Nucleic acids encoding follistatin and uses thereof
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/074652
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-01-25
- Filing Date
- 2025-01-24
- Publication Date
- 2025-07-31
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Figure PCTCN2025074652-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025074652-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025074652-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
NUCLEIC ACIDS ENCODING FOLLISTATIN AND USES THEREOF
[0001] This application claims priority to PCT Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 074033, filed January 25, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. 1. Reference to Sequence Listing Submitted Electronically
[0002] This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing as an XML file entitled “098A003WO02_SL” created on January 20, 2025 and having a size of50, 136 bytes.2. Field
[0003] The present invention relates to molecular biology and gene therapy. Provided herein include novel nucleic acids encoding human follistatin and uses thereof in treatment of muscle-related diseases or conditions.3. Background
[0004] Muscle-related diseases and conditions encompass a spectrum of debilitating disorders that compromise the integrity and function of skeletal muscles, leading to profound consequences for mobility and overall health. Two prominent examples are sarcopenia, characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass and function, and muscular dystrophy, a group of genetic disorders causing progressive muscle weakness. Despite the significant impact on quality of life, effective treatments for these conditions remain elusive, highlighting a pressing need for innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent advancements in gene therapy, particularly adeno-associated virus (AAV) therapy, hold promising potential. By delivering functional genes to target cells, gene therapy aims to address the root causes of muscle-related diseases at the genetic level. Despite the urgent need, safe and efficacious gene therapy for muscle-related diseases and conditions are currently lacking.
[0005] The compositions and methods provided in this disclosure address this need and provide related advantages.4. Summary
[0006] Provided herein are nucleic acids comprising a transgene encoding follistatin having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with at least one codon substituted by an optimized codon provided in Table 1B. In some embodiments, the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, at least 160, or at least 170 codons substituted by the optimized codons provided in Table 1B. In some embodiments, the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0007] Provided herein are nucleic acids comprising a transgene encoding follistatin, wherein the transgene has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3 or4. In some embodiments, the follistatin has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the follistatin has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0008] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the transgene has a nucleotide sequence at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0009] In some embodiments of the nucleic acids disclosed herein, the transgene has a nucleotide sequence at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0010] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids disclosed herein further comprise a muscle-specific promoter operably linked to the transgene. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is a skeletal muscle-specific promoter. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15-28. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15-28. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17 or 27.
[0011] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids disclosed herein further comprise an intron, a poly A sequence, or both.
[0012] In some embodiments, provided herein are vectors comprising the nucleic acid disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the vector is a DNA vector or an RNA vector. In some embodiments, the vector is a plasmid, a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector, an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. In some embodiments, the vector is an AAV vector.
[0013] In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the nucleic acid disclosed herein or the vector disclosed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for intramuscular injection or intravenous injection.
[0014] In some embodiments, provided herein are kits comprising a unit dose of the nucleic acid disclosed herein, the vector disclosed herein, or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
[0015] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of expressing a follistatin peptide in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with the vector disclosed herein or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the cell is a muscle cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a skeletal muscle cell.
[0016] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of enhancing follistatin expression in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the nucleic acid disclosed herein, the vector disclosed herein, or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein to the subject.
[0017] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of improving muscle mass in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the nucleic acid disclosed herein, the vector disclosed herein, or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein to the subject.
[0018] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a muscle-related disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid disclosed herein, the vector disclosed herein, or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein to the subject.
[0019] In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein comprise intramuscular injection or intravenous injection.
[0020] In some embodiments of the methods disclosed herein, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0021] In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the nucleic acid disclosed herein, the vector disclosed herein, or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in treating a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0022] In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the nucleic acid disclosed herein, the vector disclosed herein, or the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0023] In some embodiments of the methods or uses disclosed herein, the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, ion channel disease, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, or arthritis. In some embodiments, the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the muscle-related disease or condition is MD. In some embodiments, the MD is Duchenne MD (DMD) or Becker MD (BMD) .5. Brief Description of Drawings
[0024] FIG. 1 provides the diagrams for the expression cassette in scAAV vector plasmid and the muscle specific promoter thMD. As shown, the expression cassette comprises thMD and the transgene wtFST or CoFST. wtFST: wild-type FST; CoFST: codon-optimized FST.
[0025] FIG. 2 provides representative ELISA results showing the expression levels of follistatin protein in C2C12 cells transfected with plasmids comprising wtFST, coFST-1, or coFST-2 sequence.
[0026] FIG. 3 provides the diagrams for the expression cassette in scAAV vector plasmid and the muscle specific promoter thMD. As shown, the expression cassette comprises thMD and the transgene CoFST. CoFST: codon optimized FST.
[0027] FIG. 4 provides representative ELISA results showing the serum follistatin levels in the mice before administration and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 26 weeks after administration.
[0028] FIG. 5 provides representative ELISA results showing the follistatin levels in the gastrocnemius of the mice at 26 weeks after administration.
[0029] FIG. 6 provides representative results showing the limb muscles of the mice at 8 and 26 weeks after administration.
[0030] FIG. 7 provides representative dual-energy X-ray absorption (DXA) results showing the muscle mass of hindlimbs and whole bodies of the mice at 20 and 26 weeks after administration.
[0031] FIG. 8 provides representative results showing the body weight and body weight increment of the mice at indicated weeks after administration.
[0032] FIG. 9 provides representative results showing the limb grip strength and limb grip strength increment of the mice at indicated weeks after administration.
[0033] FIG. 10 provides representative results showing the muscle tension in the mice at 26 weeks after administration.
[0034] FIG. 11 provides representative H&E staining results showing the muscle fibers of gastrocnemius of the mice at 26 weeks after administration.
[0035] FIG. 12 provides representative ELISA results showing the serum creatine kinase levels in the mice at 26 weeks after administration.
[0036] FIGs. 13A-13B provide representative cardiac ultrasound results showing the cardiac function of the mice at 26 weeks after intramuscular injection. FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B each show a variety of measurements for cardiac function.
[0037] FIGs. 14A-14B provide representative cardiac ultrasound results showing the cardiac function of the mice at 26 weeks after tail vein injection. FIG. 14A and FIG. 14B shows each show a variety of measurements for cardiac function.
[0038] FIG. 15 provides representative ELISA results showing the serum sex hormone levels of the mice at 26 weeks after administration.6. Detailed Description
[0039] Provided herein are novel and optimized nucleic acids encoding follistatin. Compositions and methods for delivering the follistatin-encoding nucleic acids for in vitro or in vivo expression are also provided. In some embodiments, the follistatin-encoding nucleic acids disclosed herein can be delivered by viral vectors, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, to a subject in need thereof for the treatment of muscle-related diseases or conditions, including, for example, sarcopenia and muscular dystrophy (MD) .
[0040] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. 6.1 Definitions
[0041] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0042] The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies.
[0043] The term “and / or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include “A and B, ” “A or B, ” “A” (alone) , and B” (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0044] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0045] The terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid, ” as used interchangeably herein mean polymers of nucleotides of any length and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and / or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase.
[0046] The terms “peptide, ” “polypeptide, ” “protein, ” as used interchangeably herein refer to polymers of amino acids of any length, which can be linear or branched. It can include unnatural or modified amino acids or be interrupted by non-amino acids. A polypeptide, peptide, polypeptide chain, peptide chain, or protein can also be modified with, for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
[0047] The terms “identical, ” percent “identity, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein in the context of two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, if necessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percentage identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared. For example, percent sequence identity values may be generated using the sequence comparison computer program BLAST.
[0048] In some embodiments, two polynucleotides or polypeptides provided herein are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the amino acid sequences that is at least about 10 residues, at least about 20 residues, at least about 40-60 residues, at least about 60-80 residues in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 residues, such as at least about 80-100 residues, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a target protein or an antibody. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the nucleotide sequences that is at least about 10 bases, at least about 20 bases, at least about 40-60 bases, at least about 60-80 bases in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 bases, such as at least about 80-100 bases or more, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest.
[0049] As one of skill in the art would understand, as used herein, for the purpose of determining percent sequence identity, a uridine nucleoside in an RNA molecule is considered equivalent to a thymidine nucleoside in a DNA molecule. Therefore, an RNA equivalent can be considered to have 100%sequence identity to a DNA polynucleotide if the RNA equivalent and DNA polynucleotide differ from one another only by the substitution of uridine nucleosides in the RNA equivalent with thymidine nucleosides in the DNA polynucleotide.
[0050] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a nucleic acid or a protein with particular sequence features (the “reference nucleic acid” or “reference protein” ) refer to a different nucleic acid or protein having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) nucleotide or amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference nucleic acid or reference protein. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid variant or a protein variant can have at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity as compared to the reference nucleic acid or reference protein. A variant of a nucleic acid or a protein typically maintains the basic structural and functional features of the reference nucleic acid or reference protein.
[0051] As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a region of DNA that encodes a protein. A gene can include regulatory regions and a protein-coding region. In some embodiments, a gene includes two or more introns and three or more exons, wherein each intron forms an intervening sequence between two exons. As used herein, the term “RNA equivalent” of a gene refers to an RNA polynucleotide that corresponds to a DNA polynucleotide that encodes the gene, such as an RNA transcript obtainable by transcription of a DNA polynucleotide that contains the gene.
[0052] As used herein, the term “transgene” refers to a gene to be transferred or delivered for expression in a target cell using molecular and genetic techniques. A transgene can encode a product of interest, such as a therapeutic protein. Transgenes can also encode peptides, enzymes, or RNAs. RNA molecules that can be encoded by a transgene include miRNAs, shRNA, tRNA, dsRNA, ribosomal RNA, catalytic RNAs, or antisense RNAs. A transgene can be an exogenous copy of an endogenous gene of the target cell. A transgene can also be heterologous to the target cell. In some embodiments, the endogenous gene of the target cell is mutated, silenced, or otherwise dysfunctional, and the transgene provides a functional copy to remedy the lack of function of the endogenous gene in the target cell. In some embodiments, the transgene can encode a therapeutic protein.
[0053] As used herein, the term “encode” and its grammatical equivalents refer to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein. Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA can include introns.
[0054] As used herein, the term “endogenous” describes a molecule (e.g., a polypeptide, nucleic acid, or cofactor) that is found naturally in a particular organism (e.g., a human) or in a particular location within an organism (e.g., an organ, a tissue, or a cell, such as a human cell) .
[0055] As used herein, the term “therapeutic protein” refers to a protein known to or designed to have a therapeutic effect on a target subject (e.g., a mammal or a human) . Therapeutic proteins can be used to treat various diseases or conditions in the target subject. Therapeutic proteins can be naturally occurring proteins, or they can be artificially produced through genetic engineering techniques.
[0056] As used herein, the term “mutation” and its grammatical equivalents refer to a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene or a change in the polypeptide sequence of a protein. Mutations in a gene or protein can occur naturally as a result of, for example, errors in DNA replication, DNA repair, irradiation, and exposure to carcinogens, or mutations can be induced as a result of administration of a transgene expressing a mutant gene. Mutations can result from single or multiple nucleotide insertions, deletions, or substitutions.
[0057] As used herein, the term “intron” refers to a region within the coding region of a gene, the nucleotide sequence of which is not translated into the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein. The term intron also refers to the corresponding region of the RNA transcribed from a gene. In some embodiments, a gene, for example, can contain at least one intron, which forms the intervening sequence between two exons. Introns are transcribed into pre-mRNA, but are removed during processing, and are not included in the mature mRNA.
[0058] As used herein, the term “promoter” is a nucleic acid sequence enabling the initiation of the transcription of a gene in a messenger RNA, such transcription being initiated with the binding of an RNA polymerase on or nearby the promoter. Examples of other transcription regulatory elements are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990) . The promoter is a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter. Promoters can be cell-type specific or tissue specific, meaning that the promoter preferably, including exclusively, initiates gene transcription within particular types of cells or tissues of an organism. The selective activity of the promoter ensures that the associated gene is expressed only in the specific cells or tissues. A promoter can comprise a core promoter and an enhancer region.
[0059] As used herein, a “core promoter” refers to the nucleic acid segment (e.g., 50–100 bp) that provides the binding site for RNA polymerase and other transcriptional factors to initiate the transcription. Core promoters can contain the transcription starting site. A core promoter is the basal component of a promoter, or a promoter region, which can also comprise an enhancer region.
[0060] As used herein, an “enhancer” or “enhancer element” is regulatory nucleic acid sequence that can be located either adjacent to or at a considerable distance from the core promoter. An “enhancer region” can be a continuous nucleic acid sequence that contains one or more enhancer elements. An enhancer region can optionally contain spacer sequence between enhancer elements.
[0061] As used herein with reference to sequence elements in nucleic acid molecules, the term “operably linked” means that these sequence elements (e.g., a promoter and a coding sequence) are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operably linked to a transcribable polynucleotide molecule if the promoter modulates transcription of the transcribable polynucleotide molecule of interest in a cell.
[0062] The term “codon” as used herein refers to any group of three consecutive nucleotide bases in a given messenger RNA molecule, or coding strand of DNA, that specifies a particular amino acid or a starting or stopping signal for translation. The term codon also refers to base triplets in a DNA strand.
[0063] As used herein, “codon optimization” refers a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence in accordance with the principle that the frequency of occurrence of synonymous codons (e.g., codons that code for the same amino acid) in coding DNA is biased in different species. Such codon degeneracy allows an identical polypeptide to be encoded by a variety of nucleotide sequences. Sequences modified in this way are referred to herein as “codon-optimized. ” This process may be performed on any of the sequences described in this specification to enhance expression or stability. Codon optimization can be performed in a manner known in the art, such as that described in, e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 7,561,972, 7,561,973, and 7,888,112, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, the sequence surrounding the translational start site can be converted to a consensus Kozak sequence according to known methods. See, e.g., Kozak et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (20) : 8125-8148, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0064] As used herein, the term “vector” refers to a vehicle for delivering a gene of interest into a host cell. A vector can be a viral vector, such as an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector, a lentiviral vector, and the like. A vector can also be a non-viral vector, such as a lipid-based nanoparticle, a polymer nanoparticle, a naked nucleic acid, and the like. When the gene of interest encodes an exogenous protein to be expressed in a prokaryote or eukaryote cell, the vector can be referred to as an “expression vector. ” Examples of such expression vectors are disclosed in, e.g., WO 1994 / 11026, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Expression vectors described herein contain a polynucleotide sequence as well as, e.g., additional sequence elements used for the expression of proteins and / or the integration of these polynucleotide sequences into the genome of a mammalian cell. Certain vectors that can be used for the expression of transgenes described herein include plasmids that contain regulatory sequences, such as promoter and enhancer regions, which direct gene transcription. Other useful vectors for expression of transgenes contain polynucleotide sequences that enhance the rate of translation of these genes or improve the stability or nuclear export of the mRNA that results from gene transcription. These sequence elements include, e.g., 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) , and polyadenylation signal site to direct efficient transcription of the gene carried on the expression vector. The expression vectors described herein can also contain a polynucleotide encoding a marker for selection of cells that contain such a vector. Examples of a suitable marker include genes that encode resistance to antibiotics, such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, or nourseothricin.
[0065] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a mixture containing a therapeutic agent to be administered to a subject, such as a mammal, e.g., a human, in order to prevent, treat or control a particular disease or condition affecting or that may affect the subject.
[0066] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions and / or dosage forms, which are suitable for contact with the tissues of a subject, such as a mammal (e.g., a human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response and other problem complications commensurate with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
[0067] As used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, or a subject having a disease or a condition (e.g., muscular dystrophy) , the term “treat” refer to an action that prevent or slow down (lessen) an undesired physiological change or disorder, that suppresses, eliminates, reduces, and / or ameliorates a symptom, the severity of the symptom, and / or the frequency of the symptom associated with the disease or condition being treated. Beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviation of symptoms, diminishment of extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) state of disease, delay or slowing of disease progression, amelioration or palliation of the disease state, and remission (whether partial or total) , whether detectable or undetectable.
