Genetically modified non-human animal with human or chimeric CLDN1
Genetically modified animals with human or chimeric CLDN1 expression address the limitations of traditional drug development models by creating a more accurate animal model for drug screening and evaluation, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/080847
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-05
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-05
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-11
AI Technical Summary
Traditional drug research and development methods using in vitro and in vivo animal models fail to replicate the complex biological environment of human diseases, leading to high failure rates and discrepancies between animal test results and clinical trials.
Development of genetically modified non-human animals with human or chimeric Claudin-1 (CLDN1) expression, which mimics human biological environments, allowing for more accurate drug screening and evaluation.
Enhances the efficiency and reduces the cost of drug development by providing a more reliable animal model that reflects human disease states and interactions, improving drug screening and evaluation accuracy.
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Figure CN2025080847_12092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
GENETICALLY MODIFIED NON-HUMAN ANIMAL WITH HUMAN OR CHIMERIC CLDN1
[0001] CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0002] This application claims the benefit of Chinese Patent Application App. No. 202410248619.8, filed on March 05, 2024. The entire contents of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This disclosure relates to genetically modified animal expressing human or chimeric (e.g., humanized) Claudin-1 (CLDN1) and methods of use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0004] The traditional drug research and development typically use in vitro screening approaches. However, these screening approaches cannot provide the complex biological environment (such as tumor microenvironment, stromal cells, extracellular matrix components, and immune cell interaction, etc. ) , resulting in a higher rate of failure in drug development. In addition, in view of the differences between humans and animals, the test results obtained from the use of conventional experimental animals for in vivo pharmacological test may not reflect the real disease state and the interaction at the targeting sites, resulting in that the results in many clinical trials are significantly different from the animal experimental results.
[0005] Therefore, the development of humanized animal models that are suitable for human antibody and / or drug screening and evaluation will significantly improve the efficiency of new drug development and reduce the cost for drug research and development.SUMMARY
[0006] This disclosure is related to an animal model with genetically-modified, non-human animals whose genome comprises at least one chromosome comprising a sequence encoding a human or chimeric Claudin-1 (CLDN1) . In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element (e.g., endogenous 5’-UTR and / or 3’-UTR) at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus in the at least one chromosome. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 is operably linked to a human or chimeric regulatory element at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus in the at least one chromosome. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to human CLDN1 (NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) or SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the animal is a mammal, e.g., a monkey, arodent, a mouse, or a rat. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse. In some embodiments, the animal does not express endogenous CLDN1 or expresses a decreased level of endogenous CLDN1 as compared to CLDN1 expression level in a wild-type animal. In some embodiments, the animal has one or more cells expressing human or chimeric CLDN1.
[0007] The disclosure further relates to genetically-modified, non-human animals, wherein the genome of the animal includes a replacement of a sequence encoding a region of an endogenous CLDN1 with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of a human CLDN1 at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a corresponding region of the human CLDN1 is operably linked to an endogenous, a human, or a chimeric regulatory element at the endogenous CLDN1 locus, and one or more cells of the animal expresses a human or chimeric CLDN1. In some embodiments, the animal does not express the endogenous CLDN1 or expresses a decreased level of the endogenous CLDN1 as compared to the CLDN1 expression level in a wild-type animal. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of a human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of the endogenous CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the endogenous CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse. In some embodiments, the animal is heterozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous CLDN1 gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal is homozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous CLDN1 gene locus. In some embodiments, the animal expresses an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to human CLDN1 (NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) or SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0008] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to non-human animal comprising one or more cells comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide, wherein the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide comprises at least 50, 100, 150, 180, 200, or 211 contiguous amino acid residues that are identical to a corresponding contiguous amino acid sequence of a human CLDN1 polypeptide, wherein the animal expresses the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element of the animal, a human regulatory element, or a chimeric regulatory element. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide is integrated to an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus of the animal. In some embodiments, animal is a mouse, wherein the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide has at least one mouse CLDN1 activity and / or at least one human CLDN1 activity.
[0009] The disclosure also relates to methods for making a genetically-modified, non-human animal, comprising: replacing a sequence encoding a region of an endogenous CLDN1 with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of a human CLDN1, at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus, in at least one cell of the animal. In some embodiments, the animal does not express the endogenous CLDN1 or expresses a decreased level of endogenous CLDN1 as compared to CLDN1 expression level in a wild-type animal. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of a human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 is at least 70%, 75, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the replaced endogenous CLDN1 gene locus encodes an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of the endogenous CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the endogenous CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human CLDN1 is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element, e.g., a promoter and / or 5’-UTR. In some embodiments, the animal is a mammal, e.g., a monkey, a rodent, a mouse, or a rat. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse. In some embodiments, the animal is heterozygous or homozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous CLDN1 gene locus.
[0010] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to methods of making a genetically-modified animal cell that expresses a human or chimeric CLDN1, the method comprising: replacing a nucleotide sequence encoding a region of an endogenous CLDN1, at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus, with a nucleotide sequence encoding a corresponding region of a human CLDN1, thereby generating a genetically-modified animal cell that includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes the human or chimeric CLDN1. In some embodiments, the animal cell expresses the human or chimeric CLDN1. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of a human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 is at least 70%, 75, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the sequence encodes an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding a region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of the endogenous CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the endogenous CLDN1. In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element, e.g., a promoter and / or 5’-UTR. In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse. In some embodiments, the animal further comprises a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein. In some embodiments, the additional human or chimeric protein is one or more selected from the group consisting of Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) , 4-1BB, Cluster of Differentiation 40 (CD40) , T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) , CD27, CD28, B7 Homolog 3 (B7H3) , OX40, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) , and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) . In some embodiments, wherein the animal further comprises a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein. In some embodiments, the additional human or chimeric protein is one or more selected from the group consisting of LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4.
[0011] In one aspect, the disclosure is related to methods of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, comprising: administering the therapeutic agent to the animal as described herein, wherein the animal has a tumor; and determining inhibitory effects of the therapeutic agent to the tumor. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an anti-CLDN1 antibody (e.g., an anti-human CLDN1 antibody) . In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more cancer cells that are injected into the animal. In some embodiments, determining inhibitory effects of the anti-CLDN1 antibody to the tumor involves measuring the tumor volume in the animal. In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma.
[0012] The disclosure further relates to methods of determining effectiveness of an anti-CLDN1 antibody and an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, comprising administering the anti-CLDN1 antibody and the additional therapeutic agent to the animal as described herein, wherein the animal has a tumor; and determining inhibitory effects on the tumor. In some embodiments, the animal further comprises a sequence encoding a human or chimeric PD-1, a human or chimeric PD-L1, and / or a human or chimeric CTLA4. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, or an anti-CTLA4 antibody. In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more tumor cells that express PD-L1. In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more tumor cells that are injected into the animal. In some embodiments, determining inhibitory effects of the treatment involves measuring the tumor volume in the animal. In some embodiments, the animal has a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma.
[0013] The disclosure further relates to methods of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for treatment an immune disorder (e.g., an autoimmune disease) , comprising: administering the therapeutic agent to the animal as described herein, wherein the animal has the immune disorder; and determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the immune disorder. In some embodiments, the immune disorder (e.g., an autoimmune disease) comprises atopic dermatitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , or multiple sclerosis (MS) .
[0014] The disclosure further relates to methods of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for reducing an inflammation, comprising: administering the therapeutic agent to the animal as described herein, wherein the animal has the inflammation; and determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the inflammation. In some embodiments, the inflammation comprises inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) .
[0015] The disclosure further relates to methods of determining toxicity of a therapeutic agent comprising: administering the therapeutic agent to the animal as described herein; and determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the animal. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an anti-CLDN1 antibody. In some embodiments, determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the animal involves measuring the body weight, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and / or hemoglobin of the animal.
[0016] The disclosure also relates to protein comprising an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is one of the following: an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11; an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11; an amino acid sequence that is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11; an amino acid sequence that is different from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid; or an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one, two, three, four, five or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11.
[0017] The disclosure also relates to nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence is one of the following: a sequence that encodes the protein as described herein;
[0018] SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10; a sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10; or a sequence that is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10.
[0019] The disclosure further relates to cells comprising the protein as described herein and / or the nucleic acid as described herein.
[0020] The disclosure further relates to animals comprising the protein as described herein and / or the nucleic acid as described herein.
