Method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual

Abstract

A computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual is disclosed herein. The method comprises obtaining an indication of the individual's risk; obtaining an indication of the individual's medical history; obtaining an indication of what vaccinations and / or medication are available; and determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on their obtained indication of risk, their medical history and what vaccinations and / or medication is available.

Description

[0001] Method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual

[0002] Field of the invention

[0003] The present disclosure relates to a computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual.

[0004] Background

[0005] Whenever an individual is considering travelling, whether that be to a different country or even a region of a country, there may be certain vaccinations and / or medications that are required. Some of these may be a condition of entry (e.g., certain countries require a Yellow Fever vaccination and / or vaccination against Meningococcal disease), whereas others may be recommended due to the determined or perceived level of risk the individual may be exposed to.

[0006] To determine what vaccinations are required, a number of national databases / websites exist to which medical professionals can turn to obtain the latest advice, which may be based on recent or current identification of the spread of certain diseases. These databases / websites include: England and Wales; NaTHNaC (National Travel Health Network and Centre), Scotland; TRAVAX, USA; CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), Ireland; NaTHNaC. Fig. 1 shows an example screenshot from the NaTHNaC website providing vaccine recommendations for India.

[0007] Taking Cholera vaccination as an example. This oral vaccine is recommended for those whose activities or medical history put them at increased risk. This includes aid workers, those going to areas of cholera outbreaks who have limited access to safe water and medical care, those for whom vaccination is considered potentially beneficial.

[0008] Determining what medications and / or vaccinations an individual requires can be extremely complicated and may vary based on a number of different factors. For example, there are at present 15 vaccinatable diseases and malaria, as well as 10 other diseases and 7 main vectors & modes of transmission. There are 31 distinct risk factors including but not limited to seasons and altitudes, age and trip length, resulting in 54 different combinations of risk factors. There are 402 destinations, 25 diseases, 54 risk factors resulting in 241 ,200 different health risk combinations for a single destination trip. The advice may change daily. Added to this, there are 30 current vaccine brands, with 41 different schedules. There are up to 3000 different drug-drug interactions, 71 health status questions and 157 allergens that all need to be considered when recommending vaccinations and / or medication. This results in up to 1.4 billion combinations. Furthermore, vaccination schedules change over time and determining future schedules based on historic doses (at relevant ages) is complex. Fig. 2 shows another screenshot showing how the vaccination requirements are not the same for all individuals, and that certain vaccines may be recommended based on factors such as the individual’s medical history, intended activities and / or duration of the trip.

[0009] What this means in practice is that for a medical professional or clinician recommending a course of treatment to an individual, for example for an individual about to travel being consulted at a travel health clinic, it can result in a few issues occurring, such as:

[0010] 1. The questions that need to be asked of the traveller are done in clinic - taking lots of administrative time;

[0011] 2. The traveller may not have all the information with them - another appointment is needed;

[0012] 3. Assuming all the right questions are asked, the clinician then has to review with the help of external resources; and

[0013] 4. With so many different combinations of questions and answers, consistency between clinicians is a likely issue.

[0014] Furthermore, the medical professional or clinician needs to consult relevant travel advice databases / websites (such as NaTHNaC, TRAVAX or CDC) on a regular basis for up-to- date information. The information displayed on these databases / websites is in the form of static text. Static text requires interpretation, which is usually performed in clinic, resulting in high cost to the individual due to the length of time required. For multidestination trips, this process is even more complex and time consuming.

[0015] Furthermore, the assessment of an individual’s risk by a medical professional or clinician is often subjective. For example, the travel advice website or database may indicate for Myanmar that there is an increase in the number of malaria cases reported on the border area with Thailand, and that atovaquone-proguanil OR doxycycline is recommended for this border area. The same travel advice website or database may indicate that the risk in the rest of Myanmar is difficult to assess and chemoprophylaxis (atovaquone-proguanil OR doxycycline) should be considered for travellers to all parts of Myanmar at altitudes below 1 ,000 metres. This would likely be interpreted very differently by clinicians or medical professionals all over the world - how can the output possibly be consistent?

[0016] Aspects of the disclosure may seek to address some of these problems.

[0017] Summary of the invention

[0018] Aspects of the invention are as set out in the independent claims and optional features are set out in the dependent claims. Aspects of the invention may be provided in conjunction with each other and features of one aspect may be applied to other aspects.

[0019] Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to travel health platform, such as an online platform that can be used by clinicians and other healthcare professionals to consistently and efficiently determine what vaccinations and / or medication is required by an individual when travelling. The tool may further be used to provide a live indication of risk, based on the user’s medical history and planned activities. The tool may provide an indication of what the treatment schedule may be if vaccinations and / or medication are required.

[0020] Because the tool may be used online, any questionnaires that need completing by the individual may be completed at home, before a consultation, thus saving time in clinic. These answers can then be easily checked and confirmed in clinic. This means the tool can provide 100% consistency and quality.

[0021] Accordingly, in a first aspect there is provided a computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual, the method comprising: obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history; obtaining an indication of what vaccinations and / or medication are available; and determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on their obtained indication of risk, their medical history and what vaccinations and / or medication is available. Obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk may comprise obtaining information about the individual’s intended activities.

[0022] Obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk may comprise determining the risk of an individual contracting a disease based on the obtained information about the individual’s intended activities and a database of known diseases.

[0023] The database of known diseases may comprise information indicating the risk of diseases in particular territories and / or regions within a territory.

[0024] Obtaining information about the individual’s intended activities may comprise at least one of: obtaining an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to; obtaining an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each territory and / or region; and / or obtaining an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities.

[0025] The type of the individual’s intended activities may provide information relating to what the individual will be doing in each territory / region, for example any tasks they will be performing (such as working with animals, working with refugees, volunteer medical work etc.).

[0026] Obtaining an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to may comprise obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to and the duration of their visit to those territories and / or regions.

[0027] Obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to may comprise selecting points or regions on an overlay map, wherein the overlay map is subdivided into polygons corresponding to different regions and / or territories, and wherein each polygon corresponds to a region of risk for a particular disease. The overlay map may be a map of the world or of a portion of the world, such as a region or country or part of a country.

[0028] Determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires may comprise outputting a recommendation of what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires.