[0068] As used herein, the term “muscle-related disease or condition” refers to a pathological condition that primarily affects the muscles in the body. These diseases or conditions can be inherited (genetic) or acquired (non-genetic) and can have various causes and manifestations.
[0069] The term “subject” as used herein refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. A subject can be a human. A subject can have a particular disease or condition.
[0070] The term “administer” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the act of delivering, or causing to be delivered, a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. The therapeutic can be any compound, for example, a transgene, a vector, a peptide, or a virus. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions; injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories.
[0071] The terms “effective amount, ” “therapeutically effective amount, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the administration of an agent to a subject, either alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition and either in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount that is capable of having any detectable, positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or characteristics of a disease, disorder or condition when administered to the subject. The therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects. The exact amount required varies from subject to subject, depending on the age, weight, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, the judgment of the clinician, and the like. An appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
[0072] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0073] Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOS. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) .
[0074] Suitable methods and materials for the practice and / or testing of embodiments of the disclosure are described below. Such methods and materials are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. Other methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used. For example, conventional methods well known in the art to which the disclosure pertains are described in various general and more specific references, including, for example, Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989; Sambrook et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 3d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Press, 2001; Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Greene Publishing Associates, 1992 (and Supplements to 2000) ; Ausubel et al., SHORT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: A COMPENDIUM OF METHODS FROM CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 4th ed., Wiley&Sons, 1999; the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entireties herein by reference. 6.2 General
[0075] Skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40%of the total body weight and contains 50%-70%of total human protein. It is responsible for important physiological functions such as energy storage, metabolic homeostasis, body temperature maintenance, force generation, and limb movement. Myogenic diseases, a group of disorders primarily affecting skeletal muscle, encompass a spectrum of genetic and acquired conditions that disrupt the normal structure and function of muscle tissue. These diseases can manifest as weakness, atrophy, and impaired muscle performance, often resulting from genetic mutations, inflammatory processes, or metabolic abnormalities.
[0076] Follistatin is a monomeric secretory glycoprotein with a crucial regulatory role in muscle development and homeostasis. It is known to function as a potent antagonist to myostatin, a muscle-specific secretory protein that negatively regulates muscle growth. Inhibition of myostatin by follistatin leads to an increase in muscle mass and muscle function. Furthermore, follistatin is involved in the regulation of other signaling pathways related to muscle function, including those mediated by activins and other members of the TGF-β superfamily. Al-Zaidy et al., Journal of neuromuscular diseases 2.3 (2015) : 185-192.
[0077] As such, follistatin serves as a pivotal player in the intricate regulatory network governing muscle growth and maintenance. Its capacity to counteract the inhibitory effects of myostatin positions follistatin as a potential therapeutic target for interventions aimed at promoting muscle hypertrophy and mitigating muscle-related pathologies. However, its clinical potential is currently limited by its inadequate and non-specific expression when delivered to a subject in need.
[0078] An exemplary amino acid sequence of human follistatin is provided below (SEQ ID NO: 1) . An exemplary nucleotide sequence encoding human follistatin is also provided below (SEQ ID NO: 2) . Additional information of follistatin can be found with Uniprot Accession: P19883; HGNC: 3971; MIM: 136470; NCBI GeneID: 10468; RefSeq Protein: NP_006341.1.
[0079] As used herein, the term “follistatin” refers to a wildtype follistatin protein or a variant thereof. A follistatin can be derived from any organism, such as human, rat, monkey, bovine, etc. A follistatin can be any isoform of follistatin. A variant of a wildtype follistatin refers to a different peptide having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference wildtype follistatin. A variant of a wildtype follistatin maintains the basic structural and functional properties of the reference wildtype follistatin (e.g., improvement of muscle mass) . The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, a variant of a wildtype follistatin can have a subsequence of the wildtype follistatin, which consists of a fragment of the wildtype follistatin, or multiple fragments of the wildtype follistatin linked together. The variants can occur naturally, such as allelic variants or splice variants. Alternatively, the variants can be obtained by genetic engineering.
[0080] A known isoform differs from the canonic isoform for missing amino acids 318-344. See Uniprot: P19883-2.
[0081] Nucleic acids provided herein comprise novel and optimized follistatin transgenes. Compared to the wildtype FST gene, the optimized follistatin transgenes have improved expression both in vitro and in vivo. Such nucleic acids can be delivered to a cell, a tissue, or a subject in need thereof via expression vectors, such as rAAVs, to achieve efficient follistatin expression. When delivered using rAAV vectors with novel skeletal muscle-specific promoters, the novel transgenes disclosed herein can enhance the expression of follistatin in targeted muscle tissues, resulting in increased muscle mass, improved body weight, and heightened skeletal muscle strength.
[0082] In some embodiments, a follistatin transgene disclosed herein is delivered to a subject to form a depot of cells genetically engineered to secrete the follistatin. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene is transduced to muscle cells. In some embodiments, the subject is deficient in follistatin activity.
[0083] In some embodiments, described herein are methods of treating a subject having or at risk of having muscle-related disease or condition (e.g., sarcopenia or MD) , comprising administering to the subject of one or more expression vectors comprising a follistatin transgene disclosed herein. The expression vectors can be administered via, for example, intramuscular or intravenous administration. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene is delivered via a rAAV vector. 6.3 Compositions
[0084] Provided herein are nucleic acids comprising a transgene encoding follistatin. The nucleic acids provided herein can be used in, for example, treatment of a muscle-related disease or condition (e.g., sarcopenia or MD) . Compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions, having the nucleic acids disclosed herein are provided. 6.3.1 Transgenes
[0085] Provided herein are nucleic acids comprising a transgene encoding follistatin or a “follistatin transgene. ” As used herein, the term “follistatin transgene” refers to a region of DNA or its RNA equivalent that encodes a follistatin. The follistatin can be any follistatin disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the follistatin has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The follistatin transgene can include regulatory regions in addition to the follistatin coding region. For example, in some embodiments, a follistatin transgene can also include introns. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene is codon optimized.
[0086] In some embodiments, the follistatin has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the follistatin is a variant of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 that maintains the basic structural and functional properties of follistatin (e.g., antagonizing myostatin function and / or improvement of muscle mass) . In some embodiments, the follistatin has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85% (e.g., 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. The follistatin can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 88%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. The follistatin can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. The follistatin can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 92%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. The follistatin can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. The follistatin can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. The follistatin can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the follistatin has one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the follistatin has a subsequence of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, which consists of a fragment of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or multiple fragments of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 linked together.
[0087] In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene is a codon-optimized variant of wildtype FST (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene has a nucleotide sequence that is about 60% (e.g., about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 98%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. For example, in some embodiments, the follistatin transgene has a nucleotide sequence that is about 60%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is about 65%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is about 70%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is about 75%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is about 80%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is about 85%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is about 90%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is about 95%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is about 98%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0088] The follistatin transgene can be optimized so as to achieve, for instance, enhanced expression of the protein in a particular cell type. Any codon-optimization technique known to one of skill in the art can be adopted. (See e.g., review by Quax et al., 2015, Mol Cell 59: 149-161) . In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene is a modified version of the wildtype FSTgene (SEQ ID NO: 2) . It retains the overall structure and coding potential of the wildtype sequence but incorporates at least one codon-optimization change aimed at improving its expression in human. Specifically, the follistatin transgene can include at least one codon-optimization changes provided in Table 1A below. For example, the follistatin transgene can include any one or more codon-optimization changes in the following codons: Codon 2, Codon 3, Codon 4, Codon 5, Codon 8, Codon 9, Codon 10, Codon 11, Codon 13, Codon 15, Codon 25, Codon 26, Codon 30, Codon 34, Codon 35, Codon 36, Codon 37, Codon 39, Codon 41, Codon 43, Codon 44, Codon 49, Codon 58, Codon 60, Codon 64, Codon 69, Codon 71, Codon 74, Codon 75, Codon 80, Codon 82, Codon 83, Codon 91, Codon 92, Codon 93, Codon 94, Codon 97, Codon 100, Codon 101, Codon 103, Codon 104, Codon 105, Codon 107, Codon 113, Codon 115, Codon 116, Codon 117, Codon 118, Codon 120, Codon 121, Codon 122, Codon 123, Codon 129, Codon 130, Codon 131, Codon 133, Codon 135, Codon 136, Codon 137, Codon 140, Codon 141, Codon 142, Codon 144, Codon 145, Codon 146, Codon 148, Codon 150, Codon 151, Codon 154, Codon 155, Codon 157, Codon 158, Codon 161, Codon 164, Codon 165, Codon 167, Codon 168, Codon 169, Codon 170, Codon 171, Codon 173, Codon 174, Codon 177, Codon 178, Codon 179, Codon 185, Codon 186, Codon 189, Codon 192, Codon 193, Codon 194, Codon 195, Codon 197, Codon 199, Codon 200, Codon 201, Codon 204, Codon 205, Codon 206, Codon 208, Codon 209, Codon 210, Codon 212, Codon 215, Codon 216, Codon 223, Codon 230, Codon 231, Codon 232, Codon 233, Codon 235, Codon 237, Codon 239, Codon 241, Codon 242, Codon 244, Codon 246, Codon 247, Codon 251, Codon 252, Codon 253, Codon 254, Codon 255, Codon 256, Codon 257, Codon 259, Codon 262, Codon 263, Codon 266, Codon 267, Codon 268, Codon 269, Codon 271, Codon 275, Codon 277, Codon 279, Codon 280, Codon 283, Codon 284, Codon 286, Codon 288, Codon 290, Codon 291, Codon 293, Codon 299, Codon 300, Codon 303, Codon 304, Codon 305, Codon 307, Codon 309, Codon 310, Codon 313, Codon 314, Codon 315, Codon 317, Codon 318, Codon 319, Codon 320, Codon 321, Codon 325, Codon 328, Codon 329, Codon 330, Codon 336, Codon 337, Codon 338, Codon 339, Codon 340, Codon 341, Codon 342, and Codon 345. Reference is made to SEQ ID NO: 2, wildtype FSTgene. It is understood that the alteration in the nucleotide sequence at positions specified in Table 1A does not change the encoded amino acid sequence. As a result, the transgene produces higher levels of follistatin compared to the wildtype sequence when expressed in human.
[0089] The follistatin transgene provided herein can incorporate any or all of the codon optimization changes listed in Table 1A, which pertains to 172 out of the total 345 codons in the nucleotide sequence (including the stop codon) . In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene provided herein can incorporate any or all of the optimized codons listed in Table 1B. These codon optimization changes include specific nucleotide substitutions designed to enhance expression efficiency, stability, and / or translational accuracy. The table outlines the precise nucleotide changes for each codon, such as base substitutions at particular positions, which may involve alterations in the first, second, and / or third base of the codon. As provided in Table 1A, for example, the change to Codon 2 includes the C to G substitution at position 6; the change to Codon 3 includes C to A substitution at position 7 and C to A substitution at position 9; and the change to Codon 230 includes T to A substitution at position 688, C to G substitution at position 689 and T to C substitution at position 690.
[0090] The follistatin transgene can include any number of the optimized codons listed in Table 1B, from 1 to all 172 of the listed codons. For example, in some embodiments, the follistatin transgene can include codon-optimization changes in 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 of the codons provided in Table 1B. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene can include codon-optimization changes in about 20, about 30, about 40, about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, or about 170 of the codons provided in Table 1B. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene can include codon-optimization changes in at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, at least 160, or at least 170 of the codons provided in Table 1B. In some embodiments, the same wildtype codon can be optimized to the corresponding codon in CoFST-1. In some embodiments, the same wildtype codon can be optimized to the corresponding codon in CoFST-2. For example, Codon 251 (ACT) , can be optimized to ACA (CoFST-1 version) or ACC (CoFST-2 version) . Any and all combinations and permutations of the optimized codons provided herein are expressly contemplated. For example, the follistatin transgene can incorporate the optimized Codon 13 of CoFST-2 (CTG) and the optimized Codon 100 of CoFST-1 (TGC) .
[0091] In some embodiments, the codon optimized follistatin transgene is coFST-1 and has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the codon optimized follistatin transgene is coFST-2 and has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29, which is the consensus sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4. The follistatin transgene having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29 produces higher levels of follistatin compared to the wildtype sequence when expressed in human, similar to coFST-1 and coFST-2.
[0092] Table 1A: Exemplary codon-optimization mutations (in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2)
[0093] Table 1B Exemplary optimized codons (in reference to SEQ ID NO: 2)
[0094] Table 1C: Exemplary transgene sequences
[0095] In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene is codon optimized, and has the nucleotide sequence that is at least 83%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 82%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0096] In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene encodes follistatin and has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 83% (e.g., at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least or 99%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 3. For example, in some embodiments, the follistatin transgene has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 83%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 86%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 87%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 88%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 89%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 91%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 92%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 93%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 94%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 96%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 97%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0097] In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene encodes follistatin and has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 82% (e.g., at least 83%, at least 84%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least or 99%) identical to SEQ ID NO: 4. For example, in some embodiments, the follistatin transgene has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 83%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 84%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 86%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 87%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 88%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 89%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 90%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 91%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 92%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 93%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 94%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 95%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 96%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 97%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 98%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. The follistatin transgene can have a nucleotide sequence that is at least 99%identical to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene can have the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0098] The expression and activity of a follistatin variant can be tested using conventional assays in vitro, in cell culture or test animals to ensure that the mutation does not disrupt their therapeutic function. Preferred amino acid substitutions, deletions or additions selected should be those that maintain or increase activity, stability or half-life of the protein, as tested by conventional assays in vitro, in cell culture or animal models for muscle-related disease or condition (e.g., sarcopenia or MD) . Any assay disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art can be adopted.
[0099] A number of methods are known in the art for measuring the expression of the follistatin transgenes from the expression constructs, nucleic acids, vectors, and virus (e.g., AAVs) disclosed herein.
[0100] The expression level of a gene expressed by a single cell or type of cell (e.g., a cell belonging to a certain tissue) can be ascertained, for example, by evaluating the concentration or relative abundance of RNA transcripts (e.g., mRNA) ) derived from transcription of a gene of interest. Additionally, or alternatively, gene expression can be determined by evaluating the concentration or relative abundance of protein produced by transcription and translation of a gene of interest. Protein concentrations can also be assessed using functional assays, such as enzymatic assays or gene transcription assays in the event the gene of interest encodes an enzyme or a modulator of transcription, respectively. The sections that follow describe exemplary techniques that can be used to measure and rank the expression levels of genes in a cell, cell type, or population of cells of interest, for instance, at the level of a single cell or a population of cells. Expression of genes in a sample can be analyzed by a number of methodologies, many of which are known in the art and understood by the skilled artisan, including, but not limited to, nucleic acid sequencing, microarray analysis, proteomics, in-situ hybridization (e.g., fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) ) , amplification-based assays, fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) , northern analysis and / or PCR analysis of mRNAs.