[0021] The disclosure further relates to methods of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for the treatment of an CLDN1-related disorder, comprising: administering the therapeutic agent to the animal as described herein, wherein the animal has the CLDN1-related disorder; and determining therapeutic effects of the therapeutic agent to the CLDN1-related disorder, wherein the CLDN1-related disorder is a cancer (e.g., a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, or breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma) , an immune disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis) , or an inflammation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ) . In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an CLDN1-targeting agent. In some embodiments, the CLDN1-targeting agent is an anti-CLDN1 antibody (e.g., an anti-human CLDN1 antibody) . In some embodiments, the CLDN1-targeting agent is an CLDN1-inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., antisense, shRNA, siRNA, or double-stranded RNA) . The disclosure further relates to methods of determining effectiveness of an anti-CLDN1 antibody and an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of an CLDN1-related disorder, comprising administering the anti-CLDN1 antibody and the additional therapeutic agent to the animal as described herein, wherein the animal has the CLDN1-related disorder; and determining inhibitory effects on the CLDN1-related disorder, wherein the CLDN1-related disorder is a cancer (e.g., a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma) , an immune disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis) , or an inflammation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ) . In some embodiments, the animal further comprises a sequence encoding Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) , 4-1BB, Cluster of Differentiation 40 (CD40) , T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) , CD27, CD28, B7 Homolog 3 (B7H3) , OX40, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) , and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an antibody (e.g., an anti-human antibody) that binds to LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., antisense, shRNA, siRNA, or double-stranded RNA) that targets LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4, or any combination thereof.
[0022] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present invention; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.
[0023] Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and figures, and from the claims.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0024] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing mouse and human CLDN1 gene loci (not to scale) .
[0025] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary CLDN1 gene targeting strategy with an exemplary targeting vector design (not to scale) .
[0026] FIGs. 3A-3B show the PCR identification results of F1 generation CLDN1 gene humanized mice. WT is the wild-type control. PCR primer pairs include WT-F / WT-R (FIG. 3A) and WT-F / Mut-R (FIG. 3B) .
[0027] FIG. 4 shows RT-PCR detection results of mouse CLDN1 and human CLDN1 expression levels. + / +represents wild-type C57BL / 6 mice, and H / H represents CLDN1 gene humanized homozygous mice.
[0028] FIG. 5A shows the alignment between human CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_066924.1; SEQ ID NO: 2) and mouse CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_057883.1; SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0029] FIG. 5B shows the alignment between human CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_066924.1; SEQ ID NO: 2) and rat CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_113887.3; SEQ ID NO: 22) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] Experimental animal models are an indispensable research tool for studying the effects of therapeutic agents targeting CLDN1 (e.g., anti-CLDN1 antibodies) . With the continuous development and maturation of genetic engineering technologies, the use of human cells or genes to replace or substitute an animal’s endogenous similar cells or genes to establish a biological system or disease model closer to human, and establish the humanized experimental animal models (humanized animal model) has provided an important tool for new clinical approaches or means. In this context, the genetically engineered animal model, that is, the use of genetic manipulation techniques, the use of human normal or mutant genes to replace animal homologous genes, can be used to establish the genetically modified animal models that are closer to human gene systems. The humanized animal models have various important applications. For example, due to the presence of human or humanized genes, the animals can express or express in a portion of the proteins with human functions, so as to greatly reduce the differences in clinical trials between humans and animals, and provide the possibility of drug screening using animal models.
[0031] This disclosure relates to transgenic non-human animal with human or chimeric (e.g., humanized) Claudin-1 (CLDN1) , and methods of use thereof. The described transgenic non-human animal can express human or chimeric CLDN1 (e.g., humanized CLDN1) protein. It can be used for studying the function of the CLDN1 gene and for screening and evaluating CLDN1 pathway modulators (e.g., anti-human CLDN1 antibodies, oligonucleotide drugs, and / or peptide drugs) . Additionally, the animal model prepared by the methods described herein can be used for drug screening, pharmacodynamic studies, treatment of immune-related diseases, and treatment of diseases targeting human CLDN1 sites. The model described herein can also be used to promote new drug development and design, saving time and costs.
[0032] Claudin-1 (CLDN1)
[0033] Claudin-1 (CLDN1) is a member of the claudin family, which are integral membrane proteins and key components of tight junctions, which are structures that seal the space between adjacent epithelial and endothelial cells. These proteins typically have four transmembrane regions, with both the N-terminus and C-terminus located in the cytoplasm. CLDN1 spans the cellular membrane four times, forming two extracellular loops that are crucial for its function. These extracellular loops facilitate interactions between claudins on adjacent cells (trans-interactions) and within the same cell membrane (cis-interactions) .
[0034] CLDN1 is a cell membrane protein mediating cell adhesion, signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal differentiation (EMT) . Claudin-1 plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity of tight junctions, which regulate the paracellular transport of ions, water, and solutes. This helps to maintain cellular polarity and prevent the passage of harmful substances and protect against pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens) by maintaining the barrier function of epithelial layers. By forming tight junctions, CLDN1 contributes to cell-cell adhesion, ensuring that cells within epithelial and endothelial layers remain tightly bound to each other. CLDN1 is involved in intracellular signaling pathways that regulate various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Its interactions with other proteins at the tight junctions can influence these signaling pathways.
[0035] The expression and function of CLDN1 are implicated in various diseases including skin diseases, cancer (e.g., liver cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, skin cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, or thyroid cancer) , immune disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , or other allergic diseases) , and inflammation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ) . CLDN1 is one of the most deregulated claudins in human cancer and can function as a tumor promoter or suppressor depending on the type of cancer. For instance, its expression is often dysregulated in lung cancer, where it may influence tumor aggressiveness, patient survival rates, and response to therapies. Furthermore, as a co-receptor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and dengue virus, CLDN1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of these viral infections, liver fibrosis, and liver cancer (e.g., hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ) .
[0036] A detailed description of CLDN1 and its function can be found, e.g., in Litaka D., et al. “PKCδ-iPLA2-PGE2-PPARγsignaling cascade mediates TNF-αinduced claudin 1 expression in human lung carcinoma cells. ” Cell Signal. 2015, 27 (3) : 568–77; Zhou B., et al. “Claudin 1 in Breast Cancer: New Insights. ” J. Clin. Med. 2015, 4: 1960–1976; Nakazawa T., et al. “Differential Expression of Claudin 1 and 4 in Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin. ” Dermatol. Res. Pract. 2023, doi: 10.1155 / 2023 / 9936551; Bhat A., et al. “Claudin-1, A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer. ” Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21 (2) , 569; and Mandel I. et al. Tight junction proteins expression and modulation in immune cells and multiple sclerosis. J Cell Mol Med. 2012, 16 (4) : 765–775.