[0029] The method may further comprise determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires. Determining a treatment schedule may comprise determining a treatment schedule based on the obtained indication of what vaccines and / or medication is available. For example, determining a treatment schedule may comprise determining a treatment schedule based on the obtained indication of what types and / or brands of vaccines and / or medication are available. This may comprise performing a lookup to determine recommended treatment doses for that type and / or brand of vaccine / medication. The lookup may comprise performing a lookup to determine recommended treatment doses for that brand of vaccine / medication based on parameters of the individual, such as age or weight.

[0030] Obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history may comprise at least one of: obtaining an indication of the individual’s weight and / or age; obtaining an indication of the individual’s vaccination history; obtaining an indication of the individual’s current medication they are taking.

[0031] The individual’s medical history may comprise:

[0032] - What vaccines you have had before and when

[0033] - What medicines you are taking

[0034] - What allergies you have

[0035] - A traveller’s health status, including medical conditions and things like pregnancy.

[0036] In another aspect there is provided a computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual, the method comprising: obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk; obtaining an indication of what vaccinations and / or medication are available; determining a short list of vaccinations and / or medication based on the obtained indication of the individual’s risk and what vaccinations and / or medications are available; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history relevant to the obtained short list of vaccinations and / or medications; and outputting a recommendation of what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires from the short list based on their medical history.

[0037] In another aspect there is provided a computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual, the method comprising: obtaining a list of all diseases present in a territory or region; filtering the list based on an individual’s travel plans to produce a subset of the diseases; obtaining an indication of what vaccines and / or medication is available; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history; determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on the filtered list of diseases, their medical history and what vaccinations and / or medication is available.

[0038] Filtering the list based on an individual’s travel plans may comprise filtering the list based on at least one of: an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to; an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each territory and / or region; and / or an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities.

[0039] In another aspect there is provided a computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual, the method comprising: obtaining a list of all medication and / or vaccines that are available; filtering the list based on an individual’s travel plans to produce a first subset of the medication and / or vaccines; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history; filtering the list again based on an individual’s travel plans to produce a second subset of the medication and / or vaccines; determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on the second subset.

[0040] The method may further comprise determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires.

[0041] In another aspect there is provided a computer-implemented method for determining an individual’s medical risk when travelling, the method comprising: providing a display of a map of the world; overlaying polygons on regions of the map of the world, wherein the shape and / or size of the polygons correspond to different territories or regions associated with a risk of a particular disease; obtaining a selection of territories and / or regions from the individual; mapping the selection of territories and / or regions from the individual to the overlaid polygons; determining diseases the individual may be at risk of contracting based on the mapped polygons; and determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting.

[0042] The method may further comprise obtaining an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each selected territory and / or region, and wherein determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires is based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting and the individual’s intended travel duration in each selected territory and / or region.

[0043] The method may further comprise obtaining an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities, and wherein determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires is based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting and the type of the individual’s intended activities.

[0044] The method may further comprise determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires. Determining a treatment schedule may comprise determining a treatment schedule based on the obtained indication of what vaccines and / or medication is available. For example, determining a treatment schedule may comprise determining a treatment schedule based on the obtained indication of what brands and / or types of vaccines and / or medication are available. This may comprise performing a lookup to determine recommended treatment doses for that brand or type of vaccine / medication. The lookup may comprise performing a lookup to determine recommended treatment doses for that brand or type of vaccine / medication based on parameters of the individual, such as age or weight.

[0045] In another aspect there is provided a computer-implemented method of adding new diseases to a database of diseases, the method comprising: obtaining a test dataset and a production dataset; adding a new disease to the test dataset; performing a test by running the test dataset against the production dataset; obtaining an indication that the production dataset has failed the test as it does not include the new disease added to the test dataset; adding the new disease to the production dataset; performing the test again by running the test dataset against the production dataset; obtaining an indication that the production dataset has passed the test.

[0046] In another aspect there is provided a computer-implemented method of obtaining up-to- date information relating to medications and / or vaccines required for travelling, the method comprising: obtaining a record of at least one crawled travel advice website; crawling the at least one travel advice website on a periodic basis; determining if there are any changes on the travel advice website between one instance of crawling and another; in the event that there are changes on the travel advice website, providing an alert to indicate the change for assessment by a clinician to determine whether the changes on the travel advice website result in a change of medication and / or vaccine required for travelling. In another aspect there is provided a computer-implemented method of obtaining up-to- date information relating to medications and / or vaccines required for travelling, the method comprising: obtaining a record of at least one crawled travel advice website; crawling the at least one travel advice website on a periodic basis; determining if there are any changes on the travel advice website between one instance of crawling and another; in the event that there are changes on the travel advice website, applying a machine learning model to determine the nature and / or content of the changes to the website to determine whether the changes on the travel advice website result in a change of medication and / or vaccine required for travelling.

[0047] In another aspect there is provided a computer readable non-transitory storage medium comprising a program for a computer configured to cause a processor to perform the method of any of the other aspects described above.

[0048] Drawings

[0049] Embodiments of the disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0050] Fig. 1 shows an example screenshot from the NaTHNaC website providing vaccine recommendations for India.

[0051] Fig. 2 shows another screenshot showing how the vaccination requirements are not the same for all individuals.

[0052] Fig. 3 shows an example flow-chart for an example computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual.

[0053] Fig. 4 shows an example flow-chart for another example computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual.

[0054] Fig. 5 shows an example map of a region of the world with overlaid polygons.

[0055] Fig. 6 shows an example flow-chart for a computer-implemented method for determining an individual’s medical risk when travelling.

[0056] Fig. 7 shows an example flow-chart for a computer-implemented method for adding new diseases to a database of diseases.

[0057] Fig. 8 shows an example flow-chart for a computer-implemented method of obtaining up- to-date information relating to medications and / or vaccines required for travelling.

[0058] Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a computer system 1200 suitable for implementing one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, including for example any of the methods described above with reference to Figs. 3 to 4 and 6 to 8.

[0059] Fig. 10 shows an example map of a region of the world with stacked or overlapping overlaid polygons.

[0060] Fig. 11 shows an example flow-chart for another example computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual.