[0101] (i) Nucleic acid detection
[0102] Nucleic acid-based datasets suitable for analysis of target cell-specific gene expression can have the form of a gene expression profile, which represents the identity of genes expressed in a cell of interest and the extent to which the gene is expressed, which can be used to determine the ranked order of gene expression levels within a cell, cell type, or population of cells of interest. Such profiles may include whole transcriptome sequencing data (e.g., RNA-Seq data) , panels of mRNAs, noncoding RNAs, or any other nucleic acid sequence that can be expressed from genomic DNA. Other nucleic acid datasets suitable for use with the methods described herein may include expression data collected by imaging-based techniques (e.g., Northern blotting or Southern blotting known in the art) . Northern blot analysis is a conventional technique well known in the art and is described, for example, in MOLECULAR CLONING, A LABORATORY MANUAL, second edition, 1989, Sambrook, Fritch, Maniatis, Cold Spring Harbor Press, 10 Skyline Drive, Plainview, NY 11803-2500, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Typical protocols for evaluating the status of genes and gene products are found, for example in Ausubel et al., eds., 1995, CURR PROTOC MOL BIOL, Units 2 (Northern Blotting) , 4 (Southern Blotting) , 15 (Immunoblotting) and 18 (PCR Analysis) , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0103] Gene expression profiles to be analyzed in conjunction with the methods described herein can include, for example, microarray data or nucleic acid sequencing data produced by a sequencing method known in the art (e.g., Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing methods, also known as high-throughput sequencing or deep sequencing) . Exemplary next generation sequencing technologies include, without limitation, Illumina sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, 454 sequencing, SOLiD sequencing, and nanopore sequencing platforms. Additional methods of sequencing known in the art can also be used. For instance, mRNA expression levels may be determined using RNA-Seq (e.g., as described in Mortazavi et al., Nat. Methods 5: 621-628 (2008) , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) . RNA-Seq is a robust technology known in the art for monitoring expression by direct sequencing the RNA molecules in a sample. Briefly, this methodology may involve fragmentation of RNA to an average length of200 nucleotides, conversion to cDNA by random priming, and synthesis of double-stranded cDNA (e.g., using the Just cDNA Double stranded cDNA Synthesis Kit from Agilent Technology) . Then, the cDNA is converted into a molecular library for sequencing by addition of sequence adapters for each library (e.g., from IlluminaO / Solexa) , and the resulting 50-100 nucleotide reads are mapped onto the genome.
[0104] Gene expression levels may be determined using microarray-based platforms (e.g., single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays) , as microarray technology offers high resolution. Details of various microarray methods can be found in the literature. See, for example, US Patent No. 6,232,068 and Pollack et al., Nat. Genet. 23: 41-46 (1999) , the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Using nucleic acid microarrays, mRNA samples are reverse transcribed and labeled to generate cDNA. One example of a microarray processor is the Affymetrix system, which is commercially available and comprises arrays fabricated by direct synthesis of oligonucleotides on a glass surface. Other systems can be used as known to one skilled in the art. Amplification-based assays also can be used to measure the expression level of one or more markers (e.g., genes) . In such assays, the nucleic acid sequences of the gene act as a template in an amplification reaction (for example, PCR, such as qPCR) . In quantitative amplification, the amount of amplification product is proportional to the amount of template in the original sample. Comparison to appropriate controls provides a measure of the expression level of the gene, corresponding to the specific probe used, according to the principles described herein. Methods of real-time qPCR using TaqMan probes are well known in the art. Detailed protocols for real-time qPCR are provided, for example, in Gibson et al., Genome Res. 6: 995-1001 (1996) and in Heid et al., Genome Res. 6: 986-994 (1996) , the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Levels of gene expression as described herein can be determined by RT-PCR technology. Probes used for PCR may be labeled with a detectable marker, such as, for example, a radioisotope, fluorescent compound, bioluminescent compound, a chemiluminescent compound, metal chelator, or enzyme.
[0105] (ii) Protein detection
[0106] Gene expression can additionally be determined by measuring the concentration or relative abundance of a corresponding protein product encoded by a gene of interest. Protein levels can be assessed using standard detection techniques known in the art. Examples of protein expression analysis that generate data suitable for use with the methods described herein include, without limitation, proteomics approaches, immunohistochemical and / or western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation, molecular binding assays, ELISA, enzyme-linked immunofiltration assay (ELIFA) , mass spectrometry, mass spectrometric immunoassay, and biochemical enzymatic activity assays. In particular, proteomics methods can be used to generate large-scale protein expression datasets in multiplex. Proteomics methods may utilize mass spectrometry to detect and quantify polypeptides (e.g., proteins) and / or peptide microarrays utilizing capture reagents (e.g., antibodies) specific to a panel of target proteins to identify and measure expression levels of proteins expressed in a sample (e.g., a single cell sample or a multi-cell population) .
[0107] Exemplary peptide microarrays have a substrate-bound plurality of polypeptides, the binding of an oligonucleotide, a peptide, or a protein to each of the plurality of bound polypeptides being separately detectable. Alternatively, the peptide microarray may include a plurality of binders, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, phage display binders, yeast two-hybrid binders, aptamers, which can specifically detect the binding of specific oligonucleotides, peptides, or proteins. Examples of peptide arrays may be found in US Patent Nos. 6,268,210, 5,766,960, and 5,143,854, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0108] Mass spectrometry (MS) may be used in conjunction with the methods described herein to identify and characterize the gene expression profile of a single cell or multi-cell population. Any method of MS known in the art may be used to determine, detect, and / or measure a peptide or peptides of interest, e.g., LC-MS, ESI-MS, ESI-MS / MS, MALDI-TOF-MS, MALDI-TOF / TOF-MS, tandem MS, and the like. Mass spectrometers generally contain an ion source and optics, mass analyzer, and data processing electronics. Mass analyzers include scanning and ion-beam mass spectrometers, such as time-of-flight (TOF) and quadruple (Q) , and trapping mass spectrometers, such as ion trap (IT) , Orbitrap, and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) , may be used in the methods described herein. Details of various MS methods can be found in the literature. See, for example, Yates et al., Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 11: 49-79 (2009) , the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 6.3.2 Expression cassettes and constructs
[0109] In some embodiments, nucleic acids provided herein comprise a transgene encoding follistatin. The follistatin transgene can be expressed from an expression cassette. In some embodiments, nucleic acids provided herein comprise a follistatin expression cassette comprising the follistatin transgene.
[0110] An “expression cassette, ” as used herein and understood in the art, is a distinct and continuous component of vector DNA, which includes regulatory sequences that can control the expression of a nucleotide sequence potentially carried by the expression cassette. The regulatory sequences include, for example, transcriptional initiation (promoter) and termination sequences, enhancer, intron, origin of replication sites, polyadenylation sequences, peptide signal and chromatin insulator elements. Regulatory sequences are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) . Simply put, the expression cassette directs the host cell’s machinery to make RNA and protein (s) encoded by the nucleotide sequence contained in the cassette. Thus, expression in cells from different organisms or species, such as bacteria, yeast, plants, and mammalian cells, requires different regulatory sequences. Vectors provided herein can have one or more expression cassettes. The expression cassette can be “empty, ” which contains a multiple cloning site (MCS) for inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding a transgene sequence. The expression cassette can be loaded, which contains transgene sequence.
[0111] As used herein, the term “cloning site” refers to a nucleic acid sequence containing a restriction site for restriction endonuclease-mediated cloning by ligation of a nucleic acid containing compatible cohesive or blunt ends, a region of nucleic acid serving as a priming site for PCR-mediated cloning of insert DNA by homology and extension “overlap PCR stitching” , or a recombination site for recombinase-mediated insertion of target nucleic acids by recombination-exchange reaction, or mosaic ends for transposon mediated insertion of target nucleic acids, as well as other techniques common in the art. A “multiple cloning site” or “MCS, ” as used herein and understood in the art, refers to a short segment of DNA on a vector which contains multiple cloning sites to allow the insertion of a transgene sequence.
[0112] As such, in some embodiments, provided herein are nucleic acids that comprise the follistatin transgene. The nucleic acids can comprise DNA, RNA, or a combination of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, nucleic acids provided herein are single stranded. In some embodiments, nucleic acids provided herein are double stranded.
[0113] In some embodiments, provided herein are nucleic acids comprising an expression cassette comprising a follistatin transgene. In some embodiments, provided herein are nucleic acids comprising a follistatin expression cassette comprising a follistatin transgene.
[0114] In some embodiments, the expression cassettes comprise components that modulate gene delivery or gene expression (e.g., “expression control elements” ) . The expression control elements include, for example, transcription regulatory elements. As is known in the art, a transcription regulatory element is a nucleic acid that controls, at least in part, the transcription of a gene of interest. Transcription regulatory elements can include promoters, enhancers, and other nucleic acids (e.g., polyadenylation signals) that control or help to control gene transcription. Examples of transcription regulatory elements are described, for example, in Goeddel, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185 (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990) .
[0115] Promoters
[0116] In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein comprise one or more promoters. As understood in the art, a “promoter” is a nucleic acid enabling the initiation of the transcription of a gene in a messenger RNA, such transcription being initiated with the binding of an RNA polymerase on or nearby the promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a constitutive promoter. In alternate embodiments, the promoter is an inducible promoter. In a preferred embodiment, strong constitutive promoters that provide for sustained expression of the transgenes are used.
[0117] A promoter can comprise a core promoter and, optionally, one or more enhancers. In some embodiments, the core promoter comprises a TATA box. In some embodiments, the core promoter comprises one or more elements. In some embodiments, the one or more promoter elements can be inverted or moved relative to one another. In some embodiments, the elements of the promoter are positioned to function cooperatively. In some embodiments, the elements of the promoter are positioned to function independently. In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein comprise one or more promoters selected from the group consisting of CB promoter, ubiquitin c (UBC) promoter, cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, the SV40 early promoter, Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter, MMT promoter, EF-1 alpha promoter, UB6 promoter, β-glucuronidase (GUSB) promoter, chicken beta-actin (CBA) promoter, rat insulin promoter, CAG promoter, RPE65 promoter and opsin promoter. In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein comprise one or more tissue specific promoters. In some embodiments, the expression cassettes comprise two promoters.
[0118] In some embodiments, the promoter may be less than 1 kb. The promoter may have a length between 50-100, 50-200, 50-300, 50-400, 100-200, 100-300, 100-400, 200-300, 200-400, 200-500, 200-600, 200-700, 200-800, 300-400, 300-500, 300-600, 300-700, 300-800, 400-500, 400-600, 400-700, 400-800, 500-600, 500-700, 500-800, 600-700, 600-800, or 700-800 nucleotides.
[0119] In some embodiments, the core promoter is the human MCK core promoter (87 bp, P87) . In some embodiments, the core promoter is sP86. sP86 promoter is a synthetic sequence derived from the core promoter P87, comprising the first 28-bp MyoD1 binding motif in human gene DES, the second 13-bp MyoD1 binding motif in human gene CKM, and the third 45-bp segment from 43-87 nt of P87 sequence, from 5’ to 3’ end.
[0120] In some embodiments, the promoter can further comprise one or more enhancers. In some embodiments, the enhancer comprises one or more muscle-specific enhancer element. Exemplary enhancer elements include, for example, hCKM206E, hCKM106E, hCKM106ER, hDes68E, hDes68ER, hDes78E, sE, and MEF2 motif.
[0121] In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein comprise a muscle specific promoter comprising an enhancer region and a core promoter, wherein the enhancer region comprises at least two enhancer elements, wherein each enhancer element is independently selected from the group consisting of hCKM206E (SEQ ID NO: 7) , hCKM106E (SEQ ID NO: 8) , hCKM106ER (SEQ ID NO: 9) , hDes68E (SEQ ID NO: 10) , hDes68ER (SEQ ID NO: 11) , hDes78E (SEQ ID NO: 12) , sE (SEQ ID NO: 13) , and MEF2 motif (SEQ ID NO: 14) . In some embodiments, the core promoter is P87 or sP86. In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein comprise a muscle-specific promoter operably linked to the follistatin transgene, wherein the muscle-specific promoter is thCKM-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 15) , thCKMs-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 16) , thMD-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 17) , thMD2-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 18) , hME2-sE-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 19) , sE3-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 20) , thMDR-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 21) , L34-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 22) , S24-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 23) , S33-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 24) , S32-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 25) , S22-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 26) , thMD-sP86 (SEQ ID NO: 27) , or hME2-sE-sP86 (SEQ ID NO: 28) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to any of the aforesaid sequences. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is thCKM-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 15) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is thCKMs-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 16) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is thMD-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 17) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is thMD2-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 18) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is hME2-sE-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 19) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is sE3-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 20) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is thMDR-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 21) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 21. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is L34-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 22) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 22. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is S24-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 23) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 23. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is S33-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 24) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 24. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is S32-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 25) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 25. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is S22-P87 (SEQ ID NO: 26) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 26. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is thMD-sP86 (SEQ ID NO: 27) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 27. In some embodiments, the muscle-specific promoter is hME2-sE-sP86 (SEQ ID NO: 28) , or a variant thereof having a nucleotide sequence substantially identical (e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%identical) to SEQ ID NO: 28.
[0122] Table 2: Exemplary core promoters, enhancer elements, and promoters
[0123] Untranslated Regions (UTRs)
[0124] In some embodiments, expression cassettes provided herein can comprise UTRs, such as 5’ UTR and / or 3’ UTR. In some embodiments, a wildtype UTR of a gene is transcribed but not translated. Generally, the 5’ UTR starts at the transcription start site and ends at the start codon and the 3’ UTR starts immediately following the stop codon and continues until the termination signal for transcription.
[0125] Features typically found in abundantly expressed genes of specific target organs can be engineered into UTRs to enhance the stability and protein production. In some embodiments, the viral genome encoding a transgene described herein comprises a Kozak sequence. While not wishing to be bound by theory, wild-type 5’ UTRs include features that play roles in translation initiation. Kozak sequences, which are commonly known to be involved in the process by which the ribosome initiates translation of many genes, are usually included in 5’ UTRs. Kozak sequences have the consensus CCR (A / G) CCAUGG, where R is a purine (adenine or guanine) three bases upstream of the start codon (ATG) , which is followed by another ‘G’ .
[0126] While not wishing to be bound by theory, wild-type 3’ UTRs are known to have stretches of adenosines and uridines embedded therein. These AU rich signatures are particularly prevalent in genes with high rates of turnover. Introduction, removal or modification of3’ UTR AU rich elements (AREs) can be used to modulate the stability of polynucleotides. When engineering specific polynucleotides, e.g., payload regions of viral genomes, one or more copies of an ARE can be introduced to make polynucleotides less stable and thereby curtail translation and decrease production of the resultant protein. Likewise, AREs can be identified and removed or mutated to increase the intracellular stability and thus increase translation and production of the resultant protein.
[0127] In some embodiments, the 3’ UTR of the viral genome can include an oligo (dT) sequence for templated addition of a poly-A tail.
[0128] Any UTR from any gene known in the art can be incorporated into the expression cassettes disclosed herein. These UTRs, or portions thereof, can be placed in the same orientation as in the gene from which they were selected, or they can be altered in orientation or location. In some embodiments, the UTR used in the expression cassettes disclosed herein can be inverted, shortened, lengthened, or made with one or more other 5’ UTRs or 3’ UTRs known in the art. In some embodiments, the expression cassettes disclosed herein comprise at least one artificial UTR, which is not a variant of a wildtype UTR. In some embodiments, the expression cassettes disclosed herein comprise UTRs which have been selected from a family of transcripts whose proteins share a common function, structure, feature, or property.
[0129] Polyadenylation (polyA) Sequence
[0130] In some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein comprise at least one polyA sequence. The polyA sequence can be between the 3’ end of the transgene coding sequence and the 5’ end of the 3’ UTR. In some embodiments, the polyA signal region is positioned 3’ relative to the nucleic acid comprising the transgene.
[0131] In some embodiments, the polyA signal region comprises a length of about 100-600 nucleotides, e.g., about 100-500 nucleotides, about 100-400 nucleotides, about 100-300 nucleotides, about 100-200 nucleotides, about 200-600 nucleotides, about 200-500 nucleotides, about 200-400 nucleotides, about 200-300 nucleotides, about 300-600 nucleotides, about 300-500 nucleotides, about 300-400 nucleotides, about 400-600 nucleotides, about 400-500 nucleotides, or about 500-600 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the polyA signal region comprises a length of about 100 to 150 nucleotides, e.g., about 127 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the polyA signal region comprises a length of about 450 to 500 nucleotides, e.g., about 477 nucleotides.
