Pressure adjustments in energy manipulation devices

Abstract

The present inventions relate to methods, systems, apparatuses, controllers, software, and composition of matter associated with electrochemical cells operatively coupled with spring(s) that (I) maintain the cell at an overpressure relative to an ambient pressure external to the housing and / or (II) reduce an extent of variability in the overpressure during use of the device.

Description

PRESSURE ADJUSTMENTS IN ENERGY MANIPULATION DEVICESPRIORITY

[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 555,519 filed February 20, 2024, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 557,238 filed February 23, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 557,898, filed February 26, 2024, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention relates to methods and structures such as electrode assemblies for use in energy manipulation (e.g., storage and / or release) devices such as (e.g., secondary) batteries, to energy manipulation devices employing such structures, and to methods for manufacturing such structures and energy devices.

[0003] Batteries (e.g., Lithium-based secondary batteries) are a type of energy manipulation (e.g., storage) device having one or more electrochemical cells in which carrier ions (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and / or magnesium ions) travel between a cathode structure and an anode structure through an electrolyte within each electrochemical cell abbreviated herein as “cell.” The device may comprise cells that are stacked along a stacking axis to form a set of cells, also referred to herein as a “population of cells.” The anode structure and cathode structure in the cell are separated by a gap. The cell may include a separator structure. The separator structure may be incorporated in the battery cell during assembly of the battery and during battery operation. Anode and cathode current collectors of the respective anode and cathode, pool electric current from the respective active electrochemical electrodes and enable transfer (e.g., flow) of the current to the environment outside the battery.

[0004] There are a number of shortcomings related to energy manipulation devices (e.g., secondary batteries) and / or to the process of making them. Conditions relating to positive pressure (e.g., overpressure) as compared to an environment external to the device, may cause (e.g., contribute to) adverse effect(s) on the device. The conditions may include lack of overpressure, high variability in overpressure, nonlinearity of pressure variation, and / or abrupt pressure variation. The abrupt pressure variations may or may not be expected. The pressure variation may comprise a rate of speed thereof and / or an acceleration thereof. The adverse effects may include physical effects or chemical effects. The adverse effects may be adverse to the device, to a user, and / or to an environment external to the device such as to a facility in which the device is disposed (e.g., located). The adverse effects to the device may include loss of electrical connectivity, loss of capacity (e.g., loss of available chargecarriers), generation of physical gaps in the device, relative movement of physical components of the device, unwanted deposition of material, unfavorable growth of microstructures, generation of cracks, and / or generation of dislocations. The deposition of material may comprise a deposition of a phase such as a solid phase. The deposition of material may comprise a deposition of a reduced form of the charge carriers, e.g., an elemental phase of the charge carriers. The phase may comprise high surface area, e.g., comprising a corrugated exposed surface. For example, lithium may grow in a dendrite formation in a pressure outside of an overpressure window, e.g., in the absence of overpressure and / or at an overpressure above a maximal threshold of the overpressure window. Such adversities may exacerbate the more the pressure change is swift and / or steep as a function of time.

[0005] The energy manipulation devices (e.g., the devices such as the secondary batteries) may suffer from large volume variability during their prescribed operation, e.g., a large volume change between charge and discharge states of the device. Such variability may result in poor cycling stability. In some examples, the energy manipulation devices (e.g., the devices such as the secondary batteries) that use Li metal anodes suffer from a large volume change between charge and discharge - resulting in poor cycling stability.SUMMARY

[0006] In some aspects, the present disclosure resolves one or more of the aforementioned hardships and / or shortcomings. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides solutions to curtail the aforementioned hardships and / or shortcomings. The solutions include method(s), device(s), apparatus(es), system(s), and / or design(s).

[0007] In some aspects, the present inventions relate to method(s), device(s), apparatus(es), system(s), and design(s), utilized for a battery comprising cell(s). Methods, apparatuses, devices, program instructions, and structures, are disclosed in relation to overpressure in the device.

[0008] In some aspects, energy manipulation devices include one or more springs (e.g., springs) configured to, in the device, (a) maintain overpressure as compared to an ambient pressure external to the device, (b) maintain a narrower range of overpressure in the device, (c) reduce the velocity of the pressure gradient, (d) reduce the acceleration of the pressure gradient, (d) increase the linearity of the velocity pressure gradient, (e) increase the linearity of the acceleration pressure gradient, (f) otherwise maintain a more gradual pressure gradient in the device, or (g) any combination thereof. The springs may be configured to generate pressure and / or absorb pressure. The spring of the device (e.g., battery) may be configured to maintain a positive pressure level and / or reduce pressure differences. The spring may be configured to allow gradual change of the pressure in the device. In someembodiments, the spring(s) may be positioned within the device (e.g., battery), e.g., in an interior of the housing, in an interior of its constraint system, in an interior of its insulator, in the cell stack, in the cell, any plurality thereof, and / or any combination thereof. The housing may comprise a can or a pouch. The devices may comprise a (e.g., bi-polar) plate operatively coupled to, or integrated with, a spring, e.g., to accommodate the volume change between charge and discharge state of the electrochemical cell - also referred to herein as “cell.” The spring may be also referred to herein as a “pressure adjuster” and “compression element.” The spring can be incorporated between the electrode and counter-electrode of the electrochemical cell, and / or in the plate. The device may comprise one or more spring(s), e.g., to accommodate the volume change the charged and discharged state of the cell. The springs may be mechanically formed springs and / or material springs, e.g., comprising an elastic material. The spring may comprise a metal, a polymer, a resin, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The spring(s) can be incorporated between cells and / or within a cell. The compression elements (“springs”) may be utilized to maintain an overpressure during the prescribed life of the device and during the prescribed use of the device, including during buffering of charge carriers onto the cell, and during charge and / or discharge cycles. The overpressure may be applied within a prescribed (e.g., substantially fixed, or fixed) volume in the device. The overpressure may improve cell performance, e.g., without the use of fixtures other than the spring(s). As a comparison, currently available secondary battery designs may not be configured to maintain (e.g., substantially) constant volume with positive pressure as compared to the ambient pressure external to the device, may require external pressure, and / or may require the addition of fixtures(s). Such design can help increase the cycling stability of the cell, and thus of the device.

[0009] In some embodiments, the devices comprise a bi-polar plate with an integrated spring to accommodate the volume change between charge and discharge in Li metal cells. The integrated spring can be incorporated between the copper and aluminum layers in the bi-polar electrode plate, e.g., to accommodate the Li induced cell volume change. Such design can help with the cycling stability of Li metal secondary batteries. Techniques are disclosed herein for a secondary battery having one or more metal or polymeric spring function(s) to accommodate the volume change between charge and discharge in Li metal cells. For example, the metal and / or polymeric spring(s) can be incorporated between cells and / or within a cell to accommodate the Li metal cell volume change. This design can help with the cycling stability of Li metal secondary batteries. Techniques are disclosed herein for a secondary battery having compression elements (“springs”) used to maintain a positive stack pressure during the entire charge / discharge of the cell. These techniques allow for maintaining positive stack pressure within a fixed volume and improving cell performancewithout the use of fixtures - other secondary battery designs do not maintain constant volume with positive pressure and may require external pressure adding fixtures(s).

[0010] In another aspect, an electrode assembly comprises: a plurality of unit cells stacked in a stacking direction, each of the unit cells comprising a Li metal anode structure, a separator structure, and a cathode structure, wherein the cathode structure of each unit cell is connected to a cathode Al busbar and the Li metal anode structure of each unit cell is connected to an anode Cu busbar; and a plurality of bi-polar plates, each of the bi-polar plates comprising a Cu layer, an Al layer, and an integrated spring between the Cu layer and the Al layer, wherein each of the bi-polar plates is arranged between two of the unit cells in the stacking direction.

[0011] In another aspect, battery comprising a battery enclosure, and an electrode assembly and an electrolyte within the battery enclosure, wherein: the electrode assembly comprises a plurality of unit cells stacked in a stacking direction, each of the unit cells comprising a Lithium (Li) metal anode structure, a separator structure, and a cathode structure, wherein the cathode structure of each unit cell is connected to a cathode Al busbar and the Li metal anode structure of each unit cell is connected to an anode Copper (Cu) busbar; and a plurality of bi-polar plates, each of the bi-polar plates comprising a Cu layer, an Al layer, and an integrated spring between the Cu layer and the aluminum (Al) layer, wherein each of the bi-polar plates is arranged between two of the unit cells in the stacking direction.

[0012] In another aspect, a device for energy manipulation, the device comprises: a cell comprising an electrode opposing and separated from a counter-electrode by a gap, the electrode comprising an electrode active material that measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes between its charged and discharged states, the cell being electrochemical (e.g., electrolytic), the cell comprising charge carriers and an electrolyte configured to, during use of the device, allow traversal of the charge carriers between the electrode and counter-electrode; a housing configured to house the cell; and at least one spring disposed in an interior of the housing or otherwise operatively coupled with the housing, the at least one spring operatively coupled with the cell, the at least one spring being configured to, during a prescribed lifetime of the device and when the device is held in prescribed conditions of the device, (I) maintain the cell at an overpressure relative to an ambient pressure external to the housing (II) reduce an extent of variability in the overpressure during use of the device, or a combination of (I) and (II), the energy manipulation of the device comprising energy storage, energy release, or energy storge and release. In some embodiments, the at least one spring disposed (a) in an interior of the housing, and / or (b) operatively coupled to an internal surface of the housing (e.g., the can or the pouch). In some embodiments, the at least one spring is disposed as part of, or operatively coupled with, (a) a constraint system disposed in the housing and operativelycoupled with an exterior of the cell, (b) the cell, (c) a stack of cells comprising the cell, cells of the stack of cells being similar to the cell, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is configured to, during of the prescribed lifetime of the device, and during the prescribed conditions of the device (e.g., during normal operation of the device), reduce and / or maintain an extent of the variability in the overpressure experienced by the cell. In some embodiments, a central tendency (e.g., average) of the variability in the pressure is of at most about 20PSI, 50PSI, 100PSI, 500PSI, 1000PSI, 1500PSI, 2000PSI, or 3000PSI. In some embodiments, to reduce the variability in pressure experienced by the cell is in comparison to the cell devoid of the at least one spring. In some embodiments, the overpressure is at most about 20 PSI, 50PSI, 100PSI, 500PSI, 1000PSI, 1500PSI, 2000PSI, or 3000PSI. In some embodiments, a maximal pressure measured as a central tendency (e.g., average) of maximal overpressure in an interior volume of the housing and / or as experienced by the cell across a volume of the cell. In some embodiments, the overpressure is reduced as compared to an overpressure of the device devoid of the at least one spring. In some embodiments, an electrode pair comprises the electrode and the counter-electrode; and wherein the overpressure and / or the variability in the overpressure, are such that the device (I) complies with one or more jurisdictional standards for shaking the device, (II) complies with one or more jurisdictional standards for dropping the device, (III) is configured to maintain (e.g., electrical) functionality of the device, (IV) is configured to reduce occurrence of growth into the gap, the electrode pair including the electrode and the counter-electrode, the growth being from any of the electrode pair, (V) is configured to reduce a roughness of a layer generated by electrochemical reduction of the charge carriers onto (e.g., an exposed surface of) any of the electrode, the reduced roughness being relative to the device devoid of the at least one spring, (VI) the prescribed conditions comprise shaking the device below a threshold of at most about 500 Hertz, (VII) the prescribed conditions comprise dropping the device below a threshold comprising a height of at most about 1.5 meters onto a hard surface, (VIII) the prescribed conditions comprise accelerating a movement of the device, with acceleration of the device being at a rate of at most about 20 grams subject to a gravitational force of Earth’s gravity, or (IX) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the growth is a solid growth. In some embodiments the electrode and / or the counter-electrode comprise a bipolar plate, e.g., the electrode and counter electrodes are opposing sides of the bipolar plate. In some embodiments, the prescribed conditions comprise shaking the device below a threshold of at most about 500 Hertz. In some embodiments, the shaking is for at most about 40 hours. In some embodiments, the prescribed conditions comprise dropping the device below a threshold comprising a height of at most about 1.5 meters onto a hard surface (e.g., concrete or asphalt). In some embodiments, the dropping is repeated at most about 30times. In some embodiments, the prescribed conditions comprise accelerating a movement of the device, with acceleration of the device being at a rate of at most 20 grams subject to the gravitational force of Earth’s gravity. In some embodiments, the one or more jurisdictional standards for shaking the device comprise I EC 60068-2-6, I EC 62660-2, SAE J2380, UN 38.3, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more jurisdictional standards for dropping the device comprise MIL-STD-810G (516.6), UN 38.3, UL 1642, UL 2054, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, maintaining functionality of the device comprises maintain electrical connectivity within the device to allow current flow relative to the device. In some embodiments, during the prescribed lifetime of the device in the prescribed conditions of the device, the at least one spring is configured to better maintain functionality of the device as compared to the device devoid of the at least one spring. In some embodiments, during the prescribed lifetime of the device and in the prescribed conditions of the device, the at least one spring is configured to maintain the variability in the pressure such that any plating of a reduced chemical form of the charge carriers onto any of the electrode pair, has a lower roughness as compared to the device being devoid of the at least one spring. In some embodiments, the lower roughness is at most about 100 nanometers (nm), 250nm, 500nm, 750nm, 1000nm, 1200nm, or 1500nm, the roughness being measured as an arithmetic average roughness (Ra). In some embodiments, the lower roughness is at most about 1500 nm. In some embodiments, the electrochemical reduction (e.g., chiefly) occurs during buffering of the device (e.g., first electrochemical cycle of the device). In some embodiments, the charge carriers comprise lithium, and the electrochemical reduction (e.g., chiefly) occurs during buffering of the device (e.g., first electrochemical cycle of the device). In some embodiments, the charge carriers comprise lithium, and the electrochemical reduction comprises lithium plating. In some embodiments, the growth (I) has an exposed surface that is rugged, (II) has an exposed surface that is non-planar, (III) is a metallurgical phase, (IV) is a dendritic form, or (V) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a separator is disposed in the gap, the separator configured to electrically insulate the electrode and the counter-electrode while allowing traversal of the charge carriers through the separator, and wherein the growth has a strength and / or rigidity greater than that of the separator. In some embodiments, the electrode active material measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes between its charged and discharged states; wherein an alteration of the volume is at most about 6%, 10%, 20%, 100%, 300%, or 400%. In some embodiments, the alteration of the volume is at most about 400%. In some embodiments, the electrode active material measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes between its charged and discharged states; wherein an alteration of the volume is at least about 1%, 2%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 20%, 100%, or 300%. In some embodiments, the alteration of the volume is at least about 1%. In some embodiments,the device is configured for a fast alteration of its charge state, the fast alteration of its charge state including charging and / or discharging. In some embodiments, the fast alteration C-rating of its charge state comprises at least about 1 C, 2C, 3C, 5C, 7C, 10C, 12C, or 15C, with C representing the capacity of the cell measuring the current divided by the rated battery capacity measured in ampere-hour, the current being of charging or discharging. In some embodiments, the fast alteration C-rating of the charge state of the cell is at least about 1C. In some embodiments, during the prescribed lifetime of the device comprises at least one discharge. In some embodiments, during the prescribed lifetime of the device comprises charge and discharge cycles. In some embodiments, the device is configured such that during the prescribed lifetime of the device comprises buffering of the device. In some embodiments, the device is configured such that the prescribed conditions of the device comprise buffering of the device. In some embodiments, buffering of the device comprises performing a cycle of loading the electrode active material with the charge carriers. In some embodiments, the electrode is an anode, and the electrode active material comprises graphite, silicon, elemental lithium, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises elemental silicon, silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon carbon mixture, silicon carbon composite, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a composite material. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a non-composite material. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a particulate material. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises two types of an allotrope of elemental carbon. In some embodiments, the two types of an allotrope of elemental carbon include hard carbon and / or soft carbon. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a layered structure. In some embodiments, at least two layers of the layered structure have a material class in common, the material class comprising an allotrope of elemental carbon, a silicon containing material, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a metal oxide. In some embodiments, the metal oxide comprises cobalt. In some embodiments, the electrode active material measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes by at most about 6%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, 300%, or 400%. In some embodiments, the electrode active material measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes by at most about 10%. In some embodiments, the electrode active material that measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes by at least about 2%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the electrode active material that measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes by at most about 2%. In some embodiments, the charge carriers comprise cations. In some embodiments, (I) the cations are monovalent cations, (II) the cations are alkali cation and / or alkali earth cations, and / or(Ill) the cations comprise lithium cations. In some embodiments, the housing is a battery housing (e.g., the housing is a can). In some embodiments, the housing includes a solid and / or rigid housing (e.g., the housing comprises a can). In some embodiments, the housing comprises a flexible housing (e.g., the housing comprises a pouch). In some embodiments, the housing comprising one or more encasings. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings are encasings. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings being nested one within another. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings comprises a solid and / or rigid material. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings comprises a can. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings comprising a flexible encasing. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings comprises a pouch. In some embodiments, the housing comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental carbon, a polymer, or a resin. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal and separate the cell from an exterior environment to the housing. In some embodiments, the seal protects an interior environment of the housing from debris, e.g., dust, other particulate matter, and / or biomatter. In some embodiments, the seal protects an interior environment of the housing from ingress and / or egress of liquids therethrough. In some embodiments, sealing the housing comprises a hermetic seal, a gas tight seal, and / or a liquid tight seal. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal the cell such that liquid is unable to flow from an interior of the housing to an exterior of the housing, e.g., electrolyte liquid. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal and separate the cell from an exterior environment to the housing to curtail (e.g., hinder, or measurably prevent) reactivity of one or more reactive species from an ambient environment with one or more materials of the cell. In some embodiments, the one or more reactive species comprise water, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the housing is operatively coupled with the at least one spring. In some embodiments, (I) the housing comprises a rigid material mixed with the at least one spring to form the housing, (II) the housing comprises a composite of the at least one spring with the rigid material, (III) the rigid material is deposited on the at least one spring to form the housing, (IV) the at least one spring is deposited on the rigid material to form the housing, or (V) a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the rigid material comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental carbon, a ceramic, a polymer, or a resin. In some embodiments, the rigid material is more resistant to applied pressure as compared to the at least one spring. In some embodiments, the cell is operatively coupled with a constraint system configured to curtail volume change of the cell as it alters its volume during a change between a charged state and a discharged state of the cell. In some embodiments, the constraint system is configured to resist pressure to a greater extent than the at least one spring. In some embodiments, the constraint systemcomprises a constraint including elemental metal, metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental carbon, a polymer, a resin, a plurality of types thereof, and / or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the constraint comprises a composite material. In some embodiments, the constraint comprises a non-composite material. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises one or more perforations. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises an oblong perforation. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises evenly spaced perforations. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises aligned perforations. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises two opposing constraints disposed at opposing sides of the cell, the two opposing constraints facing each other. In some embodiments, the two opposing constraints are separated from each other by a constraint gap. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises two opposing constraints disposed at opposing sides of the cell. In some embodiments, the constraint system is configured to anisotropically curtail volume change of the cell it at least one axis as the cell alters its volume. In some embodiments, the constraint system is configured to anisotropically curtail volume change of the cell is at least one axis as the cell alters its volume, the at least one axis being different than a stacking axis along which the electrode and counter-electrodes are stacked in the cell. In some embodiments, the at least one axis being a longest axis of the electrode and / or of the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the constraint system is configured to anisotropically curtail volume change of the cell it at least one axis as the cell alters its volume, the at least one axis being (e.g., substantially) normal to a stacking axis along which the electrode and counter-electrodes are stacked in the cell. In some embodiments, the at least one axis is one axis. In some embodiments, the cell is operatively coupled with one or more plates, the electrode and the counter-electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, and the one or more plates are stacked along the stacking axis. In some embodiments, the electrode, counter-electrode, and the one or more plates are disposed (e.g., substantially) parallel to each other. In some embodiments, a plate of the one or more plates is disposed distal to the cell and along the stacking axis. In some embodiments, the one or more plates comprise two plates, the two plates being disposed along the stacking axis, at opposing distal sides of the cell. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is disposed in an insulator. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is located in a conductor. In some embodiments, the at least one spring comprises a particulate material. In some embodiments, the at least one spring comprises a particulate material is layer wise deposited (e.g., comprises at least one layer). In some embodiments, the at least one spring comprises a poorly (e.g., non-) electrically conductive material. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is an insulator. In some embodiments, the at least one spring comprises a polymer, a resin, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one spring comprises an elasticmaterial and / or object. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is configured to sufficiently reversibly contract and expand, such that and an end of the prescribed lifetime of the device, positive pressure will be applied at least in part by the device on the cell. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is disposed between a plate and a proximal side of the cell. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is disposed between two plates disposed at opposing sides of the at least one spring. In some embodiments, the electrode, counterelectrode, and the at least one spring, are stacked along a stacking axis. In some embodiments, the device comprises one or more plates disposed along the stacking axis. In some embodiments, the one or more plates are configured to resist pressure to a greater extent than the at least one spring. In some embodiments, the electrode and counterelectrode are stacked along a stacking axis, and wherein the at least one spring operatively coupled to a proximal end of the cell, and stacked along the stacking axis. In some embodiments, (I) a first plate is disposed between the at least one spring and the cell, (II) the cell and the at least one spring are held by a constraint system, and / or (III) a second plate is disposed between the at least one spring and the constraint system. In some embodiments, the first plate and / or the second plate are stacked along the stacking axis. In some embodiments, the electrode and counter-electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, and wherein the at least one spring comprises two springs, each disposed at proximal ends of the cell such that the two springs oppose one another. In some embodiments, (I) each plate of a first set of two plates is respectively disposed between the cell and each spring of the two springs, (II) the cell and the two springs are held by a constraint system, and / or (III) each plate of a second set of two plates is respectively disposed between the constraint system and each spring of the two springs. In some embodiments, the first set of plates and / or the second set of plates are stacked along the stacking axis. In some embodiments, device comprises electrochemical cells comprising the cell, the at least one spring are springs, and wherein the springs comprise at least two springs, each contacting a different cell of the electrochemical cells. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cells and the at least one spring are stacked along a stacking axis. In some embodiments, device comprises electrochemical cells comprising the cell, the at least one spring are springs, and wherein the springs comprise at least two springs, each contacting a cell of the electrochemical cells. In some embodiments, (I) wherein the electrochemical cells and the at least one spring are stacked along a stacking axis and / or (II) the electrochemical cells held by a constraint system. In some embodiments, device comprises electrochemical cells stacked along a stacking axis, the electrochemical cells (e.g., each) comprising the cell, the at least one spring is a set of springs, and wherein the set of springs comprises a subset of springs disposed between cells of the electrochemical cells. In some embodiments, (I) the set of springs comprises springs that are evenly spaced along the stacking axis, (II) the subset ofspring comprises springs that are evenly spaced along the stacking axis, (III) wherein a (e.g., each) spring of the set of springs is disposed between two plates contacting opposing sides of the spring, (IV) wherein a (e.g., each) spring of the subset of springs is disposed between two plates contacting opposing sides of the spring, (V) a distal spring of the set of springs is disposed between two plates contacting opposing sides of the spring, and / or (V) distal springs of the set of springs are each disposed between two plates contacting opposing sides of each of the distal springs. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cells are held by a constraint system. In some embodiments, device comprises a set of electrochemical cells stacked along a stacking axis, the set of electrochemical cells (e.g., each) comprising the cell, the at least one spring is a set of springs; wherein the set of springs is disposed between cells of the set of electrochemical cells; wherein one or more of (e.g., each of) distal sides of the set of electrochemical cells along the stacking axis are devoid of a spring. In some embodiments, the set of electrochemical cells held by a constraint system. In some embodiments, the device comprises at least one separator disposed in the gap, the at least one separator being configured to electrically separate the electrode from the counterelectrode while allowing the charge carriers to traverse therethrough at least during a prescribed operation condition of the device (e.g., normal operation). In some embodiments, the at least one spring is operatively coupled with, or is included in, the at least one separator. In some embodiments, (I) the electrode, the counter-electrode, the at least one spring, and the at least one separator, are stacked along a stacking axis, (II) the at least one spring is operatively coupled with, or is included in, the at least one separator, respectively. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is included in the at least one separator by forming a mixture or by the at least one spring is at least one separator. In some embodiments, a spring of the at least one spring is disposed between two separators of the at least one separator, the two separators being disposed at opposing sides of the spring. In some embodiments, the device comprises a set of electrochemical cells similar to the cell and comprising the cell, wherein at least two electrochemical cells are separated by a spring of the at least one spring, the at least two electrochemical cells being of the set of electrochemical cells. In some embodiments, the set of electrochemical cells, and the at least one spring, are stacked along a stacking axis. In some embodiments, the device comprises a set of electrochemical cells similar to the cell and comprising the cell, wherein at least two springs are separated by a cell of the set of cells, the at least two springs being of the at least one spring. In some embodiments, the set of electrochemical cells, and the at least one spring, are stacked along a stacking axis. In some embodiments, the electrode comprises an electrode current collector, and wherein the counter-electrode comprises a counter-electrode current collector. In some embodiments, the electrode current collector extends to a first side of the cell and the counter-electrode current collector extends to asecond side of the cell opposing the first side. In some embodiments, the electrode current collector operatively couples with a distal electrode connector (e.g., tab such as a distal tab) to conduct electrical current, the counter-electrode current collector operatively couples with a distal counter-electrode connector (e.g., tab such as a distal tab) to conduct counterelectrical current, and (I) the distal electrode connector and the distal counter-electrode connector are disposed on a third side of the cell, the third side being the first side, the second side, or a different side from the first side and form the second side, or (II) the distal electrode connector and the distal counter-electrode connector are disposed on opposing sides of the cell, the opposing sides being the first side and the second side, or different from the first side and the second side. In some embodiments, the electrode comprises an electrode current collector, and wherein the counter-electrode comprises a counter-electrode current collector; wherein the device comprises a set of cells comprising the cell, the set of cells being similar to the cell, the set of cells being stacked along a stacking axis. In some embodiments, the electrode current collector of each cell of the set of cells extends to a first side of the set of cells, and the counter-electrode current collector of each cell of the set of cells extends to a second side of the cell opposing the first side. In some embodiments, each of the electrode current collector operatively couples through an electrode busbar with a distal electrode connector (e.g., tab such as a distal tab) to conduct electrical current, the counter-electrode current collector of each cell of the set of cells operatively couples the a counter-electrode busbar with a distal counter-electrode connector (e.g., tab such as a distal tab) to conduct counter-electrical current, and (I) the distal electrode connector and the distal counter-electrode connector, are disposed on a third side of the cell, the third side being the first side, the second side, or a different side from the first side and form the second side, or (II) the distal electrode connector and the distal counter-electrode connector are disposed on opposing side of the cell, the opposing sides being the first side and the second side, or different from the first side and the second side. In some embodiments, the electrode comprises an electrode current collector contacting the electrode active material. In some embodiments, (I) the electrode active material is disposed at one side of the electrode current collector, the one side facing the counter-electrode, the other side of the current collector being devoid of the electrode active material, the other side opposing the one side, or (II) the electrode active material is disposed at opposing sides of the electrode current collector, one of the opposing sides facing the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the electrode, counter-electrode, and current collector are stacked along a stacking axis. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is coupled with the electrode current collector. In some embodiments, (I) the electrode current collector includes a cavity accommodating the at least one spring, (II) the electrode current collector forms a composite material with the at least one spring, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II). In some embodiments, the cavity is aninternal cavity. In some embodiments, the internal cavity is open in at least one side. In some embodiments, the at least one side is (e.g., substantially) normal to a stacking axis of the electrode and counter-electrode. In some embodiments, a surface (e.g., exposed surface) of the cavity of the current collector comprises an adhesive configured to adhere to the current collector and to the at least one spring. In some embodiments, the at least one spring comprises a particulate material. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is coupled with the electrode active material to form an electrode active material mass, the electrode comprising an electrode current collector contacting the electrode active material mass. In some embodiments, (I) the electrode active material is mixed with the at least one spring to form the electrode active material mass, (II) the electrode active material mass is a composite of the at least one spring with the electrode active material mass, (III) the electrode active material is deposited on at least a portion of the at least one spring to form the electrode active material mass, (IV) the at least one spring is deposited on at least a portion of the electrode active material to form the electrode active material mass, or (V) a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrode active material mass comprises one or more channels configured to allow traversal of the charge carriers therethrough and / or to the electrode active material. In some embodiments, the counter-electrode comprises a counter-electrode active material. In some embodiments, the at least one spring is integrated with the counter-electrode in a same, or similar, manner to its integration with the electrode. In some embodiments, the electrode and the counter electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, each of the electrode and counter-electrode having a length along their long axis perpendicular to the stacking axis, a width, and a height perpendicular to the length and to the stacking axis, and a width along the stacking axis; and wherein (I) an aspect ratio of the length to the height is at least about 2: 1 , 3: 1 , 5: 1 , 6: 1 , 10: 1 , 50: 1 , or 100:1 , the aspect ratio being of the electrode and / or of the counter electrode and / or (II) an aspect ratio of the height to width is at least about 5:1, 10: 1 , 50: 1 , 100: 1 , 500: 1 or 1000: 1 , the aspect ratio being of the electrode and / or of the counter electrode. In some embodiments, (A) the aspect ratio of the length to the height is at least about 5:1, (B) the aspect ratio of the height to the width is at least about 10:1. In some embodiments, the device is a battery. In some embodiments, the device is a secondary battery. In some embodiments, the device comprises a set of cells similar to the cell and comprising the cell, the set of cells being stacked along a stacking axis; wherein the housing is a prism comprising a top surface opposing a bottom surface having (e.g., substantially) a surface area of the top surface, wherein the electrode has an electrode surface having a largest surface among its surface types, and wherein the counter-electrode has a counter-electrode surface having a largest surface among its surface types; and wherein the electrode surface and the counter-electrode surface are both disposed parallel to each other and to a sidedifferent from the top surface. In some embodiments, the housing comprises a first side surface opposing a second side surface having (e.g., substantially) a surface area of the first side surface, a third side surface opposing a fourth side surface having (e.g., substantially) a surface area of the third side surface, the top surface, first side surface, and third side surface being (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to each other, the first side surface being smaller than the third side surface being smaller than the top surface, and wherein (I) the electrode surface and the counter-electrode surface are both disposed parallel to each other and to the first side surface , or (II) the electrode surface and the counter-electrode surface are both disposed parallel to each other and to the third side surface. In some embodiments, the device is configured for electronic applications comprising mobile device, electrical vehicle, a guided device, a guiding device, a remote communication device, a control (e.g., remote-control) device, a wireless device, a location device, an wearable device, and inventory device, a sensing device, a medical device, cellular phone, console, laptop, tablet, pen, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the vehicle is at least partially a self-driving vehicle (e.g., has self-driving capabilities). In some embodiments, the vehicles comprise a car, a truck, a plane, a spacecraft, a drone, or any combination thereof.