[0061] Specific description

[0062] Fig. 1 shows an example screenshot 100 from the NaTHNaC travel advice website providing vaccine recommendations for India. The NaTHNaC website may be consulted by medical professionals or clinicians in a consultation with an individual who intends to travel. The medical professional or clinician may consult the NaTHNaC website, or another similar service such as TRAVAX or Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to obtain current information relating the disease risk and also travel requirements (e.g., if any countries require certain vaccinations as a condition of entry, such as yellow fever). These travel advice websites or authorities may themselves obtain data from the World Health Organisation (WHO) but may interpret the data in a different way, for example due to unique considerations relating to the population each travel advice website / authority serves. Preferably the medical professional or clinician therefore will obtain data from the travel advice website that is relevant to the country or territory in which they are administering care and / or providing advice to individuals, although it will be possible in some examples for the medical professional or clinician to select which travel advice website from a list of travel advice websites that they wish to use as the source of data. It will also be appreciated by the skilled person that the disease risk can change over time, and so current information is always desirable to ensure that any risk to the individual is mitigated as much as possible.

[0063] Fig. 2 shows another screenshot 200 showing how the vaccination requirements are not the same for all individuals. The clinician or healthcare professional will have to carefully assess the requirements of each specific individual they are treating in their clinic. This might involve the individual filling out a form or questionnaire providing details of their trip and medical history before the trip. However, as noted above, determining what medications and / or vaccinations an individual requires can be extremely complicated and may vary based on a number of different factors. What this means in practice is that for a medical professional or clinician recommending a course of treatment to an individual, for example for an individual about to travel being consulted at a travel health clinic, it can result in a few issues occurring, such as:

[0064] 1. The questions that need to be asked of the traveller are done in clinic - taking lots of administrative time;

[0065] 2. The traveller may not have all the information with them - another appointment is needed;

[0066] 3. Assuming all the right questions are asked, the clinician then has to review with the help of external resources; and

[0067] 4. With so many different combinations of questions and answers, consistency between clinicians is a likely issue.

[0068] Embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a travel health platform, such as an online platform that can be used by clinicians and other healthcare professionals to consistently and efficiently determine what vaccinations and / or medication is required by an individual, for example when travelling, but it will be understood that the tool may find application elsewhere where vaccinations are required, for example with babies and very young children e.g., requiring initial vaccinations as they grow up, or the elderly e.g., in need of winter flu vaccines. The tool may further be used to provide a live indication of risk, based on the user’s medical history and planned activities. The tool may also provide an indication of what the treatment schedule may be if vaccinations and / or medication are required.

[0069] Fig. 3 shows an example flow-chart for an example computer-implemented method 300 of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual. The method 300 may be implemented on a computing system, such as that described in more detail below with respect to Fig. 9, however it will also be understood that the method may be implemented in the cloud and accessed via a website / API that the clinician or healthcare professional may interact with. In this way, the method may be implemented as an electronic or virtual travel health platform. Furthermore, because the method is implemented in the cloud, data relating to the individual may be held in the cloud which may make it more accessible and more easily shared should the individual wish to share this data with others.

[0070] The method 300 comprises the steps of obtaining 301 an indication of the individual’s risk, obtaining 305 an indication of the individual’s medical history, obtaining 307 an indication of what vaccinations and / or medications are available, and determining 309 what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on their obtained indication of risk, their medical history and what vaccinations and / or medication is available. It will be understood that in some examples the method may be performed in the sequence described above and as shown in Fig. 3, however in other examples the sequence may be altered, for example as described below with reference to Fig. 11 . For example, obtaining 305 an indication of the individual’s medical history may be obtained after the step of obtaining 307 an indication of what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires. This may be because certain medications and / or vaccines cannot be used if the individual has medical issues and / or is taking other medication. Rather than asking the individual generic questions about their medical history that may be relevant to all medication and / or vaccines, by performing the step of obtaining 305 an indication of the individual’s medical history after the step of obtaining 307 an indication of what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires, only questions directly relevant those medications and / or vaccines may be asked. This not only reduces the number of questions that the individual needs to answer but can also allow more focussed and specific questions that are directly relevant to medications and / or vaccines being recommended to be asked.

[0071] Obtaining 301 an indication of the individual’s risk may comprise obtaining information about the individual’s intended activities. For example, obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk comprises determining the risk of an individual contracting a disease based on the obtained information about the individual’s intended activities and a database of known diseases. The database of known diseases may comprise information or a dataset (as will be described in more detail below with reference to Figs. 7 and 8) indicating the risk of diseases in particular territories and / or regions within a territory. In some examples the medical professional or clinician is able to select which travel advice website from a list of travel advice websites that they wish to use as the source of data, for example based on the country or territory in which they are administering care and / or providing advice to individuals. Obtaining information about the individual’s intended activities may comprise at least one of: (i) obtaining an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to; (ii) obtaining an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each territory and / or region; and / or (iii) obtaining an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities. The type of the individual’s intended activities may provide information relating to what the individual will be doing in each territory / region, for example any tasks they will be performing (such as working with animals, working with refugees, volunteer medical work etc.).

[0072] The database may be a record that has been obtained by crawling relevant websites or databases, for example travel advice websites such as NaTHNaC, TRAVAX or CDC. Preferably the database is based on a travel advice website that is relevant to the territory in which the individual is seeking treatment and / or is resident in. The database may therefore be its own unique resource that may be used and independently updated on a regular basis, for example using the method described below with reference to Fig. 8. It will be understood that the database may be any organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system, such as the computer system of Fig. 9. In many examples the database may be stored online, in the cloud, for example using Amazon® Web Services Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS®) or Amazon® DynamoDB® or MongoDB®.

[0073] Obtaining an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to may comprise obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to and the duration of their visit to those territories and / or regions. As will be described in more detail below with respect to Figs. 5 and 6, obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to may comprise selecting points or regions on an overlay map, wherein the overlay map is subdivided into polygons corresponding to different regions and / or territories, and wherein each polygon corresponds to a region of risk for a particular disease. The overlay map may be a map of the world or of a portion of the world, such as a region or country or part of a country, as shown in Fig. 5.