[0132] For illustrative purposes, in some embodiments, the expression cassettes provided herein comprise: a promoter (e.g., a muscle-specific promoter) , a follistatin transgene, a poly A sequence, wherein the expression cassettes optionally further comprise an intron, a UTR, or both. 6.3.3 Vectors
[0133] For use in the methods provided herein are vectors or other expression constructs encode a follistatin (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1) . As such, in some embodiments, provided herein are vectors that comprise the follistatin transgene (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4) . The vectors can comprise DNA, RNA, or a combination of DNA and RNA. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein are single stranded. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein are double stranded.
[0134] In some embodiments, provided herein are vectors comprising one or more expression cassettes disclosed herein that comprise the follistatin transgene. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a follistatin expression cassette comprising a follistatin transgene.
[0135] The vectors and other expression constructs provided herein include any suitable method for delivery of the follistatin transgene to a subject in need thereof. The means of delivery of a transgene include viral vectors, liposomes, other lipid-containing complexes, other macromolecular complexes, synthetic modified mRNA, unmodified mRNA, small molecules, non-biologically active molecules (e.g., gold particles) , polymerized molecules (e.g., dendrimers) , naked DNA, plasmids, phages, transposons, cosmids, or episomes. In some embodiments, viral vectors can be used for delivery of transgenes. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are recombinant viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are altered such that they are replication-deficient in humans.
[0136] Viral vectors that can be used in methods described herein include adenovirus, AAV, lentivirus, helper-dependent adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, poxvirus, hemagglutinin virus of Japan (HVJ) , alphavirus, vaccinia virus, and retrovirus vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors are hybrid vectors, e.g., an AAV vector placed into a “helpless” adenoviral vector. In some embodiments, provided herein are viral vectors comprising a viral capsid from a first virus and viral envelope proteins from a second virus.
[0137] In some embodiments, the viral vectors used in the methods described herein are adenovirus based viral vectors. The recombinant adenovirus can be a first-generation vector, with an E1 deletion, with or without an E3 deletion, and with the expression cassette inserted into either deleted region. The recombinant adenovirus can be a second-generation vector, which contains full or partial deletions of the E2 and E4 regions. A helper-dependent adenovirus retains only the adenovirus inverted terminal repeats and the packaging signal (phi) . The transgene is inserted between the packaging signal and the 3’ ITR, with or without stuffer sequences to keep the artificial genome close to wild-type size of approx. 36 kb. An exemplary protocol for production of adenoviral vectors may be found in Alba et al., 2005, Gene Therapy 12: S18-S27, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0138] In some embodiments, the viral vectors used in the methods described herein are lentivirus based viral vectors. Four plasmids are used to make the construct: Gag / pol sequence containing plasmid, Rev sequence containing plasmids, Envelope protein containing plasmid (i.e., VSV-G) , and Cis plasmid with the packaging elements and the transgene. For lentiviral vector production, the four plasmids are co-transfected into cells (i.e., HEK293 based cells) , whereby polyethylenimine or calcium phosphate can be used as transfection agents, among others. The lentivirus is then harvested in the supernatant. Exemplary protocols for production of lentiviral vectors may be found in Lesch et al., 2011, Gene Therapy 18: 531-538, and Ausubel et al., 2012, Bioprocess Int. 10 (2) : 32-43, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
[0139] In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are herpes simplex virus-based viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are MLV based viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -based vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are lentivirus-based viral vectors. In some embodiments, the viral vectors provided herein are alphavirus-based viral vectors. Alphavirus vectors include semliki forest virus (SFV) and sindbis virus (SIN) . In some embodiments, alphavirus vectors provided herein are recombinant, replication-defective alphaviruses.
[0140] In some embodiments, the vectors provided herein comprise components that influence binding or targeting to cells. In some embodiments, the vectors provided herein comprise components that influence the localization of the polynucleotide (e.g., the transgene) within the cell after uptake. In some embodiments, the vectors provided herein comprise components that can be used as detectable or selectable markers, e.g., to detect or select for cells that have taken up the polynucleotide.
[0141] A selectable marker may comprise a gene sequence or a protein or polypeptide encoded by a gene sequence expressed in a host cell that allows for the identification, selection, and / or purification of the host cell from a population of cells that may or may not express the selectable marker. In some embodiments, the selectable marker provides resistance to survive a selection process that would otherwise kill the host cell, such as treatment with an antibiotic. In some embodiments, an antibiotic selectable marker may comprise one or more antibiotic resistance factors, including but not limited to neomycin resistance (e.g., neo) , hygromycin resistance, kanamycin resistance, and / or puromycin resistance.
[0142] In some embodiments, vectors provided herein can comprise a selectable marker including, but not limited to, β-lactamase, luciferase, β-galactosidase, or any other reporter gene as that term is understood in the art, including cell-surface markers, such as CD4 or the truncated nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) (for GFP, see WO 96 / 23810; Heim et al., Current Biology 2: 178-182 (1996) ; Heim et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1995) ; or Heim et al., Science 373: 663-664 (1995) ; forβ-lactamase, see WO 96 / 30540) ; the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. In some embodiments, a selectable marker can comprise a fluorescent protein. Afluorescent protein as herein described may comprise any fluorescent marker including but not limited to green, yellow, and / or red fluorescent protein (GFP, YFP, and / or RFP) . In some embodiments, a payload construct encoding a selectable marker may comprise a human influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tag. 6.3.4 AAVs
[0143] In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise one or more AAV vectors that deliver the follistatin transgene to a subject in need thereof.
[0144] As understood in the art, an “Adeno-Associated Virus” or “AAV” is a small, non-enveloped virus that belongs to the family Parvoviridae. It is a single-stranded DNA virus with a genome of approximately 4.7 kilobases in length, characterized by its ability to establish latent infections in host cells. An AAV’s genome typically contains two open reading frames encoding the proteins responsible for replication (Rep) and the structural protein of the capsid (Cap) . The open reading frames are flanked by two Inverted Terminal Repeat (ITR) sequences, which serve as the origin of replication of the viral genome. The wild-type AAV viral genome comprises nucleotide sequences for two open reading frames, one for the four non-structural Rep proteins (Rep78, Rep68, Rep52, Rep40, encoded by Rep genes) and one for the three capsids, or structural, proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, encoded by capsid genes or Cap genes) . The Rep proteins are important for replication and packaging, while the capsid proteins are assembled to create the protein shell of the AAV, or AAV capsid. Alternative splicing and alternate initiation codons and promoters result in the generation of four different Rep proteins from a single open reading frame and the generation of three capsid proteins from a single open reading frame. VP1 is the full-length capsid sequence, while VP2 and VP3 are shorter components of the whole. Together, the three capsid proteins assemble to create the AAV capsid protein. While not wishing to be bound by theory, the AAV capsid protein typically comprises a molar ratio of 1: 1: 10 of VP1: VP2: VP3. As used herein, an “AAV serotype” is defined primarily by the AAV capsid. In some instances, the ITRs are also specifically described by the AAV serotype (e.g., AAV2 / 9) .
[0145] As used herein, the term “an inverted terminal repeat, ” or “ITR” is a palindromic nucleic acid that is about 120 nucleotides to about 250 nucleotides in length and capable of forming a hairpin. The term “ITR” includes the site of the viral genome replication that can be recognized and bound by a parvoviral protein (e.g., Rep78 / 68) . An ITR can be from any AAV. An ITR includes a replication protein binding element (RBE) and a terminal resolution sequence (TRS) . The term “ITR” includes wildtype ITR and its variants (e.g., a wildtype ITR can be altered by insertion, deletion, truncation, or missense mutations, as long as the ITR functions to mediate virus packaging, replication, integration, and / or provirus rescue, and the like) . The “5’ ITR” is intended to mean the parvoviral ITR located at the 5’ boundary of the nucleic acid molecule; and the term “3’ ITR” is intended to mean the parvoviral ITR located at the 3’ boundary of the nucleic acid molecule.
[0146] As used herein, the term “recombinant AAV” or “rAAV” refers to a modified or engineered version of naturally occurring AAV.
[0147] As used herein, the term “AAV vector” comprises a capsid and a viral genome. In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises one or more polynucleotides or polynucleotide regions comprising a transgene that encodes e.g., a follistatin.
[0148] An AAV typically requires a co-helper (e.g., adenovirus) to undergo productive infection in cells. In the absence of such helper functions, the AAV virions essentially enter host cells and establish latent infection.
[0149] AAV vectors have been investigated for delivery of gene therapeutics because of several unique features. Non-limiting examples of the features include (i) the ability to infect both dividing and non-dividing cells; (ii) a broad host range for infectivity, including human cells; (iii) wild-type AAV has not been associated with any disease and has not been shown to replicate in infected cells; and (iv) the non-integrative nature in a host chromosome thereby reducing potential for long-term genetic alterations. Moreover, infection with AAV vectors has minimal influence on changing the pattern of cellular gene expression (Stilwell and Samulski et al., Biotechniques, 2003, 34, 148, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties) .
[0150] Typically, AAV vectors for delivery of follistatin transgene can be recombinant viral vectors which are replication defective as they lack sequences encoding functional Rep and Cap proteins within the viral genome. In some cases, the defective AAV vectors may lack most or all coding sequences and essentially only contain one or two AAV ITR sequences and a payload sequence. In some embodiments, the viral genome contains the follistatin transgene.
[0151] In some embodiments, provided herein are viral genomes (e.g., AAV viral genomes) comprising one or more expression cassettes disclosed herein that comprise the follistatin transgene. In some embodiments, viral genomes provided herein comprise an expression cassette comprising the follistatin transgene. In some embodiments, viral genomes provided herein comprise a follistatin expression cassette comprising a follistatin transgene. The follistatin expression cassette can be present either in cis or in trans. In some embodiments, provided herein are viral genomes that comprise the follistatin expression cassette.
[0152] The viral genome of the AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be single stranded or self-complementary. The size of the vector genome can be small, medium, large or the maximum size. In some embodiments, the AAV vector used in the present disclosure is a single strand vector (ssAAV) . In some embodiments, the AAV vectors can be self-complementary AAV vectors (scAAVs) . See, e.g., US7, 465, 583. scAAV vectors contain both DNA strands that anneal together to form double stranded DNA. By skipping second strand synthesis, scAAVs allow for rapid expression in the cell. In some embodiments, the AAV vector used in the present disclosure is a scAAV.
[0153] Methods for producing and / or modifying AAV vectors are disclosed in the art such as pseudotyped AAV vectors (International Patent Publication Nos. WO200028004; WO200123001; WO2004112727; WO2005005610 and WO2005072364, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties) .
[0154] In some embodiments, provided herein are AAV vectors comprising the viral genome of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the AAV vectors disclosed herein can be introduced into mammalian cells.
[0155] In some embodiments, AAV vectors can be modified to enhance the efficiency of delivery. Such modified AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be packaged efficiently and can be used to successfully infect the target cells at high frequency and with minimal toxicity. 6.3.4.1 AAV serotype
[0156] AAV vectors of the present disclosure can comprise or be derived from any natural or recombinant AAV serotype. According to the present disclosure, the AAV vectors can utilize or be based on a serotype or include a peptide selected from any of the following: AAV1, AAV2, AAV2.5, AAV2G9, AAV3, AAV3a, AAV3b, AAV3-3, AAV4, AAV4-4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV6.1, AAV6.2, AAV6.1.2, AAV7, AAV7.2, AAV8, AAV9, AAV9.11, AAV9.13, AAV9.16, AAV9.24, AAV9.45, AAV9.47, AAV9.61, AAV9.68, AAV9.84, AAV9.9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV13, and any other AAV now known or later discovered. See, e.g., Fields et al. VIROLOGY, 4th ed. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996. Additional AAV serotypes and clades have been identified recently. See, e.g., Gao et al. J. Virol. 78: 6381 (2004) ; Moris et al. Virol. 33: 375 (2004) .