[0013] In another aspect, a method comprising: (a) providing any of the above devices; and (b) manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and / or using the device for the energy manipulation.

[0014] In another aspect, a method of fabricating any of the above devices, the method comprises: executing one or more operations to fabricate the device. In some embodiments, the fabrication of the device comprises manufacturing.

[0015] In another aspect, an apparatus for fabricating any of the above devices, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured for (a) operatively coupling with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with fabrication of the device. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and / or with a communication platform.

[0016] In another aspect, one or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with fabrication of any of the above devices, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively coupe with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II).

[0017] In another aspect, an apparatus for using the device of any of the above devices, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured for (a) operatively coupling with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with use of the device. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and / or with a communication platform.

[0018] In another aspect, one or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with use of the device of any of the above devices, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively coupe with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II).

[0019] In another aspect, one or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations of any of the above methods to fabricate the device.

[0020] In another aspect, a system for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, and / or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media / medium), disclosed herein.

[0021] In another aspect, a system for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, operation of a device, and / or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media / medium), disclosed herein.

[0022] In another aspect, device(s) (e.g., apparatus) for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, and / or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media / medium).

[0023] In other aspects, systems, apparatuses (e.g., controller(s)), and / or non-transitory computer-readable program instructions (e.g., software) that implement any of the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the program instructions are inscribed on at least one medium (e.g., on a medium or on media).

[0024] In other aspects, methods, systems, apparatuses (e.g., controller(s)), and / or non- transitory computer-readable program instructions (e.g., software) that implement any of the devices disclosed herein and / or any operation of these devices. In some embodiments, the program instructions are inscribed on at least one medium (e.g., on a medium or on media).

[0025] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller that is configured (e.g., programmed) to direct a mechanism used in a methodology disclosed herein to implement (e.g., effectuate) any of the method and / or operations disclosed herein, whereinthe controller(s) is operatively coupled with the mechanism. In some embodiments, the controller(s) implements any of the methods and / or operations disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises, or be operatively coupled with, a hierarchical control system. In some embodiments, the hierarchical control system comprises at least three, four, or five, control levels. In some embodiments, at least two operations are performed, or directed, by the same controller. In some embodiments, at least two operations are each performed, or directed, by a different controller.

[0026] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller configured (e.g., programmed) to implement (e.g., effectuate), or direct implementation of the method, process, and / or operation disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements any of the methods, processes, and / or operations disclosed herein.

[0027] In another aspect, non-transitory computer readable program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to execute, or direct execution of, the method, process, and / or operation disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements any of the methods, processes, and / or operations disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the one or more processors is part of a mechanism, outside of the mechanism, or in a location remote from the mechanism disclosed herein (e.g., in the cloud).

[0028] In another aspect, a system comprises an apparatus and at least one controller configured (e.g., programmed) to direct operation of the apparatus, wherein the at least one controller is operatively coupled with the apparatus. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes any apparatus or device disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements, or direct implementation of, any of the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller directs any apparatus (or component thereof) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) of the apparatus are directed by the same controller. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) of the apparatus are directed by different controllers. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) are carried out by the same processor and / or by the same sub-computer software product. In some embodiments, at least two of operations (e.g., instructions) are carried out by different processors and / or by different sub-computer software products.

[0029] In another aspect, a computer software product, comprising a (e.g., non-transitory) computer-readable medium / media in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer, cause the computer to direct a mechanism used to implement (e.g., effectuate) any of the method disclosed herein, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium is operatively coupled with the mechanism. In some embodiments, the mechanism comprises an apparatus or an apparatus component.

[0030] In another aspect, a computer system comprising one or more computer processors and non-transitory computer-readable medium / media coupled thereto. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable medium / media comprises machineexecutable code that, upon execution by the one or more computer processors, implements any of the methods and / or operations (e.g., as disclosed herein), and / or effectuates directions of the controller(s) (e.g., as disclosed herein).

[0031] In another aspect, a method comprises executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the mechanism(s) (e.g., device(s)) disclosed herein.

[0032] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller is configured (i) operatively couple to the device, and (ii) direct executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the device(s) disclosed herein.

[0033] In another aspect, at least one controller is associated with the methods, devices, and software disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises at least one connector configured to connect to a power source. In some embodiments, the at least one controller being configured to operatively couple with a power source at least in part by (I) having a power socket and / or (II) being configured for wireless power transfer using inductive charging. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises a nonvolatile memory, e.g., a solid-state device (SSD) such as a FLASH memory. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is included in, or comprises, a hierarchical control system. In some embodiments, the hierarchical control system comprises at least three hierarchical control levels. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is included in a control system disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to control at least one other component of a mechanism (e.g., system, device, or apparatus) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the device disclosed herein is a component of a system, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to (i) operatively couple to another component of the system and (ii) direct operation of the other component. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to direct operation of the other component at least in part for participation of the other component in a method disclosed herein.

[0034] In another aspect, non-transitory computer readable program instructions for a method disclosed herein, the non-transitory computer readable program instructions, when read by one or more processors operatively coupled with the device, cause the one or more processors to direct executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the device(s) disclosed herein.

[0035] In some embodiments, the program instructions are of a computer product.

[0036] The various embodiments in any of the above aspects are combinable (e.g., within an aspect), as appropriate. Individual features (e.g., embodiments) disclosed herein are combinable in any manner requested and / or desired, as applicable.

[0037] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0038] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0039] It should be appreciated that any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, which is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] The present disclosure, in accordance with one or more various implementations, is described in detail with reference to the following drawings. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict typical or example implementations. These drawings are provided to facilitate an understanding of the concepts disclosed herein and should not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability of these concepts. It should be noted that for clarity and ease of illustration, these drawings are not necessarily made to scale.

[0041] The novel features of the present disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. Each of the figures disclosed herein is shown in accordance with some implementations of the subject matter of the disclosure. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principlesof the present disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings or figures (also “Fig.” and “Figs.” herein), of which:

[0042] Fig. 1 schematically shows various cells;

[0043] Fig. 2 schematically shows various folding options and a current collector;

[0044] Fig. 3 schematically shows cells;

[0045] Fig. 4 schematically shows exploded views of cells and constraints;

[0046] Fig. 5 schematically shows device (e.g., battery) components;

[0047] Fig. 6 schematically shows device (e.g., battery) components;

[0048] Fig. 7 schematically shows images of a device (e.g., battery) components;

[0049] Fig. 8 schematically shows processes in various stages of a cell;

[0050] Fig. 9 schematically shows pre-charging (e.g., buffering) of cells;

[0051] Fig. 10 schematically illustrates dependency of pressure over time;

[0052] Fig. 11 schematically shows device (e.g., battery) components;

[0053] Fig. 12 schematically shows components of devices (e.g., batteries);

[0054] Fig. 13 schematically shows components of devices (e.g., batteries);

[0055] Fig. 14 schematically shows device (e.g., battery) components;

[0056] Fig. 15 schematically shows device (e.g., battery) components;

[0057] Fig. 16 schematically shows device (e.g., battery) components;

[0058] Fig. 17 schematically shows device (e.g., battery) components;

[0059] Fig. 18 schematically shows components of devices (e.g., batteries);

[0060] Fig. 19 schematically shows components of devices (e.g., batteries);

[0061] Fig. 20 schematically shows components of devices (e.g., batteries);

[0062] Fig. 21 schematically shows device (e.g., battery) components;

[0063] Fig. 22 schematically shows components of devices (e.g., batteries);

[0064] Fig. 23 schematically shows components of devices (e.g., batteries) at various stages of manufacture;

[0065] Fig. 24 illustrates operation of a spring comprising particulates;

[0066] Fig. 25 schematically shows a control system; and

[0067] Fig. 26 schematically shows a processing system.

[0068] The figures and components therein may not be drawn to scale. Various components of the figures described herein may not be drawn to scale.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0069] While various embodiments of the inventions have been shown, and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that variousalternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein might be employed. The various embodiments disclosed herein are combinable, as appropriate.

[0070] Reference throughout the specification to “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” “one embodiment,” “some example embodiments,” “one example embodiment,” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with any embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in various embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in one embodiment,” “some example embodiments,” “one example embodiment,” or “in an embodiment” in places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0071] Terms such as “a,” “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments in the present disclosure, but their usage does not delimit to the specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The term “includes” means includes but not limited to, the term “including” means including but not limited to, and the term “based on” means based at least in part on.

[0072] When ranges are mentioned, the ranges are meant to be inclusive, unless otherwise specified. For example, a range between value 1 and value 2 is meant to be inclusive and include value 1 and value 2. The inclusive range will span any value from about value 1 to about value 2. The term “adjacent” or “adjacent to,” as used herein, includes “next to,” “adjoining,” “in contact with,” and “in proximity to.” When ranges are mentioned (e.g., between, at least, at most, and the like) the endpoint(s) of the range is / are also claimed. For example, when the range is from X to Y, the values of X and Y are also claimed. For example, when the range is at most Z, the value of Z is also claimed. For example, when the range is at least W, the value of W is also claimed.

[0073] The conjunction “and / or” as used herein in “X and / or Y” - including in the specification and claims - is meant to include the options (i) X, (ii) Y, and (iii) X and Y, as applicable. The phrase “including X, and / or Y” is meant to have the same meaning as the phrase “comprising X or Y.”

[0074] The term “operatively coupled,” “operatively configured,” or “operatively connected” refers to a first mechanism that is coupled (or connected) to a second mechanism to allow the intended operation of the second and / or first mechanism. The coupling may comprise physical or non-physical coupling. The non-physical coupling may comprise signal-induced coupling (e.g., wireless coupling).

