI or a MAC CE.
[0144] In some example embodiments, the network device applies a first bandwidth associated with the frequency hopping parameter for a reception of the at least one SRS from a specific time point.
[0145] In some example embodiments, the specific time point is a time offset after a time when receiving the indication. In some example embodiments, the time offset is determined based on a time duration for preparing the at least one SRS by the terminal device.
[0146] In some example embodiments, the network device determines the indication based on one of: a positioning model deployed at the network device, information from a device which has a deployed positioning model, or information from an LMF.
[0147] In some example embodiments, the network device receives the information of from the device which has a deployed positioning model; or receives the information from the LMF.
[0148] In some example embodiments, the device which has the deployed positioning model comprises the terminal device, and the network device receives, from the terminal device, an indicator of a specific frequency hopping parameter selected by the terminal device based on a positioning accuracy of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device.
[0149] In some example embodiments, the configuration further comprises a repetition number of a specific SRS, and the network device determines the frequency hopping parameter for the specific SRS based on: an SRS counter associated with the specific SRS, a total number of frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters, and the repetition number of the specific SRS.
[0150] In some example embodiments, the network device determines a first bandwidth based on the frequency hopping parameter; if the first bandwidth is narrower than a previous bandwidth, the network device releases bandwidth resources to change the current bandwidth to the first bandwidth; and the network device performs a further transmission using the released bandwidth resources.
[0151] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 800 implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 800 will be described from the perspective of the terminal device 110 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0152] At block 810, the terminal device receives, from a network device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, where the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0. At block 820, in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, the terminal device determines to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0. At block 830, the terminal device transmits, to the network device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0153] In some example embodiments, the terminal device receives, from the network device, an indication indicating that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied.
[0154] In some example embodiments, the configuration is dedicated for positioning model related operations.
[0155] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 900 implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 900 will be described from the perspective of the network device 120 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0156] At block 910, the network device transmits, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, where the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0. At block 920, in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, the network device determines to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0. At block 930, the network device receives, from the terminal device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0157] In some example embodiments, the network device transmits, to the terminal device, an indication indicating that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied.
[0158] In some example embodiments, the configuration is dedicated for positioning model related operations.
[0159] In some example embodiments, the network device transmits, the configuration based on a determining at least one of: part of SRS resources is to be muted, the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, or a model for positioning is activated for one of: training, monitoring, or inferring.
[0160] Details of some embodiments according to the present disclosure have been described with reference to FIGS. 1-9. Now an example implementation of the terminal device and the network device will be discussed below.
[0161] In some example embodiments, a terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters; receive, from the network device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; and transmit, to the network device, at least one SRS based on the indication.
[0162] In some example embodiments, the indication is comprised in DCI or a MAC CE.
[0163] In some example embodiments, the terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: apply a first bandwidth associated with the frequency hopping parameter for a transmission of the at least one SRS from a specific time point.
[0164] In some example embodiments, the specific time point is a time offset after a time when receiving the indication. In some example embodiments, the time offset is determined based on a time duration for preparing the at least one SRS.
[0165] In some example embodiments, the terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: select, from the set of frequency hopping parameters, a specific frequency hopping parameter based on a positioning accuracy of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device; and transmit, to the network device, an indicator of the specific frequency hopping parameter selected by the terminal device, and where the indication is determined by the network device based on the indicator.
[0166] In some example embodiments, the configuration further comprises a repetition number of a specific SRS, and the terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the frequency hopping parameter for the specific SRS based on: an SRS counter associated with the specific SRS, a total number of frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters, and the repetition number of the specific SRS.
[0167] In some example embodiments, the terminal device comprises circuitry configured to:determine a first bandwidth based on the frequency hopping parameter; in accordance with a determination that the first bandwidth is narrower than a previous bandwidth, release bandwidth resources to change the current bandwidth to the first bandwidth; and perform a further transmission using the released bandwidth resources.
[0168] In some example embodiments, a network device comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters; transmit, to the terminal device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; and receive, from the terminal device, at least one SRS based on the frequency hopping parameter.
[0169] In some example embodiments, the indication is comprised in DCI or a MAC CE.
[0170] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises circuitry configured to:apply a first bandwidth associated with the frequency hopping parameter for a reception of the at least one SRS from a specific time point.
[0171] In some example embodiments, the specific time point is a time offset after a time when transmission the indication. In some example embodiments, the time offset is determined based on a time duration for preparing the at least one SRS by the terminal device.
[0172] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises circuitry configured to:determine the indication based on one of: a positioning model deployed at the network device, information from a device which has a deployed positioning model, or information from an LMF.
[0173] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises circuitry configured to:receive the information of from the device which has a deployed positioning model; or receive the information from the LMF.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the device which has the deployed positioning model comprises the terminal device, and the network device comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from the terminal device, an indicator of a specific frequency hopping parameter selected by the terminal device based on a positioning accuracy of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device.