[0157] Additionally, the AAV vectors can also utilize or be based on a serotype or include a peptide selected from any of the following VOY101, VOY201, AAVPHP. B (PHP. B) , AAVPHP. A (PHP. A) , AAVG2B-26, AAVG2B-13, AAVTH1.1-32, AAVTH1.1-35, AAVPHP. B2 (PHP. B2) , AAVPHP. B3 (PHP. B3) , AAVPHP. N / PHP. B-DGT, AAVPHP. B-EST, AAVPHP. B-GGT, AAVPHP. B-ATP, AAVPHP. B-ATT-T, AAVPHP. B-DGT-T, AAVPHP. B-GGT-T, AAVPHP. B-SGS, AAVPHP. B-AQP, AAVPHP. B-QQP, AAVPHP. B-SNP (3) , AAVPHP. B-SNP, AAVPHP. B-QGT, AAVPHP. B-NQT, AAVPHP. B-EGS, AAVPHP. B-SGN, AAVPHP. B-EGT, AAVPHP. B-DST, AAVPHP. B-DST, AAVPHP. B-STP, AAVPHP. B-PQP, AAVPHP. B-SQP, AAVPHP. B-QLP, AAVPHP. B-TMP, AAVPHP. B-TTP, AAVPHP. S / G2A12, AAVG2A15 / G2A3 (G2A3) , AAVG2B4 (G2B4) , AAVG2B5 (G2B5) , PHP. S, AAV16.3, AAV24.1, AAV27.3, AAV42.12, AAV42-1b, AAV42-2, AAV42-3a, AAV42-3b, AAV42-4, AAV42-5a, AAV42-5b, AAV42-6b, AAV42-8, AAV42-10, AAV42-11, AAV42-12, AAV42-13, AAV42-15, AAV42-aa, AAV43-1, AAV43-12, AAV43-20, AAV43-21, AAV43-23, AAV43-25, AAV43-5, AAV44.1, AAV44.2, AAV44.5, AAV223.1, AAV223.2, AAV223.4, AAV223.5, AAV223.6, AAV223.7, AAV1-7 / rh. 48, AAV1-8 / rh. 49, AAV2-15 / rh. 62, AAV2-3 / rh. 61, AAV2-4 / rh. 50, AAV2-5 / rh. 51, AAV3.1 / hu. 6, AAV3.1 / hu. 9, AAV3-9 / rh. 52, AAV3-11 / rh. 53, AAV4-8 / r11.64, AAV4-9 / rh. 54, AAV4-19 / rh. 55, AAV5-3 / rh. 57, AAV5-22 / rh. 58, AAV7.3 / hu. 7, AAV16.8 / hu. 10, AAV16.12 / hu. 11, AAV29.3 / bb. 1, AAV29.5 / bb. 2, AAV106.1 / hu. 37, AAV114.3 / hu. 40, AAV127.2 / hu. 41, AAV127.5 / hu. 42, AAV128.3 / hu. 44, AAV130.4 / hu. 48, AAV145.1 / hu. 53, AAV145.5 / hu. 54, AAV145.6 / hu. 55, AAV161.10 / hu. 60, AAV161.6 / hu. 61, AAV33.12 / hu. 17, AAV33.4 / hu. 15, AAV33.8 / hu. 16, AAV52 / hu. 19, AAV52.1 / hu. 20, AAV58.2 / hu. 25, AAVA3.3, AAVA3.4, AAVA3.5, AAVA3.7, AAVC1, AAVC2, AAVC5, AAV-DJ, AAV-DJ8, AAVF3, AAVF5, AAVH2, AAVrh. 72, AAVhu. 8, AAVrh. 68, AAVrh. 70, AAVpi. 1, AAVpi. 3, AAVpi. 2, AAVrh. 60, AAVrh. 44, AAVrh. 65, AAVrh. 55, AAVrh. 47, AAVrh. 69, AAVrh. 45, AAVrh. 59, AAVhu. 12, AAVH6, AAVLK03, AAVH-1 / hu. 1, AAVH-5 / hu. 3, AAVLG-10 / rh. 40, AAVLG-4 / rh. 38, AAVLG-9 / hu. 39, AAVN721-8 / rh. 43, AAVCh. 5, AAVCh. 5R1, AAVcy. 2, AAVcy. 3, AAVcy. 4, AAVcy. 5, AAVCy. 5R1, AAVCy. 5R2, AAVCy. 5R3, AAVCy. 5R4, AAVcy. 6, AAVhu. 1, AAVhu. 2, AAVhu. 3, AAVhu. 4, AAVhu. 5, AAVhu. 6, AAVhu. 7, AAVhu. 9, AAVhu. 10, AAVhu. 11, AAVhu. 13, AAVhu. 15, AAVhu. 16, AAVhu. 17, AAVhu. 18, AAVhu. 20, AAVhu. 21, AAVhu. 22, AAVhu. 23.2, AAVhu. 24, AAVhu. 25, AAVhu. 27, AAVhu. 28, AAVhu. 29, AAVhu. 29R, AAVhu. 31, AAVhu. 32, AAVhu. 34, AAVhu. 35, AAVhu. 37, AAVhu. 39, AAVhu. 40, AAVhu. 41, AAVhu. 42, AAVhu. 43, AAVhu. 44, AAVhu. 44R1, AAVhu. 44R2, AAVhu. 44R3, AAVhu. 45, AAVhu. 46, AAVhu. 47, AAVhu. 48, AAVhu. 48R1, AAVhu. 48R2, AAVhu. 48R3, AAVhu. 49, AAVhu. 51, AAVhu. 52, AAVhu. 54, AAVhu. 55, AAVhu. 56, AAVhu. 57, AAVhu. 58, AAVhu. 60, AAVhu. 61, AAVhu. 63, AAVhu. 64, AAVhu. 66, AAVhu. 67, AAVhu. 14 / 9, AAVhu. t 19, AAVrh. 2, AAVrh. 2R, AAVrh. 8, AAVrh. 8R, AAVrh. 10, AAVrh. 12, AAVrh. 13, AAVrh. 13R, AAVrh. 14, AAVrh. 17, AAVrh. 18, AAVrh. 19, AAVrh. 20, AAVrh. 21, AAVrh. 22, AAVrh. 23, AAVrh. 24, AAVrh. 25, AAVrh. 31, AAVrh. 32, AAVrh. 33, AAVrh. 34, AAVrh. 35, AAVrh. 36, AAVrh. 37, AAVrh. 37R2, AAVrh. 38, AAVrh. 39, AAVrh. 40, AAVrh. 46, AAVrh. 48, AAVrh. 48.1, AAVrh. 48.1.2, AAVrh. 48.2, AAVrh. 49, AAVrh. 51, AAVrh. 52, AAVrh. 53, AAVrh. 54, AAVrh. 56, AAVrh. 57, AAVrh. 58, AAVrh. 61, AAVrh. 64, AAVrh. 64R1, AAVrh. 64R2, AAVrh. 67, AAVrh. 73, AAVrh. 74, AAVrh8R, AAVrh8R A586R mutant, AAVrh8R R533A mutant, AAAV, BAAV, caprine AAV, bovine AAV, AAVhE1.1, AAVhEr1.5, AAVhER1.14, AAVhEr1.8, AAVhEr1.16, AAVhEr1.18, AAVhEr1.35, AAVhEr1.7, AAVhEr1.36, AAVhEr2.29, AAVhEr2.4, AAVhEr2.16, AAVhEr2.30, AAVhEr2.31, AAVhEr2.36, AAVhER1.23, AAVhEr3.1, AAV2.5T, AAV-PAEC, AAV-LK01, AAV-LK02, AAV-LK03, AAV-LK04, AAV-LK05, AAV-LK06, AAV-LK07, AAV-LK08, AAV-LK09, AAV-LK10, AAV-LK11, AAV-LK12, AAV-LK13, AAV-LK14, AAV-LK15, AAV-LK16, AAV-LK17, AAV-LK18, AAV-LK19, AAV-PAEC2, AAV-PAEC4, AAV-PAEC6, AAV-PAEC7, AAV-PAEC8, AAV-PAEC11, AAV-PAEC12, AAV-2-pre-miRNA-101, AAV-8h, AAV-8b, AAV-h, AAV-b, AAV SM 10-2, AAV Shuffle 100-1, AAV Shuffle 100-3, AAV Shuffle 100-7, AAV Shuffle 10-2, AAV Shuffle 10-6, AAV Shuffle 10-8, AAV Shuffle 100-2, AAV SM 10-1, AAV SM 10-8, AAV SM 100-3, AAV SM 100-10, BNP61 AAV, BNP62 AAV, BNP63 AAV, AAVrh. 50, AAVrh. 43, AAVrh. 62, AAVrh. 48, AAVhu. 19, AAVhu. 11, AAVhu. 53, AAV4-8 / rh. 64, AAVLG-9 / hu. 39, AAV54.5 / hu. 23, AAV54.2 / hu. 22, AAV54.7 / hu. 24, AAV54.1 / hu. 21, AAV54.4R / hu. 27, AAV46.2 / hu. 28, AAV46.6 / hu. 29, AAV128.1 / hu. 43, true type AAV (ttAAV) , UPENN AAV 10, Japanese AAV 10 serotypes, AAV CBr-7.1, AAV CBr-7.10, AAV CBr-7.2, AAV CBr-7.3, AAV CBr-7.4, AAV CBr-7.5, AAV CBr-7.7, AAV CBr-7.8, AAV CBr-B7.3, AAV CBr-B7.4, AAV CBr-E1, AAV CBr-E2, AAV CBr-E3, AAV CBr-E4, AAV CBr-E5, AAV CBr-e5, AAV CBr-E6, AAV CBr-E7, AAV CBr-E8, AAV CHt-1, AAV CHt-2, AAV CHt-3, AAV CHt-6.1, AAV CHt-6.10, AAV CHt-6.5, AAV CHt-6.6, AAV CHt-6.7, AAV CHt-6.8, AAV CHt-P1, AAV CHt-P2, AAV CHt-P5, AAV CHt-P6, AAV CHt-P8, AAV CHt-P9, AAV CKd-1, AAV CKd-10, AAV CKd-2, AAV CKd-3, AAV CKd-4, AAV CKd-6, AAV CKd-7, AAV CKd-8, AAV CKd-B1, AAV CKd-B2,AAV CKd-B3, AAV CKd-B4, AAV CKd-B5, AAV CKd-B6, AAV CKd-B7, AAV CKd-B8, AAV CKd-H1, AAV CKd-H2, AAV CKd-H3, AAV CKd-H4, AAV CKd-H5, AAV CKd-H6, AAV CKd-N3, AAV CKd-N4, AAV CKd-N9, AAV CLg-F1, AAV CLg-F2, AAV CLg-F3, AAV CLg-F4, AAV CLg-F5, AAV CLg-F6, AAV CLg-F7, AAV CLg-F8, AAV CLv-1, AAV CLv1-1, AAV Clv1-10, AAV CLv1-2, AAV CLv-12, AAV CLv1-3, AAV CLv-13, AAV CLv1-4, AAV Clv1-7, AAV Clv1-8, AAV Clv1-9, AAV CLv-2, AAV CLv-3, AAV CLv-4, AAV CLv-6, AAV CLv-8, AAV CLv-D1, AAV CLv-D2, AAV CLv-D3, AAV CLv-D4, AAV CLv-D5, AAV CLv-D6, AAV CLv-D7, AAV CLv-D8, AAV CLv-E1, AAV CLv-K1, AAV CLv-K3, AAV CLv-K6, AAV CLv-L4, AAV CLv-L5, AAV CLv-L6, AAV CLv-M1, AAV CLv-M11, AAV CLv-M2, AAV CLv-M5, AAV CLv-M6, AAV CLv-M7, AAV CLv-M8, AAV CLv-M9, AAV CLv-R1, AAV CLv-R2, AAV CLv-R3, AAV CLv-R4, AAV CLv-R5, AAV CLv-R6, AAV CLv-R7, AAV CLv-R8, AAV CLv-R9, AAV CSp-1, AAV CSp-10, AAV CSp-11, AAV CSp-2, AAV CSp-3, AAV CSp-4, AAV CSp-6, AAV CSp-7, AAV CSp-8, AAV CSp-8.10, AAV CSp-8.2, AAV CSp-8.4, AAV CSp-8.5, AAV CSp-8.6, AAV CSp-8.7, AAV CSp-8.8, AAV CSp-8.9, AAV CSp-9, AAV. hu. 48R3, AAV. VR-355, AAV3B, AAV4, AAV5, AAVF1 / HSC1, AAVF11 / HSC11, AAVF12 / HSC12, AAVF13 / HSC13, AAVF14 / HSC14, AAVF15 / HSC15, AAVF16 / HSC16, AAVF17 / HSC17, AAVF2 / HSC2, AAVF3 / HSC3, AAVF4 / HSC4, AAVF5 / HSC5, AAVF6 / HSC6, AAVF7 / HSC7, AAVF8 / HSC8, and / or AAVF9 / HSC9 and variants thereof.
[0158] The genomic sequences of various serotypes of AAV, as well as the sequences of the native ITRs, Rep proteins, and capsid subunits are known in the art. Such sequences may be found in the literature or in public databases such as GenBank. See, e.g., GenBank Accession Numbers NC_002077, NC_001401, NC_001729, NC_001863, NC_001829, NC_001862, NC_000883, NC_001701, NC_001510, NC_006152, NC_006261, AF063497, U89790, AF043303, AF028705, AF028704, J02275, J01901, J02275, X01457, AF288061, AH009962, AY028226, AY028223, AY631966, AX753250, EU285562, NC_001358, NC_001540, AF513851, AF513852 and AY530579; the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for teaching AAV nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. See also, e.g., Bantel-Schaal et al. J. Virol. 73: 939 (1999) ; Chiorini et al. J. Virol. 71: 6823 (1997) ; Chiorini et al. J. Virol. 73: 1309 (1999) ; Gao et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 11854 (2002) ; Moris et al. Virol. 33: 375 (2004) ; Muramatsu et al. Virol. 221: 208 (1996) ; Ruffing et al. J. Gen. Virol. 75: 3385 (1994) ; Rutledge et al. J. Virol. 72: 309 (1998) ; Schmidt et al. J. Virol. 82: 8911 (2008) ; Shade et al. J. Virol. 58: 921 (1986) ; Srivastava et al. J. Virol. 45: 555 (1983) ; Xiao et al. J. Virol. 73: 3994 (1999) ; Pulicherla et al., Molecular Therapy, 19 (6) : 1070-1078 (2011) ; US6,156,303; US20030138772; US20150159173; US7,198,951; US9,475,845; US20140359799; US9,233,131; US20150376607; US9,163,261; US20150376240; US20160017295; US20150238550; US20150315612; US9,238,800; US9,193,769; US7,427,396; US9,624,274; US20150159173; US20160017005; US8,734,809; WO 00 / 28061, WO 99 / 61601, WO 98 / 11244; WO1998011244; WO2014144229; WO2005033321; WO2015168666; WO2015121501; WO2015038958; WO2016049230; WO2016065001; WO2017100671; WO2017058892; the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein for teaching AAV nucleic acid and amino acid sequences.
[0159] In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene can be delivered to an area of interest (e.g., muscle) using an AAV of a serotype of AAV1, AAV2, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV12, AAVrh74, AAVhu. 32 or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, AAV9 can be used. In some embodiments, AAV1 can be used. In some embodiments, AAV2 can be used. In some embodiments, AAV8 can be used. In some embodiments, AAVrh74 can be used. In some embodiments, the follistatin transgene can be delivered to a subject in need thereof using an AAV of a serotype of AAV9. 6.3.4.2 AAV viral genome
[0160] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors of the present disclosure comprise a viral genome comprising an expression cassette disclosed herein that comprise a follistatin transgene. In some embodiments, for example, the AAV viral genome comprises an inverted terminal repeat (ITR) region, and an expression cassette disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the expression cassette comprises a muscle-specific promoter, an intron region (optional) , a follistatin transgene, a polyA signal region, or a combination thereof.
[0161] Inverted Terminal Repeats (ITRs)
[0162] In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises at least one ITR region. The AAV vectors of the present disclosure comprise a viral genome with at least one ITR region and a transgene region. In some embodiments, the viral genome has two ITRs. These two ITRs flank the transgene region at the 5’ and 3’ ends. In some embodiments, the ITR functions as an origin of replication comprising a recognition site for replication. In some embodiments, the ITR comprises a sequence region which can be complementary and symmetrically arranged. In some embodiments, the ITR incorporated into a viral genome described herein can be comprised of a naturally occurring polynucleotide sequence or a recombinantly derived polynucleotide sequence.
[0163] The ITRs can be derived from the same serotype as the capsid, selected from any of the known serotypes. The ITR can be of a different serotype than the capsid. In some embodiments, the AAV vector has more than one ITR. In a non-limiting example, the AAV vector has a viral genome comprising two ITRs. In some embodiments, the ITRs are of the same serotype as one another. In another embodiment, the ITRs are of different serotypes. Non-limiting examples include zero, one or both of the ITRs having the same serotype as the capsid. In some embodiments, both ITRs of the viral genome of the AAV vector are AAV9 ITRs. In some embodiments, both ITRs of the viral genome of the AAV vector are AAV2 ITRs.
[0164] Independently, each ITR can be about 100 to about 150 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ITR comprises 100-180 nucleotides in length, e.g., about 100-115, about 100-120, about 100-130, about 100-140, about 100-150, about 100-160, about 100-170, about 100-180, about 110-120, about 110-130, about 110-140, about 110-150, about 110-160, about 110-170, about 110-180, about 120-130, about 120-140, about 120-150, about 120-160, about 120-170, about 120-180, about 130-140, about 130-150, about 130-160, about 130-170, about 130-180, about 140-150, about 140-160, about 140-170, about 140-180, about 150-160, about 150-170, about 150-180, about 160-170, about 160-180, or about 170-180 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ITR comprises about 120-140 nucleotides in length, e.g., about 130 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ITRs are 140-142 nucleotides in length, e.g., 141 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the ITR comprises 125-135 nucleotides in length, e.g., 130 nucleotides in length. Non-limiting examples of ITR length are 102, 130, 140, 141, 142, 145 nucleotides in length, and those having at least 95%identity thereto.
[0165] Filler Sequence
[0166] In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises one or more filler sequences. The filler sequence can be a wildtype sequence or an engineered sequence. A filler sequence can be a variant of a wild-type sequence. In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises one or more filler sequences in order to have the length of the viral genome be the optimal size for packaging. For illustrative purposes, in some embodiments, the viral genome is a single stranded (ss) viral genome and comprises one or more filler sequences that, independently or together, have a length about between 0.1 kb-3.8 kb; in some embodiments, the viral genome is a self-complementary (sc) viral genome and comprises one or more filler sequences in order to have the length of the viral genome be about 2.3 kb.
[0167] In some embodiments, the viral genome comprises one or more filler sequences between one of more regions of the viral genome. In some embodiments, the filler region can be located before a region such as, but not limited to, a transgene region, an ITR, a promoter region, an intron region, an enhancer region, a polyadenylation signal sequence region, and / or an exon region. In some embodiments, the filler region can be located after a region such as, but not limited to, a payload region, an ITR, a promoter region, an intron region, an enhancer region, a polyadenylation signal sequence region, and / or an exon region.
[0168] The filler sequence can be located 3’ to the 5’ ITR sequence. The filler sequence can be located 5’ to a promoter sequence. The filler sequence can be located 3’ to the polyadenylation signal sequence. The filler sequence can be located 5’ to the 3’ ITR sequence. The filler sequence can be located between two intron sequences. The filler sequence can be within an intron sequence.
[0169] The filler sequence can be located after the 5’ ITR. The filler sequence can be located after the promoter region. The filler sequence can be located after the transgene region. The filler sequence can be located after the intron region. The filler sequence can be located after the enhancer region. The filler sequence can be located after the polyadenylation signal sequence region. The filler sequence can be located before the promoter region. The filler sequence can be located before the transgene region. The filler sequence can be located before the intron region. The filler sequence can be located before the enhancer region. The filler sequence can be located before the polyadenylation signal sequence region. The filler sequence can be located before the 3’ ITR. 6.4 Methods of production
[0170] AAVs, or other expression vectors to be used for expressing follistatin disclosed herein can be produced using any methods known in the art. AAVs, or other expression vectors to be used in methods disclosed herein for gene therapy can be produced using any methods known in the art.