[0037] In human genome, human CLDN1 gene (NCBI Gene ID: 9076, UniPro ID: O95832) is in Chromosome 3 of the human genome, which is located at NC_000003.12 from the position 190305707 to the position 190322446 (GRCh38. p14 (GCF_000001405.40) ) . Human CLDN1 gene (Gene ID: 9076) locus has four exons, exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and exon 4. The human CLDN1 protein also has, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first cytoplasmic region, a first transmembrane region, a first extracellular region, a second transmembrane region, a second cytoplasmic region, a third transmembrane region, a second extracellular region, a fourth transmembrane region, and a third cytoplasmic region. The nucleotide sequence for human CLDN1 mRNA is NM_021101.5, and the amino acid sequence for human CLDN1 is NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) . The location for each exon and each region in human CLDN1 nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence is listed below:
[0038] Table 1
[0039] Based on transcript NM_021101.5 and its encoding protein NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) , the 5’-UTR is at positions from 190322207 to 190322446, exon 1 is at positions from 190321984 to 190322446, intron 1 is at positions from 190313037 to 190321983, exon 2 is at positions from 190312872 to 190313036, intron 2 is at positions from 190310254 to 190312871, exon 3 is at positions from 190310169 to 190310253, intron 3 is at positions from 190308440 to 190310168; exon 4 is at positions from 190305707 to 190308439, and the 3’-UTR is at positions from 190305707 to 190308276. All relevant information for human CLDN1 locus can be found in the NCBI website with Gene ID: 9076, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0040] In mouse genome, mouse CLDN1 gene (NCBI Gene ID: 12737, UniProt ID: O88551) is in Chromosome 16 of the mouse genome, which is located at NC_000082.7 from the position 26175395 to the position 26190589 (GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27) ) . Mouse CLDN1 gene (Gene ID: 12737) locus has four exons, exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and exon 4. The mouse CLDN1 protein also has, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first cytoplasmic region, a first transmembrane region, a first extracellular region, a second transmembrane region, a second cytoplasmic region, a third transmembrane region, a second extracellular region, a fourth transmembrane region, and a third cytoplasmic region. The nucleotide sequence for mouse CLDN1 mRNA is NM_016674.4, and the amino acid sequence for mouse CLDN1 is NP_057883.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) . The location for each exon and each region in mouse CLDN1 nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence is listed below:
[0041] Table 2
[0042] Based on transcript NM_016674.4 and its encoding protein NP_057883.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) , the 5’-UTR is at positions from 26190375 to 26190589, exon 1 is at positions from 26190154 to 26190589, intron 1 is at positions from 26181985 to 26190153, exon 2 is at positions from 26181820 to 26181984, intron 2 is at positions from 26179678 to 26181819, exon 3 is at positions from 26179593 to 26179677, intron 3 is at positions from 26177951 to 26179592; exon 4 is at positions from 26175395 to 26177950, and the 3’-UTR is at positions from 26175395 to 26177787. All relevant information for human CLDN1 locus can be found in the NCBI website with Gene ID: 12737, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0043] FIG. 5A shows the alignment between human CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_066924.1; SEQ ID NO: 2) and mouse CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_057883.1; SEQ ID NO: 1) . Thus, the corresponding amino acid residue or region between human and mouse CLDN1 can be found in FIG. 5A.
[0044] CLDN1 genes, proteins, and locus of the other species are also known in the art. For example, the gene ID for CLDN1 in Rattus norvegicus (rat) is 65129, the gene ID for CLDN1 in Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey) is 704330, the gene ID for CLDN1 in Canis lupus familiaris (dog) is 608207, and the gene ID for CLDN1 in Sus scrofa (pig) is 100625166. The relevant information for these genes (e.g., intron sequences, exon sequences, amino acid residues of these proteins) can be found, e.g., in NCBI database, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. FIG. 5B shows the alignment between human CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_066924.1; SEQ ID NO: 2) and rat CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_113887.3; SEQ ID NO: 22) . Thus, the corresponding amino acid residue or region between human and rat CLDN1 can be found in FIG. 5B.
[0045] The present disclosure provides human or chimeric (e.g., humanized) CLDN1 nucleotide sequence and / or amino acid sequences. In some embodiments, the entire sequence of mouse exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, the coding sequence of the first cytoplasmic region, the coding sequence of the first transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the first extracellular region, the coding sequence of the second transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the second cytoplasmic region, the coding sequence of the third transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the second extracellular region, the coding sequence of the fourth transmembrane region, and / or the coding sequence of the third cytoplasmic region are replaced by the corresponding human sequence. In some embodiments, a “region” or “portion” of mouse exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, the coding sequence of the first cytoplasmic region, the coding sequence of the first transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the first extracellular region, the coding sequence of the second transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the second cytoplasmic region, the coding sequence of the third transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the second extracellular region, the coding sequence of the fourth transmembrane region, and / or the coding sequence of the third cytoplasmic region are replaced by the corresponding human sequence. The term “region” or “portion” can refer to at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 304, 350, 400, 450, 500, 546, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 849, 900, 950, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800, 3000, 3200, or 3263 nucleotides, or at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 31, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, or 211 amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the “region” or “portion” can be at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to mouse exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, the coding sequence of the first cytoplasmic region, the coding sequence of the first transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the first extracellular region, the coding sequence of the second transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the second cytoplasmic region, the coding sequence of the third transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the second extracellular region, the coding sequence of the fourth transmembrane region, and / or the coding sequence of the third cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, a region, a portion, or the entire sequence of mouse exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and / or exon 4 (e.g., a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4) are replaced by a region, a portion, or the entire sequence of the human exon 1, exon 2 exon 3, and / or exon 4 (e.g., a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4) .
[0046] In some embodiments, a “region” or “portion” of mouse exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, the coding sequence of the first cytoplasmic region, the coding sequence of the first transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the first extracellular region, the coding sequence of the second transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the second cytoplasmic region, the coding sequence of the third transmembrane region, the coding sequence of the second extracellular region, the coding sequence of the fourth transmembrane region, and / or the coding sequence of the third cytoplasmic region is deleted.
[0047] In some embodiments, the present disclosure is related to a genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises a chimeric (e.g., humanized) CLDN1 nucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the chimeric CLDN1 nucleotide sequence encodes a human or chimeric CLDN1 protein. In some embodiments, the chimeric CLDN1 protein has a human or humanized first cytoplasmic region, a human or humanized first transmembrane region, a human or humanized first extracellular region, a human or humanized second transmembrane region, a human or humanized second cytoplasmic region, a human or humanized third transmembrane region, a human or humanized second extracellular region, a human or humanized fourth transmembrane region, and / or third cytoplasmic region.
[0048] In some embodiments, the chimeric (e.g., humanized) CLDN1 nucleotide sequence encodes a CLDN1 protein including a first cytoplasmic region, a first transmembrane region, a first extracellular region, a second transmembrane region, a second cytoplasmic region, a third transmembrane region, a second extracellular region, a fourth transmembrane region, and / or a third cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the first cytoplasmic region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 1~7 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first cytoplasmic region comprises all or a portion of endogenous CLDN1 first cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 8~28 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane region comprises all or a portion of endogenous CLDN1 first transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the first extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 29~81 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first extracellular region comprises all or a portion of human CLDN1 first extracellular region. In some embodiments, the second transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 82~102 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the second transmembrane region comprises all or a portion of human CLDN1 second transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the second cytoplasmic region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 103~115 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the second cytoplasmic region comprises all or a portion of human CLDN1 second cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the third transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 116~136 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the third transmembrane region comprises all or a portion of human CLDN1 third transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the second extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 137~163 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the second extracellular region comprises all or a portion of human CLDN1 second extracellular region. In some embodiments, the fourth transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 164~184 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the fourth transmembrane region comprises all or a portion of human CLDN1 fourth transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the third cytoplasmic region comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 185~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the third cytoplasmic region comprises all or a portion of human CLDN1 third cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the human or chimeric CLDN1 protein has a sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%identical to amino acids 1-211 or 31-211 of SEQ ID NOs: 2 or 11.
[0049] In some embodiments, the genetically-modified non-human animal described herein comprises a sequence encoding a human or humanized CLDN1 protein. In some embodiments, the CLDN1 protein comprises, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first cytoplasmic region, a first transmembrane region, a first extracellular region, a second transmembrane region, a second cytoplasmic region, a third transmembrane region, a second extracellular region, a fourth transmembrane region, and a third cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized first cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous first cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized first transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous first transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized first extracellular region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous first extracellular region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized second transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous second transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized second cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous second cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized third transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous third transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized second extracellular region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous second extracellular region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized fourth transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous fourth transmembrane region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises a human or humanized third cytoplasmic region. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein comprises an endogenous third cytoplasmic region.
[0050] UTRs are untranslated regions are crucial segments of mRNA that do not code for proteins but play significant roles in regulating gene expression. UTRs includes 5’-UTR located upstream of the coding sequence and 3’-UTR located downstream of the coding sequence. 5’-UTR contains regulatory elements that influence the initiation of translation and helps in the binding of ribosomes to the mRNA. 3’-UTR contains regulatory regions that affect mRNA stability, localization, and translation efficiency, and often includes binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins that can either enhance or repress translation.
[0051] In some embodiments, the genetically-modified non-human animal described herein comprises a human or humanized CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 gene comprises 4 exons. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 gene comprises humanized exon 1, human exon 2, human exon 3, and / or human exon 4. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 gene comprises human or humanized 5’-UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 gene comprises human or humanized 3’-UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 gene comprises endogenous 5’-UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 gene comprises endogenous 3’-UTR.