[0075] The phrase “is / are structured” or “is / are configured,” when modifying an article, refers to a structure of the article that can bring about the referred result.

[0076] The symbol “*” designates the mathematical operation of multiplication, e.g., “times.”

[0077] Fundamental length scale (abbreviated herein as “FLS”) comprises any suitable scale (e.g., dimension) of an object. For example, an FLS of an object may comprise a length, a width, a height, a diameter, a spherical equivalent diameter, a diameter of a bounding circle, a diameter equivalent of a bounding sphere, a radius, a spherical equivalent radius, or a radius of a bounding circle, or a radius of a bounding sphere.

[0078] Performing a reversible first operation is understood herein to mean performing the first operation and being capable of performing the opposite operation to that first operation (e.g., which is a second operation). For example, when a controller directs reversibly opening a shutter, that shutter can also close, and the controller can optionally direct a closure of that shutter. For example, when an attractor reversibly binds to a charge carrier, that attractor can also release that charge carrier after its binding.

[0079] While the disclosure refers to a cathode as an electrode, the electrode may be an anode, as applicable.

[0080] As noted above, implementations of the present disclosure relate to energy manipulation (e.g., storage) devices such as (e.g., secondary) batteries, the structures that make up the devices, and the methods and processes for manufacturing the structures and energy devices. As used herein, the term “anode” used in the context of an electrochemical cell (e.g., of a secondary battery) may refer to the negative electrode in the cell. “Anode material” or “anodically active” as used herein may refer to a material or materials suitable for use as the negative electrode of the cell. The term “cathode” as used herein in the context of the cell may refer to the positive electrode in the cell. “Cathode material” or “cathodically active” as used herein may refer to a material or materials suitable for use as the positive electrode of the cell.

[0081] In some implementations described herein, the term “electrode” may be used to refer to either the anode or the cathode, and the term “counter-electrode” may refer to the other or opposite. For the sake of explanation, implementations may be described in terms of “electrode” and “counter-electrode.” It should be appreciated that in these implementations, the term electrode may be replaced by the term anode while the term counter-electrode may be replaced by the term cathode. Alternatively, in these implementations, the term electrode may be replaced by the term cathode while the term counter-electrode may be replaced by the term anode.

[0082] In some examples, an energy manipulation device comprises one or more cells. The battery cells may be stacked along an axis. The anode and the cathode of the cell are separated by a gap that is configured to electrically insulate the anode and the cathode. A separator may be disposed in the gap, the separator being configured to electrically separate the anode from the cathode, while allowing the charge carriers to traverse throughthe separator. The separator may comprise an insulator. The insulator may comprise a polymer, a resin, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In the stacked cells, a dividing space may be disposed between every two immediately adjacent cells such that a first cell contacts the first face of the dividing space, and a second cell contacts a second face of the dividing space opposing its first space. The dividing space may comprise an insulator, e.g., any insulator disclosed herein such as the separator. The insulator may or may not comprise a dynamic insulator such as comprising the spring. The dividing space may be configured to electrically separate one cell from another. The stack of cells may follow a pattern, the pattern may comprise a sequence. The sequence may comprise an arrangement of components of the battery cell with respect to each other. The sequence may comprise an anode, a separation space, a cathode, and a dividing space. The sequence may follow a CBAS pattern, or a CBASABCS pattern, with “C” designating a cathode, “B” designating a separation space, “A” designating an anode, “S” designating the dividing space, and “E” designates an end plate, e.g., see Fig. 4. The battery cells may be stacked in one or more groups. The separation space may comprise two opposing faces, including a face of the separation space contacting the anode, and an opposing face contacting the cathode. The cell may comprise components comprising an anode, a cathode, a separation space, and an optional dividing space. The dividing space may comprise the same type of material as the separation space. The dividing space and the separation space may be (e.g., substantially) the same. The components of the cell may be disposed along an axis. The components of the cell may be (e.g., substantially) symmetrically arranged along the axis, e.g., in mirror symmetry, the mirror plane running along the axis, and / or in a rotational symmetry, the rotational axis running along the cell stacking axis (e.g., parallel to axis 490 in Fig. 4). At least two components of the cell may extend in a direction (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the cell stacking axis at a (e.g., substantially) same distance. At least two components of the cell may extend in a direction (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the cell stacking axis (e.g., laterally) at a different distance from that axis. The different distance extension of the components can form a corrugated (e.g., misaligned) face of the cell, and of the set of cells, e.g., as depicted in Fig.1 , 120. See also sides (e.g., edges) of cell sets in Fig. 4, 400, and 450. In an example, the cathode extends less than the anode, the extension being in a direction perpendicular to the cell stacking axis (e.g., Figs. 1 , 4). In an example, the separation space extends more than the anode and / or more than the cathode, the extension being in a direction perpendicular to the cell stacking axis (e.g., Figs. 1, 4).

[0083] In some examples, an energy manipulation device includes one or more cells. Each cell may include an anode, a cathode, and a separator. In some examples, a voltage difference V exists between adjacent electrode structures and counter-electrode structures.A pair of electrode and counter-electrode of the cell may be referred to herein as an “electrode pair” or a “unit cell.” The unit cell(s) may have a capacity C determined at least in part by its (e.g., material) makeup, configuration of the electrode structure, and / or configuration of counter-electrode structure. The unit cell(s) may produce a voltage difference of at least about 0.5 volts (V), 1V, 2V, 2.5V, 3.5V, 4.0V, 4.1V, 4.2V, 4.3V, 4.35V, 4.4V, 4.47V, 4.5V, 4.7V, 4.9V, or 5.0V. The unit cell(s) may produce a voltage difference of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 4V to about 5V, from about 4.3V to about 4.9V, from about 4.3 to about 4.9V, from about 0.5V to about 5.0V, or any other suitable voltage, as applicable. During cycling between charged and discharged states, the voltage may vary, for example, between about 2.5 V and about 4.35 V.

[0084] The cell may generate an electrical current of at least about 5 amperes (A), 10A, 15A, 20A, 25A, 30A, or 35A. The electrical current can be between the forementioned values, e.g., from about 5A to about 35A, or from about 15A to ab out 25A. In an example, the current is at least about 25A. The device (e.g., cell) can have a C-rate of at least about 1 C, 2C, 3C, 5C, 7C, or 10C. The device may have a C-rate of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 1C to about 15C, or from about 2C to about 7C. The capacity C of a unit cell in an example implementation may be at least about 25 mAh. In other implementations, the capacity C of a unit cell may be at least about 50 mAh, at most about 50 mAh, or any other suitable capacity. In some implementations, the capacity of a unit cell may be at most about 500 mAh.

[0085] In some examples, anode and cathode within a stack of unit cells are arranged such that the anodes are interdigitated, interlaced, alternatively stacked with the cathodes. The cathode and / or anode of the cell may be generally rectangular. The anodes and cathodes each extend to an opposite side, and connect to respective busbars. In other implementations, other shapes and arrangements of the electrode structures and counterelectrode structures may be used. Any member of the electrode pair may include active material. Any member of the electrode pair may comprise a current collector. The active material may be disposed on one side of the current collector, or on opposing sides of the current collector. An electrode may be devoid of an active material. Although only a few electrode structures and counter-electrode structures are shown in various figures presented herein, it should be appreciated that electrode assemblies may have any number of electrode structures and counter-electrode structures. The set of cells may comprise at least 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 500 cells. The set of cells may comprise any number of cells between the aforementioned number of cells, e.g., from 2 to 500 cells, or from 50 to 500 cells. The anodes and cathodes of a stack of cells may each be of the same number as the other. At least two anodes of a stack of cells may be of the same type. At least two anodes of a stack of cells may be different in their type. At least two cathodes of a stack ofcells may be of the same type. At least two cathodes of a stack of cells may be different in their type. The type may relate to material makeup, and / or to at least one FLS (e.g., at least one dimensionality). The material makeup may be of the current collector and / or of the active material. For example, some implementations may begin and end with the same electrode structure or counter-electrode structure, resulting in one more electrode structure or counter-electrode structure. At least one electrode of the stack of cells may be devoid of an active material.

[0086] In some embodiments, each of the electrode pair includes a current collector. The current collector may comprise an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental carbon, a composite thereof, a plurality of types thereof, a mixture thereof, an alloy thereof, a layered structure thereof, or any other combination thereof. The (e.g., cathode) current collector may comprise aluminum, nickel, cobalt, titanium, tungsten, carbon, chromium, gold, nickel (e.g., as a phosphorus alloy (NiP)), palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, silicon, alloys thereof, or any other material suitable for use as an electrode (e.g., cathode) current collector such as a layer thereof. The current collector may have an electrical conductivity of at least about 103Siemens / cm (S / cm), 104S / cm, 105S / cm, or 106S / cm. The current collector may have an electrical conductivity between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 103S / cm to about 106S / cm, or from about 105S / cm to about 106S / cm. The (e.g., anode) current collector may comprise a conductive material such as copper, carbon, nickel, stainless steel, cobalt, titanium, silicon, graphite, and tungsten, alloys thereof, or any other material suitable as an electrode (e.g., an anode) current collector layer. The anode current collector may or may not be of the same material makeup as the cathode current collector.

[0087] The active material may be configured to intercalate, or otherwise bind to, the charge carrier, e.g., reversibly. The active material may include an intercalation-type chemistry material, a conversion chemistry material, any plurality of types thereof, and / or any combination thereof.

[0088] In some embodiments, the cathode includes cathodically active material. The cathodically active material may include a cathodically active material including transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, lithium-transition metal oxides, lithium-transition metal sulfides, lithium-transition metal nitrides, any plurality thereof, and / or any combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include transition metal elements of the transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, any plurality thereof, and / or any combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include metal elements having a d-shell or f-shell. The cathodically active material may comprise metal element including Sc, Y, lanthanoids, actinoids, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pb, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, any plurality thereof, and / orany combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include lithium cobalt oxide (UCOO2), LiNio.5Mn1.5O4, Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, lithium metal phosphate (e.g., lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4), Li2MnO4, V2O5, molybdenum oxysulfides, phosphates, silicates, vanadates, sulfur, sulfur compounds, oxygen (air), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li(NixMnyCoz)O2), any combinations thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. In some implementations, the cathode (e.g., cathodically active material) is selected from transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, lithium-transition metal oxides, lithium-transition metal sulfides, transition-metal phosphates, lithium-transition-metal phosphates, and lithium-transition metal nitrides may be selectively used. The transition metal elements of these transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, and transition metal nitrides can include metal elements having a d-shell or f-shell. Specific examples of such metal element are Sc, Y, lanthanides, actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pb, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au. Additional cathode active materials include LiCoO2, LiNio.5Mn1.5O4, Li(NixCoyAlz)O2, LiFePO4, Li2MnO4, V2O5, molybdenum oxysulfides, phosphates, silicates, vanadates, sulfur, sulfur compounds, oxygen (air), Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, and combinations thereof. The cathode active material may comprise, S (e.g., U2S in the lithiated state), LiF, Fe, Cu, Ni, FeF2, FeOdF3.2d, FeFs, C0F3, C0F2, CUF2, NiF2, where 0<d<0.5, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal phosphates, binders, fillers, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The filler may be inert to the chemistry of the device, e.g., chemistry of the cell.

[0089] In some embodiments, the anode includes anodically active material. The anodically active material may include silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), any combination thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include alloys or intermetallic compounds including Si, C, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Ti, Ni, Co, Cd, any combination thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include alloys and intermetallic compounds. The anodically active material may include oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, tellurides of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, V, or Cd, any combination thereof, or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include mixtures (e.g., containing Lithium), composites (e.g., containing Lithium), any combination thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include salts (e.g., of Sn), hydroxides (e.g., of Sn), lithium titanate, lithium manganate, lithium aluminate, lithium-containing titanium oxide, lithium transition metal oxide, ZnCo2O4, particles of graphite, particles of carbon, metal form of the charge carriers (e.g., lithium metal), any combinations thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may be coated. The coating may comprise stabilized metal form of the charge carrier material (e.g., lithium metal particles). The particulate material mayinclude lithium carbonate-stabilized lithium metal powder, lithium silicate stabilized lithium metal powder, other source of stabilized lithium metal powder or ink, any combination thereof, and / or any plurality thereof. The anode active material may comprise a material intercalating the charge carriers. The active material of the anode may include silicon and / or an allotrope of elemental carbon. The allotrope of elemental carbon may be any of the ones disclosed herein, e.g., active carbon, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, carbon wires amorphous carbon, and / or a fullerene. The nanotubes and / or fibers can be grown in an array (e.g., a vertical array). The carbon fibers may be weaved. The tubular structures may comprise nested tubes, e.g., at least 2, or 3 nested tubes. The carbon fibers may be weaved, aligned (e.g., in parallel and / or at an angle relative to each other), randomly situated, or any combination thereof, as applicable. The anode may be a 100% silicon - carbon anode. The anode may comprise particulate material. The anode may comprise a carbon scaffold on which silicon is deposited (e.g., layer of silicon). An exposed surface of the silicon may be coated by the, or by at least one other, of the allotropes of elemental carbon. The carbon may comprise black carbon. The carbon may include hard carbon and / or soft carbon. The carbon-silicon structure may comprise successive layers and / or scaffold. The carbon may comprise a particulate material. The particulate material may serve as a base for deposition of the one or mor layers. The particulate material may or may not include crevices. The one or more layers may be deposited onto an exposed surface of the crevices. Anodically active materials may comprise carbon materials such as graphite and soft or hard carbons, or graphene (e.g., single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes), or any of a range of metals, semi-metals, alloys, oxides, nitrides, compounds capable of intercalating lithium, compounds forming an alloy with lithium, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. Specific examples of the metals or semi-metals that may be used as the anode material include graphite, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminum, boron, gallium, silicon, Si-C composites, Si / graphite blends, silicon oxide (SiOx), porous Si, intermetallic Si alloys, indium, zirconium, germanium, bismuth, cadmium, antimony, silver, zinc, arsenic, hafnium, yttrium, lithium, sodium, graphite, carbon, lithium titanate, palladium, mixtures thereof, any plurality thereof, or any other combination thereof. In some implementations, the anodically active material may comprise aluminum, tin, silicon, an oxide thereof, a nitride thereof, a fluoride thereof, other alloy thereof, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the anodically active material may comprise silicon, an alloy thereof, a composite thereof, an oxide thereof, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0090] In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise a fuel cell. In other examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise a primary battery, which may be a non-rechargeable battery. The primary battery may be a battery comprising Li metal, alkaline, zinc-carbon, silver-oxide, and / or any other suitable material. In some examples, theenergy manipulation device may comprise a secondary battery, which may be rechargeable. The secondary battery may be a battery comprising Li ion, lead acid (lead dioxide with sulfuric acid), nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and / or any other suitable material. The use of a secondary battery or rechargeable battery may enable a reduction in environmental waste, as the materials may be reused for multiple cycles as compared to a primary or non- rechargeable battery. In some examples, the energy manipulation device described herein may comprise an electrochemical cell. As noted above, the cell may include an anode material and a cathode material. In an example, an electrochemical cell comprises passive electrodes, wherein the simple electrochemical cell includes an anode charge carrier, a cathode charge carrier separated from the anode by a gap, an electrolyte and charge carriers. In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise one or more active electrodes, wherein one charge carrier is in contact with an active material mass. The active material mass can comprise (e.g., be deposited in a form of) a layer. In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise one or more fully active electrodes, wherein the electrode and / or counter electrode charge carriers of a cell each contact a respective active material mass, e.g., a layer. The active material mass is configured to operatively coupled with its respective current collector of the electrode.

[0091] In some examples, the active material (e.g., layer) may be added to one side or to both sides of a cell or cell stack. Example conductor materials may comprise elemental metal, metal alloys, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon wires, fullerenes, hard carbon, soft carbon, an allotrope of elemental carbon, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The charge carrier materials may comprise charge carrier salts such as lithium salts. The electrolyte material may be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. Example electrolyte materials may include salts, acids, and / or bases, e.g., dissolved in non-aqueous polar solvent(s).

[0092] In some examples, the energy manipulation device may include a separator. The separator may be an optional element disposed in the gap between two immediately adjacent electrodes. The separator may be a non-conductive material (e.g., insulator) that enables the charge carriers (e.g., and electrolyte), to pass through.

[0093] Fig. 1 shows in example 100 a schematic representation of a battery cell, the battery cell comprising an electrode 102a - “C” (e.g., a cathode), and an opposing electrode which is a counter electrode 105a - “A” (e.g., an anode). A separator is disposed in separator space 103 - “B.” The battery cell is disposed in a battery having housing 109. The housing can be rigid, or flexible. The housing may include a rigid portion and / or a flexible portion. The battery can optionally have an insulator 104. The insulator may comprise one or more materials comprising a ceramic, a polymer, or a resin. The battery may comprise one or more insulator types. In an example, a polymer may fill a cathode gap, and alumina fills a cathode gap, the gap being from the edge of the cell to its immediately adjacent edge of thecase (also herein “casing”). In some embodiments, insulator may comprise a non-electrically conductive material. The ceramic may comprise alumina (AI2O3), zirconia (ZnCh), magnesium oxide (MgO), boron nitride (BN), mullite, boehmite, or silicon carbide (SiC, e.g., in pure form). Under normal conditions during use of the battery, the main current is a load current 106 passing from one electrode to its opposing electrode, and through separation space 103. When volume 104 comprises the insulator, the insulator contacts at least at opposing sides 102b and 102c of electrode 102a and at opposing sides 105b and 105c of counter-electrode 105a.

[0094] Fig. 1 shows in example 110 a schematic representation of a battery cell, the battery cell comprising an electrode 112 - “C” (e.g., a cathode), and an opposing electrode which is a counter electrode 115 - “A” (e.g., an anode). A separator is disposed in separator space 113 - “B.” The battery cell is disposed in a battery having housing 119. The separation space extends 121 beyond electrode 112, and extends 122 beyond counter electrode 115, the extension being along a long axis of each of the electrode, the long axis depicted in Fig. 1. The extension can extend longer in the lateral direction. The extension can form the tab. The battery has an insulator 114. Under the normal conditions, the load current 116 may be passing through separation space 113.

[0095] In some embodiments, the different extension distances of the components of the cell in the lateral direction, form a corrugated (e.g., misaligned) face of the cell, and thus a set of the cells, e.g., as depicted in Fig. 1 , 120 for a cell. The cell can comprise at least one uneven side, e.g., as is depicted in Fig. 1 , 120. The uneven (e.g., misaligned) side can create a wavy side of a set of cells.

[0096] Fig. 2 shows a schematic example 200 of a current collector in the form of a film or strip. The electrode active material may contact (e.g., be deposited onto) a conductive sheet, e.g., having a thickness of at most about 6 millimeters (mm), 5mm, 2.5mm, 1mm, or 0.5mm. The conductive sheet may be a foil, e.g., having a thickness of at most about 0.4mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.1mm. The current collector may comprise an internal portion, e.g., when assembled in the battery. The internal portion of the current collector contacts the active material of the electrode. The tab may be (e.g., substantially) devoid of the electrode active material. The current collector has a length axis and a width, and a height. The current collector has a face type having a largest surface area, the face type including sections 201, and 202. The current collector has a length 203, a width 204, and a height 205. Section 202 designates the tab of the current collector that will bend upon assembly of the energy manipulation device, and section 201 designates the planar section of the current collector. In the example shown in 200, the tabs assume the same width 204 along their length. In some embodiments, the tabs contract (e.g., narrow such as taper) along their length, e.g., and along the longest axis 211 of the current collector, the current collector having a shorteraxis 212 normal to axis 211. The contraction of the tabs along axis 211 may be symmetrical about axis 211, e.g., using a mirror symmetry, the mirror being along axis 211.

[0097] Fig. 2 shows in example 250, a schematic vertical cross section of various batteries, showing arrangement and / or folding of battery cells with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. In example 251, battery cells are arranged parallel to each other. Examples 252-255 show various folding of a sheet comprising one or more battery cells, with 252 showing a zigzag fold, 253 showing a top hat fold, 254 showing a sinusoidal type fold, 255 showing a spiral (e.g., rolling) fold, and 256 an oval or oblong spiral (e.g., rolling) fold. The battery may comprise a battery cell folded in a wound (e.g., jelly roll) configuration having an oblong or cylindrical configuration, e.g., as shown in Fig. 7, 750.