[0171] General Viral Production Process
[0172] Cells for the production of AAV, e.g., rAAV, vectors can comprise, in some embodiments, mammalian cells (such as HEK293 cells) and / or insect cells (such as Sf9 cells) . In various embodiments, AAV production includes processes and methods for producing AAV vectors which can contact a target cell to deliver a transgene, e.g., follistatin transgene. In some embodiments, the viral vectors are AAV vectors such as recombinant AAV vectors.
[0173] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a vector comprising a viral genome of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a cell comprising a viral genome of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell, a mammalian cell (e.g., a HEK293 cell) , or an insect cell (e.g., an Sf9 cell) .
[0174] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of making a viral genome. The method comprising providing a nucleic acid encoding a viral genome described herein and a backbone region suitable for replication of the viral genome in a cell, e.g., a bacterial cell (e.g., wherein the backbone region comprises one or both of a bacterial origin of replication and a selectable marker) , and excising the viral genome from the backbone region, e.g., by cleaving the nucleic acid molecule at upstream and downstream of the viral genome. In some embodiments, the viral genome comprising a promoter operably linked to nucleic acid comprising a transgene (e.g., a follistatin transgene described herein) , will be incorporated into an AAV vector produced in the cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell, a mammalian cell (e.g., a HEK293 cell) , or an insect cell (e.g., an Sf9 cell) .
[0175] In some embodiments, disclosed herein is a method of making a recombinant AAV vector of the present disclosure, the method comprising (i) providing a host cell comprising a viral genome described herein and incubating the host cell under conditions suitable to enclose the viral genome in a capsid protein, thereby making the recombinant AAV vector. In some embodiments, the method comprises prior to step (i) , introducing a first nucleic acid comprising the viral genome into a cell. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises a second nucleic acid encoding the capsid protein. In some embodiments, the second nucleic acid is introduced into the host cell prior to, concurrently with, or after the first nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterial cell, amammalian cell (e.g., a HEK293 cell) , or an insect cell (e.g., an Sf9 cell) .
[0176] In various embodiments, methods are provided herein of producing AAV vectors by (a) contacting a viral production cell with one or more viral packaging constructs encoding at least one AAV capsid protein, and one or more expression constructs encoding: a transgene, and a modulatory nucleic acid; (b) culturing the viral production cell under conditions such that at least one AAV vector is produced, and (c) isolating the AAV vector from the production stream.
[0177] In these methods, a viral packaging construct can encode at least one structural protein and / or at least one non-structural protein. The structural protein can include any of the native or wild type capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and / or VP3, or a chimeric protein thereof. The non-structural protein can include any of the native or wild type Rep78, Rep68, Rep52, and / or Rep40 proteins or a chimeric protein thereof.
[0178] In some embodiments, contacting occurs via transient transfection, viral transduction, and / or electroporation.
[0179] In some embodiments, the viral production cell is selected from a mammalian cell and an insect cell. In some embodiments, the insect cell includes a Spodoptera frugiperda insect cell. In some embodiments, the insect cell includes an Sf9 insect cell. In some embodiments, the insect cell includes an Sf21 insect cell.
[0180] Also provided are AAV vectors produced according to the methods described herein.
[0181] In various embodiments, the AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be formulated as a pharmaceutical composition with one or more acceptable excipients.
[0182] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors can be produced by contacting a viral production cell (e.g., an insect cell or a mammalian cell) with at least one viral packaging construct encoding at least one capsid protein and at least one transgene expression construct. The viral production cell can be contacted by transient transfection, viral transduction, and / or electroporation. The viral production cell can be cultured under conditions such that at least one AAV vector is produced, isolated (e.g., using temperature-induced lysis, mechanical lysis and / or chemical lysis) and / or purified (e.g., using filtration, chromatography, and / or immunoaffinity purification) .
[0183] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors are produced in an insect cell (e.g., Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cell) using a method described herein. As a non-limiting example, the insect cell is contacted using viral transduction which can include baculoviral transduction.
[0184] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors are produced in a mammalian cell (e.g., HEK293 cell) using a method described herein. As a non-limiting example, the mammalian cell is contacted using multiplasmid transient transfection (such as triple plasmid transient transfection) .
[0185] In some embodiments, a process of the present disclosure includes production of viral vectors in a viral production cell using a viral production system which includes at least one viral packaging construct and at least one transgene expression construct. The at least one viral packaging construct and at least one transgene expression construct can be co-transfected (e.g., dual transfection, triple transfection) into a viral production cell. The transfection is completed using standard molecular biology techniques known and routinely performed by a person skilled in the art. The viral production cell provides the cellular machinery necessary for expression of the proteins and other biomaterials necessary for producing the AAV vectors, including Rep proteins which replicate the payload construct and Cap proteins which assemble to form a capsid that encloses the replicated payload constructs. The resulting AAV vector is extracted from the viral production cells and processed into a pharmaceutical preparation for administration.
[0186] In various embodiments, once administered, an AAV vector disclosed herein can, without being bound by theory, contact a target cell and enter the cell, e.g., in an endosome. The AAV vectors, e.g., those released from the endosome, can subsequently contact the nucleus of the target cell to deliver the transgene construct. The transgene construct can be delivered to the nucleus of the target cell wherein the transgene can be expressed.
[0187] In some embodiments, the process for production of viral vectors utilizes seed cultures of viral production cells that include one or more baculoviruses (e.g., a Baculoviral Expression Vector (BEV) or a baculovirus infected insect cell (BIIC) that has been transfected with a viral packaging construct and a transgene expression construct) .
[0188] In some embodiments, large scale production of AAV vectors utilizes a bioreactor. Without being bound by theory, the use of a bioreactor can allow for the precise measurement and / or control of variables that support the growth and activity of viral production cells such as mass, temperature, mixing conditions (impellor RPM or wave oscillation) , CO2 concentration, O2 concentration, gas sparge rates and volumes, gas overlay rates and volumes, pH, Viable Cell Density (VCD) , cell viability, cell diameter, and / or optical density (OD) . In some embodiments, the bioreactor is used for batch production in which the entire culture is harvested at an experimentally determined time point and AAV vectors are purified. In some embodiments, the bioreactor is used for continuous production in which a portion of the culture is harvested at an experimentally determined time point for purification of AAV vectors, and the remaining culture in the bioreactor is refreshed with additional growth media components.
[0189] In various embodiments, AAV viral vectors can be extracted from viral production cells in a process which includes cell lysis, clarification, sterilization and purification. Cell lysis includes any process that disrupts the structure of the viral production cell, thereby releasing AAV vectors. In some embodiments, cell lysis can include thermal shock, chemical, or mechanical lysis methods. Clarification can include the gross purification of the mixture of lysed cells, media components, and AAV vectors. In some embodiments, clarification includes centrifugation and / or filtration, including but not limited to depth end, tangential flow, and / or hollow fiber filtration.
[0190] In various embodiments, the end result of viral production is a purified collection of AAV vectors which include two components: (1) a transgene expression construct (e.g., a recombinant AAV vector genome construct) and (2) a viral capsid.
[0191] In some embodiments, a viral production system or process of the present disclosure includes steps for producing baculovirus infected insect cells (BIICs) using Viral Production Cells (VPC) and plasmid constructs. In some embodiments, a viral production system or process of the present disclosure includes steps for producing AAV vectors using Viral Production Cells (VPC) and baculovirus infected insect cells (BIICs) .
[0192] Viralpackaging constructs
[0193] In various embodiments, the viral production system of the present disclosure includes one or more viral packaging constructs that can be transfected / transduced into a viral production cell. In some embodiments, a viral packaging construct or a transgene expression construct of the present disclosure can be a bacmid, also known as a baculovirus plasmid or recombinant baculovirus genome. In some embodiments, the viral expression construct includes a protein-coding nucleotide sequence and at least one expression control sequence for expression in a viral production cell. In some embodiments, the viral expression construct includes a protein-coding nucleotide sequence operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a viral production cell. In some embodiments, the viral packaging construct contains parvoviral genes under control of one or more promoters. Parvoviral genes can include nucleotide sequences encoding non-structural AAV replication proteins, such as Rep genes which encode Rep52, Rep40, Rep68, or Rep78 proteins. Parvoviral genes can include nucleotide sequences encoding structural AAV proteins, such as Cap genes which encode VP1, VP2, and VP3 proteins.
[0194] Viral packaging constructs of the present disclosure can include any compound or formulation, biological or chemical, which facilitates transformation, transfection, or transduction of a cell with a nucleic acid. Exemplary biological viral packaging constructs include plasmids, linear nucleic acid molecules, and recombinant viruses including baculovirus. Exemplary chemical vectors include lipid complexes. Viral packaging constructs are used to incorporate nucleic acid sequences into virus replication cells in accordance with the present disclosure. O’ Reilly et al., BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION VECTORS: A LABORATORY MANUAL. Oxford University Press, 1994; Maniatis et al., eds. MOLECULAR CLONING. CSH Laboratory, NY, N.Y. (1982) ; and Philiport and Scluber, eds. LIPOSOMES AS TOOLS IN BASIC RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY. CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995) , the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties as related to viral packaging constructs and uses thereof.
[0195] In some embodiments, the viral packaging construct is an AAV expression construct which includes one or more nucleotide sequences encoding non-structural AAV replication proteins, structural AAV capsid proteins, or a combination thereof.
[0196] In some embodiments, the viral packaging construct of the present disclosure can be a plasmid vector. In some embodiments, the viral packaging construct of the present disclosure can be a baculoviral construct.
[0197] The present disclosure is not limited by the number of viral packaging constructs employed to produce AAV vectors. In some embodiments, one, two, three, four, five, six, or more viral packaging constructs can be employed to produce AAV vectors in viral production cells in accordance with the present disclosure. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a viral packaging construct can be used for the production of an AAV vector in insect cells. In some embodiments, modifications can be made to the wild type AAV sequences of the capsid and / or rep genes, for example to improve attributes of the viral vector, such as increased infectivity or specificity, or to enhance production yields.
[0198] In some embodiments, a VP-coding region encodes one or more AAV capsid proteins of a specific AAV serotype. The AAV serotypes for VP-coding regions can be the same or different. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region can be codon optimized. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region or nucleotide sequence can be codon optimized for a mammal cell. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region or nucleotide sequence can be codon optimized for an insect cell. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region or nucleotide sequence can be codon optimized for a Spodoptera frugiperda cell. In some embodiments, a VP-coding region or nucleotide sequence can be codon optimized for Sf9 or Sf21 cell lines.
[0199] Viral production of the present disclosure describes processes and methods for producing an AAV vector that contacts a target cell to deliver a transgene expression construct, e.g., a recombinant AAV construct, which includes a nucleotide encoding a transgene of interest. The viral production cell can be selected from any biological organism, including prokaryotic (e.g., bacterial) cells, and eukaryotic cells (e.g., insect cells, yeast cells and mammalian cells) .
[0200] Mammalian Cells
[0201] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be produced in a viral production cell that includes a mammalian cell. Viral production cells can comprise mammalian cells such as A549, WEH1, 3T3, 10T1 / 2, BHK, MDCK, COS 1, COS 7, BSC 1, BSC 40, BMT 10, VERO, W138, HeLa, HEK293, HEK293T (293T) , Saos, C2C12, L cells, HT1080, Huh7, HepG2, C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa cells, KB cells and primary fibroblast, hepatocyte, and myoblast cells derived from mammals. Viral production cells can include cells derived from any mammalian species including, but not limited to, human, monkey, mouse, rat, rabbit, and hamster or cell type, including but not limited to fibroblast, hepatocyte, tumor cell, cell line transformed cell, etc.
[0202] AAV viral production cells commonly used for production ofrecombinant AAV vectors include, but is not limited to other mammalian cell lines as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,156,303, 5,387,484, 5,741,683, 5,691,176, 6,428,988 and 5,688,676; U.S. patent application 2002 / 0081721, and International Patent Publication Nos. WO 00 / 47757, WO 00 / 24916, and WO 96 / 17947, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties insofar as they do no conflict with the present disclosure.
[0203] In some embodiments, the AAV viral production cells are trans-complementing packaging cell lines that provide functions deleted from a replication-defective helper virus, e.g., HEK293 cells or other Ea trans-complementing cells. In some embodiments, the packaging cell line 293-10-3 (ATCC Accession No. PTA-2361) may be used to produce the AAV vectors, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,281,010, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties as related to the 293-10-3 packaging cell line and uses thereof. In some embodiments, of the present disclosure a cell line, such as a HeLa cell line, for trans-complementing E1 deleted adenoviral vectors, which encoding adenovirus E1a and adenovirus E1b under the control of a phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter can be used for AAV vector production as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,394, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties as related to the HeLa cell line and uses thereof.
[0204] In some embodiments, AAV vectors are produced in mammalian cells using a multiplasmid transient transfection method (such as triple plasmid transient transfection) . In some embodiments, the multiplasmid transient transfection method includes transfection of the following three different constructs: (i) a transgene expression construct, (ii) a Rep / Cap construct (parvoviral Rep and parvoviral Cap) , and (iii) a helper construct. In some embodiments, the triple transfection method of the three components of AAV vector production can be utilized to produce small lots of virus for assays including transduction efficiency, target tissue (tropism) evaluation, and stability. In some embodiments, the triple transfection method of the three components of AAV vector production can be utilized to produce large lots of materials for clinical or commercial applications.
[0205] Insect Cells
[0206] In some embodiments, the AAV vectors of the present disclosure may be produced in a viral production cell that includes an insect cell. Growing conditions for insect cells in culture, and production of heterologous products in insect cells in culture are well-known in the art, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,059, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties as related to the growth and use of insect cells in viral production.
[0207] Any insect cell which allows for replication of parvovirus and which can be maintained in culture can be used in accordance with the present disclosure. AAV viral production cells commonly used for production ofrecombinant AAV vectors include, but is not limited to, Spodoptera frugiperda, including, but not limited to the Sf9 or Sf21 cell lines, Drosophila cell lines, or mosquito cell lines, such as Aedes albopictus derived cell lines. Use of insect cells for expression of heterologous proteins is well documented, as are methods of introducing nucleic acids, such as vectors, e.g., insect-cell compatible vectors, into such cells and methods of maintaining such cells in culture. See, for example, METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, ed. Richard, Humana Press, N J (1995) ; O’ Reilly et al., BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION VECTORS, A LABORATORY MANUAL, Oxford Univ. Press (1994) ; Samulski et al., J. Vir. 63: 3822-8 (1989) ; Kajigaya et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4646-50 (1991) ; Ruffing et al., J. Vir. 66: 6922-30 (1992) ; Kimbauer et al., Vir. 219: 37-44 (1996) ; Zhao et al., Vir. 272: 382-93 (2000) ; and Samulski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,059, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties as related to the use of insect cells in viral production.
[0208] Baculovirus-Production Systems
[0209] In some embodiments, processes of the present disclosure can include production of AAV vectors in a baculoviral system using a viral packaging construct and a transgene expression construct. In some embodiments, the baculoviral system includes Baculovirus expression vectors (BEVs) and / or baculovirus infected insect cells (BIICs) . In some embodiments, a viral packaging construct or a transgene expression construct of the present disclosure can be a bacmid, also known as a baculovirus plasmid or recombinant baculovirus genome. In some embodiments, a viral packaging construct or a transgene expression construct of the present disclosure can be polynucleotide incorporated by homologous recombination (transposon donor / acceptor system) into a bacmid by standard molecular biology techniques known and performed by a person skilled in the art. Transfection of separate viral replication cell populations produces two or more groups (e.g. two, three) of baculoviruses (BEVs) , one or more group which can include the viral packaging construct (Expression BEV) , and one or more group which can include the payload construct (Payload BEV) . The baculoviruses may be used to infect a viral production cell for production of AAV vectors.