[0052] Thus, in some embodiments, the present disclosure also provides a chimeric (e.g., humanized) CLDN1 nucleotide sequence and / or amino acid sequences, wherein in some embodiments, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%of the sequence are identical to or derived from mouse CLDN1 mRNA sequence (e.g., NM_016674.4) , mouse CLDN1 amino acid sequence (e.g., NP_057883.1; SEQ ID NO: 1) , or a portion thereof (e.g., 5’-UTR, a portion of exon 1, a portion of exon 4, and / or 3’-UTR) ; and in some embodiments, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%of the sequence are identical to or derived from human CLDN1 mRNA sequence (e.g., NM_021101.5) , human CLDN1 amino acid sequence (e.g., NP_066924.1; SEQ ID NO: 2) , or a portion thereof (e.g., a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and / or a portion of exon 4) .
[0053] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding amino acids 31~211 of mouse CLDN1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) is replaced. In some embodiments, the sequence is replaced by a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 31~211 of human CLDN1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0054] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding amino acids 31~211 or 1~211 of mouse CLDN1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) is replaced. In some embodiments, the sequence is replaced by a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 31~211, or 1~211 of human CLDN1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0055] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids as described herein are operably linked to a promotor or regulatory element, e.g., an endogenous mouse CLDN1 promotor, an inducible promoter, an enhancer, and / or any mouse or human regulatory elements.
[0056] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 546, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 876, 900, 950, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800, 3000, 3200, 3400, or 3446 nucleotides, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides) that are different from a portion of or the entire mouse CLDN1 nucleotide sequence (e.g., a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and / or a portion of exon 4 of NM_016674.4) .
[0057] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 546, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 849, 900, 950, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800, 3000, 3242, or 3263 nucleotides, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides) that are the same as a portion of or the entire mouse CLDN1 nucleotide sequence (e.g., 5’-UTR, a portion of exon 1, a portion of exon 4, and / or 3’-UTR of NM_016674.4) .
[0058] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 546, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 849, 900, 950, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800, 3000, 3242, or 3263 nucleotides, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides) that are different from a portion of or the entire human CLDN1 nucleotide sequence (e.g., 5’-UTR, a portion of exon 1, a portion of exon 4, and / or 3’-UTR of NM_021101.5) .
[0059] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 546, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 876, 900, 950, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800, 3000, 3200, 3400, or 3446 nucleotides, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides) that are the same as a portion of or the entire human CLDN1 nucleotide sequence (e.g., a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and / or a portion of exon 4 of NM_021101.5) .
[0060] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, or 211 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that are different from a portion of or the entire mouse CLDN1 amino acid sequence (e.g., amino acids 31~211 or 1~211 of NP_057883.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) ) .
[0061] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, or 211 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that are the same as a portion of or the entire mouse CLDN1 amino acid sequence (e.g., amino acids 1~30 or 1~211 of NP_057883.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) ) . In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has no more than a portion (e.g., no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, or 211 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that are the same as a portion of or the entire mouse CLDN1 amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, no amino acids are identical to mouse CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_057883.1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) .
[0062] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has no more than a portion (e.g., no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, or 211 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that is different from a portion of or the entire human CLDN1 amino acid sequence (e.g., amino acids 1~30 or 1~211 of NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) . In some embodiments, no amino acids are different from human CLDN1 amino acid sequence (NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) )
[0063] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence has at least a portion (e.g., at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, or 211 amino acid residues, e.g., contiguous or non-contiguous amino acid residues) that is the same as a portion of or the entire human CLDN1 amino acid sequence (e.g., amino acids 31~211 or 1~211 of NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .
[0064] The present disclosure also provides a humanized CLDN1 mouse amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of:
[0065] a) an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11;
[0066] b) an amino acid sequence having a homology of at least 90%with or at least 90%identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11;
[0067] c) an amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is able to hybridize to a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11 under a low stringency condition or a strict stringency condition;
[0068] d) an amino acid sequence having a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11;
[0069] e) an amino acid sequence that is different from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 or 11 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or no more than 1 amino acid; or
[0070] f) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11.
[0071] The present disclosure also provides a humanized CLDN1 amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of:
[0072] a) all or a portion of amino acids 1~211 or 31~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 11;
[0073] b) an amino acid sequence has a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%to amino acids 1~211 or 31~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 11;
[0074] c) an amino acid sequence that is different from amino acids 1~211 or 31~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 11 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or no more than 1 amino acid; and
[0075] d) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids to amino acids 1~211 or 31~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 11.
[0076] The present disclosure also provides a humanized CLDN1 amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of:
[0077] a) all or a portion of amino acids 1~30 or 1~211 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 11;
[0078] b) an amino acid sequence has a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%to amino acids 1~30 or 1~211 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 11;
[0079] c) an amino acid sequence that is different from amino acids 1~30 or 1~211 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 11 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or no more than 1 amino acid; and
[0080] d) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids to amino acids 1~30 or 1~211 of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 11.
[0081] The present disclosure also relates to a CLDN1 nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence can be selected from the group consisting of:
[0082] a) a nucleic acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10, or a nucleic acid sequence encoding a homologous CLDN1 amino acid sequence of a humanized mouse CLDN1;
[0083] b) a nucleic acid sequence that is able to hybridize to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10 under a low stringency condition or a strict stringency condition;
[0084] c) a nucleic acid sequence that has a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%, or at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10;
[0085] d) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence has a homology of at least 90%with or at least 90%identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11;
[0086] e) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence has a homology of at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%with, or at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11;
[0087] f) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is different from the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11 by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or no more than 1 amino acid; and / or
[0088] g) a nucleic acid sequence that encodes an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11.
[0089] The present disclosure further relates to a CLDN1 genomic DNA sequence of a humanized mouse. The DNA sequence is obtained by reverse transcription of the mRNA obtained by transcription thereof is consistent with or complementary to the DNA sequence homologous to the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 or 10.
[0090] The disclosure also provides an amino acid sequence that has a homology of at least 90%with, or at least 90%identical to the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11 and has protein activity. In some embodiments, the homology with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11 is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the foregoing homology is at least about 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, or 85%.
[0091] In some embodiments, the percentage identity with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11 is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the foregoing percentage identity is at least about 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, or 85%.
[0092] The disclosure also provides a nucleotide sequence that has a homology of at least 90%, or at least 90%identical to the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 or 10, and encodes a polypeptide that has protein activity. In some embodiments, the homology with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 5 or 10 is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the foregoing homology is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, or 85%.
[0093] In some embodiments, the percentage identity with the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10 is at least about 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or at least 99%. In some embodiments, the foregoing percentage identity is at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 80%, or 85%.
[0094] The disclosure also provides a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any nucleotide sequence as described herein, and an amino acid sequence that is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%identical to any amino acid sequence as described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to nucleotide sequences encoding any peptides that are described herein, or any amino acid sequences that are encoded by any nucleotide sequences as described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence is less than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 106, 110, 112, 120, 130, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1108, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1451, 1500, 1504, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 3885, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 13840, 14000, 15000, 16000, or 16740 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence is less than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, or 211 amino acid residues.
[0095] In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence (i) comprises an amino acid sequence; or (ii) consists of an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0096] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence (i) comprises a nucleic acid sequence; or (ii) consists of a nucleic acid sequence, wherein the nucleic acid sequence is any one of the sequences as described herein.
[0097] To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences, or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes) . The amino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positions or nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position. The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. For example, the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penalty of 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.
[0098] The percentage of residues conserved with similar physicochemical properties (percent homology) , e.g., leucine and isoleucine, can also be used to measure sequence similarity. Families of amino acid residues having similar physicochemical properties have been defined in the art. These families include amino acids with basic side chains (e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine) , acidic side chains (e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid) , uncharged polar side chains (e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine) , nonpolar side chains (e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan) , beta-branched side chains (e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine) and aromatic side chains (e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine) . The homology percentage, in many cases, is higher than the identity percentage.
[0099] Cells, tissues, and animals (e.g., mouse) are also provided that comprise the nucleotide sequences as described herein, as well as cells, tissues, and animals (e.g., mouse) that express human or chimeric (e.g., humanized) CLDN1 from an endogenous non-human CLDN1 locus.