[0098] In some embodiments, one or more cells are disposed within a housing to form the battery. The housing may insulate the battery from one or more reactive agents in the ambient environment external to the battery. The reactive agent(s) may comprise oxygen, water, alcohol, thiol, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, carboxylic acid, or hydrogen sulfide. The reactive agent(s) may be oxygen based, sulfur based, and / or phosphorous based. The reactive agent(s) may comprise water or oxygen. In an example, the reactive agent(s) comprise water in a liquid and / or vapor form. The water may be in a droplet form. The housing may be configured to insulate the cell(s) from the reactive agent(s) present in the ambient environment external to the battery, e.g., to curtail (e.g., hinder, or prevent) reactive agent(s) from reaching the cell such as including reaching the electrode(s).

[0099] In some embodiments, the battery is a prismatic battery. The prismatic battery may have a height (e.g., Fig. 2, 205) of at least about 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 5mm, 6mm, or 8 millimeters (mm). The prismatic battery may have a length (e.g., Fig. 2, 203) of at least about at least about 10, 50, or 100 millimeters.

[0100] In some embodiments, the spring (e.g., spring) comprises at least one mechanical spring. The spring may comprise a meandering path such as a winding path. The path may comprise (e.g., substantially) two-dimensional portion(s), or three-dimensional portion(s). The path may be (e.g., substantially) two-dimensional, or three-dimensional. The meandering path may comprise repetition(s) or be devoid of repetition(s). The meandering path may comprise an undulating path. The adulations may be random or may form at least one series. The undulations may be repetitive. The undulations may have a (e.g., substantially) constant pitch, amplitude, and / or repetition. The undulations may vary in their pitch, amplitude, and / or repetition. The variation may be linear. The variation may be nonlinear. The variation may be exponential. The variation may be represented by a function including a linear portion, an exponential portion, or another non-linear portion. The spring may include at least one helix. The helix may or may not diminish in its pitch, amplitude, and / or lateral FLS. In an example, the helix may comprise a conical helix. In an example, thehelix may comprise a cylindrical helix. The helix may be a three-dimensional helix, three dimensional. The undulations may comprise a helix, a top hat, a zigzag, or a sinusoid.

[0101] Fig. 2 shows in example 270 various fold types of mechanical springs (e.g., springs), with line “A” representing the median line of the spring. Examples 271a-273a and 271b-273b show various spring configurations. 271a and 271b depict a zigzag configuration, 272a and 272b depict a top hat configuration, and 273a and 273b depict a sinusoidal configuration. Folds 271a, 272a, and 273a have an amplitude that remains (e.g., substantially) constant along median line A. Folds 271b, 272b, and 273b have an amplitude that diminishes along median line A. In example 270, the pitch of the alternating cross-sectional shape remains (e.g., substantially) constant. The schemes in example 270, may be two dimensional. The schemes in example 270 may be a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional spring.

[0102] In some embodiments, the current connector may be an extended current collector. The extension may be to a lateral side of the current collector. The current collector may extend beyond the largest surface area of the electrode contacting an active material, the extension being to one lateral side. The current collector may be of an anode. The current collector may be of a cathode. In some embodiments, the current collector comprises a face type having the largest surface area. The largest surface area may contact an active material of the electrode. That face type may comprise an internal portion and a bent portion with respect to the internal portion. The internal portion may have a surface area larger than that of the bent portion - the tab. The tab may comprise an indent. The indent may extend from an end of the tab furthest from the internal portion, towards the connecting area of the tab with the internal portion. The indent may divide the tab laterally into (e.g., substantially) equal sections at the largest surface area face of the tab. The tab may be devoid of the active material. The tab may be disposed in the lateral middle of the largest surface area face of the current collector.

[0103] In some embodiments, the device includes an electrode busbar and a counterelectrode busbar. The electrode busbar can be operatively coupled with (e.g., electrically connected with) the electrode, e.g., via electrode tab. The counter-electrode busbar is operatively coupled with (e.g., electrically connected with) the counter-electrode, e.g., via counter-electrode tab. The electrode busbar can be operatively coupled with the electrodes of the set of cells, e.g., via electrode tabs. The counter-electrode busbar is operatively coupled with the counter-electrodes of the set of cells, e.g., via counter-electrode tabs. An electrode tab can be an extension of the electrode that is devoid of the electrode active material. A counter-electrode tab can be an extension of the counter-electrode that is devoid of the counter-electrode active material.

[0104] In some embodiments, the device includes a first busbar and a second busbar that are in electrical contact with the anode(s) and the cathode(s), respectively, e.g., via electrode tabs. The electrode tabs on the first side of the stack of cells may be electrically coupled with the first busbar, which may be referred to as an anode busbar. The electrode tabs on the second side of the stack of cells may be electrically coupled to the second busbar, which may be referred to as a cathode busbar. In some embodiments, the first busbar is electrically coupled with a first electrical terminal of the secondary battery, which is electrically conductive. When the first busbar comprises an anode busbar for the device (e.g., battery), the first electrical terminal comprises a negative terminal. In some embodiments, the second busbar is electrically coupled with a second electrical terminal of the device, which is electrically conductive. When the second busbar comprises a cathode busbar for the device, the second electrical terminal comprises a positive terminal of the device.

[0105] In some embodiments, the battery is a prismatic battery. The prismatic battery may have a height (e.g., Fig. e, 331) of at least about 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 5mm, 6mm, or 8 millimeters (mm). The prismatic battery may have a length (e.g., Fig. 3, 332) of at least about at least about 10 mm, 50 mm, or 100 millimeters (mm).

[0106] Fig. 3 shows schematic perspective view examples of batteries and battery cell architecture therein relative to a Cartesian coordinate system. Example 300 shows a cylindrical battery housing having a length 302 and height 301, which is a diameter. The battery may comprise cell(s) that form a rolled sheet. In example 300, each of the bottom and top faces of the cylinder has a smaller surface area as compared to the side surface of the cylinder - to the curved surface of the cylinder. Example 330 shows a prismatic battery housing that is a rectangular prism, or a cuboid. The battery has length 332, height 331 , and width 333. Battery cells 335 are stacked in the battery along height 331 , and along the Z direction. In example 330, face XY has a larger surface area than face XZ, and face XY has a larger surface area than face YZ. Example 350 shows a prismatic battery housing that is a rectangular prism, or a cuboid. The battery has length 352, height 351, and width 353. Battery cells 355 are stacked in the battery along length 352, and along the X direction. In example 350, face XY has a larger surface area than face XZ, and face XY has a larger surface area than face YZ.

[0107] In some embodiments, the cell is arranged (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the face of a prismatic (e.g., cuboid) battery having the largest surface area. At times, the largest surface area face of the anode, the separation space, the separator, the cathode, and / or the dividing space, is disposed (e.g., substantially) normal to the face of the battery having the largest surface area. Fig. 3, 350 shows an example of battery cells, disposed normal to the XY face of the battery, which XY face has the largest surface area among the battery’sfaces. The surface area of the cell, in example 350, is at most the surface area of YZ face of the battery, or smaller. Cells arranged normal to the largest surface area face of the battery in which they are disposed (e.g., Fig. 3, 350), have a larger combined cell side (e.g., edge) surface area, as compared to (a) cells arranged parallel to the largest surface area face of the battery in which they are disposed (e.g., Fig. 3, 330) and / or to (b) cylindrical battery such as a wound cell (e.g., jelly roll) battery (e.g., Fig. 3, 300). In some embodiments, the greater the combined side (e.g., edge) surface area of the cells, the greater the residual current role is in the total current of the battery. When the cell comprises at least one uneven side, e.g., as is depicted in Fig. 1, 120, the uneven (e.g., misaligned) side creates a wavy side of a set of cells. The wavy side may or may not contribute to the amount of residual current passing between an anode and a cathode of a cell, e.g., through the insulator.

[0108] Fig. 4 shows a schematic cross-sectional example 400 of a battery comprising cathode 402, anode 405, separation space 406, and dividing space 407. The battery cells are disposed in volume 404 of the battery that can include an insulator such as a dynamic insulator. The battery cells are stacked along an axis 490, in a repeating CBAS arrangement. Each anode “A” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 413, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main anode current collector 414, ending with cathode contact 411. Each cathode “C” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 416, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main cathode current collector 417, ending with anode contact 412.

[0109] Fig. 4 shows a schematic cross-sectional example 450 of a battery comprising cathode 452, anode 455, separation space 456, and dividing space 457. The battery cells are disposed in volume 454 of the battery that can include an insulator such as a dynamic insulator. The battery cells are stacked along an axis 490, in a repeating CBASABCS arrangement. Each anode “A” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 463, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main anode current collector 464, ending with cathode contact 461. Each cathode “C” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 466, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main cathode current collector 467, ending with anode contact 462. In Fig. 4, the main cathode current collector is disposed on a different face of the set of cells as the main anode current collector, which is the opposing face.

[0110] In some embodiments, the battery comprises main current collectors, e.g., as disclosed herein. The main current collectors may or may not contact the insulator covering the edges of the cells. In the example shown in Fig. 4, 400, the main current collectors 417and 414, are separated from the insulator 404 by a gap. In the example shown in 400, the main current collectors 417 and 414 contact the insulator 404.

[0111] In some embodiments, an end plate is disposed at a distal end of a cell set, e.g., at opposing distal ends of the set of cells and along the cell’s stacking axis (e.g., Fig. 4, 490). Fig. 4, 400 shows an example of two opposing end plates disposed at both distal ends of a set of stacked cells, the end plates designed by “E,” the end plate 420 contacting the insulator at its opposing lateral ends. Fig. 4, 450 shows an example of two opposing end plates disposed at both distal ends of a set of stacked cells, the end plates designed by “E,” the end plate is devoid of the insulator at its two opposing lateral ends - normal to stacking axis 490.

[0112] In some embodiments, an energy manipulation device such as a battery, comprises a plurality of cells. Each of the cells comprises an anode separated by a gap from a cathode. The gap may comprise a separator. The cell may comprise one or more electrolyte types. Each of the electrodes (e.g., anode and cathode) comprises a current collector, e.g., a strip, a foil, or a film, of conductive material on which the active electrode material is disposed of. The conductive material may comprise an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental metal. In an example, the elemental metal comprises aluminum or copper. In an example, the metal alloy may comprise stainless steel. In an example, the allotrope of elemental metal may comprise carbon nanotubes, or carbon fibers. The tubular structures (e.g., nanotubes) may comprise nestled tubes, e.g., at least about 2, 3, 4, or more nestled tubes. The carbon fibers may be weaved, randomly dispersed, or any combination thereof. The strip of conductive material may or may not comprise a composite material. At least two cells in the energy manipulation device (e.g., battery) may be stacked in a direction (e.g., substantially) normal to their face having the largest surface area. The electrode has an electrode face having the largest surface area, and the counter-electrode has a counterelectrode face having the largest surface area. In some embodiments, there is a difference in a volume of the cell between a state of charge and a state of discharge of an electrode of the cell. The volume of the cell may repeatedly and / or reversibly alter between the state of charge and the state of discharge repeatedly. The reversible discharge may not be completely reversible, e.g., there may be an attrition in the properties of one or more components of the cell during a cycle of charge / discharge. The repeated cycling between the state of charge / discharge may comprise at least about 200 cycles, 500 cycles, 800 cycles, 1000 cycles, 1200 cycles, or 1500 cycles. In some embodiments, there is a difference in a volume of the cell between a state of charge and a state of discharge of an electrode of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in at most about 20*, 25*, 50*, 100*, 200*, 300*, or 400* of an initial volume of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in at least about 10*, 25*, 50*, 100*, 200*, or 300* of an initial volume ofthe cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in any of the forementioned values, e.g., from about 10* to about 400*, from about 100* to about 400*, or from about 20* to about 200*. The symbol “*” designates the mathematic operation of multiplication.

[0113] The energy manipulation device may comprise at least one constraint (e.g., a brace, or a harness). The constraint may be configured to (e.g., substantially) maintain constant dimensions and / or volume of the device during the charge / discharge operations. The constraint may be configured to maintain internal pressure in the device, e.g., during the charge / discharge operations. The internal overpressure in the device may be at most about 100PSI, 150PSI, 200PSI, 500PSI, 1000 PSI, 2000 PSI, 3000 PSI, 5000PSI, or 10000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be at most about 50 PSI, 100PSI, 150PSI, 200PSI, 500PSI, 1000 PSI, 2000 PSI, 3000 PSI, or 5000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be between the above referenced pressures, e.g., from about 50PSI to about 10000 PSI, from about 50PSI to about 500PSI, or from about 50PSI to about 2000PSI, or from about 100PSI to about 3000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be greater than the ambient pressure external to the device, e.g., above 14.6 PSI. In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device has a face type having the largest surface area among its face types. The face a face type having the largest surface area may deform (e.g., bend) during the, or as a consequence of, the overpressure phase. The face type having the largest surface area may (e.g., substantially) reversibly deform during the life of the device. Substantial reversal of the face’s deformation may be within the specification and / or intended use of the device.

[0114] In some embodiments, the battery cell set is disposed in an orthogonal stacked configuration.

[0115] Fig. 5 shows in example 500 an exploded view of a pair of constraints 501a and 501 b encasing a set (e.g., a population) of stacked battery cells 502. Example 550 shows an exploded view in which the two constraints 501 a-b are closer to the stacked cell set 502. Fig. 5 is shown with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. Each of the constraints may curb expansion of the battery cells during charge and / or discharge. Curbing the expansion may or may not be anisotropic. In the example shown in Fig. 5, the constraint can deter expansion of the cells anisotropically along the Y axis.

[0116] Fig. 6 shows in example 600 a lateral portion of three cells, each comprising an electrode such as 601 , a counter electrode such as 603, and a separator 602 disposed between each immediately adjacent pair of electrode and counter electrode. In example 600, the electrode (e.g., 601) extends less than the counter electrode 603 to the lateral edge 604 of the stacked cells, with the separator extending more towards the edge than the electrode, and then the counter-electrode, e.g., thus forming a corrugated, or wavy, lateral edge 604. Example 630 shows a stack of cells, e.g., in which the cells are horizontally stacked. Thestacking axis of the cells may be parallel to a face of the cell having the largest surface area, e.g., of a prismatic battery.

[0117] Example 650 shows a set of stacked cells 651 enclosed by two opposing casings 652a and 652b. Current collectors of the stacked cells are coupled with connectors 653a and 653b. 653a connect to the electrodes of the set of cells, and 653b connects to the counterelectrodes of the set of cells. The cells enclosed by the casings (e.g., housing or case), are further secured by a flexible material 655, e.g., a band. The flexible material may comprise a polymer or a resin. The flexible material may be an electrical insulator. The casing may comprise one or more openings. In the example of Fig. 6, casing 652a includes oblong openings, e.g., that are evenly spaced along the X direction. Fig. 6 is shown with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system.

[0118] Fig. 7 shows an example of cross sections of various batteries with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. Example 700 shows battery cells such as cell 702 stacked in a direction normal to the z axis, the battery having a housing (not labeled). During a charge and discharge cycle, the battery expands and contracts. The expansion creates a force in the battery in a direction perpendicular to the stacking direction of the cells and towards the edges of the battery, e.g., along arrows 703. One or more constraints may be added to the battery to curb such expansion, e.g., anisotropic constraint configured to deter expansion in the direction of 703. The contraction and expansion may cause pressure buildup on the battery. Heat may be exerted during the charge and discharge cycles, e.g., in interior of stack 704. The heat may be dissipated from the battery along arrows 703, e.g., thus increasing the safety of the battery such as by curtailing a runaway reaction.

[0119] Example 750 shows battery cell 752 rolled upon itself about an axis normal to the drawing page, e.g., in a wound cell (e.g., jelly roll) type configuration. Battery cell 752 is disposed (e.g. located) in battery housing 751. During a charge and discharge cycle, the battery expands and contracts. The expansion creates a force in the battery in a direction perpendicular to the stacking direction of the cells and towards the edges of the battery, e.g., along arrows 753. One or more constraints may be added to the battery to curb such expansion, e.g., anisotropic constraint configured to deter expansion in the direction of 753. The contraction and expansion may cause pressure buildup on the battery. Heat may be exerted during the charge and discharge cycles, e.g., in interior of stack 754. The heat may be dissipated from the battery along arrows 753, e.g., thus increasing the safety of the battery such as by curtailing a runaway reaction. The stacked cell arrangement shown in example 700 may have a better thermal conductivity as compared to the rolled battery configuration shown in 750.

[0120] In some embodiments, the cell may be coupled with a (e.g., solid) busbar. In some embodiments, the set of cells may be coupled with the (e.g., solid) busbar. The busbar maycomprise a (e.g., solid) material of a class. The material class may include an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental carbon, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The busbar may comprise (e.g., solid) material, e.g., including one or more types of materials. At least two types of materials may belong to the same class of materials. At least two types of materials may belong to different classes of materials. A class of material may be a composite or a non-composite material. A class of material may be a tacky material (e.g., a tacky connector), or a solid material (e.g., that is non-tacky). A class of material may be a material that is fluid, or non-fluid, e.g., during manufacture of the energy manipulation device such as a battery. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise a metal alloy and an elemental metal. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise two types of metal alloys. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise a composite material and a non-composite material. The busbar may comprise any conductive material disclosed herein. In an example, the busbar includes copper (e.g., Cu101) and Inconel (e.g., N178). The material class can be an oxygen free material. The material class may be an electronic grade material.

[0121] In some embodiments, a busbar is attached to the current collector tabs, e.g., the attachment being assisted by the tacky connector. In an example, the busbar contacts the tacky connector that contacts the tab(s). The busbar may have a cross section of a Euclidean shape, e.g., a vertical cross section. The busbar may have a cross section of a geometric planar shape, e.g., a vertical cross section. The shape may include a polygon, an ellipse, a combination thereof and / or a plurality thereof. The polygon may include a rectangle, or a plurality of rectangles. In an example, a vertical cross section of the busbar is a rectangle. In an example, the vertical cross section of the busbar comprises at least two different types of shapes, e.g., rectangles. In an example, the vertical cross section of the busbar comprises at least two types of shapes that are (e.g., substantially) the same, and that are distinct from each other. The two types of shapes may comprise the same type of material or may each be from a different type of material. The two types of shapes may comprise the same class of material or may each be from a different class of material. Two of the shapes may be separated from each other by a gap. Two of the shapes may contact each other. A cross section of the busbar may comprise an indentation, e.g., a depression. The depression may be configured to accommodate (a) folded tab(s) (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The depression may be configured to increase adhesion of the tab to the (e.g., solid) busbar. The increased adhesion may be at least in part by increasing the (e.g., solid) busbar’s adhesion to (i) any tacky connector and / or (ii) any welding. A contacting surface of the busbar is an exposed surface of the busbar face(s) configured to contract the (a) the tab(s), (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The contacting surface mayundergo surface treatment before the contact. The surface treatment may be configured to increase adhesion between the (e.g., solid) busbar and (a) the tab(s), (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The surface treatment may comprise roughening of the contacting surface. The surface treatment may comprise etching, scraping, or printing (e.g., 3D printing). The surface treatment may comprise mechanical treatment type, chemical treatment type, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise one or more perforations (e.g., holes). The perforation(s) may be configured to accommodate dimensionality changes occurring in the cell, e.g., during charging and / or discharging. The dimensionality changes of the cell may occur during its (e.g., normal) operation, testing, maintenance, storage, shipping, or any combination thereof.

[0122] In some examples, the geometry of a battery may include a side gap located adjacent to a cell, to enable electrolyte to flow into the gap during buffering.

[0123] Fig. 8 schematically shows a cause for the expansion and contraction of a cell during charge and discharge states. Example 800 shows an anode discharged state. Anode active material such as 801 is separated from cathode active material such as 802 by a gap in which separator 803 is disposed. The separator has a perforation (e.g., conduit such as a pinhole) through which charge carriers can transverse from one electrode to its counter electrode. Example 830 shows an anode charged state. Anode active material such as 831 is separated from cathode active material such as 832 by a gap in which separator 833 is disposed. As compared to the anode discharged state shown in example 800, the anode active material 831 is inflated, e.g., expanded. The cathode active material 832 is depicted as occupying (e.g., substantially) the same volume between the charged and discharged states.