[0210] In some embodiments, the process includes transfection of a single viral replication cell population to produce a single baculovirus (BEV) group which includes both the viral packaging construct and the payload construct. These baculoviruses can be used to infect a viral production cell for production of AAV vectors. In some embodiments, BEVs are produced using a Bacmid Transfection agent, such as Promega HD, WFI water, or ThermoFisher II Reagent. In some embodiments, BEVs are produced and expanded in viral production cells, such as an insect cell.
[0211] In some embodiments, the method utilizes seed cultures of viral production cells that include one or more BEVs, including baculovirus infected insect cells (BIICs) . The seed BIICs have been transfected / transduced / infected with an Expression BEV which includes a viral packaging construct, and also a transgene expression BEV which includes a transgene expression construct. BEVs for producing AAV vectors in insect cells, including but not limited to Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells, provide high titers of viral vector product.
[0212] In some embodiments, a genetically stable baculovirus can be used to produce a source of the one or more of the components for producing AAV vectors in invertebrate cells. In some embodiments, defective baculovirus expression vectors are maintained episomally in insect cells. In such embodiments, the corresponding bacmid vector is engineered with replication control elements, including but not limited to promoters, enhancers, and / or cell-cycle regulated replication elements. In some embodiments, stable viral producing cells permissive for baculovirus infection are engineered with at least one stable integrated copy of any of the elements necessary for AAV replication and vector production including, but not limited to, the entire AAV genome, Rep and Cap genes, Rep genes, Cap genes, each Rep protein as a separate transcription cassette, each VP protein as a separate transcription cassette, the AAP (assembly activation protein) , or at least one of the baculovirus helper genes with native or non-native promoters.
[0213] In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced in insect cells (e.g., Sf9 cells) . In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced in mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced using triple transfection. In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced by triple transfection in mammalian cells. In some embodiments, the AAV vector of the present disclosure can be produced by triple transfection in HEK293 cells.
[0214] The AAV viral genomes encoding follistatin described herein can be useful in the fields of human disease, veterinary applications and a variety of in vivo and in vitro settings. The AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be useful in the field of medicine for the treatment, prophylaxis, palliation, or amelioration of muscle-related disease or condition, such as sarcopenia or MD. In some embodiments, the AAV vectors of the present disclosure are used for the prevention and / or treatment of muscle-related diseases or conditions.
[0215] Various embodiments of the disclosure herein provide a pharmaceutical composition comprising the AAV vector described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0216] Various embodiments of the disclosure herein provide a method of treating a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described herein. In one aspect of the method, a pathological feature of the muscle-related disease or condition is alleviated and / or the progression of the muscle-related disease or condition is halted, slowed, ameliorated, or reversed.
[0217] Various embodiments of the disclosure herein describe a method ofincreasing the level of follistatin in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject via injection (e.g., intramuscular injection or intravenous injection) , an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition described herein.
[0218] Also described herein are compositions, methods, processes, kits and devices for the design, preparation, manufacture and / or formulation of AAV vectors.
[0219] The present disclosure also provides administration and / or delivery methods for vectors, e.g., AAV vectors, for the treatment or amelioration of muscle-related disease or condition (e.g., sarcopenia or MD) . Such outcomes are achieved by utilizing the methods and compositions taught herein. 6.5 Pharmaceutical Compositions
[0220] The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositions for delivering follistatin transgene described herein to a subject, including a human subject. In some embodiments, the composition comprises any of the nucleic acids or vectors described herein. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise any nucleic acid or vector disclosed herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition comprises any of the AAV vectors described herein. In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein comprise any AAV vectors disclosed herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0221] Although the descriptions of pharmaceutical compositions provided herein, e.g., AAV vectors comprising a follistatin expression cassette to be delivered, are principally directed to pharmaceutical compositions which are suitable for administration to humans, it will be understood by the skilled artisan that such compositions are generally suitable for administration to any other animal, e.g., to non-human animals, e.g., non-human mammals. Modification of pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to humans in order to render the compositions suitable for administration to various animals is well understood, and the ordinarily skilled veterinary pharmacologist can design and / or perform such modification with merely ordinary, if any, experimentation. Subjects to which administration of the pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated include, but are not limited to, humans and / or other primates; mammals, including commercially relevant mammals such as cattle, pigs, horses, sheep, cats, dogs, mice, and / or rats; and / or birds, including commercially relevant birds such as poultry, chickens, ducks, geese, and / or turkeys.
[0222] In some embodiments, compositions are to be administered to humans.
[0223] Pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the present disclosure can be prepared, packaged, and / or sold in bulk, as a single unit dose, and / or as a plurality of single unit doses. As used herein, a “unit dose” refers to a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. The amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject and / or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as, for example, one-half or one-third of such a dosage. Examples of a unit dose form include an ampoule, a vial, a prefilled syringe, or a cartridge.
[0224] The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be prepared by any method known or hereafter developed in the art of pharmacology. In general, such preparatory methods include the step of bringing the active ingredient into association with an excipient and / or one or more other accessory ingredients, and then, if necessary and / or desirable, dividing, shaping and / or packaging the product into a desired single-or multi-dose unit.
[0225] Relative amounts of the active ingredient, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, and / or any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition in accordance with the disclosure will vary, depending upon the identity, size, and / or condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered.
[0226] The AAV vectors of the present disclosure can be formulated using one or more excipients to: (1) increase stability; (2) increase cell transfection or transduction; (3) permit the sustained or delayed release; (4) alter the biodistribution (e.g., target the viral vector to specific tissues or cell types) ; (5) increase the translation of encoded protein in vivo; (6) alter the release profile of encoded protein in vivo and / or (7) allow for regulatable expression of the payload.
[0227] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can include, without limitation, saline, lipidoids, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymers, lipoplexes, core-shell nanoparticles, peptides, proteins, cells transfected with viral vectors (e.g., for transplantation into a subject) , nanoparticle mimics and combinations thereof. Further, the viral vectors of the present disclosure can be formulated using self-assembled nucleic acid nanoparticles.
[0228] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can include one or more excipients, each in an amount that together increases the stability of the AAV vector, increases cell transfection or transduction by the viral vector, increases the expression of viral vector encoded protein, and / or alters the release profile of AAV vector encoded proteins. In some embodiments, apharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%pure. In some embodiments, an excipient is approved for use for humans and for veterinary use.
[0229] Excipients, which, as used herein, include, but are not limited to, any and all solvents, dispersion media, diluents, or other liquid vehicles, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired. Various excipients for formulating pharmaceutical compositions and techniques for preparing the composition are known in the art (see REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 21st Edition, A.R. Gennaro, Lippincott, Williams&Wilkins, Baltimore, Md., 2006; the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties) . The use of a conventional excipient medium may be contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure, except insofar as any conventional excipient medium may be incompatible with a substance or its derivatives, such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component (s) of the pharmaceutical composition.
[0230] The pharmaceutical compositions of AAV vectors disclosed herein can include cations or anions. In some embodiments, the formulations include metal cations such as, but not limited to, Zn2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions can include polymers or polynucleotides complexed with a metal cation (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,265,389 and 6,555,525, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties) .
[0231] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein are liquid compositions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are frozen compositions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are lyophilized compositions or reconstituted lyophilized compositions. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be formulated in various dosage forms for administration, such as intramuscular administration or intravenous administration. 6.6 Methods and Uses
[0232] The nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., the AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be introduced into muscle cells in intro or in vivo for follistatin expression. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of delivering to a muscle cell or tissue any of the above-described nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., the AAV vectors) , comprising contacting the cell or tissue with the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., the AAV vectors) or contacting the cell or tissue with any of the described compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions. The method of delivering the AAV vectors to a cell or tissue can be accomplished in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo.
[0233] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides administration and / or delivery methods for nucleic acids and vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) , encoding follistatin transgene disclosed herein, for the prevention, treatment, or amelioration of muscle-related diseases or conditions. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of delivering to a subject, including a mammalian subject, any of the above-described nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) comprising administering to the subject said nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) , or administering to the subject any of the described compositions, including pharmaceutical compositions. In some embodiments, systemic delivery is desired. In some embodiments, local delivery is desired. In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprise administering the above-described nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions intramuscularly or intravenously. In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprise administering the above-described nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions subcutaneously. In some embodiments, the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be delivered to muscle. In some embodiments, the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions can be introduced into cells (e.g., muscle cells) . Provided herein are methods of administration and / or delivery of the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions described herein to a subject in need thereof. Provided herein are methods of administration and / or delivery of the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions described herein to treat, prevent, or ameliorate a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0234] Exemplary muscle-related diseases and conditions can be treated with methods disclosed herein include sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, ion channel diseases, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, and arthritis.
[0235] In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to treat sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by progressive and systemic loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function, which can cause serious consequences such as falls, fractures, decline in limb function, weakness, and death. Various factors can lead to sarcopenia, such as aging, obesity, inflammatory response, and metabolic abnormalities. According to different diagnostic indicators, the predicted incidence of sarcopenia ranges from 12.9%to 40.4%and increases with age.
[0236] In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to treat MD. MD is a progressive genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle wasting and weakness. Many forms of muscular dystrophy are fatal and currently have no cure. Exemplary MD include, for example, Duchenne MD (DMD) , Becker MD (BMD) , congenital MD, myotonic MD (Steinert’s disease) , oculopharyngeal MD (OMD) , and limb-girdle MD (LGMD) . In some embodiments, methods provided herein can treat DMD. DMD is the most common X-linked neuromuscular disorder, which is caused by mutations in DMD gene that encodes protein dystrophin. Mutation or loss of dystrophin leads to abnormal tears in the sarcolemma membrane. Abnormal changes in the diameter of muscle fibers (atrophic and hypertrophic fibers) in proximal muscles and ongoing muscle damage are hallmarks of the disease. Levels of serum creatine kinase (CK) are characteristically high in DMD patients due to leaking out of damaged muscles. Pathophysiologic cascades in DMD are complicated by tissue inflammations, myofiber necrosis, and fibrofatty replacement of muscle. Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is milder allelic variant of DMD. In some embodiments, methods provided herein can be used to treat BMD.
[0237] Currently, there are no accepted targeted therapeutic drugs for sarcopenia or MD treatment. Physical interventions, such as resistance training and other methods, are usually adopted to increase muscle mass and strength to delay the disease progression. However, it is needed to be carried out regularly over a long period of time, and irregular intermittent may further accelerate skeletal muscle attenuation. Supplementation of nutrients such as amino acids / proteins is also the current intervention strategy for sarcopenia. The emerging drugs for the treatment of sarcopenia can be divided into three categories: growth hormone / growth hormone-releasing hormone / insulin-like growth factor-1, myostatin signaling pathway targeted molecules, and renin-angiotensin system targeted molecules.
[0238] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions can be delivered to a subject via a multi-site route of administration. For example, asubject can be administered the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions at 2, 3, 4, 5, or more than 5 sites.
[0239] The nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be administered by any route which results in a therapeutically effective outcome. For example, in some embodiments, the nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be administered via routes that are subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracavernous, intracartilaginous, intratendinous, or intra-articular. In some embodiments, nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be administered by intramuscular injection. In some embodiments, nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure can be administered by intravenous injection.
[0240] The methods disclosed herein are not limited to the aforementioned conditions (e.g., muscle-related disease or condition) , the means of administration (e.g., intramuscular injection or intravenous injection) , the location of interest (e.g., muscle) , or cell type (e.g., muscle cells) . For example, in some embodiments, other cell types that can be transduced can include mesenchymal stem cells.
[0241] The AAV transduces the transgene into cells and follistatin is expressed. In some embodiments, the follistatin is expressed to ameliorate symptoms associated with a muscle-related disease or condition (e.g., sarcopenia or MD) . In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein result in relief or amelioration of one or more symptoms of a muscle-related disease or condition (e.g., sarcopenia or MD) . In some embodiments, methods provided herein can (a) prevent the muscle-related disease or condition from occurring in a human which may be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibit the muscle-related disease or condition, i.e., arrest its development; or (c) relieve the muscle-related disease or condition, i.e., cause regression of the muscle-related disease or condition. Treatment can result in a variety of different physical manifestations, e.g., improvement of muscle mass. Treatment of ongoing muscle-related disease or condition, where the treatment stabilizes or reduces the undesirable clinical symptoms of the patient, occurs in some embodiments.
[0242] Methods of treatment disclosed herein can be performed prior to complete loss of function in the affected tissues. In some embodiments, methods of treatment disclosed herein can be administered prior to the symptomatic state of the disease, during the symptomatic stage of the disease, and in some cases after the symptomatic stage of the disease.
[0243] In some embodiments, introduction of the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions is performed once. In some embodiments, introduction of the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions is performed twice, e.g., a first time and a second time subsequent to the first time. In some embodiments, the introduction of the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions is performed more than two times, e.g., three times, four times, five times, etc. The introduction of the nucleic acids or vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) or pharmaceutical compositions a second time may be performed at a time point after the time when the method is first performed, e.g., after 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 1 year, more than one year, etc.
[0244] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids, vectors (e.g., AAV vectors) , or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are co-administered with a secondary therapy. In some embodiments, the secondary therapy comprises a therapeutic for muscle-related disease or condition (e.g., sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, ion channel disease, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, other muscle disorders, or arthritis) or any other appropriate therapy for treating the symptoms of the condition. Any convenient therapy can be utilized. 6.7 Kits and device
[0245] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a variety of kits for conveniently and / or effectively carrying out methods of the present disclosure. Typically, kits will comprise sufficient amounts and / or numbers of components to allow a user to perform multiple treatments of a subject (s) and / or to perform multiple experiments.
[0246] Any of the compositions, nucleic acids, vectors, or pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be comprised in a kit. In some embodiments, kits can further include reagents and / or instructions for creating and / or synthesizing compounds and / or compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, kits can also include one or more buffers. In some embodiments, kits of the disclosure can include components for making protein or nucleic acid arrays or libraries and thus, may include, for example, solid supports.
[0247] In some embodiments, kit components can be packaged either in aqueous media or in lyophilized form. The container means of the kits will generally include at least one vial, test tube, flask, bottle, syringe or other container means, into which a component can be placed, and suitably aliquoted. Where there is more than one kit component, (labeling reagent and label may be packaged together) , kits can also generally contain second, third or other additional containers into which additional components may be separately placed. In some embodiments, kits can also comprise a second container means for containing sterile, pharmaceutically acceptable buffers and / or other diluents. In some embodiments, various combinations of components can be comprised in one or more vials. Kits of the present disclosure can also typically include means for containing compounds and / or compositions of the present disclosure, e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, and any other reagent containers in close confinement for commercial sale. Such containers can include injection or blow-molded plastic containers into which desired vials are retained.
[0248] In some embodiments, kit components are provided in one and / or more liquid solutions. In some embodiments, liquid solutions are aqueous solutions, with sterile aqueous solutions being particularly used. In some embodiments, kit components can be provided as dried powder (s) . When reagents and / or components are provided as dry powders, such powders can be reconstituted by the addition of suitable volumes of solvent. In some embodiments, it is envisioned that solvents can also be provided in another container means.
[0249] In some embodiments, kits can include instructions for employing kit components as well the use of any other reagent not included in the kit. Instructions can include variations that may be implemented. 6.8 Exemplified embodiments
[0250] Embodiment 1: A nucleic acid comprising a transgene encoding follistatin having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with at least one codon substituted by an optimized codon as provided in Table 1B.
[0251] Embodiment 2: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, at least 160, or at least 170 codons substituted by the optimized codons provided in Table 1B.
[0252] Embodiment 3: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 1, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0253] Embodiment 4: A nucleic acid comprising a transgene encoding follistatin, wherein the transgene has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4.