[0100] Genetically modified animals
[0101] As used herein, the term “genetically-modified non-human animal” refers to a non-human animal having exogenous DNA in at least one chromosome of the animal’s genome. In some embodiments, at least one or more cells, e.g., at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%of cells of the genetically-modified non-human animal have the exogenous DNA in its genome. The cell having exogenous DNA can be various kinds of cells, e.g., an endogenous cell, a somatic cell, an immune cell, a T cell, a B cell, an antigen presenting cell, a macrophage, a dendritic cell, a germ cell, a blastocyst, or an endogenous tumor cell. In some embodiments, genetically-modified non-human animals are provided that comprise a modified endogenous CLDN1 locus that comprises an exogenous sequence (e.g., a human sequence) , e.g., a replacement of one or more non-human sequences with one or more human sequences. The animals are generally able to pass the modification to progeny, i.e., through germline transmission.
[0102] As used herein, the term “chimeric gene” or “chimeric nucleic acid” refers to a gene or a nucleic acid, wherein two or more portions of the gene or the nucleic acid are from different species, or at least one of the sequences of the gene or the nucleic acid does not correspond to the wild-type nucleic acid in the animal. In some embodiments, the chimeric gene or chimeric nucleic acid has at least one portion of the sequence that is derived from two or more different sources, e.g., sequences encoding different proteins or sequences encoding the same (or homologous) protein of two or more different species. In some embodiments, the chimeric gene or the chimeric nucleic acid is a humanized gene or humanized nucleic acid.
[0103] As used herein, the term “chimeric protein” or “chimeric polypeptide” refers to a protein or a polypeptide, wherein two or more portions of the protein or the polypeptide are from different species, or at least one of the sequences of the protein or the polypeptide does not correspond to wild-type amino acid sequence in the animal. In some embodiments, the chimeric protein or the chimeric polypeptide has at least one portion of the sequence that is derived from two or more different sources, e.g., same (or homologous) proteins of different species. In some embodiments, the chimeric protein or the chimeric polypeptide is a humanized protein or a humanized polypeptide.
[0104] As used herein, the term “humanized protein” or “humanized polypeptide” refers to a protein or a polypeptide, wherein at least a portion of the protein or the polypeptide is from the human protein or human polypeptide. In some embodiments, the humanized protein or polypeptide is a human protein or polypeptide.
[0105] As used herein, the term “humanized nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid, wherein at least a portion of the nucleic acid is from the human. In some embodiments, the entire nucleic acid of the humanized nucleic acid is from human. In some embodiments, the humanized nucleic acid is a humanized exon. A humanized exon can be, e.g., a human exon or a chimeric exon.
[0106] In some embodiments, the chimeric gene or the chimeric nucleic acid is a humanized CLDN1 gene or a humanized CLDN1 nucleic acid. In some embodiments, at least one or more portions of the gene or the nucleic acid is from the human CLDN1 gene, at least one or more portions of the gene or the nucleic acid is from a non-human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the gene or the nucleic acid comprises a sequence that encodes an CLDN1 protein. The encoded CLDN1 protein is functional or has at least one activity of the human CLDN1 protein or the non-human CLDN1 protein, e.g., modulating cell growth or immune responses.
[0107] In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 gene includes a nucleotide sequence of 20 bp~16740 bp (contiguous or non-contiguous) that is identical to the sequence at human CLDN1 gene locus. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is 20~16740 bp, 20~13840 bp, or 331-876 bp, e.g., 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 546, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 876, 900, 950, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 13840, 14000, 15000, 16000, or 16740 bp in length. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is at least 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 546, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 876, 900, 950, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 13840, 14000, 15000, 16000, or 16740 bp in length. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is no more than 16740 bp in length.
[0108] In some embodiments, the chimeric protein or the chimeric polypeptide is a humanized CLDN1 protein or a humanized CLDN1 polypeptide. In some embodiments, at least one or more portions of the amino acid sequence of the protein or the polypeptide is from a human CLDN1 protein, and at least one or more portions of the amino acid sequence of the protein or the polypeptide is from a non-human CLDN1 protein. The humanized CLDN1 protein or the humanized CLDN1 polypeptide is functional or has at least one activity of the human CLDN1 protein or the non-human CLDN1 protein.
[0109] In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 protein includes a polypeptide sequence of 5~211 amino acids (contiguous or non-contiguous) that is identical to human CLDN1 protein. In some embodiments, the polypeptide sequence is 5~211 or 31~211 amino acids. In some embodiments, the polypeptide sequence is at least, 5, 10, 18, 20, 30, 31, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 206, 210, or 211 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the polypeptide sequence is no mor than 5, 10, 18, 20, 30, 31, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 206, 210, or 211 amino acids in length.
[0110] The genetically modified non-human animal can be various animals, e.g., a mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, bovine (e.g., cow, bull, buffalo) , deer, sheep, goat, chicken, cat, dog, ferret, primate (e.g., marmoset, rhesus monkey) . For the non-human animals where suitable genetically modifiable embryonic stem (ES) cells are not readily available, other methods are employed to make a non-human animal comprising the genetic modification. Such methods include, e.g., modifying a non-ES cell genome (e.g., a fibroblast or an induced pluripotent cell) and employing nuclear transfer to transfer the modified genome to a suitable cell, e.g., an oocyte, and gestating the modified cell (e.g., the modified oocyte) in a non-human animal under suitable conditions to form an embryo. These methods are known in the art, and are described, e.g., in A. Nagy, et al., “Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (Third Edition) , ” Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2003, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0111] In one aspect, the animal is a mammal, e.g., of the superfamily Dipodoidea or Muroidea. In some embodiments, the genetically modified animal is a rodent. The rodent can be selected from a mouse, a rat, and a hamster. In some embodiments, the genetically modified animal is from a family selected from Calomyscidae (e.g., mouse-like hamsters) , Cricetidae (e.g., hamster, New World rats and mice, voles) , Muridae (true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, crested rats) , Nesomyidae (climbing mice, rock mice, with-tailed rats, Malagasy rats and mice) , Platacanthomyidae (e.g., spiny dormice) , and Spalacidae (e.g., mole rates, bamboo rats, and zokors) . In some embodiments, the genetically modified rodent is selected from a true mouse or rat (family Muridae) , a gerbil, a spiny mouse, and a crested rat. In some embodiments, genetically modified rodent is selected from a mouse or rat. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a mouse.
[0112] In some embodiments, the animal is a mouse of a C57BL strain selected from C57BL / A, C57BL / An, C57BL / GrFa, C57BL / KaLwN, C57BL / 6, C57BL / 6J, C57BL / 6ByJ, C57BL / 6NJ, C57BL / 10, C57BL / 10ScSn, C57BL / 10Cr, and C57BL / Ola. In some embodiments, the mouse is a 129 strain selected from the group consisting of a strain that is 129P1, 129P2, 129P3, 129X1, 129S1 (e.g., 129S1 / SV, 129S1 / SvIm) , 129S2, 129S4, 129S5, 129S9 / SvEvH, 129S6 (129 / SvEvTac) , 129S7, 129S8, 129T1, 129T2. These mice are described, e.g., in Festing et al., Revised nomenclature for strain 129 mice, Mammalian Genome 10: 836 (1999) ; Auerbach et al., Establishment and Chimera Analysis of 129 / SvEv-and C57BL / 6-Derived Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Lines (2000) , both of which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety. In some embodiments, the genetically modified mouse is a mix of the 129 strain and the C57BL / 6 strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is a mix of the 129 strains, or a mix of the BL / 6 strains. In some embodiments, the mouse is a BALB strain, e.g., BALB / c strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is a mix of a BALB strain and another strain. In some embodiments, the mouse is from a hybrid line (e.g., 50%BALB / c-50%12954 / Sv; or 50%C57BL / 6-50%129) . In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a rodent. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a mouse having a BALB / c, A, A / He, A / J, A / WySN, AKR, AKR / A, AKR / J, AKR / N, TA1, TA2, RF, SWR, C3H, C57BR, SJL, C57L, DBA / 2, KM, NIH, ICR, CFW, FACA, C57BL / A, C57BL / An, C57BL / GrFa, C57BL / KaLwN, C57BL / 6, C57BL / 6J, C57BL / 6ByJ, C57BL / 6NJ, C57BL / 10, C57BL / 10ScSn, C57BL (C57BL / 10Cr and C57BL / Ola) , C58, CBA / Br, CBA / Ca, CBA / J, CBA / st, or CBA / H background. In some embodiments, the non-human animal is a mouse having NOD, NOD / SCID, or NOD-Prkdcscid IL-2rgnull background.