[0074] As an example, the individual may indicate that they will be working in a refugee camp, or working on a farm closely with animals, in a specific region of Southeast Asia, for a specific duration of time. They may do this by clicking or otherwise indicating on the areas of the map they intend to travel to. Both activities (including not only the type of activity but also the location) and duration of time spent, may indicate an increased exposure and therefore risk from certain diseases which may necessitate vaccination.

[0075] Determining 309 what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires may comprise outputting a recommendation of what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires. In some examples, the method 300 of Fig. 3 may further comprise determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires. A treatment schedule may comprise a schedule of indicated dosing regimes for that individual. For example, they may require a first vaccination of a particular quantity on a first date, and then a second vaccination of another quantity on a second date, to give full immunity. Additionally, or alternatively, it may indicate when an individual should take certain medication - for example, certain medication to treat, for example, malaria (such as Chloroquine or Mefloquine), may need to be taken a certain number of days before and after travel to an area with known risk of malaria.

[0076] It will be appreciated that the treatment schedule will vary not only based on the disease the vaccination is intended to provide immunity to, but also the brand / manufacturer of the vaccination as well as the type of vaccine. In some examples vaccinations for a particular disease even from the same brand / manufacturer may be given in different forms - for example, if an individual is allergic to a particular ingredient in a vaccine, for example egg products, they may be given a different vaccine to treat the same disease. Types of vaccine include inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, subunit recombinant polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines, toxoid vaccines, and viral vector vaccines, as will be described in more detail below. The type of vaccine may affect not only the treatment schedule (i.e., the timing and quantity of doses) but also the storage conditions and / or the shelf life of that vaccine which may affect its availability.

[0077] Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease and may require several doses (booster shots) over time in order to get ongoing immunity against diseases. Inactivated vaccines may be used to protect against Hepatitis A, Flu, Polio and Rabies, for example.

[0078] Live-attenuated vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease. Because they contain a small amount of the weakened live virus, some individuals should talk to their health care provider before receiving them, such as individuals with weakened immune systems, long-term health problems, or individuals who’ve had an organ transplant. They need to be kept cool, so they don’t travel well. That means they can’t be used in countries with limited access to refrigerators. Live- attenuated vaccines may be used to protect against Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR combined vaccine), Rotavirus, Smallpox, Chickenpox and Yellow fever. mRNA vaccines make proteins in order to trigger an immune response. mRNA vaccines have several benefits compared to other types of vaccines, including shorter manufacturing times and, because they do not contain a live virus, no risk of causing disease in the person getting vaccinated. mRNA vaccines may be used to protect against COVID-19, for example.

[0079] Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific pieces of the germ — like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ). Because these vaccines use only specific pieces of the germ, they give a very strong immune response that’s targeted to key parts of the germ. They can also be used on almost everyone who needs them, including individuals with weakened immune systems and long-term health problems. One limitation of these vaccines is that individuals may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases. These types of vaccines may be used to protect against Hib (Haemophilus influenza type b) disease, Hepatitis B, HPV (Human papillomavirus), Whooping cough, Pneumococcal disease, Meningococcal disease, and Shingles.

[0080] Toxoid vaccines use a toxin (harmful product) made by the germ that causes a disease. They create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. That means the immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ. Like some other types of vaccines, individuals may need booster shots to get ongoing protection against diseases. Toxoid vaccines may be used to protect against Diphtheria and Tetanus.

[0081] Viral vector vaccines use a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver protection. Several different viruses have been used as vectors, including influenza, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), measles virus, and adenovirus, which causes the common cold. Adenovirus is one of the viral vectors used in some COVID-19 vaccines being studied in clinical trials. Viral vector vaccines may be used to protect against COVID-19, Zika, Flu, HIV and Ebola.

[0082] With respect to medication an individual may require, it will be appreciated that this may be to prevent mosquito-borne illness, such as malaria. Examples of medication that may be taken to treat against malaria include Atovaquone / Proguanil (Malarone®), Chloroquine, Doxycycline, Mefloquine (Larium®), Primaquine and Tafenoquine (Arakoda®). However, there are certain reasons why individuals may or may not take these medications. For example, Tafenoquine cannot be taken by children, pregnant women, women who are breastfeeding, those with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency or those with psychotic disorders. Chloroquine may exacerbate individuals who experience psoriasis. Malarone® cannot be taken by women who or pregnant or breastfeeding a child less than 5kg, or those with sever renal impairment. Mefloquine cannot be used for individuals with cardiac conduction abnormalities, individuals with a seizure disorder or individuals with certain psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, certain medication is not recommended in certain regions / territories as those regions / territories may have a form of malaria that is resistant to that medication, such as Mefloquine or Chloroquine. Determining a treatment schedule may comprise determining a treatment schedule based on the obtained indication of what vaccines and / or medication is available. For example, determining a treatment schedule may comprise determining a treatment schedule based on the obtained indication of what types and / or brands of vaccines and / or medication are available. This may comprise performing a lookup (for example in a database or dataset, for example the database or dataset as described in more detail below with reference to Figs. 7 and 8) to determine recommended treatment doses for that type or brand of vaccine / medication. The lookup may comprise performing a lookup to determine recommended treatment doses for that type or brand of vaccine / medication based on parameters of the individual, breastfeeding and / or other medical conditions.

[0083] Obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history may comprise obtaining at least one of: (i) an indication of the individual’s weight and / or age; (ii) an indication of the individual’s vaccination history; and (iii) an indication of the individual’s current medication they are taking. As a non-exhaustive list, the individual’s medical history may comprise: (i) what vaccines the individual has had before and when, (ii) what medicines the individual is currently taking, (iii) what allergies the individual has, (iv) the individual’s health status, including medical conditions and things like pregnancy and / or whether they are breastfeeding young children. The medical history may be obtained, for example, by way of an online form that the individual can fill in before their consultation. The individual’s medical history may already indicate that the individual has already been vaccinated for a particular disease or had a vaccination but a long time in the past and so their immunity may be fading and in need of boosting. Additionally, or alternatively the medical history may indicate that a particular type of vaccine is unsuitable for that individual (e.g., due to allergies or a weakened immune system) which may mean that a different type of vaccine is required to treat that individual.