[0254] Embodiment 5: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 4, wherein follistatin has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0255] Embodiment 6: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 5, wherein follistatin has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0256] Embodiment 7: The nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the transgene has a nucleotide sequence at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0257] Embodiment 8: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 7, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0258] Embodiment 9: The nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the transgene has a nucleotide sequence at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0259] Embodiment 10: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 9, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0260] Embodiment 11: The nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 10, further comprising a muscle-specific promoter operably linked to the transgene.
[0261] Embodiment 12: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 11, wherein the muscle-specific promoter is a skeletal muscle-specific promoter.
[0262] Embodiment 13: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 11, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15-28.
[0263] Embodiment 14: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 13, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15-28.
[0264] Embodiment 15: The nucleic acid of Embodiment 13, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17 or 27.
[0265] Embodiment 16: The nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 11 to 15, further comprising an intron, a poly A sequence, or both.
[0266] Embodiment 17: A vector comprising the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16.
[0267] Embodiment 18: The vector of Embodiment 17 that is a DNA vector or an RNA vector.
[0268] Embodiment 19: The vector of Embodiment 17 that is a plasmid, a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector, an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
[0269] Embodiment 20: The vector of Embodiment 17 that is an AAV vector.
[0270] Embodiment 21: A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16 or the vector of any one of Embodiments 17 to 20, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0271] Embodiment 22: The pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 21, wherein the composition is formulated for intramuscular injection or intravenous injection.
[0272] Embodiment 23: A kit, comprising a unit dose of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16, the vector of any one of Embodiments 17 to 20, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 21 or 22.
[0273] Embodiment 24: A method of expressing a follistatin peptide in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with the vector of any one of Embodiments 17 to 20 or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 21 or 22.
[0274] Embodiment 25: The method of Embodiment 24, wherein the cell is a muscle cell.
[0275] Embodiment 26: The method of Embodiment 24, wherein the cell is a skeletal muscle cell.
[0276] Embodiment 27: A method of enhancing follistatin expression in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16, the vector of any one of Embodiments 17 to 20, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 21 or 22 to the subject.
[0277] Embodiment 28: A method of improving muscle mass in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16, the vector of any one of Embodiments 17 to 20, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 21 or 22 to the subject.
[0278] Embodiment 29: A method of treating a muscle-related disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16, the vector of any one of Embodiments 17 to 20 or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 21 or 22 to the subject.
[0279] Embodiment 30: The method of any one of Embodiments 27 to 29, comprising intramuscular injection or intravenous injection.
[0280] Embodiment 31: The method of any one of Embodiments 27 to 30, wherein the subject is a mammal.
[0281] Embodiment 32: The method of Embodiment 31, wherein the subject is a human.
[0282] Embodiment 33: Use of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16, the vector of any one of Embodiments 17 to 20 or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 21 or 22 in treating a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0283] Embodiment 34: Use of the nucleic acid of any one of Embodiments 1 to 16, the vector of any one of Embodiments 17 to 20 or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 21 or 22 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a muscle-related disease or condition.
[0284] Embodiment 35: The method or use of any one of Embodiments 29 to 34, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, ion channel disease, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, or arthritis.
[0285] Embodiment 36: The method or use of Embodiment 35, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia.
[0286] Embodiment 37: The method or use of Embodiment 35, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is MD.
[0287] Embodiment 38: The method or use of Embodiment 37, wherein the MD is Duchenne MD (DMD) or Becker MD (BMD) . 6.9 Experimental
[0288] The examples provided below are for purposes of illustration only, which are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. Thus, the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to the following examples, but rather, should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein.
[0289] Briefly, results from the studies described below demonstrate that AAVs carrying the optimized follistatin gene disclosed herein effectively and safely improved the muscle mass, body weight and skeletal muscle strength. 6.9.1 Example 1: Optimization of the therapeutic gene FST
[0290] Methods:
[0291] Codon optimization: FST gene sequence was optimized to improve protein expression, factors considered included, for example, codon usage, GC content, RNA secondary structure, repeats, Kozak sequence, potential cleavage sites, restriction endonuclease sites, CpG island, potential poly-A signals, and mRNA free energy.
[0292] Plasmid cloning: The coding sequence of wild-type FST (wtFST) was amplified by PCR using the human mRNA as template. The optimized FST coding sequences (coFST-1 and coFST-2) were synthesized and cloned into scAAV plasmid vector with thMD promoter (FIG. 1) . The cloned plasmids were confirmed by sequencing.
[0293] Protein expression: Plasmids expressing wtFST, coFST-1, and coFST-2 were transfected into C2C12 cells. Empty plasmid vector was used as negative control. The culture media was collected at 48 h after transfection, and the follistatin protein level was quantified by ELISA.
[0294] Results:
[0295] Follistatin was detected in C2C12 cells transfected with plasmids comprising wtFST, coFST-1, or coFST-2 sequence (FIG. 2) . As shown, the follistatin expression was significantly improved with codon optimization. 6.9.2 Example 2: In vivo evaluation of Cap9-FT01
[0296] Methods:
[0297] Preparation: scAAV9-thMD-coFST-2 was prepared and named Cap9-FT01. As depicted in FIG. 3, the scAAV vector comprised coFST-2 transgene driven by the thMD promoter, which comprised 3×hCKM106E, hDes68E and P87.
[0298] Administration: As shown in Table 3 below, adult C57BL / 6 male mice were injected with Cap9-FT01 in either bilateral gastrocnemius (I.M. ) or tail vein (I.V. ) at doses of 1.0E+12, 3.5E+12, 1.0E+13, or 3.5E+13 vg / kg. Control mice were injected with ssAAV9-Luc (encoding luciferase) at a dose of3.5E+13 vg / kg by I.M. or I.V. Each experimental group included 8 mice.
[0299] Table 3. Experimental design
[0300] Pharmacodynamic evaluation:
[0301] (1) Serum follistatin levels: Orbital blood was collected from the mice before administration and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 26 weeks after administration and processed to prepare serum samples. Follistatin levels were quantified using ELISA.
[0302] (2) Muscle follistatin levels: The mice were sacrificed at 26 weeks after administration. The gastrocnemius was collected, and the expression levels of follistatin in the gastrocnemius lysates were quantified using ELISA.
[0303] (3) Limb muscle sizes: Images were taken to observe changes in limb muscles of the mice at 8 and 26 weeks after administration.
[0304] (4) Whole body muscle mass: Muscle mass of the left hind limb, the right hind limb, and the whole body of the mice were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorption (DXA) at 20 and 26 weeks after administration.
[0305] (5) Mouse weight: The weight of mice was measured before administration and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 26 weeks after administration.
[0306] (6) Limb grip strength: The limb grip strength of the mice was measured before administration and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 26 weeks after administration. The limb grip strength was measured by a conventional mouse grip tester. The protocol involved placing the mouse on the grid of the grip tester, ensuring that the front paws and hind paws were in contact with the grid, maintaining the trunk in a horizontal position, and gently pulling the tail of the mouse from the top of the grid. Subsequently, the maximum grip value displayed was then recorded.
[0307] (7) Muscle tension: At 26 weeks after administration, the mice were anesthetized and fixed, and the single contraction force and tetanic contraction force of gastrocnemius were measured. The muscle tension of mice was assessed using the conventional small animal muscle tension tester. The protocol involved anesthetizing the mouse and inserting the stimulating electrode needle into the gastrocnemius muscle of the right hindlimb with precision. Subsequently, the tension was measured and recorded under both single stimulation and stiff conditions.
[0308] (8) Histological staining of gastrocnemius: The mice were sacrificed at 26 weeks after administration, and their gastrocnemius was collected, embedded and sectioned for H&E staining.
[0309] Toxicity assessment:
[0310] (1) Serum creatine kinase (CK) levels: The orbital blood from the mice at 26 weeks after administration was collected and processed to prepare serum samples, and the CK levels in the serum were quantified using ELISA.
[0311] (2) Cardiac function: At 26 weeks after administration, the mice were anesthetized and fixed in a supine position. Echocardiograms of the mice were collected, and indicators for cardiac function, including the thickness of the ventricular septum at end-diastole (IVSd) or end-systole (IVSs) , the inner diameter of the left ventricle at end-diastole (LVIDd) or end-systole (LVIDs) , the posterior wall thickness of the left ventricle at end-diastole (LVPWd) or end-systole (LVPWs) , left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDV) or end-systolic (LVESV) volume, left ventricular weight (LVd Mass) , ejection fraction (EF) , cardiac output (CO) , stroke volume (SV) , left ventricular short-axis shortening rate (FS) , and E / A ratio (MV E / A) , were measured.
[0312] (3) Levels of sex hormones: At 26 weeks after administration, the orbital blood of the mice was collected and processed to prepare serum samples, and ELISA was used to quantify the serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) , luteinizing hormone (LH) , estradiol (E2) , and testosterone (Testo) .
[0313] Results:
[0314] Pharmacodynamic evaluation
[0315] As shown in FIG. 4, 2 weeks after administration, Cap9-FT01 significantly raised serum follistatin levels in the mice in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating effective expression. Elevated levels of serum follistatin were detected in both the I.M. group and the I.V. group, with the latter showing a higher level of expression.
[0316] As shown in FIG. 5, Cap9-FT01 also significantly and dose-dependently raised follistatin levels in the gastrocnemius of the I.M. group, demonstrating effective muscle expression. Elevated muscle expression was also detected in the I.V. group at higher doses (1E+13 or 3.5E+13 vg / kg) , but to a lesser extent compared to the I.M. group.
[0317] As shown in FIG. 6, compared to the control group, at 8 weeks after administration, significant gain of hindlimb muscle was observed in mice receiving 3.5E+13 vg / kg Cap9-FT01 by either I.M. or I.V. At 26 weeks after administration, significant and dose dependent hindlimb muscle enlargement was observed in mice receiving Cap9-FT01 at 1E+13 or 3.5E+13 vg / kg by either I.M. or I.V.
[0318] As shown in FIG. 7, based on DXA measurement, compared with the control group, the I.M. group at all four dosages showed significant and dose-dependent increases in both the hindlimb (both left and right) muscle mass and the whole-body muscle mass. The I.V. group also showed dose-dependent increases in hindlimb (both left and right) muscle mass and in whole-body muscle mass at higher dosages (1E+13 and 3.5E+13 vg / kg) . Between the I.M. group and the I.V. group, the I.M. group showed greater gain of hind limb muscle, whereas the I.V. group showed greater gain of whole-body muscle.
[0319] As shown in FIG. 8, compared with the control group, both the I.M. group and the I.V. group showed dose-dependent increase in body weight at all four dosages.
[0320] As shown in FIG. 9, compared with the control group, both the I.M. group and the I.V. group showed dose-dependent improvement in limb grip strength at all four dosages from 2 weeks after administration.
[0321] As shown in FIG. 10, compared with the control group, the I.M. group at higher dosages (1E+13 or 3.5E+13 vg / kg) had improved contraction forces in the gastrocnemius.
[0322] As shown in FIG. 11, revealed by the H&E staining, compared with the control group, muscle fibers were enlarged in both the I.M. group and the I.V. group, with greater effects observed in the I.M. group.
[0323] Toxicity assessment
[0324] As shown in FIG. 12, no significant difference in serum CK levels was detected between the I.M. group at all four dosages and the control group. The I.V. group at all but the highest dose (3.5E+13 vg / kg) also showed comparable serum CK level compared to control.
[0325] As shown in FIGs. 13A-13B, all indicators for cardiac function of the I.M. group at all dosages remained comparable to those of the control group, except that an increase in EF was observed at the highest dose (3.5E+13 vg / kg) .
[0326] As shown in FIGs. 14A-14B, at lower dosages (1E+12 or 3.5E+12 vg / kg) , the I.V. group showed some decrease in LVIDd, LVIDs, LVEDV, and LVESV, and some increase in the EF%and FS%, as compared to the control group. The other cardiac function indicators remained comparable to the control.
[0327] As shown in FIG. 15, the serum levels of sex hormones (i.e., follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and testosterone) in both the I.V. group and the I.M. group at all dosages remained comparable to those of the control group.
[0328] In summary, Cap9-FT01 delivered via intramuscular injection and intravenous injection both resulted in a safe and effective enhancement of muscle mass and behavioral performance in limb muscles. As such, the optimized FST transgene disclosed herein enabled highly efficient expression of follistatin, which, when delivered by rAAV with muscle-specific promoter, resulted in muscle hypertrophy, weight gain, and enhanced skeletal muscle strength in the mouse model.
[0329] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims. Unless the context indicates otherwise, it is specifically intended that the various features described herein can be used in any combination. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0330] Accordingly, the preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
[0331] All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.
Claims
1.A nucleic acid comprising a transgene encoding follistatin having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with at least one codon substituted by an optimized codon provided in Table 1B.2.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with at least 10, at least 20, at least 30, at least 40, at least 50, at least 60, at least 70, at least 80, at least 90, at least 100, at least 110, at least 120, at least 130, at least 140, at least 150, at least 160, or at least 170 codons substituted by the optimized codons provided in Table 1B.3.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29.4.A nucleic acid comprising a transgene encoding follistatin, wherein the transgene has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 85%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3 or 4.5.The nucleic acid of claim 4, wherein follistatin has an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1.6.The nucleic acid of claim 5, wherein follistatin has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.7.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the transgene has a nucleotide sequence at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3.8.The nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.9.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the transgene has a nucleotide sequence at least 88%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4.10.The nucleic acid of claim 9, wherein the transgene has the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.11.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 10, further comprising a muscle-specific promoter operably linked to the transgene.12.The nucleic acid of claim 11, wherein the muscle-specific promoter is a skeletal muscle-specific promoter.13.The nucleic acid of claim 11, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15-28.14.The nucleic acid of claim 13, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 15-28.15.The nucleic acid of claim 13, wherein the muscle-specific promoter has a nucleotide sequence that is at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17 or 27.16.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 11 to 15, further comprising an intron, a poly A sequence, or both.17.A vector comprising the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 16.18.The vector of claim 17 that is a DNA vector or an RNA vector.19.The vector of claim 17 that is a plasmid, a retroviral vector, a lentiviral vector, an adenoviral vector, or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.20.The vector of claim 17 that is an AAV vector.21.A pharmaceutical composition, comprising the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 16 or the vector of any one of claims 17 to 20, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.22.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21, wherein the composition is formulated for intramuscular injection or intravenous injection.23.A kit, comprising a unit dose of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 16, the vector of any one of claims 17 to 20, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 or 22.24.A method of expressing a follistatin peptide in a cell, comprising contacting the cell with the vector of any one of claims 17 to 20 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 or 22.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the cell is a muscle cell.26.The method of claim 24, wherein the cell is a skeletal muscle cell.27.A method of enhancing follistatin expression in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 16, the vector of any one of claims 17 to 20, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 or 22 to the subject.28.A method of improving muscle mass in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 16, the vector of any one of claims 17 to 20, or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 or 22 to the subject.29.A method of treating a muscle-related disease or condition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 16, the vector of any one of claims 17 to 20 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 or 22 to the subject.30.The method of any one of claims 27 to 29, comprising intramuscular injection or intravenous injection.31.The method of any one of claims 27 to 30, wherein the subject is a mammal.32.The method of claim 31, wherein the subject is a human.33.Use of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 16, the vector of any one of claims 17 to 20 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 or 22 in treating a muscle-related disease or condition.34.Use of the nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 16, the vector of any one of claims 17 to 20 or the pharmaceutical composition of claim 21 or 22 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a muscle-related disease or condition.35.The method or use of any one of claims 29 to 34, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy (MD) , congenital muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, distal myopathy, myotonic syndrome, ion channel disease, malignant hyperthermia, metabolic myopathy, or arthritis.36.The method or use of claim 35, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is sarcopenia.37.The method or use of claim 35, wherein the muscle-related disease or condition is MD.38.The method or use of claim 37, wherein the MD is Duchenne MD (DMD) or Becker MD (BMD) .
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