[0175] In some example embodiments, the configuration further comprises a repetition number of a specific SRS, and the network device comprises circuitry configured to: determine the frequency hopping parameter for the specific SRS based on: an SRS counter associated with the specific SRS, a total number of frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters, and the repetition number of the specific SRS.
[0176] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises circuitry configured to: determine a first bandwidth based on the frequency hopping parameter; in accordance with a determination that the first bandwidth is narrower than a previous bandwidth, release bandwidth resources to change the current bandwidth to the first bandwidth; and perform a further transmission using the released bandwidth resources.
[0177] In some example embodiments, a terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0; in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determine to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; and transmit, to the network device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0178] In some example embodiments, the terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from the network device, an indication indicating that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied.
[0179] In some example embodiments, the configuration is dedicated for positioning model related operations.
[0180] In some example embodiments, a network device comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0; in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determine to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; and receive, from the terminal device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0181] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, to the terminal device, an indication indicating that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied.
[0182] In some example embodiments, the configuration is dedicated for positioning model related operations.
[0183] In some example embodiments, the network device comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, the configuration based on a determining at least one of: part of SRS resources is to be muted, the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, or a model for positioning is activated for one of: training, monitoring, or inferring.
[0184] FIG. 10 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device 1000 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1000 can be considered as a further example implementation of a network device, or a terminal device as described above. Accordingly, the device 1000 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 as shown in FIG. 1.
[0185] As shown, the device 1000 includes a processor 1010, a memory 1020 coupled to the processor 1010, a suitable transceiver 1040 coupled to the processor 1010, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1040. The memory 1020 stores at least a part of a program 1030. The transceiver 1040 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1040 may include at least one of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and the receiver may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 1040 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / serving gateway (SGW) / user plane function (UPF) and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0186] The program 1030 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1010, enable the device 1000 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 1-9. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1010 of the device 1000, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1010 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1010 and memory 1020 may form processing means 1050 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0187] The memory 1020 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1020 is shown in the device 1000, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1000. The processor 1010 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1000 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0188] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide the following solutions.
[0189] The present disclosure provides a terminal device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters; receive, from the network device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; and transmit, to the network device, at least one SRS based on the indication.
[0190] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the indication is comprised in DCI or a MAC CE.
[0191] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the terminal device to: apply a first bandwidth associated with the frequency hopping parameter for a transmission of the at least one SRS from a specific time point.
[0192] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the specific time point is a time offset after a time when receiving the indication.
[0193] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the time offset is determined based on a time duration for preparing the at least one SRS.
[0194] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to: select, from the set of frequency hopping parameters, a specific frequency hopping parameter based on a positioning accuracy of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device; and transmit, to the network device, an indicator of the specific frequency hopping parameter selected by the terminal device, and wherein the indication is determined by the network device based on the indicator.
[0195] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the configuration further comprises a repetition number of a specific SRS, and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the terminal device to: determine the frequency hopping parameter for the specific SRS based on: an SRS counter associated with the specific SRS, a total number of frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters, and the repetition number of the specific SRS.
[0196] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the terminal device to: determine a first bandwidth based on the frequency hopping parameter; in accordance with a determination that the first bandwidth is narrower than a previous bandwidth, release bandwidth resources to change the current bandwidth to the first bandwidth; and perform a further transmission using the released bandwidth resources.
[0197] The present disclosure provides a network device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the network device at least to: transmit, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for an SRS, wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters; transmit, to the terminal device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; and receive, from the terminal device, at least one SRS based on the frequency hopping parameter.
[0198] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the indication is comprised in DCI or a MAC CE.
[0199] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to: apply a first bandwidth associated with the frequency hopping parameter for a reception of the at least one SRS from a specific time point.
[0200] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the specific time point is a time offset after a time when transmission the indication.
[0201] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the time offset is determined based on a time duration for preparing the at least one SRS by the terminal device.
[0202] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to: determine the indication based on one of: a positioning model deployed at the network device, information from a device which has a deployed positioning model, or information from an LMF.
[0203] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the network device to: receive the information of from the device which has a deployed positioning model; or receive the information from the LMF.
[0204] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the device which has the deployed positioning model comprises the terminal device, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the network device to: receive, from the terminal device, an indicator of a specific frequency hopping parameter selected by the terminal device based on a positioning accuracy of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device.
[0205] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the configuration further comprises a repetition number of a specific SRS, and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to: determine the frequency hopping parameter for the specific SRS based on: an SRS counter associated with the specific SRS, a total number of frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters, and the repetition number of the specific SRS.
[0206] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to: determine a first bandwidth based on the frequency hopping parameter; in accordance with a determination that the first bandwidth is narrower than a previous bandwidth, release bandwidth resources to change the current bandwidth to the first bandwidth; and perform a further transmission using the released bandwidth resources.
[0207] The present disclosure provides a terminal device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to: receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0; in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determine to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; and transmit, to the network device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0208] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the terminal device to: receive, from the network device, an indication indicating that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied.
[0209] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the configuration is dedicated for positioning model related operations.