[0084] Fig. 4 shows an example flow-chart for another example computer-implemented method 400 of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual. The method comprises the steps of obtaining 402 a list of all diseases present in a territory or region, filtering 404 the list based on an individual’s travel plans to produce a subset of the diseases, obtaining 406 an indication of what vaccines and / or medication is available, obtaining 408 an indication of the individual’s medical history, and determining 410 what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on the filtered list of diseases, their medical history and what vaccinations and / or medication is available.

[0085] What this means is that the method effectively starts from a long list of all possible diseases that may be relevant to a territory or region (or indeed worldwide) that then gets progressively filtered down based on the individual’s intended activities and travel plans.

[0086] For example, if the individual indicates that they will not be travelling to any regions with a risk of malaria, then malaria will be removed from the list of diseases.

[0087] In practice what this might mean is that there is a computer algorithm running that acts like a funnel to filter down the relevant diseases that the individual needs medication and / or vaccines for. For example, an individual initially provides their travel itinerary. The algorithm receives this and lists all diseases present in the territories and / or regions in that itinerary. The algorithm then filters this list of diseases down based on activities (e.g., working with animals and for how long / what duration). The algorithm may also take generic risks and orders them based on, for example, activity, location, altitude and duration. The algorithm then asks what vaccines or medication is available, takes into account the individual’s medical history (for example, what vaccines they have previously had, their brand and also any other medications the individual may be on for any drug interactions as well as other details or parameters about the individual, e.g., age, weight etc.). As an output the algorithm can provide a recommendation of which vaccines and / or medication, and optionally what doses to have for the individual’s trip.

[0088] Similarly, the method may do the same with a list of possible vaccinations and medications. A long list of all possible medications and / or vaccines may be started with, and as the individual selects their intended travel destinations, activities and medical history the list of vaccines and medications will be reduced until a shortlist of relevant medications and / or vaccines are left that can then be recommended to the individual.

[0089] As such, another example computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual may comprise obtaining a list of all medication and / or vaccines that are available; filtering the list based on an individual’s travel plans to produce a first subset of the medication and / or vaccines; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history; filtering the list again based on an individual’s risk (for example, the individual’s travel plans, such as the individual’s intended activities, for example territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to, the individual’s intended travel duration in each territory and / or region; and / or the type of the individual’s intended activities) to produce a second subset of the medication and / or vaccines; and determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on the second subset.

[0090] Filtering the list based on an individual’s travel plans may comprise filtering the list based on at least one of: (i) an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to; (ii) an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each territory and / or region; and / or (iii) an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities.

[0091] In some examples, as explained above elsewhere, the computer implemented method may further comprise determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires.

[0092] The method 400 may be implemented on a computing system, such as that described in more detail below with respect to Fig. 9, however it will also be understood that the method may be implemented in the cloud and accessed via a website / API that the clinician or healthcare professional may interact with. In this way, the method may be implemented as an electronic or virtual travel health platform. For example, the method may be implemented as part of an algorithm or computer program running on the computing system of Fig. 9, or a cloud computing solution.

[0093] It will also be appreciated that the risk of contracting a disease may change frequently, sometimes as often as on a daily basis. It is therefore envisaged that an individual and / or healthcare professional or clinician may use the tool initially sufficiently far in advance to obtain any necessary vaccinations and / or medications well in advance of their trip, but then revisit the tool on a regular basis in advance of their trip to determine if the risk has changed and if further vaccinations and / or medication are required. In some examples the method may comprise automatically notifying the individual and / or clinician or healthcare professional, for example via an alert (e.g., an email or text message) if the risk has changed and / or if the determination of what medication and / or vaccines the individual requires changes. For example, the method may comprises periodically repeating the method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual on a periodic basis between the date of consult and the intended date of the trip.

[0094] As noted above, to facilitate ease of an individual indicating what territories and / or regions they intend to travel to, they can do this by simply clicking or otherwise indicating on a map of the territory or region of interest. Fig. 5 shows an example map of a region of the world with overlaid polygons, and Fig. 6 shows an example flow-chart for a computer-implemented method for determining an individual’s medical risk when travelling.

[0095] As will be described in more detail below with respect to Fig. 6, to determine what diseases may be a risk for a particular region or territory, polygons may be overlaid onto the map of the world (or region or territory accordingly). Fig. 5 shows an example polygon 501 overlaid on a map 500 of a region of the world, Southeast Asia. The polygon in this example corresponds to a known risk area for a disease at the border area between Myanmar and Thailand, with the risk area being 50km wide at the border area. While the overlaid polygon 501 is visible in Fig. 5, it will be appreciated that it may not be visible to an individual when they are indicating on the map where they intend to travel, in other words the overlay may be invisible to the individual.

[0096] It will be appreciated that there may be multiple overlapping or “stacked” polygons on the map, wherein each polygon is associated with a risk (or not) of contracting a particular disease. In this way, when in individual indicates on the map where they intend to be travelling, it may be the case that multiple polygons are selected at the same time. An example of this is shown in Fig. 10. The polygons may be automatically produced, for example based on an interpretation of the risk of disease obtained from travel advice websites, as will be described in more detail below with respect to Fig. 8. Alternatively, the polygons may be manually entered by a clinician interpreting the relevant travel advice or travel authority. It will be appreciated that in some examples overlapping or “stacked” polygons may provide contradictory information. For example, one polygon may be created based on there being an identified risk of a particular disease, such as malaria for example, in that country. Another polygon may indicate that there is no risk of malaria in regions of that country - for example regions above a selected altitude. In cases where there are contradictions between overlaid or “stacked” polygons in this way, the system may be configured to automatically resolve these conflicts, for example where they relate to the same disease. Additionally, or alternatively, there may be a prompt for the clinician to resolve the conflict. Additionally, or alternatively, a healthcare professional or clinician may have already resolved this conflict at the time that the data was input into the database when it was initially imported, for example via the method of Fig. 8 described in more detail below.

[0097] Fig. 6 shows an example flow-chart for a computer-implemented method 600 for determining an individual’s medical risk when travelling. The method 600 comprises providing 601 a display of a map of the world (such as that shown in Fig. 5); overlaying 603 polygons on regions of the map of the world, wherein the shape and / or size of the polygons correspond to different territories or regions associated with a risk of a particular disease; obtaining 605 a selection of territories and / or regions from the individual; mapping 607 the selection of territories and / or regions from the individual to the overlaid polygons; determining 609 diseases the individual may be at risk of contracting based on the mapped polygons; and determining 611 what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting.