[0124] Example 860 shows an anode in which charge carriers are provided. The charge carriers such as 861 (e.g., lithium cation) become surrounded by a mobile electrolyte 862 such as a fluid or semi-fluid electrolyte, e.g., solvent or gel. The charge carriers 865 propagate through solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) 835. Deposition 863 of the charge carriers occurs at least one edge type of the set of cells (e.g., anode) - at its interface; followed by diffusion of the charge carriers into the electrode active material portion 864, e.g., comprising an allotrope of elemental carbon such as graphite. The deposition may comprise accumulation of the charge carriers at the interface.

[0125] An anode may comprise a material intercalating the charge carriers. The material of the anode may include silicon and / or an allotrope of elemental carbon. The allotrope of elemental carbon may be any of the ones disclosed herein, e.g., active carbon, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, amorphous carbon, and / or a fullerene. The anode may be a silicon-carbon anode. The anode may comprise particulate material. The anode maycomprise a carbon scaffold on which silicon is deposited (e.g., layer of silicon). An exposed surface of the silicon may be coated by the, or by at least one other, of the allotropes of elemental carbon. The carbon may comprise black carbon.

[0126] In some embodiments, the battery is capable of charging. The charging may be at most about 3C, 2C, 1 C, 0.5C, 0.25C, 0.2C, 0.15C, or 0.1C. The charging may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 3C to about 0.5C, or from about 1C to about 0.1C. The battery may be configured for (e.g., high energy and / or consumer) electronic applications comprising mobile devices, electrical vehicles, or a guided device. The vehicles may comprise a car, a truck, a plane, or a drone. The mobile device may comprise controllable devices. The mobile device may comprise a wearable, cellular phone, remote controller, console, laptop, tablet, pen, military device, or a medical device. The medical device may comprise an electric shocker. The electric shocker may comprise a defibrillator, electroconvulsive therapy device, or electrical stimulation device. The guided device may comprise a robot, or a propelled vehicle such as a drone. The guided device may be guided in the atmosphere, in the water, and / or on the ground. The guided device may be guided to cross of one or more layers of earth’s atmosphere. The guided device may be guided to propel in one or more layers of earth’s atmosphere. The battery may include the full charging and / or discharging capability in at least about 5min., or 10min. The battery may include the charging capability may be at least about 25%, or 35% state of charge (SOC). As compared to a graphite anode containing battery, a silicon anode containing battery may maintain at least about twice the open circuit voltage (OCV) headroom - the voltage margin between the battery’s OCV at a given SOC, and its maximum allowable voltage.

[0127] In some examples, the battery is disposed in a housing comprising a pouch. The pouch may insulate the battery content (e.g., the cell therein) from one or more reactive agent in the ambient environment external to the pouch. The pouch may be nested in the housing of the battery, and the cell(s) housed within the pouch. The pouch may comprise one or more layers. The one or more layers may include a material comprising a polymer, a resin, an elemental metal (e.g., strip, film, foil, and / or powder thereof), or a metal alloy (e.g., strip, film, foil, and / or powder thereof). The one or more layers may include one or more of these materials. The pouch may have an external surface having a color comprising black, silver, or white.

[0128] In some examples, the volume of the cell varies during charge-discharge cycle(s). The volume variation may be at least about 1%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 80%, or 100%. The volume variation may be at most about 2.5%, 5%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 80%, 100%, 200%, 300%, or 400%. The volume variation may be of any percentage between the aforementioned percentages e.g., from about 1% to about 400%, from about1% to about 100%, from about 2.5% to about 50%, or from about 100% to about 400%. The volume variation may be indicated at least one fundamental length scale (FLS) of an electrode (e.g., anode) varying by at least about 5 microns (pm), 10 pm, 15 pm, or 20 pm. The volume variation may be indicated at least one fundamental length scale (FLS) of an electrode (e.g., anode) varying by at least one FLS of an electrode is of at most about 15 pm, 20 pm, or 50 pm. The volume variation may be indicated at least one fundamental length scale (FLS) of an electrode (e.g., anode) varying by at least one FLS of an electrode having a value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from 5 pm to 50 pm.

[0129] In some examples, the energy manipulation device may include the deposition of a reduced phase (e.g., solid and / or elemental) phase of the charge carriers. Some charge carriers may deposit in different forms that are pressure dependent. Unfavorable forms may generate multiple nucleation sites and / or a corrugated surface. The unfavorable forms may ease (e.g., accelerate) further deposition of the unfavorable form, e.g., by lowering the activation energy for such deposition. The unfavorable form may comprise a dendritic phase. The unfavorable form may comprise a surface having a high roughness (Ra) value. The roughness of the requested (e.g., lower roughness) surface may have a roughness of at most about 100 nanometers (nm), 250nm, 500nm, 750nm, 1000nm, 1200nm, or 1500nm, the roughness being measured as an arithmetic average roughness (Ra). In an example, the lower roughness is at most about 750 nm. The roughness can be between any of the aforementioned roughness values, e.g., from about 150 to about 540. The roughness may depend on the charge state, material type, and / or electrode type. In some examples, the charge carriers may comprise forms generating an uneven surface (e.g., a dendritic form), or forms generating a large exposed surface area, e.g., deposition of a porous mass. In some examples, such as in Lithium, this can occur at a pressure including (a) ambient pressure, (b) a relatively low over-pressurized environment relative to ambient pressure below a minimal threshold, (c) a relative high over-pressurized environment relative to ambient pressure above a maximal threshold, or any combination thereof. Such unfavorable form may (i) reduce the number of charge carriers available for activity of the cell, and / or (b) cause a short in the cell. The number of charge carriers may be reduced as they concentrate in the unfavorable form to generate it, instead of carry charge across the electrode pair. The short of the cell may be caused by the unfavorable form when the unfavorable from is generated on one electrode and propagates during its formation to the counter-electrode of the cell. The propagation of the unfavorable form may be through the separation gap between the electrodes in the electrode pair. The propagation may be through the separator disposed in the separation gap. The separator may be (e.g., irreversibly) damaged by the unfavorable growth (e.g., puncturing) it. The unfavorable growth may be encouraging its growth, e.g., may be self-propelling.

[0130] In some embodiments, the cell undergoes pre-loading with charge carriers, e.g., before its regular use. The pre-loading may comprise loading the cell with charge carriers, e.g., “pre-lithiation” in the case of lithium cations being the charge carriers. The pre-loading (also referred herein as “buffering”) may be performed during manufacturing and / or before providing the battery for its intended use. The pre-loading may facilitate insertion of additional charge carriers for a charge carrier source such as a lithium source, into the electrode(s) of the battery such as into the anode(s). The electrode may be a vertically short electrode. The pre-loading may replenish (e.g., irreversible) loss of the charge carriers during formation of the battery, e.g., to increase (a) efficiency of the first cycle and / or (b) cell capacity. The pre-loading may result in a reservoir of the charge carriers within the cell, and / or smaller cycled voltage window. The pre-loading may improve current distribution, e.g., during fast charge. The pre-loading may improve the cycle life of the battery. Buffering or pre-loading may result in pressurization of the cell at its first charging cycle, e.g., due to loading of the anode with charge carriers such as lithium. The spring described herein can aid in maintaining overpressure in the system without having to put pressure during buffering, e.g., the adjuster can establish a minimal / threshold overpressure in the device during formation without having to buffer the cell. A rough exposed surface of charge carrier plating may remain throughout the life of the battery, and may compromise function of the battery, such as due to depletion of charge carriers and / or due to causing a short, e.g., as a consequence of dendrite formation from an electrode to its counter electrode.

[0131] In some embodiments, the cell comprises an anode separated by a gap from an anode. The cell may comprise a separator disposed in the gap. The cells may be elongated, e.g., an elongated box. The face of the cell opposing the largest surface area face of the electrode (e.g., anode or cathode) may have an aspect ratio of at least about 10:1 , 15:1, 20:1 , 35:1, or 50:1, the aspect ratio being a length (e.g., Fig. 6, 631) of the face to a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of that face. The cell may have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1 , 8:1, 10:1 , 15:1, 25:1 20:1 , 35:1 , or 50:1, the aspect ratio being a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of the cell to a width (e.g., Fig. 6, 604, showing a width of three cells).

[0132] Fig. 9 shows an example of charge carrier (e.g., Lithium) source 901 located immediately adjacent to an edge of a set of cells in battery 902. Due to the cell’s arrangement having their stacking direction along the Y axis, and their edges pointing towards opposing sides along the X direction, it may be impractical to diffuse the charge carriers along the stacking axis, e.g., due to longer and / or inhomogeneous diffusion. In this cell set configuration, it may be more beneficial to allow the charge carriers to diffuse from one or both opposing side along the X axis. The example in Fig. 9 is depicted with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. The stacked cells may span tenths of millimeters in the stacking direction, e.g., at least about 10, 50, or 100 millimeters. The cells may span a lengthalong the X axis of at least about 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, or 8 millimeters. The cells may span a length along the X axis of at most about 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, or 10 millimeters.

[0133] In some embodiments, the battery undergoes plating associated with the charge carriers, e.g., lithium plating. The plating may be due to reduction of the charge carriers, e.g., to their elemental state. The plating may at least in part cause a poor cycle life of the battery. Such plating can generate cell gassing, e.g., through reaction with a chemical component of the battery such as an electrolyte. Such plating can generate heat, e.g., from a short. The short may compromise the safety of the battery, e.g., by initiating a runaway reaction. Curtailing the pressure in the device may at least in part cause reduction in the plating.

[0134] In some examples, an energy manipulation device may experience pressure variations. A favorable pressure variation window may depend at least in part on (a) architecture of the cell, (b) chemistry of the cell, (c) cathode loading, and / or (d) electrode loading. The chemistry of the cell may depend at least in part on the active materials, e.g., electrolyte, charge carriers, active anode material, and / or active cathode material. The buffering may cause an initial pressure buildup in the device, e.g., a pre-load pressure. The pressure buildup (e.g., variation) may be relative to an ambient pressure. Before the buffering, the cell may experience a pressure (e.g., substantially) equal to that of the ambient environment. The preload pressure variation (e.g., for Lithium cation charge carriers), may be at least about 30 PSI 50PSI, 80PSI, 100 PSI, 150 PSI, 250 PSI, or 500 PSI. In some examples, the preload pressure may be at most about 20 PSI, 25PSI, 30 PSI, 50PSI, 80PSI, 100 PSI, 150 PSI, 250 PSI, or 500 PSI. The preload pressure may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 20 PSI to about 500 PSI, or from about 50PSI to about 100 PSI. Such pressure variation may occur without use of the spring(s). The spring(s) may reduce the pressure variation by at most about 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, or 1 orders of magnitude, as compared to the device devoid of the spring(s)The spring(s) may reduce the pressure variation by at least about 2, 1.5, 1 , or 0.5 orders of magnitude, as compared to the device devoid of the spring(s). The spring(s) may reduce the pressure variation by any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 3 orders of magnitude to about 0.5 orders of magnitude, as compared to the device devoid of the spring(s).The spring(s) may reduce the pressure variation by at least about 30*, 20*, 10*, 5*, 2.5*, or 2*, as compared to the device devoid of the spring(s). The spring(s) may reduce the pressure variation by at most about 50*, 30*, 20*, 10*, 5*, 2.5*, 2*, or 1.5*, as compared to the device devoid of the spring(s). The spring(s) may reduce the pressure variation by any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 50* to about 1.5*, as compared to the device devoid of the spring(s).

[0135] In some embodiments, spring(s) are incorporated in a housing of the device. The pressure adjustment required by the device (e.g., battery) may depend at least in part on thechemistry of the battery and / or on its architecture. The pressure adjustment required by the device (e.g., battery) may be integrated into passive and / or active components of the device, e.g., battery. The springs may (a) curtail growth of the unfavorable form, (b) may hold the components of the device together such that the device can operate. The operation may be during its prescribed lifetime, during its prescribed use, and / or according to jurisdictional standards relating to the device. The prescribed lifetime may depend on the number of charge and discharge cycles, e.g., as disclosed herein. The number of cycles may be to full charge before the capacity of the device (e.g., battery) drops below 80%. The prescribed lifetime may be of at most about 3 years, 5 years, or 7 years, e.g., from the date of its manufacture. The standards may include I EC 60068-2-6, I EC 60068-2, IEC62133, SAE J2380, UN 38.3, MIL-STD-810G (516.6), UL1642, UL 2054, and / or SAE J2380, and / or GB31241. The prescribed use may comprise vibrations, or fall on a hard surface such as concrete or asphalt, e.g., using gravitational attraction to the Earth’s gravity center. The vibrations be at a value comprising at least about 10 Herz (Hz), 50Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, or 500Hz. The vibrations be at a value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 10Hz to about 500 Hz. The vibrations may last at most about 0.5 hours, 1hour, 3hours, 8 hours, 12hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 40 hours, or 48 hours. The vibrations may last a timespan between any of the aforementioned timespans, e.g., from 0.5hour to 48 hours. The fall may be a free fall from a height of at most about 0.5 meters (m), 1.2m, or 2 m. The prescribed operating conditions comprise temperatures between a lower temperature (e.g., - 20°C) and a higher temperature (e.g., 80°C). The higher temperature may be of at most about 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, or 90°C. The higher temperature may be of at least about 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, or 80°C. The lower temperature may be of at most about -10°C, -20°C, or -30°C. The lower temperature may be of at least about -20°C, -10°C, or 0°C. The temperature may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 60°C to about -20°C, or from about 90°C to about -30°C.

[0136] In some embodiments, variation in the volume of the cell due to the charge and / or discharge may generate heat. The heat may be exerted in the interior of the cell(s) e.g., in interior of a stack of cells such as stack 704. The heat may be dissipated from the device to its exterior, e.g., along arrows such as 703, e.g., thus increasing the safety of the battery such as by curtailing a runaway reaction. The pressure in the device may vary due to the variation in the volume. The pressure may be exerted from the cell(s) to its / their exterior (e.g., also) along arrows such as 703. When the cell(s) are held by a constraint system, the pressure may increase (e.g., anisotropically) on the constraint system holding the cell(s).

[0137] Example 750 shows battery cell 752 rolled upon itself about an axis normal to the drawing page, e.g., in a wound cell (e.g., jelly roll) type configuration. Battery cell 752 is disposed (e.g. located) in battery housing 751. During a charge and discharge cycle, thebattery expands and contracts. The expansion creates a force in the battery in a direction perpendicular to the stacking direction of the cells and towards the edges of the battery, e.g., along arrows 753. One or more constraints may be added to the battery to curb such expansion, e.g., constraint configured to anisotropically deter expansion in the direction of 753. The contraction and expansion may cause pressure buildup on the battery.

[0138] Fig. 10 illustrates a chart 1000 showing a pressure increase over time as buffering is performed. During buffering and / or during operation, gasses may be generated within the cell, thereby increasing the pressure in the device, e.g., in the housing of the device. Graph 1001 schematically illustrates a linear increase in pressure during the buffering. Degassing may occur over time, which can lead to abrupt pressure variations. The degassing may occur (e.g., vent) through opening(s) in the housing, e.g., in the can and / or pouch. The abrupt change in pressure is schematically illustrated in 1010.

[0139] In some examples, alternation or absence of positive pressure causes adverse effects to the device. The adverse effects may exacerbate over time and / or over the number of cycles of charge and discharge the device undergoes, e.g., under normal operations comprising the prescribed operation conditions. The adverse effects may include physical effects and / or chemical effects. The physical effects may include generation of unwanted gaps, relative unwanted movement of physical elements, deposition of the unfavorable form(s), generation of cracks, and / or generation of dislocations. Such unwanted effects may exacerbate the steeper the pressure variation, e.g., abrupt pressure change. In some examples, the spring(s) may aid in maintaining positive pressure in the device and / or curtail pressure variability. Maintenance of the positive pressure may be within a prescribed pressure window having a minimum pressure threshold and a maximum pressure threshold. The spring may be positioned in the housing of the device, e.g., composing in the interior of the can, as part of the can interior, in the interior of the pouch, as part of the pouch interior, in the interior of the constraint system, as part of the constraint system, in the stack of cells, in the cell, in the active material mass, in the current collector, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The plurality thereof may include types thereof, or a plurality of a type thereof. The spring may include mechanical spring(s) and / or an elastic material(s). The shape of the spring may include a mechanical spring, a sponge, a foam, or any other suitable shape. The sponge may be formed by closed and / or open cavities, the open cavities creating open ended channels (e.g., conduits). The sponge / elasticity of the material may be due to the increased plurality of the conduits. In other examples, the sponge / elasticity may be due to closed cavities of the sponge, in addition to the conduits. The spring may include a mechanical spring, such as a helix, serpentine, adulating, and / or wavy structure, or any other shape of mechanical spring disclosed herein such as in Fig. 2. The spring may comprise a reversibly compressible and expandable material (e.g., an elastomer). Thereversibility of the elastic material may be sufficient to facilitate the normal operation of the device during the prescribed lifetime of the device.

[0140] In some examples, a material makeup of the spring comprises an elastic material inert to the chemistry of the device, e.g., of the cell. The spring material may comprise an allotrope of elemental carbon, a polymer a resin, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The polymer may be a carbon-based polymer, a silicon-based polymer, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The material makeup may comprise silicone, polyurethane, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) such as Kalrez, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon), rubber, any other suitable material inert to the chemistry of the cell, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the manufacturing process may use CVD, PVD, or a wet coat of elastomer particles to achieve electrical conductivity and allow for use in a bi-polar cell. In some examples, the spring comprises a polyurethane sponge, or a silicone foam. The material makeup of the spring may comprise a non-composite material, a composite material, a mixture, a co-polymer, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The allotrope of elemental carbon may comprise carbon nanotubes, carbon wires, or any other allotrope of elemental carbon disclosed herein.

[0141] In some examples, the spring is incorporated in the cell. The incorporation of the spring may be configured to allow connection of the current collector to any required busbar during the life of the device and its prescribed operation, e.g., during the cycles of expansion and contraction of the cell such that the displacement of one current collector relative to another and / or to the busbar will be such that the electrical connection is maintained. The electrical connection can be achieved at least in part using a flexible electrical connection between the current collector (e.g., tab thereof, and the busbar. The connection may comprise using a flexible material located between a current collector (e.g., tab thereof) and its respective busbar. Reduction of displacement due to presence of the spring(s) may reduce the demands of the flexible material and / or increase the prescribed lifetime of the device. Reduction of the displacement may be at least in part by (A) reducing the movement of the current collectors (e.g., tabs thereof) relative to each other, (B) reducing the movement of the current collector relative to the busbar, (C) reducing the movement of the cells in a stack relative to each other, (D) reducing the movement of the electrodes in the pair of electrodes relative to each other, (E) any plurality thereof, or (F) any combination thereof. In some examples, the number of cells in a given stack may be at least about 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 150. The stack can be any of the ones disclosed herein, e.g., including the numbers of cells in the stack.

[0142] In some examples, the springs reversibly adjust to the pressure in the device. The spring (spring) may have sufficient elasticity at least (a) during the prescribed operation ofthe device, (b) during the lifetime of the device, and / or (c) according to applicable jurisdictional standards. The reversibility may be at least partial during the life of the device (e.g., battery), within requested and / or specified temperature range (e.g. from about -20°C to about 70°C). The reversibility (e.g., elasticity) may be such that the device may be operable in the normal conditions according to its intended purpose, and / or according to specification tolerances. In some examples, there may be a fatigue cycle threshold that allows normal function of the device at maximal cycle value requested in specification of the device. The spring(s) may be configured to maintain a prescribed pressure range in the device (e.g., pressure window). The pressure range may hinder the unwanted form, e.g., hinder growth of a high surface area solid deposition of the reduced form of the charge carriers such as a dendritic and / or porous growth.