[0210] The present disclosure provides a network device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the network device at least to: transmit, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for an SRS, wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0; in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determine to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; and receive, from the terminal device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.
[0211] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to: transmit, to the terminal device, an indication indicating that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied.
[0212] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the configuration is dedicated for positioning model related operations.
[0213] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to: transmit the configuration based on a determining at least one of: part of SRS resources is to be muted, the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, or a model for positioning is activated for one of: training, monitoring, or inferring.
[0214] The present disclosure provides a method of communication, comprising the operations implemented at the terminal device discussed above. The present disclosure provides a method of communication, comprising the operations implemented at the network device discussed above.
[0215] The present disclosure provides a network device, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing computer program codes; the memory and the computer program codes configured to, with the processor, cause the network device to perform the method implemented at the network device discussed above.
[0216] The present disclosure provides a terminal device, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing computer program codes; the memory and the computer program codes configured to, with the processor, cause the terminal device to perform the method implemented at the terminal device discussed above.
[0217] The present disclosure provides a non-transient computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, causing the apparatus to perform the method implemented at a terminal device or a network device discussed above.
[0218] The present disclosure provides a computer program product having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, causing the apparatus to perform the method implemented at a terminal device or a network device discussed above.
[0219] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0220] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0221] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0222] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0223] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0224] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A terminal device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters;receive, from the network device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; andtransmit, to the network device, at least one SRS based on the indication.2.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the terminal device to:apply a first bandwidth associated with the frequency hopping parameter for a transmission of the at least one SRS from a specific time point.3.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the terminal device to:select, from the set of frequency hopping parameters, a specific frequency hopping parameter based on a positioning accuracy of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device; andtransmit, to the network device, an indicator of the specific frequency hopping parameter selected by the terminal device,and wherein the indication is determined by the network device based on the indicator.4.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the configuration further comprises a repetition number of a specific SRS, and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the terminal device to:determine the frequency hopping parameter for the specific SRS based on:an SRS counter associated with the specific SRS,a total number of frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters, andthe repetition number of the specific SRS.5.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the terminal device to:determine a first bandwidth based on the frequency hopping parameter;in accordance with a determination that the first bandwidth is narrower than a previous bandwidth, release bandwidth resources to change the current bandwidth to the first bandwidth; andperform a further transmission using the released bandwidth resources.6.A network device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the network device to:transmit, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters;transmit, to the terminal device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; andreceive, from the terminal device, at least one SRS based on the frequency hopping parameter.7.The network device of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to:determine the indication based on one of:a positioning model deployed at the network device,information from a device which has a deployed positioning model, orinformation from a location management function (LMF) .8.The network device of claim 7, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the network device to:receive the information of from the device which has a deployed positioning model; orreceive the information from the LMF.9.The network device of claim 7, wherein the device which has the deployed positioning model comprises the terminal device, and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the network device to:receive, from the terminal device, an indicator of a specific frequency hopping parameter selected by the terminal device based on a positioning accuracy of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device.10.The network device of claim 6, wherein the configuration further comprises a repetition number of a specific SRS, and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to:determine the frequency hopping parameter for the specific SRS based on:an SRS counter associated with the specific SRS,a total number of frequency hopping parameters in the set of frequency hopping parameters, andthe repetition number of the specific SRS.11.A terminal device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from a network device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0;in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determine to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; andtransmit, to the network device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.12.The terminal device of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the terminal device to:receive, from the network device, an indication indicating that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied.13.A network device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the network device to:transmit, to a terminal device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0;in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determine to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; andreceive, from the terminal device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.14.The network device of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to:transmit, to the terminal device, an indication indicating that the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning or the bandwidth related parameter with the value of 0 should be applied.15.The network device of claim 13, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to:transmit the configuration based on a determining at least one of:part of SRS resources is to be muted,the at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, ora model for positioning is activated for one of: training, monitoring, or inferring.16.A method of communication, comprising:receiving, at a terminal device from a network device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters;receiving, from the network device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; andtransmitting, to the network device, at least one SRS based on the indication.17.A method of communication, comprising:transmitting, at a network device to a terminal device, a configuration indicating positioning resources for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , wherein the configuration comprises a set of frequency hopping parameters;transmitting, to the terminal device, an indication indicating a frequency hopping parameter in the set of frequency hopping parameters; andreceiving, from the terminal device, at least one SRS based on the frequency hopping parameter.18.A method of communication, comprising:receiving, at a terminal device from a network device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0;in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determining to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; andtransmitting, to the network device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.19.A method of communication, comprising:transmitting, at a network device to a terminal device, a configuration indicating a bandwidth related parameter for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , wherein the bandwidth related parameter at least comprises a value of 0;in accordance with a determination that at least one SRS is to be used for positioning, determining to apply the bandwidth related parameter with a value of 0; andreceiving, from the terminal device, the at least one SRS based on the bandwidth related parameter.20.A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, causing the apparatus to perform the method according to any of claims 16-19.
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