[0113] In one aspect, the non-human animal is a mammal. In one aspect, the non-human animal is a small mammal, e.g., a jerboa. In one embodiment, the genetically humanized non-human animal is a rodent. In one embodiment, the rodent is selected from the group consisting of mice, rats and hamsters. In one embodiment, the rodent is selected from the murine family. In one embodiment, the genetically modified animal is selected from a group consisting of hamsteridae (e.g., mouse-like hamsters) , hamsteridae (e.g., hamsters, New World rats and mice, voles) , murine superfamily (e.g., true mouse and rats, gerbils, spiny rats, and crested rats) , Falkomuridae (e.g., climbing mice, rock mice, tailed rats, Madagascar rats and mice) , Dormocidae (e.g., spiny dormouse) and Moleidae (e.g., mole rats, bamboo rats, and zokors) families. In a specific embodiment, the genetically modified rodent is selected from the group consisting of true mice or rats (Muridae) , gerbils, spiny rats and crested rats. In one embodiment, the genetically modified mouse is from a member of the family Muridae. In one embodiment, the animal is a rodent. In a specific embodiment, the rodent is selected from mice and rats. In one embodiment, the non-human animal is a mouse.
[0114] In some embodiments, the animal is a rat. The rat can be selected from a Wistar rat, an LEA strain, a Sprague Dawley strain, a Fischer strain, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti. In some embodiments, the rat strain is a mix of two or more strains selected from the group consisting of Wistar, LEA, Sprague Dawley, Fischer, F344, F6, and Dark Agouti.
[0115] The animal can have one or more other genetic modifications, and / or other modifications, that are suitable for the particular purpose for which the humanized CLDN1 animal is made. For example, suitable mice for maintaining a xenograft (e.g., a human cancer or tumor) , can have one or more modifications that compromise, inactivate, or destroy the immune system of the non-human animal in whole or in part. Compromise, inactivation, or destruction of the immune system of the non-human animal can include, for example, destruction of hematopoietic cells and / or immune cells by chemical means (e.g., administering a toxin) , physical means (e.g., irradiating the animal) , and / or genetic modification (e.g., knocking out one or more genes) . Non-limiting examples of such mice include, e.g., NOD mice, SCID mice, NOD / SCID mice, IL2Rγ knockout mice, NOD / SCID / γcnull mice (Ito, M. et al., NOD / SCID / γcnull mouse: an excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells, Blood 100 (9) : 3175-3182, 2002) , nude mice, and Rag1 and / or Rag2 knockout mice. These mice can optionally be irradiated, or otherwise treated to destroy one or more immune cell type. Thus, in various embodiments, agenetically modified mouse is provided that can include a humanization of at least a portion of an endogenous non-human CLDN1 locus, and further comprises a modification that compromises, inactivates, or destroys the immune system (or one or more cell types of the immune system) of the non-human animal in whole or in part. In some embodiments, modification is, e.g., selected from the group consisting of a modification that results in NOD mice, SCID mice, NOD / SCID mice, IL-2Rγknockout mice, NOD / SCID / γcnull mice, nude mice, Rag1 and / or Rag2 knockout mice, NOD-Prkdcscid IL-2rγnull mice, NOD-Rag 1- / --IL2rg- / - (NRG) mice, Rag 2- / --IL2rg- / - (RG) mice, and a combination thereof. These genetically modified animals are described, e.g., in US20150106961, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the mouse can include a replacement of all or a portion of mature CLDN1 coding sequence with human mature CLDN1 coding sequence.
[0116] Genetically modified non-human animals can comprise a modification at an endogenous non-human CLDN1 locus. In some embodiments, the modification can comprise a human nucleic acid sequence encoding at least a portion of a mature CLDN1 protein (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the mature CLDN1 protein sequence) . Although genetically modified cells are also provided that can comprise the modifications described herein (e.g., ES cells, somatic cells) , in many embodiments, the genetically modified non-human animals comprise the modification of the endogenous CLDN1 locus in the germline of the animal.
[0117] Genetically modified animals can express a human CLDN1 and / or a chimeric (e.g., humanized) CLDN1 from endogenous mouse loci, wherein the endogenous mouse CLDN1 gene has been replaced with a human CLDN1 gene and / or a nucleotide sequence that encodes a region of human CLDN1 sequence or an amino acid sequence that is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70&, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the human CLDN1 sequence. In various embodiments, an endogenous non-human CLDN1 locus is modified in whole or in part to comprise human nucleic acid sequence encoding at least one protein-coding sequence of a mature CLDN1 protein.
[0118] In some embodiments, the genetically modified mice can express the human CLDN1 and / or chimeric CLDN1 (e.g., humanized CLDN1) from endogenous loci that are under control of mouse promoters and / or mouse regulatory elements. The replacement (s) at the endogenous mouse loci provide non-human animals that express human CLDN1 or chimeric CLDN1 (e.g., humanized CLDN1) in appropriate cell types and in a manner that does not result in the potential pathologies observed in some other transgenic mice known in the art. The human CLDN1 or the chimeric CLDN1 (e.g., humanized CLDN1) expressed in animal can maintain one or more functions of the wild-type mouse or human CLDN1 in the animal. For example, the expressed CLDN1 can modulate cell growth, immune responses, and / or inflammation. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the animal does not express endogenous CLDN1. In some embodiments, the animal expresses a decreased level of endogenous CLDN1 as compared to CLDN1 expression level in a wild-type animal. As used herein, the term “endogenous CLDN1” refers to CLDN1 protein that is expressed from an endogenous CLDN1 nucleotide sequence of the non-human animal (e.g., mouse) before any genetic modification.
[0119] The genome of the animal can comprise a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to human CLDN1 (NP_066924.1; SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the genome comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0120] The genome of the genetically modified animal can comprise a replacement at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus of a sequence encoding a region of endogenous CLDN1 with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human CLDN1. The genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a human or humanized (e.g., chimeric) CLDN1 gene locus after the replacement at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus of a sequence encoding a region of endogenous CLDN1 with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the sequence that is replaced is any sequence within the endogenous CLDN1 gene locus, e.g., exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, 5’-UTR, 3’-UTR, intron 1, intron 2, intron 3, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the sequence that is replaced is within the regulatory region of the endogenous CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the sequence that is replaced is a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of an endogenous mouse CLDN1 gene locus.
[0121] In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 locus includes a portion of or an entire human CLDN1 gene 5’-UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 locus lacks a human CLDN1 gene 5’-UTR. In some embodiment, the humanized CLDN1 locus includes a portion of or an entire endogenous (e.g., mouse) 5’-UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 locus includes a portion of or an entire human 3’-UTR. In some embodiments, the humanized CLDN1 locus includes a portion of or an entire endogenous (e.g., mouse) 3’-UTR. In appropriate cases, it may be reasonable to presume that the mouse and human CLDN1 genes appear to be similarly regulated based on the similarity of their 5’-flanking sequence. As shown in the present disclosure, humanized CLDN1 mice that comprise a replacement at an endogenous mouse CLDN1 locus, which retain mouse regulatory elements but comprise a humanization of CLDN1 encoding sequence, do not exhibit pathologies. Both genetically modified mice that are heterozygous or homozygous for humanized CLDN1 are grossly normal.
[0122] The genetically modified animal can have one or more cells expressing a human or chimeric CLDN1 (e.g., humanized CLDN1) having, from N-terminus to C-terminus, a first cytoplasmic region, a first transmembrane region, a first extracellular region, a second transmembrane region, a second cytoplasmic region, a third transmembrane region, a second extracellular region, a fourth transmembrane region, and a third cytoplasmic region.
[0123] In some embodiments, the first cytoplasmic region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the first cytoplasmic region of mouse CLDN1. In some embodiments, the first cytoplasmic region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the first cytoplasmic region of mouse CLDN1.
[0124] In some embodiments, the first transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the first transmembrane region of mouse CLDN1. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the first transmembrane region of mouse CLDN1.
[0125] In some embodiments, the first extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the first extracellular region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the first extracellular region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 51, 52, or 53 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the first extracellular region of human CLDN1.
[0126] In some embodiments, the first extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the first extracellular region of mouse CLDN1. In some embodiments, the first extracellular region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 51, 52, or 53 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the first extracellular region of mouse CLDN1.