[0143] In some examples, one or more springs (e.g., springs) may be added to one or more passive component(s) and / or active component(s) of the device. The active component of the device may include an active material, a current collector, and / or an electrolyte. For example, the springs may act to press on a structural component of the device that can withstand a maximal pressure and / or pressure differentials, (e.g., substantially) without fatigue over the lifetime of the device and during its prescribed operation conditions. The structural component to which the spring is operatively coupled to (e.g., attached or otherwise affixed) may comprise a reaction force member. The reaction force member may comprise a housing of the device, a constraint system, an endplate, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The housing may include a harder housing, e.g., relative to a pouch housing. The structural component may comprise a solid, e.g., an elemental metal, a metal alloy, a stone, a polymer (e.g., Bakelite), a resin, or a glass. The structural component may be configured to withstand pressure exerted upon, e.g., by the spring(s) and / or by the cell. The structural component may be configured to (e.g., substantially) withstand pressure pressed upon such as by the spring. In some examples, the structural component may comprise stainless steel (e.g., 316 stainless steel), which may flex anisotropically during normal operation of the device and / or during its lifetime. The spring and / or structural component to which the spring is affixed may deform or flex up to 40 micrometers (pm), 50 pm, 80 pm, or 100 pm. The structural component breaking threshold may be at most about 150 Giga Pascals (GPa), 195 GPa, or 200 GPa. In some examples, the spring and / or structural component with which the spring operatively coupled (e.g., affixed) may be coated with an insulator. The insulator may be any insulator disclosed herein, e.g., including a polymer and / or a resin. The insulator may comprise a polyimide, clear-clad, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the insulator may be fabricated onto the structural component using a spray and / or an electrophoretic deposition process (EPD). The spring may be part of, or operatively coupledwith, a passive component of the device. The passive component of the device may comprise a constraint, a plate such as an end plate, an insulator, a divider, a separator, a housing, any plurality of types thereof, any combination thereof, or any other active component of the device such as disclosed herein. In some examples, the spring may be incorporated in, or be operatively coupled with, an active component of the device, such as a separator, a current collector, an electrode active material, or any other active component of the device such as disclosed herein. The spring may be a part of one or more of the components disclosed herein. The spring may be separate from the components described herein. In some examples, the spring may be added as an additional component not originally intended in the device. In some examples, the spring may comprise a diaphragm system, e.g., that utilizes the natural compression and expansion of the cell during charging and / or discharging.

[0144] Figs. 11-22 illustrate various examples of positioning and arrangement of spring(s) within various batteries. The springs may be located outside of the battery cell(s) or inside of the cell(s). The springs may be positioned outside of the constraints system and in the housing. The springs can be configured to apply pressure between the constrain system and the housing. The springs can be configured to adjust pressure between the constrain system and the cell(s). The springs can be configured to apply pressure between the plate(s) and the cell(s). The springs can be configured to adjust pressure within the cell(s). The springs may be configured to adjust pressure within the separator, within the divider, within the active material mass, within the charge carrier, within the insulator, or any combination thereof.

[0145] The springs can be configured to adjust pressure between the constrain system and the housing. The springs can be configured to adjust pressure between the constrain system and the cell(s). The springs can be configured to adjust pressure between the plate(s) and the cell(s). The springs can be configured to adjust pressure within the cell(s). The springs may be configured to adjust pressure within the separator, within the divider, within the active material mass, within the charge carrier, within the insulator, or any combination thereof. The spring(s) may be positioned outside of the insulator and / or inside the constraint system. The spring(s) may be configured to apply pressure to the constraint system.

[0146] Fig. 11 illustrates device 1100 including top and bottom members 1120a and 1120b, springs 1110a and 1110b, and energy manipulation system (e.g., battery system) 1130. The springs 1110a and 1110b are positioning between the top and bottom members 1120a and 1120b and the energy manipulation system 1130, comprising one or more energy manipulation devices. In this configuration, the springs 1110a and 1110b are configured to apply pressure between the top and bottom members 1120a and 1120b and energy manipulation system 1130. In some examples, one or more of the springs 1110a and 1110bmay be attached or affixed to the top or bottom members. The top and / or bottom members 1120a and 1120b may be constraint members, end plates, or other hard objects. The energy manipulation system comprises casing 1140. Casing 1140 of the energy manipulation system 1130 may be made of any material disclosed herein for the housing. The casing may encase energy manipulation devices or device components, such as electrodes of a cell, one or more cells, one or more cell stacks, or one or more batteries. The energy manipulation devices or device components, are illustrated schematically as 1160a-b. The are coupled to current conduits (e.g., interconnect components) 1150 that allow flow of electrical current therethrough from an interior of casing 1140 to an ambient environment external to the casing.

[0147] In some embodiments, springs may be located at the top and bottom of the electrode stack. This can be any material with dimensions and effective spring constant that maintains a positive pressure in the fully charged and fully discharged state as shown in Fig. 12. When the cell is charged, the springs compress (shrink). When the cell is discharged, the springs decompress (grow taller). The springs exert a positive pressure on the electrode stack at all states of charge.

[0148] Fig. 12 shows a description of electrode stack when fully charged or discharged, with electrode stack height He and Hd respectively, where He > Hd, the maximum displacement of an electrode

[0149] Fig. 12 illustrates in a first state 1200 (charged) and a second state 1250 (discharged) of a device in accordance with some embodiments. Fig. 12 illustrates first and second outer end plates 1202a and 1202b, first and second springs (e.g., pressure adjusters PA) 1210a and 1210b, first and second inner end plates (E) 1204a and 1204b, a first cathode / anode 1220 (C / A), cell stack 1224, and a second cathode / anode 1222 (A / C). As can be seen, the first and second springs 1210a and 1210b are positioned between the respective inner and outer end plates. This enables the springs to apply pressure to the endplates, thereby enabling the device to maintain pressure within the device. In the charged state 1200, the spring s1201a and 1210b are compressed. When the cell is discharged (e.g., 1250), the cells 1224 shrink, and the springs 1201a and 1210b expand to maintain pressure within the system. It should be appreciated that while Fig. 12 illustrates the springs positioned between the respective end plates, one or more of the end plates may be optional, and the spring may instead be affixed to and / or provide pressure to the housing of the device rather than an outer endplate. Additionally, the springs 1210a and 1210b may be affixed to one or more of the end plates 1202a, 1202b, 1204a, 1204b, and / or the housing of the device. In some embodiments, the springs 1210a and 1210b may include spring(s)configured to expand or contract during the charging and discharging of the device. Expansion and contraction of the springs may be at least in part due to the volume change in the cell.

[0150] In some embodiments, a method to maintain a positive pressure during both the fully discharged and fully charged state in addition to maintaining a constant volume is desirable for cell performance. In this document, a "spring" is any material or element that exerts pressure when compressed and is able to compress and decompress to smaller and larger height. This could be any polymer material, or any material which functions as a spring with a restoring force when under compression, and can reversibly compress and decompress to specified dimensions. Spring elements are described which may be added to a secondary battery cell architecture.

[0151] Fig. 13, example 1300 shows an illustrative view of an electrode structure (e.g., of a secondary battery) having a single spring function, in accordance with some implementations of the subject matter of the disclosure. Fig 13, example 1350, shows an illustrative view of an electrode structure (e.g., of a secondary battery) having two spring functions, in accordance with some implementations of the subject matter of the disclosure.

[0152] Fig. 13 illustrates two additional configurations of springs in accordance with some embodiments. Device portion 1300 is illustrated including a top end plate (E) 1302a, a cathode / anode 1320 (C / A), a cell stack 1324, a second cathode / anode 1322 (A / C), and a spring (e.g., pressure adjustment) set 1304. The spring set 1304 includes first and second end plates 1302a and 1302b, with a spring 1310 positioned in between. Device 1350 illustrates a second example, including a top spring (e.g., pressure adjustment) set 1302 (PA), a first cathode / anode 1320 (C / A), a cell stack 1324, a second cathode / anode 1322 (C / A), and a bottom spring (e.g., pressure adjustment) set 1204. The top pressure adjustment set 1302 includes top and bottom end plates 1302a and 1302b with a spring 1360 positioned there between. The bottom pressure adjustment set includes top and bottom end plates 1304a and 1304b with a spring 1310 positioned therebetween. The bottom end plate and the top end plates are distal end plates disposed at two distal ends of the cell stack. The distal endplates may be aligned with the stacking axis of the cell.

[0153] In some examples, spring(s) may be positioned between an end plate and the cell stack. Spring(s) may be operatively coupled with (e.g., affixed to) one of its sides to an end plate. Spring(s) may be on its opposing side to the cell and / or cell stack. Spring(s) may be positioned between the cell(s) and a constraint member. Spring(s) may be positioned between successive (e.g., immediately adjacent) cells, and / or between plates positioned between successive cells. Spring(s) may be positioned between successive (e.g., immediately adjacent) cell stacks, and / or between plates positioned between successive cellstacks. Spring(s) may be positioned between adjacent cell stack portions, and / or between plates positioned between adjacent cell stack portions, e.g., as shown in Figs. 14 and 15.

[0154] Fig. 14 shows a schematic example of an electrode structure (e.g., of a secondary battery) having multiple spring functions, in accordance with some implementations of the subject matter of the disclosure.

[0155] In some embodiments, springs are operatively coupled with the device, e.g., with the cell(s) of the device. Springs may be operatively coupled with the cells of the device, e.g., cells stacked along a stacking axis. The springs coupled to the cell set may or may not be: equidistant, aligned to the stacking axis of the cell, operatively coupled with a plate, operatively coupled with a component of the cell (e.g., current collector), each disposed between two plates, or any combination thereof. At least two of the springs operatively coupled with the cell(s) may differ from each other by at least one spring characteristic. At least two of the springs operatively coupled with the cell(s) may be (e.g., substantially) the same. A distal electrode in a stack of cells (e.g., 1422 and 1423) may be a single sided electrode that contacts an electrode active material mass on one of its sides. At least one distal electrode may be a double-sided electrode that contacts an electrode active material mass on both its opposing sides. At least one distal electrode may be similar to the other electrode of that type in the stack of cells, or be different from the other electrodes of that type in the stack of cells.

[0156] Fig. 14 illustrates another example configuration of springs. As can be seen, device (e.g., battery) 1400 includes pressure adjustment sets 1410, 1420, 1430, and 1440, separating a plurality of cell stacks 1424a-d. Device 1400 includes a first anode / cathode 1422 (C / A), and a second anode / cathode 1423 (A / C). The distal electrode (e.g., 1422 and 1423) may be a single sided electrode that contacts an electrode active material mass on one of its sides. The distal electrode (e.g., 1422 and 1423) may be a double-sided electrode that contacts an electrode active material mass on both its opposing sides. The distal electrode may be similar to the other electrode of that type in the stack of cells, or be different from the other electrodes of that type in the stack of cells. Each of the pressure adjustment sets 1410-144 includes two end plates (E) and a spring (pressure adjuster PA). For example, pressure adjustment set 1410 includes first and second plates 1402a and 1402, with a spring 1404 position therebetween. Each of the other pressure adjustment sets (e.g., spring sets) may also include two end plates separated by a respective spring. As can be seen in Fig. 14, there may be a pressure adjustment set 1410 positioned between the first anode / cathode 1422 and a constraint or housing of the battery (not shown), a plurality of pressure adjustment sets 1420, 1430 positioned between respective adjacent cell stacks (e.g., 1424a-d), and a pressure adjustment set 1440 positioned between the second anode / cathode 1423 and a constraint or housing of the battery (not shown).

[0157] Fig. 15 illustrates an example configuration of springs. Device 1500 includes a plurality of springs 1510a-b (PA), separating a plurality of cell stacks 1524a-d. Device 1500 includes a first anode / cathode 1522 (C / A), and a second anode / cathode 1523 (A / C), a top end plate (E) 1502, and a bottom end plate (E) 1504.

[0158] As illustrated in FIGS. 13-14 and discussed herein, systems and methods are disclosed herein for a device (e.g., a Li metal secondary battery) that addresses the poor cycling stability of (e.g., Li metal) cells due to the large volume change between charge and discharge. For example, techniques are disclosed herein for a secondary battery having one or more metal or polymeric spring function(s) to accommodate the volume change between charge and discharge in (e.g., Li metal) cells. For example, the metal or polymeric spring(s) can be incorporated between cells and / or within a cell to accommodate the (e.g., Li metal) cell volume change. Such designs can help with the cycling stability of (e.g., Li metal secondary) batteries.

[0159] In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein include an electrode assembly including unit cells stacked in a stacking direction, each of the unit cells including a (e.g., Li metal) anode structure, a separator structure, and a cathode structure. The cathode structure of each unit cell is connected to a cathode (e.g., Al) busbar and the Lithium metal anode structure of each unit cell is connected to an anode (e.g., Cu) busbar. As discussed (e.g., in relation to Figs 13-14), the electrode assembly also includes end plate pairs, each of the end plate pairs including an elastic metal or polymer spring between an end plate pair. Each of the end plate pairs are arranged between two of the unit cells in the stacking direction.

[0160] In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein include a battery having a battery enclosure, and an electrode assembly and an electrolyte within the battery enclosure. The electrode assembly including unit cells stacked in a stacking direction, each of the unit cells including a (e.g., Li metal) anode structure, a separator structure, and a cathode structure. The cathode structure of each unit cell is connected to a cathode (e.g., Al) busbar and the (e.g., Li metal) anode structure of each unit cell is connected to an anode (e.g., Cu) busbar. As discussed (e.g., in relation to Figs. 13-14), the electrode assembly also includes end plate pairs, each of the end plate pairs including an elastic metal or polymer spring between an end plate pair. Each of the end plate pairs are arranged between two of the unit cells in the stacking direction. The systems and methods discussed herein allow for a unique secondary battery architecture that requires less force to apply pressure on the unit cell, resulting in a lighter and less bulkier pressure fixture than conventional secondary battery architectures. The systems and methods discussed herein also allow for uniform pressure across the face of the sub-cell due to small wave areas - in general, the lower the surface area, the more pressure uniformity across the cell. For example, pressure uniformityand light pressure fixture allows the battery architecture discussed herein to be a good candidate for (e.g., Li metal) batteries, specifically for Internet of Things (e.g., loTs) and other consumer electronics, e.g., as disclosed herein. The required low force in the battery architecture discussed herein provides the opportunity of using metallic or polymeric springs in less volume and mass compared to conventional (e.g., Li metal) batteries. The systems and methods discussed herein can be modified, e.g., by adjusting the material that is used for the spring function, as well as the location of the spring function and the amount of springs in the architecture. In addition, the systems and methods discussed herein can be modified by the spring constant K (K-factor), which measures the spring’s stiffness and / or the strength of the spring(s).

[0161] In some embodiments, a method to maintain a positive pressure during both the fully discharged and fully charged state in addition to maintaining a constant volume is desirable for cell performance. In this document, a "spring" is any material or element that exerts pressure when compressed and is able to compress and decompress to smaller and larger height. This could be any polymer material, or any material which functions as a spring with a restoring force when under compression, and can reversibly compress and decompress to specified dimensions. Spring elements are described which may be added to a secondary battery cell architecture.

[0162] In some embodiments, springs may be located at the top and bottom of the electrode stack. This can be any material with dimensions and effective spring constant that maintains a positive pressure in the fully charged and fully discharged state as shown in Fig. 12. When the cell is charged, the springs compress (shrink). When the cell is discharged, the springs decompress (grow taller). The springs exert a positive pressure on the electrode stack at all states of charge.

[0163] Figs 16-17 shows a schematic to describe the concept of N-1 springs spaced throughout the electrode stack. When spaced equally, each segment of electrodes with total stack height He (charged state) or Hd (discharged state) have height Hc / N and Hd / N respectively. The maximum displacement of a given electrode during charge / discharge half cycle is AHi,max = (Hc-Hd) / (2N), which can be less as compared to the case of springs on each end of the stack.

[0164] AHi,max= (Hc-Hd) / 2. Hc>Hd, N-1 spring; AHi,max= (Hc-Hd) / 2N A / / ( i,mas) spring

[0165] In some embodiments, the connections between the electrode stack to the external current collecting elements are (e.g., must) also be flexible, e.g., because the electrodes move during charging or discharging of the cell, which may pose additional challenges to making a functioning cell. In Fig. 13, the fully charged stack height He is greater than thefully discharged stack height Hd (He > Hd) and the electrodes can move from their original position by upward of (Hc-Hd) / 2. Therefore, pressure creating elements ("springs") could be spread throughout the electrode stack, e.g., to reduce the movement of electrodes during cycling. In Figs 16-17: N-1 springs are equally spaced throughout the electrode stack, and the electrodes can move from their original position by upward of (Hc-Hd) / (2N). As the number of springs N-1 becomes larger, the maximum displacement of any given electrodes becomes smaller, and is less than the case of springs located at top and / or bottom of the electrode stack.

[0166] Figs. 16 and 17 illustrate a device (e.g., battery) in a charged state (Fig. 16) and a discharged state (Fig. 17). As shown in Fig. 16, the battery 1600 in the charged state includes first and second constraints 1606a and 1606b, top and bottom end plates 1602 and 1604, first and second anode / cathodes 1622 and 1623, and a plurality of springs 1610a-d. The springs 1610a-d (PA) are positioned between adjacent cell stack portions 1624a-e. Fig. 17 illustrates the expansion of the springs 1610a-d to make up for the decrease in size of the cell stacks 1624a-e and / or the anode / cathodes 1622 and 1623 when the battery is discharged.

[0167] In some examples, the spring(s) may be part of, or operatively coupled with, a component of the device. The component of the device may include a separator, a divider, and / or an insulator. The springs may be disposed within, as part of, mixed with, layered onto, and / or constitute, the component of the device. The spring material may be mixed with the component material, e.g., as patches. The component’s material may comprise a layer of spring material, e.g., as a middle layer and / or an exposed layer. The device (e.g., battery) may include the component with an added layer of the spring (e.g., pressure absorber) material that is springy / elastic. In an example, the spring is configured to be inert to the chemistry in the device. In an example, spring(s) in the form of particulate material are mixed with the material of the component, such as an insulator of the battery (e.g., Alumina) that surrounds the cell(s). The spring serves as an anchor for one or more device (e.g., cell) components. The component(s) may be operatively coupled with (e.g., affixed) spring. The components may be manufactured onto the spring, e.g., attached and / or deposited onto. In an example, current collector(s) are deposited (e.g., evaporated and / or sputtered) onto face(s) the spring. In an example, a current collector type is fabricated on at least one face of the spring. The at least one side may be opposing sides of the spring or opposing faces of the spring. In an example, anode and cathode current collectors are each fabricated on opposing faces of the spring. The spring may be a layer. The spring may be in a form of a foam, or any other spring form disclosed herein, as applicable. Current collector(s) may be deposited at one or both opposing sides of the spring. The spring may operatively be coupled with the component using an adhesive, e.g., a tacky material such as a glue. Thetacky material may be elastic. The tacky material may be malleable (e.g., stretchable), e.g., reversibly or irreversibly.

[0168] In some examples, spring(s) may be positioned within a cell of the battery. For example, the spring may be positioned within the mass of active material contacting the electrode’s charge carrier within a cell. This may include adding an elastic additive, e.g., elastomer, which may function as a filler and / or binder. The spring(s) may include a polymer and / or resin, such as styrene balls. In some examples, elastomers can be used for the spring material, e.g., if given sufficient space / to expand in the direction perpendicular to compression. In some examples, elastomeric spheres may be attached (e.g., glued) to either side of the (e.g., copper) current collectors. Where elastomers are used, at least one FLS of the elastomers may be from about 10 pm to about 20 pm. The FLS of the elastomer (e.g., diameter) may be at least about 5 pm, 10 pm, 15 pm, or 20 pm. In some examples, the FLS of the elastomer can be at most about 15 pm, 20 pm, or 50 pm. In some examples, the FLS of the elastomer may be between the aforementioned values. Example materials for the spring may include silicone, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), Kalrez, or any other suitable material such as disclosed herein.

[0169] In some embodiments, the springs are incorporated into an electrode stack. In some embodiments, springs may be incorporated between separators, next to a separator, or combined separator + separator material. If the separator becomes a spring, or a spring element of any material is added to the separator or added between two separators, the displacement of the electrodes will become near zero. Assuming the springs are constantly in a pressurized state during all points of the charging and discharging, the displacement of the cathode and anode electrodes may become (e.g., substantially) near zero.

[0170] Fig. 18 illustrates three example arrangements of spring(s) coupled with a separator. In Fig. 18, 1800 illustrates spring 1806 (pressure adjuster PA) positioned between two layers of the separator 1802, 1804 (S). In 1820, spring 1826 (PA) is positioned with a separator layer 1822 (S). In 1840, the spring is integrated with, or mixed with, or is, the separator material to form a single material mass (e.g., layer) 1846 that acts as both the separator and the spring.