[0098] As described above with respect to the examples of Figs. 3 and 4, the method may further comprise obtaining an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each selected territory and / or region, and wherein determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires is based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting and the individual’s intended travel duration in each selected territory and / or region. As described above with respect to the examples of Figs. 3 and 4, obtaining an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities, and wherein determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires may be based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting and the type of the individual’s intended activities.

[0099] As described above with respect to the examples of Figs. 3 and 4, the method may further comprise determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires. Determining a treatment schedule may comprise determining a treatment schedule based on the obtained indication of what vaccines and / or medication is available. For example, determining a treatment schedule may comprise determining a treatment schedule based on the obtained indication of what brands and / or types of vaccines and / or medication are available. This may comprise performing a lookup to determine recommended treatment doses for that type or brand of vaccine / medication. The lookup may comprise performing a lookup to determine recommended treatment doses for that type or brand of vaccine / medication based on parameters of the individual, such as age or weight.

[0100] The method 600 may be implemented on a computing system, such as that described in more detail below with respect to Fig. 9, however it will also be understood that the method may be implemented in the cloud and accessed via a website / API that the clinician or healthcare professional may interact with. In this way, the method may be implemented as an electronic or virtual travel health platform.

[0101] As described above, the database of known diseases may comprise information or a dataset (as will be described in more detail below with reference to Fig. 7) indicating the risk of diseases in particular territories and / or regions within a territory. This dataset may be updated according to the methods shown in Figs. 7 and 8.

[0102] Fig. 7 shows an example flow-chart for a computer-implemented method 700 for adding new diseases to a database of diseases. The computer-implemented method 700 of adding new diseases to a database of diseases may comprise obtaining 701 a test dataset and a production dataset; adding 703 a new disease to the test dataset; performing 705 a test by running the test dataset against the production dataset; obtaining 707 an indication that the production dataset has failed the test as it does not include the new disease added to the test dataset; adding 709 the new disease to the production dataset; performing 711 the test again by running the test dataset against the production dataset; and obtaining 713 an indication that the production dataset has passed the test.

[0103] The method 700 may be implemented on a computing system, such as that described in more detail below with respect to Fig. 9, however it will also be understood that the method may be implemented in the cloud and accessed via a website / API that the clinician or healthcare professional may interact with. In this way, the method may be implemented as an electronic or virtual travel health platform.

[0104] Fig. 8 shows an example flow-chart for a computer-implemented method of obtaining up- to-date information relating to medications and / or vaccines required for travelling. Effectively the method involves crawling travel advice websites such as NaTHNaC, TRAVAX or CDC to determine whether any changes have been made, and determining whether these changes are clinically relevant or not (for example, the changes may simply be formatting or grammatical changes). Many travel advice websites do not provide any notifications that travel advice has changed, thus necessitating continual manual checking which can be laborious and prone to error.

[0105] The computer-implemented method 800 of Fig. 8 of obtaining up-to-date information relating to medications and / or vaccines required for travelling comprises obtaining 801 a record of at least one crawled travel advice website; crawling 803 the at least one travel advice website on a periodic basis; determining 805 if there are any changes on the travel advice website between one instance of crawling and another; and in the event that there are changes on the travel advice website, providing 807 an alert to indicate the change for assessment by a clinician to determine whether the changes on the travel advice website result in a change of medication and / or vaccine required for travelling.

[0106] Additionally, or alternatively, in place of step 807, in the event that there are changes on the travel advice website, the method may comprise applying a machine learning model to determine the nature and / or content of the changes to the website to determine whether the changes on the travel advice website result in a change of medication and / or vaccine required for travelling. For example, a large language model may be used to determine if the change is clinically relevant or not.

[0107] The method 800 may be implemented on a computing system, such as that described in more detail below with respect to Fig. 9, however it will also be understood that the method may be implemented in the cloud and accessed via a website / API that the clinician or healthcare professional may interact with. In this way, the method may be implemented as an electronic or virtual travel health platform.

[0108] Fig. 11 shows an example flow-chart for another example computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual. The method 1100 comprises the steps of obtaining 1101 an indication of the individual’s risk; obtaining 1103 an indication of what vaccinations and / or medication are available; determining 1105 a short list of vaccinations and / or medication based on the obtained indication of the individual’s risk and what vaccinations and / or medications are available; obtaining 1109 an indication of the individual’s medical history relevant to the obtained short list of vaccinations and / or medications; and outputting 1111 a recommendation of what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires from the short list based on their medical history.

[0109] As noted above with reference to the examples of Figs. 3, 4 and 6 to 8, obtaining 1101 an indication of the individual’s risk may comprise obtaining information about the individual’s intended activities. For example, obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk comprises determining the risk of an individual contracting a disease based on the obtained information about the individual’s intended activities and a database of known diseases.

[0110] The method 1100 of Fig. 11 may further comprise determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires. A treatment schedule may comprise a schedule of indicated dosing regimes for that individual. For example, they may require a first vaccination of a particular quantity on a first date, and then a second vaccination of another quantity on a second date, to give full immunity. Additionally, or alternatively, it may indicate when an individual should take certain medication - for example, certain medication to treat, for example, malaria (such as Chloroquine or Mefloquine), may need to be taken a certain number of days before and after travel to an area with known risk of malaria.

[0111] As described above with respect to Figs. 5 and 6, obtaining an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to may comprise obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to and the duration of their visit to those territories and / or regions. Obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to may comprise selecting points or regions on an overlay map, wherein the overlay map is subdivided into polygons corresponding to different regions and / or territories, and wherein each polygon corresponds to a region of risk for a particular disease. The overlay map may be a map of the world or of a portion of the world, such as a region or country or part of a country, as shown in Fig. 5.

[0112] It will be appreciated from the discussion above that the embodiments shown in the Figures are merely exemplary, and include features which may be generalised, removed or replaced as described herein and as set out in the claims. In the context of the present disclosure other examples and variations of the apparatus and methods described herein will be apparent to a person of skill in the art. As noted above, it will also be apparent to the skilled person that the computer-implemented methods described herein would not be limited to individuals intending to go travelling but could be used in general for determining vaccination requirements of the general population, e.g., of children.