[0127] In some embodiments, the second transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the second transmembrane region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the second transmembrane region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the second transmembrane region of human CLDN1.
[0128] In some embodiments, the second cytoplasmic region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the second cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the second cytoplasmic region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the second cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1.
[0129] In some embodiments, the third transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the third transmembrane region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the third transmembrane region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the third transmembrane region of human CLDN1.
[0130] In some embodiments, the second extracellular region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the second extracellular region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the second extracellular region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the second extracellular region of human CLDN1.
[0131] In some embodiments, the fourth transmembrane region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the fourth transmembrane region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the fourth transmembrane region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, or 21 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the fourth transmembrane region of human CLDN1.
[0132] In some embodiments, the third cytoplasmic region comprises a sequence that is at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to the third cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the third cytoplasmic region of the humanized CLDN1 has a sequence that has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, or 27 amino acids (e.g., contiguously or non-contiguously) that are identical to the third cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1.
[0133] Because human CLDN1 and non-human CLDN1 (e.g., mouse CLDN1) sequences, in many cases, are different, antibodies that bind to human CLDN1 will not necessarily have the same binding affinity with non-human CLDN1 or have the same effects to non-human CLDN1. Therefore, the genetically modified animal having a human, or a humanized CLDN1 can be used to better evaluate the effects of anti-human CLDN1 antibodies in an animal model.
[0134] In some embodiments, the entire humanized CLDN1 described herein are derived from human CLDN1 sequence.
[0135] In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a sequence that corresponds to a portion or the entire sequence of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and / or exon 4 of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that corresponds to a portion or the entire coding sequence of the first cytoplasmic region and / or a portion or the entire coding sequence of the first transmembrane region of mouse CLDN1. In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that corresponds to a portion or the entire coding sequence of the first cytoplasmic region and / or a portion or the entire coding sequence of the first transmembrane region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that corresponds to a portion or the entire coding sequence of the first extracellular region, a portion or the entire coding sequence of the second transmembrane region, a portion or the entire coding sequence of the second cytoplasmic region, a portion or the entire coding sequence of the third transmembrane region, a portion or the entire coding sequence of the second extracellular region, a portion or the entire coding sequence of the fourth transmembrane region, and / or a portion or the entire coding sequence of the third cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that corresponds to a portion or the entire sequence of amino acids 1~211, 29~211, 31~211, or 137~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0136] In some embodiments, the genome of the genetically modified animal comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 1 includes at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 133, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 400, 420, 430, or 436 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 1 includes 133 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 1 includes a nucleotide of at least 20 bp. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 4 includes at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 163, 170, 180, 190, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2010, or 2020 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 4 includes 163 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the portion of exon 4 includes a nucleotide of at least 20 bp.
[0137] In some embodiments, the non-human animal can have, at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus, a nucleotide sequence encoding a chimeric human / non-human CLDN1 polypeptide, wherein a human portion of the chimeric human / non-human CLDN1 polypeptide includes a portion or the entire first extracellular region, a portion or the entire second transmembrane region, a portion or the entire second cytoplasmic region, a portion or the entire third transmembrane region, a portion or the entire second extracellular region, a portion or the entire fourth transmembrane region, and / or a portion or the entire third cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1 polypeptide. In some embodiments, the human portion of the chimeric human / non-human CLDN1 polypeptide further includes a portion or the entire first cytoplasmic region and / or a portion or the entire first transmembrane region.
[0138] The animal described herein expresses a functional CLDN1 in the animal. The human portion of the chimeric human / non-human CLDN1 polypeptide includes an amino acid sequence encoded by a portion of exon 1, the entire exon 2 and exon 3, and / or a portion of exon 4 of human CLDN1. In some embodiments, the human portion of the chimeric human / non-human CLDN1 polypeptide includes a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to amino acids 1~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first cytoplasmic region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 1~7 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 8~28 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first extracellular region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 29~81 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the second transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 82~102 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the second cytoplasmic region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 103~115 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the third transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 116~136 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the second extracellular region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 137~163 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the fourth transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 164~184 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the third cytoplasmic region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 185~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the first cytoplasmic region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 1~7 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 8~28 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the first extracellular region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 29~81 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the second transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 82~102 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the second cytoplasmic region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 103~115 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the third transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 116~136 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the second extracellular region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 137~163 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the fourth transmembrane region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 164~184 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the third cytoplasmic region includes a sequence corresponding to the entire or a portion of amino acids 185~211 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0139] Furthermore, the genetically modified animal can be heterozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous CLDN1 locus, or homozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous CLDN1 locus.
[0140] The present disclosure further relates to a non-human mammal generated through the method mentioned above. In some embodiments, the genome thereof contains human gene (s) .
[0141] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a rodent, and preferably, the non-human mammal is a mouse.
[0142] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal expresses a protein encoded by a humanized CLDN1 gene.
[0143] In addition, the present disclosure also relates to a tumor bearing non-human mammal model, characterized in that the non-human mammal model is obtained through the methods as described herein. In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a rodent (e.g., a mouse) .
[0144] The present disclosure further relates to a cell or cell line, or a primary cell culture thereof derived from the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof, or the tumor bearing non-human mammal; the tissue, organ or a culture thereof derived from the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof, or the tumor bearing non-human mammal; and the tumor tissue derived from the non-human mammal or an offspring thereof when it bears a tumor, or the tumor bearing non-human mammal.
[0145] The present disclosure also provides non-human mammals produced by any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, a non-human mammal is provided; and the genetically modified animal contains the DNA encoding human or humanized CLDN1 in the genome of the animal.
[0146] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal comprises the genetic construct as described herein. In some embodiments, a non-human mammal expressing human or humanized CLDN1 is provided. In some embodiments, the tissue-specific expression of human or humanized CLDN1 protein is provided.
[0147] In some embodiments, the expression of human or humanized CLDN1 in a genetically modified animal is controllable, as by the addition of a specific inducer or repressor substance. In some embodiments, the specific inducer is selected from Tet-Off System / Tet-On System, or Tamoxifen System.
[0148] Non-human mammals can be any non-human animal known in the art and which can be used in the methods as described herein. Preferred non-human mammals are mammals, (e.g., rodents) . In some embodiments, the non-human mammal is a mouse.
[0149] Genetic, molecular, and behavioral analyses for the non-human mammals described above can be performed. The present disclosure also relates to the progeny produced by the non-human mammal provided by the present disclosure mated with the same or other genotypes.
[0150] The present disclosure also provides a cell line or primary cell culture derived from the non-human mammal or a progeny thereof. A model based on cell culture can be prepared, for example, by the following methods. Cell cultures can be obtained by way of isolation from a non-human mammal, alternatively cells can be obtained from the cell culture established using the same constructs and the standard cell transfection techniques. The integration of genetic constructs containing DNA sequences encoding human CLDN1 protein can be detected by a variety of methods.
[0151] There are many analytical methods that can be used to detect exogenous DNA, including methods at the level of nucleic acid (including the mRNA quantification approaches using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or Southern blotting, and in situ hybridization) and methods at the protein level (including histochemistry, immunoblot analysis and in vitro binding studies) . In addition, the expression level of the gene of interest can be quantified by ELISA techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Many standard analysis methods can be used to complete quantitative measurements. For example, transcription levels can be measured using RT-PCR and hybridization methods including RNase protection, Southern blot analysis, RNA dot analysis (RNAdot) analysis. Immunohistochemical staining, flow cytometry, Western blot analysis can also be used to assess the presence of human or humanized CLDN1 protein.
[0152] In another aspect, the disclosure also provides a genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome include a disruption in the animal’s endogenous CLDN1 gene, wherein the disruption of the endogenous CLDN1 gene comprises deletion of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof of the endogenous CLDN1 gene.
[0153] In some embodiments, the disruption of the endogenous CLDN1 gene includes deletion of one or more exons or a portion of exons of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and exon 4 of the endogenous CLDN1 gene.
[0154] In some embodiments, the disruption of the endogenous CLDN1 gene further includes deletion of the entire or a portion of intron 1, intron 2, and / or intron 3 of the endogenous CLDN1 gene.
[0155] In some embodiments, the deletion includes deleting at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 300, 400, 500, 546, 600, 700, 800, 849, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 1907, 2000, 2211, 2500, 3000, 3242, 3263, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 15195, or more nucleotides.