[0171] FIG 19. fully charged (left) and fully discharged (right) state of electrode stack when the spring is incorporated as part of the separator as described in Fig. 19. The anode and cathode current collectors have zero displacement during charging and discharging.

[0172] Fig. 19 illustrates discharged state 1900 and charged state 1950 of a cell stack of a device (e.g., battery) having spring(s) positioned as a separator between adjacent anodes and cathodes. As seen in Fig. 19, the battery includes first and second cathodes 1902a and 1902b, first and second anodes 1904a and 1904b, and a plurality of springs 1910a-d positioned between adjacent sets of anodes and cathodes. The anode (A) constitutes ananode current collector having (i) an anode active material deposited at both of its opposing sides, and (ii) an anode tab extending its end to one side. The cathode (C) constitutes a cathode current collector having (iii) a cathode active material deposited at both of its opposing sides, and (iv) an cathode tab extending its end to an opposing side to the one side. The electrodes are stacked along a stacking axis illustrated by a vertical double arrow in Fig. 19. In the discharged state 1900, springs 1910a-d expand to maintain and / or provide pressure to the cell stack as the electrode(s) (e.g., anodes) have shrunk during discharge. When the battery is charged in 1950, the electrode(s) (e.g., anodes) may expand in size, and the springs 1910a-d may shrink in response, in order to maintain and / or provide the appropriate pressure.

[0173] In some embodiments, springs are incorporated in a cell, or in a cell stack. Spring materials may be coated onto cathode and / or anode electrodes. If the cathode and / or anode have a polymer matrix or other spring material coated on top of, or contained within the electrode active material (e.g., cake) which is permeable to lithium ions and electrolyte, springs become incorporated onto the cathode and / or anode electrode surface or volume and provides a similar result as described in previous examples. For example, Fig. 18 the separator can be replaced by the following: case 1: two outward facing single sided cathodes and / or two outward facing single sided anodes with a spring sandwiched in between them. Case 2: a spring material laminated or coated, or integrated onto the surface of the cathode or anode electrode cakes.

[0174] In some embodiments, the secondary battery architecture may include porous anode current collector springs. If the anode currently collector is a porous, tortuous material (i.e. metal foam), lithium can diffuse through the pores and plate on the metal surfaces within the pores. The material can expand / contract when lithiated / delithiated as determined by the state of charge of the cell, similar to that described above, while simultaneously serving as a surface to plate and strip lithium ions.

[0175] Fig. 20 shows an example where Porous / tortuous anode current collector springs simultaneously serve as both a spring and surface for lithium plating and stripping.

[0176] In some embodiments, spring(s) are integrated with current collector(s) of the cell, e.g., with the anode current collector(s) and / or with the cathode current collector(s). Fig. 20 illustrates three examples in which springs are integrated into both the anode and cathode current collectors (e.g., 2000), springs are integrated into the anode current collectors but not the cathode current collectors (e.g., 2040), and springs are integrated into the cathode current collectors but not the anode current collectors (e.g., 2080). Cell stack 2000 includes cathode active material 2002 (C) coupled with spring 2010 integrated with a cathode current collector (C-PA), anode active material 2004 (A) coupled with spring 2012 integrated with an anode current collector (A-PA). Cell stack 2040 includes anode active material 2044 coupledwith spring 2022 integrated with an anode current collector (A-PA), and the cathode current collector is devoid of a spring. Cell stack 2080 includes cathode active material 2082 (C) coupled with spring 2090 integrated with a cathode current collector (C-PA), and the anode current collector is devoid of a spring.

[0177] As illustrated in Figs. 12 and 16-19 discussed above, systems and methods are disclosed herein for incorporating spring elements into a (e.g., secondary battery) cell that create stack pressure during cycling, including (1) dispersing the springs throughout the cell stack, which reduces electrode displacement (Figs. 16-17), (2) incorporating the spring as part of the separator (Figs. 18-19), (3) incorporating the spring as part of the electrodes, and (4) incorporating the spring into the anode current collector in the form of a porous / tortuous current collector matrix (Fig. 20).

[0178] In some examples, the spring is disposed in the current collector, e.g., as a layer. In an example, the spring forms a separate layer in a cavity (e.g., in the lateral middle) of the current collector. The current collector may have a cavity (e.g., core) that comprises the spring. The cavity may be an open cavity or a closed cavity. In an example, the cavity is an open cavity. The spring may comprise any spring material disclosed herein, e.g., a polymer and / or resin. The current collector may include patches of spring (e.g., the spring and the current collector form a mixture). In other examples, the current collector is a composite material that includes the spring material.

[0179] In some embodiments, the current collector comprises a bipolar electrode plate. The bipolar electrode plate may comprise one type of current collector operatively coupled with another type of current collector. The bipolar electrode plate may comprise an electrode current collector operatively coupled with a counter-electrode current collector. The two types of current collectors may be separated by the spring(s). The two types of current collectors may be separated by in insulator comprising the spring(s), e.g., as a layer, as a mixture, as a composite, as a co-polymer, or any combination thereof.

[0180] Fig. 21 shows an illustrative view of an electrode structure of a secondary battery having a bi-polar plate with an integrated spring, in accordance with some implementations of the subject matter of the disclosure. Fig. 21 illustrates a device (e.g., a secondary battery) having a bi-polar plate with an integrated spring to accommodate the volume change between charge and discharge, e.g., in Li metal cells. The integrated spring can be incorporated between current collectors, e.g., between copper and aluminum layers in the bipolar electrode plate such as to accommodate the Li metal cell volume change. This design can help with the cycling stability of the charge carriers, e.g., in the Li metal secondary batteries. In Fig. 21 , the systems and methods disclosed herein include an electrode assembly including unit cells stacked in a stacking direction, each of the unit cells including a (e.g., Li metal) anode structure, a separator structure, and a cathode structure. The cathodestructure of each unit cell is connected to a cathode (e.g., Al) busbar and the (e.g., Li metal) anode structure of each unit cell is connected to an anode (e.g., Cu) busbar. As discussed in relation to Fig. 21, the electrode assembly also includes bi-polar plates, each of the bi-polar plates including an anode (e.g., Cu) layer, a cathode (e.g., Al) layer, and an integrated spring between the anode (e.g., Cu) layer and the cathode (e.g., Al) layer. Each of the bi-polar plates is arranged between two of the unit cells in the stacking direction. As illustrated in Fig. 21 and discussed herein, systems and methods are disclosed herein for a (e.g., Li metal secondary) battery that addresses the poor cycling stability of Li metal cells due to the large volume change between charge and discharge.

[0181] In some embodiments, the systems and methods disclosed herein include a battery having a battery enclosure, and an electrode assembly and an electrolyte within the battery enclosure. The electrode assembly including unit cells stacked in a stacking direction, each of the unit cells including a Li metal anode structure, a separator structure, and a cathode structure. The cathode structure of each unit cell is connected to a cathode Al busbar and the Li metal anode structure of each unit cell is connected to an anode Cu busbar. As discussed in relation to Fig. 21, the electrode assembly also includes bi-polar plates, each of the bi-polar plates including a Cu layer, an Al layer, and an integrated spring between the Cu layer and the Al layer. Each of the bi-polar plates is arranged between two of the unit cells in the stacking direction.

[0182] Fig. 22 illustrates an example double-sided electrode 2200 and an example single-sided electrode 2250, each incorporating a spring. Device 2200 includes an electrode current collector 2204, with two portions (e.g., legs or layers) defining an open cavity forming an opening for the spring 2210 to be positioned therebetween. The device 2200 illustrates active material layers 2205, which are operatively coupled with (e.g., affixed to) the electrode current collector 2204. Spring 2210 may act to adjust (e.g., increase and / or decrease) the spacing between the portions of the electrode current collector, thereby maintaining the requested pressure during cycling of the cell.

[0183] Device 2250 includes an electrode active material layer 2255, operatively coupled with (e.g., affixed to) electrode current collector 2254. Device 2250 includes a counterelectrode active material layer 2257, operatively coupled with (e.g., affixed to) the counter-electrode current collector 2256. Spring 2260 is positioned between the electrode current collector 2254 and the counter-electrode current collector 2256, to increase or decrease the spacing between the current collectors.

[0184] In some embodiments, the energy density of the cell(s) is (e.g., substantially) maintained with the addition of the spring(s), as compared to the cell(s) without the spring(s). To account for potential reduction in energy density of the cell(s) due to the introduction of additional material that makes up the spring(s), some examples may include mitigating theseissues by initial swelling and / or by incorporating the spring into existing elements of the battery, e.g., in the separator, insulator, endplates, constraint system, insulator, active material mass (e.g., cake), and / or the current collector.

[0185] Fig. 23 illustrates three examples in which a polymer foam backbone may be used as a spring material, in example 2300 of a non-conductive case, in example 2340 of a conductive case with a hole punch and a conductor coat, and in example 2380 of a conductive case with a loaded porous polymer. Punching holes in the separator as in 2340 or introducing conductive elements into the polymer foam as in 2380, may provide conductivity to the spring, e.g., to enable the spring to be used in various positions and arrangements within a battery. As shown in example 2300, separator material 2302 may comprise the spring, e.g., as a polymer foam. Current collector 2304 may be evaporated or sputtered onto the spring, e.g., the polymer foam 2302, to form the current collector. The current collector may be deposited at one or both opposing sides of the spring. Different types of current collectors may be deposited, each at one of opposing sides of the spring. Current collector 2304 may be coated with the appropriate electrode active material layer such as 2306. In example 2340, the separator material 2342 may have conduit(s) (e.g., channel(s) or open hole(s)) punched in it, and may then be coated with a conductive material such as 2304. The coating process may include using a slurry comprising (e.g., of) carbon or metallic particles via a spray, dip, and / or roll coating. The current collector may then be evaporated and / or sputtered onto the separator material 2342, and then the electrode active material layer may then be added. In example 2380, the separator material 2382 may include conductive material 2384, which may or may not comprise carbon. The current collector 2304 may be evaporated and / or sputtered onto the polymer foam 2382 (including the conductive material 2384) to form the current collector. The current collector 2304 may then be coated with the appropriate electrode active material layer 2306.

[0186] Fig. 24 illustrates an example wherein the spring comprises elastomer particles. In Fig. 24, example 2400 illustrates a device component (e.g., current collector) 2402 comprising two layers separated by the elastomer particle spring 2406. The elastomer particles 2406 may be affixed to the inner surfaces of component 2402, e.g., by an adhesive 2404. Example 2400 shows an initial state, wherein the elastomer particles 2406 are uncompressed. When the cell is discharged and / or charged, the pressure within the device may change. The elastomer particles 2406 acting as the spring, may (e.g., reversibly) compress, enabling the appropriate pressure to be applied to the two layers of component 2402. Then when the battery is cycled back to the initial state (e.g., recharged or discharged again), the elastomer particles 2406 may decompress and return to their initial state, or to substantially the same size. In some examples, the elastomer particles may have a FLS of from about 10pm to about 20pm. The spring (e.g., elastomer) may comprise silicone, EPDM,Kalrez, Teflon, rubber, or any other suitable material such as disclosed herein. In some examples, the manufacturing process may use CVD, PVD, or a wet coat of elastomer particles to achieve electrical conductivity and allow for use in a bi-polar cell.

[0187] In some embodiments, the system, device, and / or apparatus disclosed herein comprises a control system. The control system may comprise one or more controllers. The control system may comprise, or be operatively coupled with, one or more devices, apparatuses, and / or systems of the mechanism (e.g., system, device, or apparatus) disclosed herein, including any component of the device(s), apparatuses(s), and / or system(s). The controller(s) may comprise, or be operatively coupled with, a hierarchical control system. The hierarchical control system may comprise at least three, four, or five, control levels. In some embodiments, at least two operations are performed, or directed, by the same controller. In some embodiments, at least two operations are each performed, or directed, by a different controller. A control system may comprise a control system. A control system may comprise a laser control system. The controller may comprise a feedback control scheme. The feedback control scheme may comprise an open feedback loop control scheme. The feedback loop control scheme may comprise a closed feedback loop control scheme. The feedback control scheme may comprise hardware compensation. The feedback control scheme may comprise software compensation. The control system may comprise, or be operatively coupled with, a metrological detection system and configured to receive measurement data from the metrological detection system. The control system may be configured to generate control signals responsive to the measurement data collected by the metrological detection system.

[0188] In some embodiments, the systems, apparatuses, devices, and / or components thereof disclosed herein comprise one or more controllers. The one or more controllers can comprise one or more central processing unit (CPU), input / output (I / O) and / or communications module. The CPU can comprise electronic circuitry that carries out instructions of a computer program by performing arithmetic, logical, control and I / O operations specified by the instructions. The controller can comprise a suitable software (e.g., operating system). The control system may optionally include a feedback control loop and / or feed-forward control loop. The controllers may be shared between one or more systems or apparatuses. Each apparatus or system may have its own controller. Two or more systems and / or their components may share a controller. Two or more apparatuses and / or its components may share a controller. The controller may monitor and / or direct (e.g., physical) alteration of the operating conditions of the apparatuses, software, and / or methods described herein. The controller may be a manual or a non-manual controller. The controller may be an automatic controller. The controller may operate upon request. The controller may be a programmable controller. The controller may be programed. The controller maycomprise a processing unit (e.g., CPU or GPU). The controller may receive an input (e.g., from a sensor). The controller may deliver an output. The controller may comprise multiple controllers. The controller may receive multiple inputs. The controller may generate multiple outputs. The controller system may comprise a single input single output controller (SISO) or a multiple input multiple output controller (MIMO). The controller may interpret the input signal received. The controller may acquire data from one or more sensors. Acquiring may comprise receive or extract. The data may comprise measurement, estimation, determination, generation, or any combination thereof. The controller may comprise feedback control. The controller may comprise feed-forward control. The control may comprise on-off control, proportional control, proportional-integral (PI) control, or proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The control may comprise open loop control, or closed loop control. The controller may comprise closed loop control. The controller may comprise open loop control. The controller may comprise a user interface. The user interface may comprise a keyboard, keypad, mouse, touch screen, microphone, speech recognition package, camera, imaging system, or any combination thereof. The outputs may include a display (e.g., screen), speaker, or printer.

[0189] Fig. 25 shows a schematic example of process 2520 controlled using a control system in a feedback loop control scheme, e.g., in a closed loop control scheme. The control system receives set point 2505 to comparator 2506 that generates an error signal, which is fed 2545 into controller 2540. In other control systems, the comparator can be part of the controller. Controller 2540 generates a control signal that is fed into controlling element 2530. The controlling element may comprise a mechanism utilized for its control function to control process 2520. Controlling element 2530 provides an input to process 2520. The mechanism may effectuate a physical and / or a chemical change, which change is the input to process 2520. The physical change may comprise mechanical change, magnetic change, electromagnetic change, piezoelectric change, electrical change, pressure change, or temperature change. The chemical change may comprise a change in a chemical gradient, or in a chemical entity. Process 2520 can be any process disclosed herein, e.g., any method such as a fabrication (e.g., manufacturing) method. Process 2520 generates an output detected by measuring element 2510, e.g., using its sensor(s). The output provided by process 2520 may be a reaction of the process to the input provided by control element 2530. Measuring element 2510 generates a variable amplitude signal that is fed back into comparator 2506 and is again compared with the setpoint. Measuring element 2510 optionally also generates a controlled variable 2581. Control element 2530 optionally also receives a manipulated variable 2582, e.g., from an external source such as a processor and / or a communication system. Sensor(s) can be used by measuring element 2510 for the measurement of parameters of the process, e.g., 2520. The sensor measurement can be adetermination of an amplitude of a parameter such as of a material, e.g., as disclosed herein. In an example, the value of the measurement is consistent and repeatable. The sensor(s) can convert the physical parameters (e.g., repeatedly, and reliably) into a usable form by the control system, e.g., into an electrical signal such as in a digital form. The comparator can perform an error detection, e.g., by determining a difference between the amplitude of the measured variable and a requested set reference point (e.g., set point 2505), which difference is the error signal. The error signal can be amplified and / or conditioned such as filtered. The signal amplification and / or conditioning may be performed by an external component to the controller (e.g., 2540), or within the controller. The reference point (e.g., set point) can be stored in the memory of the controller, or of a memory operatively coupled with the controller. The controller can be a (e.g., micro-) processorbased system that can determine the next operation to be taken in a process. The process may be sequential. The controller may evaluate the error signal in a continuous process control system, e.g., to determine what action is to be taken. The controller (e.g., 2540) can condition the signal, or be operatively coupled with a unit conditioning the system. Conditioning the signal may comprise noise filtering. Conditioning the signal may comprise correcting the signal for a non-linearity in the sensor. The controller may include the parameters of the process input control element. The controller may condition the error signal to direct the control element, e.g., 2530. The controller can monitor input signal(s). The input signals may be interrelated. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements in concert. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements simultaneously. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements sequentially. The control element (e.g., 2530) can be a device that controls an incoming material to the process, or any other attribute of the process comprising physical attribute or chemical attribute. The physical attribute may comprise mechanical, magnetic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrical, pressure, or temperature attribute. The chemical attribute may comprise a chemical gradient, or in a chemical entity. The control element can be a flow control element. The control element can be a temperature control element. The control element can have toggle (e.g., On / Off) characteristics. The control element can provide linear, or non-linear, control of the control element. The control element can be used to adjust the input to the process, e.g., bringing the output variable to the value of the set point. The measuring element (e.g., 2510) can consist of sensor(s) to measure the physical property of a variable, a transducer to convert the sensor signal into an electrical signal, and / or a transmitter to amplify the electrical signal. The amplification of the signal can be transmitted with minimal (e.g., without measurable) loss. The control element may comprise an actuator which changes the electrical signal from the controller into a signal to operate and / or control a physical device such as a valve. The controller may comprise a memory orbe operatively coupled with a memory. The control system may comprise a summing circuit, e.g., to compare the set point to the sensed signal, so that it can generate the error signal. The summing circuit may be part of the comparator. The controller may use the error signal to generate a correctional signal to control the control element. In an example, the controller controls a valve via an actuator and the input variable. The sensors of the measuring element may comprise optical sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, chemical sensors, proximity sensors, viscosity sensors, chemical sensors, or any other sensor disclosed herein. The chemical sensors may sense a material comprising oxygen, water, or any other reactive agent(s) herein. The sensors may be configured to sense one or more attributes of the methods disclosed herein such as the fabrication methods.

[0190] Control may comprise regulate, modulate, adjust, maintain, alter, change, govern, manage, restrain, restrict, direct, guide, oversee, manage, preserve, sustain, restrain, temper, or vary.

[0191] In some embodiments, the device, system, and / or apparatus disclosed herein comprises a processor. The processor may be a processing unit. The controller may comprise a processing unit. The processing unit may be central. The processing unit may comprise a central processing unit (herein “CPU”). The controllers or control mechanisms (e.g., comprising a computer system) may be programmed to implement methods of the disclosure. The processor may be programmed to implement methods of the disclosure. The controller may control at least one component of the systems and / or apparatuses disclosed herein. Fig. 26 shows a schematic example of a computer system 2600 that is programmed or otherwise configured to facilitate execution any of the methods provided herein.The computer system 2600 can control (e.g., direct, monitor, and / or regulate) various features of the methods, apparatuses, devices, and / or systems of the present disclosure. The computer system 2600 can be part of, or be in communication with, the device, system and / or apparatus disclosed herein. The computer may be coupled with one or more mechanisms disclosed herein, and / or any parts thereof. The computer system 2600 can include a processing unit 2606 (also “processor,” “computer” and “computer processor” used herein). The computer system may include memory or memory location 2602 (e.g., randomaccess memory, read-only memory, flash memory), electronic storage unit 2604 (e.g., hard disk), communication interface 2603 (e.g., network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and peripheral devices 2605, such as cache, other memory, data storage and / or electronic display adapters. The memory 2602, data storage unit 2604, interface 2603, and peripheral devices 2605 are in communication with the processing unit 2606 through a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard. The storage unit can comprise a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data. The computer system can be operatively coupled with a computer network (“network”) 2601, e.g., with theaid of the communication interface. The network can be the Internet, an internet and / or extranet, or an intranet and / or extranet that is in communication with the Internet. In some cases, the network is a telecommunication and / or data network. The network can include one or more computer servers, which can enable distributed computing, such as cloud computing. The network, in some cases with the aid of the computer system, can implement a peer-to-peer network, which may enable devices coupled with the computer system to behave as a client or a server. The processing unit can execute a sequence of machine- readable instructions, which can be embodied in a program or software. The instructions may be stored in a memory location, e.g., memory 2602. The instructions can be directed to the processing unit, which can subsequently program or otherwise configure the processing unit to implement methods of the present disclosure. Examples of operations performed by the processing unit can include fetch, decode, execute, and write back. The processing unit may interpret and / or execute instructions. The processor may include a microprocessor, a data processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphical processing unit (GPU), a system-on-chip (SOC), a co-processor, a network processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application specific instruction-set processor (ASIPs), a controller, a programmable logic device (PLD), a chipset, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any combination thereof. The processing unit can be part of a circuit, such as an integrated circuit. One or more other components of the system (e.g., 2600) can be included in the circuit.