[0113] Fig. 9 is a block diagram of a computer system 1200 suitable for implementing one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, including for example any of the methods described above with reference to Figs. 3 to 4, 6 to 8 and 11 .

[0114] The computer system 1200 includes a bus 1212 or other communication mechanism for communicating information data, signals, and information between various components of the computer system 1200. The components include an input / output (I / O) component 1204 that processes a user (i.e., sender, recipient, service provider) action, such as selecting keys from a keypad / keyboard, selecting one or more buttons or links, etc., and sends a corresponding signal to the bus 1212. It may also include a camera for obtaining image data. The I / O component 1204 may also include an output component, such as a display 1202 and a cursor control 1208 (such as a keyboard, keypad, mouse, etc.). The display 1202 may be configured to present a login page for logging into a user account and is configured to display a user interface. An optional audio input / output component 1206 may also be included to allow a user to use voice for inputting information by converting audio signals. The audio I / O component 1206 may allow the user to hear audio. A transceiver or network interface 1220 transmits and receives signals between the computer system 1200 and other devices, such as another user device, a merchant server, or a service provider server via network 1222. In one embodiment, the transmission is wireless, although other transmission mediums and methods may also be suitable. A processor 1214, which can be a micro-controller, digital signal processor (DSP), or other processing component, processes these various signals, such as for display on the computer system 1200 or transmission to other devices via a communication link 1224. The processor 1214 may also control transmission of information, such as cookies or IP addresses, to other devices.

[0115] The components of the computer system 1200 also include a system memory component 1210 (e.g., RAM), a static storage component 1216 (e.g., ROM), and / or a disk drive 1218 (e.g., a solid-state drive, a hard drive). The computer system 1200 performs specific operations by the processor 1214 and other components by executing one or more sequences of instructions contained in the system memory component 1210. For example, the processor 1214 may be configured to run any of the computer- implemented methods described above, for example with respect to Figs. 3 to 4, 6 to 8 and 11.

[0116] It will also be understood that the computer-implemented methods may be implemented in software or hardware, for example as dedicated circuitry. For example, the computer- implemented methods may be implemented as part of a computer system. The computer system may include a bus or other communication mechanism for communicating information data, signals, and information between various components of the computer system. The components may include an input / output (I / O) component that processes a user (i.e., sender, recipient, service provider) action, such as selecting keys from a keypad / keyboard, selecting one or more buttons or links, etc., and sends a corresponding signal to the bus. The I / O component may also include an output component, such as a display and a cursor control (such as a keyboard, keypad, mouse, etc.). A transceiver or network interface may transmit and receive signals between the computer system and other devices, such as another user device, a merchant server, or a service provider server via a network. In one embodiment, the transmission is wireless, although other transmission mediums and methods may also be suitable. A processor, which can be a micro-controller, digital signal processor (DSP), or other processing component, processes these various signals, such as for display on the computer system or transmission to other devices via a communication link. The processor may also control transmission of information, such as cookies or IP addresses, to other devices.

[0117] The components of the computer system may also include a system memory component (e.g., RAM), a static storage component (e.g., ROM), and / or a disk drive (e.g., a solid- state drive, a hard drive). The computer system performs specific operations by the processor and other components by executing one or more sequences of instructions contained in the system memory component.

[0118] Logic may be encoded in a computer readable medium, which may refer to any medium that participates in providing instructions to a processor for execution. Such a medium may take many forms, including but not limited to, non-volatile media, volatile media, and transmission media. In various implementations, non-volatile media includes optical or magnetic disks, volatile media includes dynamic memory, such as a system memory component, and transmission media includes coaxial cables, copper wire, and fibre optics. In one embodiment, the logic is encoded in non-transitory computer readable medium. In one example, transmission media may take the form of acoustic or light waves, such as those generated during radio wave, optical, and infrared data communications. Some common forms of computer readable media includes, for example, floppy disk, flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, CD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards, paper tape, any other physical medium with patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM, FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, or any other medium from which a computer is adapted to read.

[0119] In various embodiments of the present disclosure, execution of instruction sequences to practice the present disclosure may be performed by a computer system. In various other embodiments of the present disclosure, a plurality of computer systems 600 coupled by a communication link to a network (e.g., such as a LAN, WLAN, PTSN, and / or various other wired or wireless networks, including telecommunications, mobile, and cellular phone networks) may perform instruction sequences to practice the present disclosure in coordination with one another.

[0120] It will also be understood that aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented using hardware, software, or combinations of hardware and software. Also, where applicable, the various hardware components and / or software components set forth herein may be combined into composite components comprising software, hardware, and / or both without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure. Where applicable, the various hardware components and / or software components set forth herein may be separated into sub-components comprising software, hardware, or both without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In addition, where applicable, it is contemplated that software components may be implemented as hardware components and vice-versa.

[0121] Software in accordance with the present disclosure, such as program code and / or data, may be stored on one or more computer readable mediums. It is also contemplated that software identified herein may be implemented using one or more general purpose or specific purpose computers and / or computer systems, networked and / or otherwise. Where applicable, the ordering of various steps described herein may be changed, combined into composite steps, and / or separated into sub-steps to provide features described herein. The various features and steps described herein may be implemented as systems comprising one or more memories storing various information described herein and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and a network, wherein the one or more processors are operable to perform steps as described herein, as non- transitory machine-readable medium comprising a plurality of machine-readable instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, are adapted to cause the one or more processors to perform a method comprising steps described herein, and methods performed by one or more devices, such as a hardware processor, user device, server, and other devices described herein.

[0122] Reference throughout this specification to “some embodiments,” or “an embodiment,” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in some embodiment,” or “in an embodiment,” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0123] As utilized herein, terms “component,” “system,” “interface,” “unit” and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, hardware, software (e.g., in execution), and / or firmware. For example, a component can be a processor, a process running on a processor, an object, an executable, a program, a storage device, and / or a computer. By way of illustration, an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components can reside within a process, and a component can be localized on one computer and / or distributed between two or more computers.

[0124] Further, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components can communicate via local and / or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and / or across a network, e.g., the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network, etc. with other systems via the signal).