[0192] In some embodiments, the storage unit (e.g., 2604) stores files, such as drivers, libraries, and saved programs. The storage unit can store user data (e.g., user preferences and user programs). In some cases, the computer system can include one or more additional data storage units that are external to the computer system, such as located on a remote server that is in communication with the computer system through an intranet or the Internet. The processor may be configured to process control protocols, e.g., communicate with one or more components of the mechanism (e.g., device, apparatus, and / or system) disclosed herein using the control protocols. Control protocols can be one or more of the internet protocol suites, e.g., transmission control protocol (TCP) or transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP). Control protocols can be one or more serial communication protocols. Control protocols can be one or more of controller area networks or another message-based protocol, e.g., for communication with microcontrollers and devices. Control protocols can interface with one or more serial bus interfaces for communication with the mechanism disclosed herein, e.g., with any of its components. The control protocol can be any control protocol disclosed herein.

[0193] In some embodiments, the system, device, and / or apparatus disclosed herein comprises communicating through a network. The computer system can communicate withone or more remote computer systems through a network. For instance, the computer system can communicate with a remote computer system of a user (e.g., operator). Examples of remote computer systems include personal computers (e.g., portable PC), slate or tablet PC's (e.g., Apple® iPad, Samsung® Galaxy Tab), telephones, Smart phones (e.g., Apple® iPhone, Android-enabled device, Blackberry®), or personal digital assistants. A user (e.g., client) can access the computer system via the network.

[0194] In some embodiments, the computer system utilizes program instructions to execute, or direct execution of, operation(s). The program instructions can be inscribed in a machine executable code. Methods described herein can be implemented by way of machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored on an electronic storage location of the computer system, such as, for example, on the memory 2602 or electronic (e.g., data) storage unit 2604. The machine executable or machine-readable code can be provided in the form of software. During use, the processor (e.g., 2606) can execute the code. In some cases, the code can be retrieved from the storage unit and stored on the memory for ready access by the processor. In some situations, the electronic storage unit can be precluded, and machine-executable instructions are stored on memory. The code can be pre-compiled and configured for use with a machine that has a processer adapted to execute the code or can be compiled during runtime. The code can be supplied in a programming language that can be selected to enable the code to execute in a pre-compiled or as-compiled fashion.

[0195] In some embodiments, the computer system utilizes a machine-readable medium / media to execute, or direct execution of, operation(s). The program instructions can be inscribed in a machine executable code. A machine-readable medium / media, such as computer-executable code, may take many forms, including but not limited to, a tangible storage medium / media, a carrier wave medium, or physical transmission medium. Nonvolatile storage media / medium include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the processor related storage devices in any computer(s) or the like, such as may be used to implement the databases. Volatile storage media / medium can include dynamic memory, such as main memory of such a computer platform. Tangible transmission media can include coaxial cables, wire (e.g., copper wire), and / or fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wave transmission media may take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storage medium / media with patterns of holes, a RAM, a ROM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH- EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data orinstructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, any other medium from which a computer may read programming code and / or data, or any combination thereof. The memory and / or data storage may comprise a storing device external to and / or removable from device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) memory stick, and / or a hard disk. Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.

[0196] In some embodiments, the device, system, and / or apparatus disclosed herein comprises, or is operatively coupled with, a communication technology, e.g., in addition to the optical fiber disclosed herein. The communication may comprise wired or wireless communication. For example, the systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise Bluetooth, wi-fi, global positioning system (GPS), or radiofrequency (RF) technology. The RF technology may comprise ultrawideband (UWB) technology. Systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise a communication port. The communication port may be a serial port or a parallel port. The communication port may be a Universal Serial Bus port (i.e. , USB). The systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise USB ports. The USB can be micro- or mini-USB. The surface identification mechanism may comprise a plug and / or a socket, e.g., electrical, AC power, DC power. The systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise an electrical adapter (e.g., AC and / or DC power adapter). The systems, apparatuses, and / or parts thereof may comprise a power connector. The power connector can be an electrical power connector. The power connector may comprise a magnetically attached power connector. The power connector can be a dock connector. The connector can be a data and power connector. The connector may comprise pins. The connector may comprise at least about 10, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 40, 42, 45, 50, 55, 80, or 100 pins.

[0197] In some embodiments, a battery is manufactured. The battery can be fabricated (e.g., fabricated). The environment may or may not be an ambient environment. The environment may comprise one or more environmental characteristics different than those of the ambient environment. The one or more characteristics may comprise a lower concentration of reactive agent, a higher temperature, or a higher pressure. The reactive agent may react with one or more components of the battery, e.g., during its use, storage, shipping, maintenance, and / or fabrication. The battery cells may be fabricated according to any configuration disclosed herein, and using any material disclosed herein, as appropriate.

[0198] In some embodiments, spring(s) are fabricated with the device. The method of fabrication may be any of the ones disclosed herein, e.g., deposition. A method of depositing the spring(s) may include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and / or a wet coat of elastomer spheres. The method of fabrication may be configured to allow for electrical conductivity and / or for use in the cell (e.g., bipolar cell). The spring maybe positioned in the gap between two opposing electrodes of an electrode pair, such as in or with the separator material. For example, the spring may form the separator, such as a sponge having open ended channels (e.g., conduits) for the charge carriers to pass through. The spring may be manufactured by evaporating and / or sputtering metal (e.g., copper) on both sides of an insulator which may function as the spring, e.g., a polymer foam backbone. An example commercially available high porosity separator film may be appropriate for this purpose, such as a film designed to not shut-down at the temperature of cell operation, e.g., according to the operating conditions of the device and / or during its lifetime. A coating process may be utilized. The coating process may include using a slurry. The slurry may comprise any appropriate material disclosed herein, e.g., conductive and / or non-conductive material. The coating process may comprise spray coating, dip coating, roll coating, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The manufacturing process may use CVD, PVD, and / or a wet coat (e.g., slurry) of elastomer particles to achieve electrical conductivity and allow for use in a bi-polar cell.

[0199] In some embodiments, the cells are manufactured, e.g., to form a battery. An insulator and / or adhesive (e.g., tacky material) may be applied such as at a glass or at a melting temperature of at least one component of the adhesive, e.g., at a temperature of at least about 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, or 250°C. The application of the adhesive and / or insulator can be at least at ambient pressure, or above ambient pressure, e.g., at a pressure of at least about 14.5psi, 14.7psi, 20 psi, or 25psi. The adhesive and / or insulator may harden. The adhesive and / or insulator may have a thickness of at least about 50 pm, 100 pm, or 150 microns (pm). The adhesive and / or insulator may have a resistance, e.g., of at most about 0.1 , 0.2, 0.5, 1 , or 2 ohms (Q).

[0200] The processes discussed above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the operations (e.g., steps) of the processes discussed herein may be omitted, modified, combined, and / or rearranged, and any additional operations (e.g., steps) may be performed without departing from the scope of the invention. More generally, the above disclosure is meant to be exemplary and not limiting. Furthermore, it should be noted that the features and limitations described in any one embodiment may be applied to any other embodiment herein, and flowcharts or examples relating to one embodiment may be combined with any other embodiment in a suitable manner, done in different orders, or done in parallel. In addition, the systems and methods described herein may be performed in real time. It should also be noted that the systems and / or methods described above may be applied to, or used in accordance with, other systems and / or methods.

[0201] While preferred embodiments of the present inventions have been shown, and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments areprovided by way of example only. It is not intended that the present disclosure be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the present disclosure has been described with reference to the afore-mentioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present disclosure. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations, or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments described herein might be employed in practicing the present disclosure. It is therefore contemplated that the present disclosure shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the present disclosure and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A device for energy manipulation, the device comprising: a cell comprising an electrode opposing and separated from a counter-electrode by a gap, the electrode comprising an electrode active material that measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes between its charged and discharged states, the cell being electrochemical, the cell comprising charge carriers and an electrolyte configured to, during use of the device, allow traversal of the charge carriers between the electrode and counterelectrode; a housing configured to house the cell; and at least one spring disposed (a) in an interior of the housing, (b) operatively coupled to an internal surface of the housing, or (c) a combination of (a) and (b), the at least one spring being configured to, during a prescribed lifetime of the device and when the device is held in prescribed conditions of the device, (I) maintain the cell at an overpressure relative to an ambient pressure external to the housing (II) reduce an extent of variability in the overpressure during use of the device, or a combination of (I) and (II), the energy manipulation of the device comprising energy storage, energy release, or energy storge and release.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one spring is disposed as part of, or operatively coupled with, (a) a constraint system disposed in the housing and operatively coupled with an exterior of the cell, (b) the cell, (c) a stack of cells comprising the cell, cells of the stack of cells being similar to the cell, or (d) any combination thereof.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one spring is configured to, during of the prescribed lifetime of the device, and during the prescribed conditions of the device, reduce and / or maintain an extent of the variability in the overpressure experienced by the cell.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein an electrode pair comprises the electrode and the counter-electrode; and wherein the overpressure and / or the variability in the overpressure, are such that the device (I) complies with one or more jurisdictional standards for shaking the device, (II) complies with one or more jurisdictional standards for dropping the device, (III) is configured to maintain functionality of the device, (IV) is configured to reduce occurrence of growth into the gap, the electrode pair including the electrode and the counterelectrode, the growth being from any of the electrode pair, (V) is configured to reduce a roughness of a layer generated by electrochemical reduction of the charge carriers onto any of the electrode, the reduced roughness being relative to the device devoid of the at least one spring, (VI) the prescribed conditions comprise shaking the device below a threshold of at most about 500 Hertz, (VII) the prescribed conditions comprise dropping the device belowa threshold comprising a height of at most about 1.5 meters onto a hard surface, (VIII) the prescribed conditions comprise accelerating a movement of the device, with acceleration of the device being at a rate of at most about 20 grams subject to a gravitational force of Earth’s gravity, or (IX) any combination thereof; and optionally wherein the growth is a solid growth.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode active material measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes between its charged and discharged states; wherein an alteration of the volume is at most about 400%; and optionally wherein the alteration of the volume is at most about 10%.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured for a fast alteration of its charge state, the fast alteration of its charge state including charging and / or discharging; and optionally wherein the fast alteration C-rating of its charge state comprises at least about 1 C, or a higher C-rating.

7. The device of claim 1 , wherein during the prescribed lifetime of the device comprises at least one discharge; and optionally wherein during the prescribed lifetime of the device comprises charge and discharge cycles.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein (I) the device is configured such that during the prescribed lifetime of the device comprises buffering of the device and / or (II) the device is configured such that the prescribed conditions of the device comprise buffering of the device; and optionally wherein buffering of the device comprises performing a cycle of loading the electrode active material with the charge carriers.

9. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode is an anode, and the electrode active material comprises graphite, or silicon, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof; optionally wherein (I) the electrode active material comprises a composite material and / or (II) the electrode active material comprises two types of an allotrope of elemental carbon; and optionally wherein the two types of an allotrope of elemental carbon include hard carbon and / or soft carbon.

10. The device of claim 1, wherein the housing comprising one or more encasings; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings are encasings; wherein the one or more encasings comprises a solid and / or rigid material; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings comprises a can; optionally wherein the one or more encasings are encasings; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings being nested one within another.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the housing comprising one or more encasings; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings are encasings; wherein the one or more encasings comprising a flexible encasing; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings comprises a pouch; optionally wherein the one or more encasings are encasings; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings being nested one within another.

12. The device of claim 1, wherein the cell is operatively coupled with a constraint system configured to curtail volume change of the cell as it alters its volume during a change between a charged state and a discharged state of the cell; and optionally wherein the constraint system is configured to resist pressure to a greater extent than the at least one spring.

13. The device of claim 1, wherein the cell is operatively coupled with one or more plates, the electrode and the counter-electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, and the one or more plates are stacked along the stacking axis; and optionally wherein the electrode, counter-electrode, and the one or more plates are disposed parallel to each other; optionally wherein a plate of the one or more plates is disposed distal to the cell and along the stacking axis; and optionally wherein the one or more plates comprise two plates, the two plates being disposed along the stacking axis, at opposing distal sides of the cell.

14. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one spring is disposed in an insulator.

15. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one spring is disposed in a conductor.

16. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one spring comprises a particulate material.

17. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one spring comprises a particulate material is layer wise deposited.

18. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode, counter-electrode, and the at least one spring, are stacked along a stacking axis; and optionally wherein the device comprises one or more plates disposed along the stacking axis; and optionally wherein the one or more plates are configured to resist pressure to a greater extent than the at least one spring.

19. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode and counter-electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, and wherein the at least one spring operatively coupled to a proximal end of the cell, and stacked along the stacking axis; optionally wherein (I) a first plate is disposed between the at least one spring and the cell, (II) the cell and the at least one spring are held by a constraint system, and / or (III) a second plate is disposed between the at least one spring and the constraint system; and optionally wherein the first plate and / or the second plate are stacked along the stacking axis.

20. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode and counter-electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, and wherein the at least one spring comprises two springs, each disposed at proximal ends of the cell such that the two springs oppose one another; optionally wherein (I) each plate of a first set of two plates is respectively disposed between the cell and each spring of the two springs, (II) the cell and the two springs are held by a constraint system, and / or (III) each plate of a second set of two plates is respectively disposed between the constraint system and each spring of the two springs; and optionally wherein the first set of plates and / or the second set of plates are stacked along the stacking axis.

21. The device of claim 1, wherein device comprises electrochemical cells, each comprising the cell, the at least one spring are springs; wherein the springs comprise at least two springs, each contacting a different cell of the electrochemical cells; and optionally wherein the electrochemical cells and the at least one spring are stacked along a stacking axis.

22. The device of claim 1, wherein device comprises electrochemical cells comprising the cell, the at least one spring are springs, and wherein the springs comprises at least two springs, each contacting a cell of the electrochemical cells; and optionally (I) wherein the electrochemical cells and the at least one spring are stacked along a stacking axis and / or (II) the electrochemical cells held by a constraint system.

23. The device of claim 1, wherein device comprises electrochemical cells stacked along a stacking axis, the electrochemical cells each comprising the cell, the at least one spring is a set of springs, and wherein the set of springs comprises a subset of springs disposed between cells of the electrochemical cells; optionally wherein (I) the set of springs comprises springs that are evenly spaced along the stacking axis, (II) the subset of spring comprises springs that are evenly spaced along the stacking axis, (III) wherein a spring of the set of springs is disposed between two plates contacting opposing sides of the spring, (IV) wherein a spring of the subset of springs is disposed between two plates contacting opposing sides of the spring, (V) a distal spring of the set of springs is disposed between two plates contacting opposing sides of the spring, and / or (V) distal springs of the set of springs are each disposed between two plates contacting opposing sides of each of the distal springs; and optionally wherein the electrochemical cells held by a constraint system.

24. The device of claim 1, wherein device comprises a set of electrochemical cells stacked along a stacking axis, the set of electrochemical cells comprising the cell, the at least one spring is a set of springs; wherein the set of springs is disposed between cells of the set of electrochemical cells; wherein one or more of distal sides of the set of electrochemical cells along the stacking axis are devoid of a spring; and optionally wherein the set of electrochemical cells held by a constraint system.

25. The device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises at least one separator disposed in the gap, the at least one separator being configured to electrically separate the electrode from the counter-electrode while allowing the charge carriers to traverse therethrough at least during a prescribed operation condition of the device.

26. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode current collector, and wherein the counter-electrode comprises a counter-electrode current collector; optionally wherein the electrode current collector extends to a first side of the cell and the counter-electrode current collector extends to a second side of the cell opposing the first side; and optionally wherein the electrode current collector is operatively couple with a distalelectrode connector to conduct electrical current, the counter-electrode current collector is operatively coupled with a distal counter-electrode connector to conduct counter-electrical current, and (I) the distal electrode connector and the distal counter-electrode connector are disposed on a third side of the cell, the third side being the first side, the second side, or a different side from the first side and form the second side, or (II) the distal electrode connector and the distal counter-electrode connector are disposed on opposing sides of the cell, the opposing sides being the first side and the second side, or different from the first side and the second side.

27. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode current collector, and wherein the counter-electrode comprises a counter-electrode current collector; wherein the device comprises a set of cells comprising the cell, the set of cells being similar to the cell, the set of cells being stacked along a stacking axis; optionally wherein the electrode current collector of each cell of the set of cells extends to a first side of the set of cells, and the counter-electrode current collector of each cell of the set of cells extends to a second side of the cell opposing the first side; and optionally wherein each of the electrode current is collector operatively coupled through an electrode busbar with a distal electrode connector to conduct electrical current, the counter-electrode current collector of each cell of the set of cells operatively couples with a counter-electrode busbar with a distal counter-electrode connector to conduct counter-electrical current, and (I) the distal electrode connector and the distal counter-electrode connector, are disposed on a third side of the cell, the third side being the first side, the second side, or a different side from the first side and form the second side, or (II) the distal electrode connector and the distal counter-electrode connector are disposed on opposing side of the cell, the opposing sides being the first side and the second side, or different from the first side and the second side.

28. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode current collector contacting the electrode active material; optionally wherein (I) the electrode active material is disposed at one side of the electrode current collector, the one side facing the counterelectrode, the other side of the current collector being devoid of the electrode active material, the other side opposing the one side, or (II) the electrode active material is disposed at opposing sides of the electrode current collector, one of the opposing sides facing the counter-electrode; and optionally wherein the electrode, counter-electrode, and current collector are stacked along a stacking axis.

29. The device of claim 28, wherein the at least one spring is coupled with the electrode current collector; wherein (I) the electrode current collector includes a cavity accommodating the at least one spring, (II) the electrode current collector forms a composite material with the at least one spring, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II); and optionally wherein the cavityis an internal cavity; optionally wherein the internal cavity is open in at least one side; optionally wherein the at least one side is normal to a stacking axis of the electrode and counter-electrode.

30. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one spring is coupled with the electrode active material to form an electrode active material mass, the electrode comprising an electrode current collector contacting the electrode active material mass; optionally wherein (I) the electrode active material is mixed with the at least one spring to form the electrode active material mass, (II) the electrode active material mass is a composite of the at least one spring with the electrode active material mass, (III) the electrode active material is deposited on at least a portion of the at least one spring to form the electrode active material mass, (IV) the at least one spring is deposited on at least a portion of the electrode active material to form the electrode active material mass, or (V) a combination thereof; and optionally wherein the electrode active material mass comprises one or more channels configured to allow traversal of the charge carriers therethrough and / or to the electrode active material.

31. The device of claim 1, device the counter-electrode comprises a counter-electrode active material; and optionally wherein the at least one spring is integrated with the counterelectrode in a same, or similar, manner to its integration with the electrode.

32. A method comprising: (a) providing the device of any of claims 1 to 31; and (b) manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and / or using the device for the energy manipulation.

33. A method of fabricating the device of any of claims 1 to 31, the method comprises: executing one or more operations to fabricate the device; and optionally wherein fabrication of the device comprises manufacturing.

34. An apparatus for fabricating the device of any of claims 1 to 31 , the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured for (a) operatively coupling with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with fabrication of the device; and optionally wherein the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and / or with a communication platform.

35. One or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with fabrication of the device of any of claims 1 to 31, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively coupe with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II).

36. An apparatus for using the device of any of claims 1 to 31 , the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured for (a) operatively coupling with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with use of the device; and optionally wherein the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and / or with a communication platform.

37. One or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with use of the device of any of claims 1 to 31, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively coupe with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II).

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