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual, the method comprising: obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history; obtaining an indication of what vaccinations and / or medication are available; determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on their obtained indication of risk, their medical history and what vaccinations and / or medication is available.

2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 wherein obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk comprises obtaining information about the individual’s intended activities.

3. The computer-implemented method of claim 2 wherein obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk comprises determining the risk of an individual contracting a disease based on the obtained information about the individual’s intended activities and a database of known diseases.

4. The computer-implemented method of claim 3, wherein the database of known diseases comprises information indicating the risk of diseases in particular territories and / or regions within a territory.

5. The computer-implemented method of claim 2, 3 or 4, wherein obtaining information about the individual’s intended activities comprises at least one of: obtaining an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to; obtaining an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each territory and / or region; and / or obtaining an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities.

6. The computer-implemented method of claim 5 wherein obtaining an indication ofterritories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to comprises obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to and the duration of their visit to those territories and / or regions.

7. The computer-implemented method of claim 6 wherein obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to comprises selecting points or regions on an overlay map, wherein the overlay map is subdivided into polygons corresponding to different regions and / or territories, and wherein each polygon corresponds to a region of risk for a particular disease.

8. The computer-implemented method of any of the previous claims, further comprising determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires.

9. The computer-implemented method of any of the previous claims wherein obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history comprises at least one of: obtaining an indication of the individual’s weight and / or age; obtaining an indication of the individual’s vaccination history; obtaining an indication of the individual’s current medication they are taking.

10. A computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual, the method comprising: obtaining a list of all diseases present in a territory or region; filtering the list based on an individual’s travel plans to produce a subset of the diseases; obtaining an indication of what vaccines and / or medication is available; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history; determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on the filtered list of diseases, their medical history and what vaccinations and / or medication is available.

11. The computer-implemented method of claim 10 wherein filtering the list based on an individual’s travel plans comprises filtering the list based on at least one of:an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to; an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each territory and / or region; and / or an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities.

12. A computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual, the method comprising: obtaining a list of all medication and / or vaccines that are available; filtering the list based on an individual’s travel plans to produce a first subset of the medication and / or vaccines; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history; filtering the list again based on an individual’s travel plans to produce a second subset of the medication and / or vaccines; determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on the second subset.

13. The computer-implemented method of any claims 10 to 12, further comprising determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires.

14. A computer-implemented method of determining vaccinations and / or medication required by an individual, the method comprising: obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk; obtaining an indication of what vaccinations and / or medication are available; determining a short list of vaccinations and / or medication based on the obtained indication of the individual’s risk and what vaccinations and / or medications are available; obtaining an indication of the individual’s medical history relevant to the obtained short list of vaccinations and / or medications; and outputting a recommendation of what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires from the short list based on their medical history.

15. The computer-implemented method of claim 14 wherein obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk comprises obtaining information about the individual’s intendedactivities.

16. The computer-implemented method of claim 15 wherein obtaining an indication of the individual’s risk comprises determining the risk of an individual contracting a disease based on the obtained information about the individual’s intended activities and a database of known diseases, wherein the database of known diseases comprises information indicating the risk of diseases in particular territories and / or regions within a territory.

17. The computer-implemented method of claim 14, 15 or 16, wherein obtaining information about the individual’s intended activities comprises at least one of: obtaining an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to; obtaining an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each territory and / or region; and / or obtaining an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities; optionally wherein obtaining an indication of territories and / or regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to comprises obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to and the duration of their visit to those territories and / or regions.

18. The computer-implemented method of claim 17 wherein obtaining an indication of specific regions within a territory the individual intends to travel to comprises selecting points or regions on an overlay map, wherein the overlay map is subdivided into polygons corresponding to different regions and / or territories, and wherein each polygon corresponds to a region of risk for a particular disease.

19. A computer-implemented method for determining an individual’s medical risk when travelling, the method comprising: providing a display of a map of the world; overlaying polygons on regions of the map of the world, wherein the shape and / or size of the polygons correspond to different territories or regions associated with a risk ofa particular disease; obtaining a selection of territories and / or regions from the individual; mapping the selection of territories and / or regions from the individual to the overlaid polygons; determining diseases the individual may be at risk of contracting based on the mapped polygons; and determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting.

20. The computer-implemented method of claim 19 further comprising obtaining an indication of the individual’s intended travel duration in each selected territory and / or region, and wherein determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires is based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting and the individual’s intended travel duration in each selected territory and / or region.21 . The computer-implemented method of claim 19 or 20 further comprising obtaining an indication of the type of the individual’s intended activities, and wherein determining what vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires is based on their obtained indication of diseases they may be at risk of contracting and the type of the individual’s intended activities.

22. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 19 to 21 , further comprising determining a treatment schedule for the individual based on the determined vaccinations and / or medication the individual requires.

23. A computer-implemented method of adding new diseases to a database of diseases, the method comprising: obtaining a test dataset and a production dataset; adding a new disease to the test dataset; performing a test by running the test dataset against the production dataset; obtaining an indication that the production dataset has failed the test as it does not include the new disease added to the test dataset;adding the new disease to the production dataset; performing the test again by running the test dataset against the production dataset; obtaining an indication that the production dataset has passed the test.

24. A computer-implemented method of obtaining up-to-date information relating to medications and / or vaccines required for travelling, the method comprising: obtaining a record of at least one crawled travel advice website; crawling the at least one travel advice website on a periodic basis; determining if there are any changes on the travel advice website between one instance of crawling and another; in the event that there are changes on the travel advice website, providing an alert to indicate the change for assessment by a clinician to determine whether the changes on the travel advice website result in a change of medication and / or vaccine required for travelling.

25. A computer-implemented method of obtaining up-to-date information relating to medications and / or vaccines required for travelling, the method comprising: obtaining a record of at least one crawled travel advice website; crawling the at least one travel advice website on a periodic basis; determining if there are any changes on the travel advice website between one instance of crawling and another; in the event that there are changes on the travel advice website, applying a machine learning model to determine the nature and / or content of the changes to the website to determine whether the changes on the travel advice website result in a change of medication and / or vaccine required for travelling.

26. A computer readable non-transitory storage medium comprising a program for a computer configured to cause a processor to perform the method of any of claims 1 to

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