[0156] In some embodiments, the disruption of the endogenous CLDN1 gene includes the deletion of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 546, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 849, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, 2800, 3000, 3242, or 3263 nucleotides of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and / or exon 4 (e.g., deletion of 546 nucleotides from a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4) .
[0157] Vectors
[0158] The present disclosure relates to a targeting vector, comprising: a) a DNA fragment homologous to the 5’ end of a region to be altered (5’ arm) , which is selected from the CLDN1 gene genomic DNAs in the length of 100 to 10,000 nucleotides; b) a desired / donor DNA sequence encoding a donor region; and c) a second DNA fragment homologous to the 3’ end of the region to be altered (3’ arm) , which is selected from the CLDN1 gene genomic DNAs in the length of 100 to 10,000 nucleotides.
[0159] In some embodiments, a) the DNA fragment homologous to the 5’ end of a conversion region to be altered (5’ arm) is selected from the nucleotide sequences that have at least 90%homology to the NCBI accession number NC_000082.7; b) the DNA fragment homologous to the 3’ end of the region to be altered (3’ arm) is selected from the nucleotide sequences that have at least 90%homology to the NCBI accession number NC_000082.7.
[0160] In some embodiments, a) the DNA fragment homologous to the 5’ end of a region to be altered (5’ arm) is selected from the nucleotides from the position 26190287 to the position 26193238 of the NCBI accession number NC_000082.7; b) the DNA fragment homologous to the 3’ end of the region to be altered (3’ arm) is selected from the nucleotides from the position 26174590 to the position 26177787 of the NCBI accession number NC_000082.7.
[0161] In some embodiments, the length of the selected genomic nucleotide sequence in the targeting vector can be more than about 3 kb, about 3.5 kb, about 4 kb, about 4.5 kb, about 5 kb, about 5.5 kb, about 6 kb, about 6.5 kb, about 7 kb, about 7.5 kb, or about 8 kb.
[0162] In some embodiments, the region to be altered is exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and / or exon 4 of CLDN1 gene (e.g., a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of mouse CLDN1 gene) .
[0163] The targeting vector can further include one or more selectable markers, e.g., positive or negative selectable markers. In some embodiments, the positive selectable marker is a Neo gene or Neo cassette. In some embodiments, the negative selectable marker is a DTA gene.
[0164] In some embodiments, the sequence of the 5’ arm is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3; and the sequence of the 3’ arm is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0165] In some embodiments, the sequence is derived from human (e.g., positions 190308277 to 190322116 of NC_000003.12 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 5) ; or 331~876 of NM_021101.5) . For example, the target region in the targeting vector is a part or entirety of the nucleotide sequence of a human CLDN1 gene, preferably exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and / or exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence of the humanized CLDN1 gene encodes the entire or the a portion of human CLDN1 protein with the NCBI accession number NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) .
[0166] The disclosure also relates to a cell comprising the targeting vectors as described above.
[0167] In addition, the present disclosure further relates to a non-human mammalian cell, having any one of the foregoing targeting vectors, and one or more in vitro transcripts of the construct as described herein. In some embodiments, the cell includes a Cas 9 mRNA or an in vitro transcript thereof. In some embodiments, the genes in the cell are heterozygous. In some embodiments, the genes in the cell are homozygous.
[0168] In some embodiments, the non-human mammalian cell is a mouse cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a fertilized egg cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an embryonic stem cell.
[0169] Methods of making genetically modified animals
[0170] Genetically modified animals can be made by several techniques that are known in the art, including, e.g., nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) , homologous recombination (HR) , zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) , transcription activator-like effector-based nucleases (TALEN) , and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) -Cas system. In some embodiments, homologous recombination is used. In some embodiments, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing is used to generate genetically modified animals. Many of these genome editing techniques are known in the art, and is described, e.g., in Yin et al., "Delivery technologies for genome editing, " Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 16.6 (2017) : 387-399, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Many other methods are also provided and can be used in genome editing, e.g., micro-injecting a genetically modified nucleus into an enucleated oocyte, and fusing an enucleated oocyte with another genetically modified cell.
[0171] Thus, in some embodiments, the disclosure provides replacing in at least one cell of the animal, at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus, a sequence encoding a region of an endogenous CLDN1 with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human or chimeric CLDN1. In some embodiments, the replacement occurs in a germ cell, a somatic cell, a blastocyst, or a fibroblast, etc. The nucleus of a somatic cell or the fibroblast can be inserted into an enucleated oocyte.
[0172] The targeting strategies involve a vector comprising a 5’ homologous arm, a human CLDN1 gene fragment (e.g., a human CLDN1 donor sequence) , and a 3’ homologous arm. The process can involve replacing endogenous CLDN1 sequence with human sequence by homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the cleavage at the upstream and the downstream of the target site (e.g., by zinc finger nucleases, TALEN or CRISPR) can result in DNA double strands break, and the homologous recombination is used to replace endogenous CLDN1 sequence with human CLDN1 sequence.
[0173] Thus, in some embodiments, the methods for making a genetically modified, humanized animal, can include the step of replacing at an endogenous CLDN1 locus (or site) , a nucleic acid sequence encoding a region of endogenous CLDN1 protein with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of human CLDN1 protein. The nucleic acid sequence includes a region (e.g., a part or the entire region) of exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, and / or exon 4 of a human CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence includes a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of a human CLDN1 encoding sequence (e.g., nucleic acids 331~876 of NM_021101.5) . In some embodiments, the region of human CLDN1 protein includes the first cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 1~7 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , the first transmembrane region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 8~28 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , the first extracellular region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 29~81 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , the second transmembrane region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 82~102 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , the second cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 103~115 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , the third transmembrane region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 116~136 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , the second extracellular region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 137~163 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , the fourth transmembrane region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 164~184 of SEQ ID NO: 2) , and / or the third cytoplasmic region of human CLDN1 (e.g., amino acids 185~211 of SEQ ID NO: 2) .
[0174] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence includes a region (e.g., a part or the entire region) of exon 1 exon 2, exon 3, and / or exon 4 of mouse CLDN1. In some embodiments, the sequence includes a portion of exon 1 and / or a portion of exon 4 of mouse CLDN1 gene (e.g., nucleic acids 1~303, and / or 850~3242 of NM_016674.4) .
[0175] In some embodiments, the methods of modifying a CLDN1 locus of a mouse to express a chimeric human / mouse CLDN1 peptide can include the steps of replacing at the endogenous mouse CLDN1 locus a nucleotide sequence encoding a mouse CLDN1 with a nucleotide sequence encoding a human CLDN1, thereby generating a sequence encoding a chimeric human / mouse CLDN1.
[0176] In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequences as described herein do not overlap with each other (e.g., the first nucleotide sequence, the second nucleotide sequence, and / or the third nucleotide sequence do not overlap) . In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences as described herein do not overlap with each other.
[0177] The present disclosure further provides a method for establishing a CLDN1 gene humanized animal model, involving the following steps:
[0178] (a) providing the cell (e.g. a fertilized egg cell) based on the methods described herein;
[0179] (b) culturing the cell in a liquid culture medium;
[0180] (c) transplanting the cultured cell to the fallopian tube or uterus of the recipient female non-human mammal, allowing the cell to develop in the uterus of the female non-human mammal;
[0181] (d) identifying the germline transmission in the offspring genetically modified humanized non-human mammal of the pregnant female in step (c) .
[0182] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal in the foregoing method is a mouse (e.g., a C57BL / 6 mouse) .
[0183] In some embodiments, the non-human mammal in step (c) is a female with pseudopregnancy (or false pregnancy) .
[0184] In some embodiments, the fertilized eggs for the methods described above are C57BL / 6 fertilized eggs. Other fertilized eggs that can also be used in the methods as described herein include, but are not limited to, FVB / N fertilized eggs, BALB / c fertilized eggs, DBA / 1 fertilized eggs and DBA / 2 fertilized eggs.
[0185] Fertilized eggs can come from any non-human animal, e.g., any non-human animal as described herein. In some embodiments, the fertilized egg cells are derived from rodents. The genetic construct can be introduced into a fertilized egg by microinjection of DNA. For example, by way of culturing a fertilized egg after microinjection, a cultured fertilized egg can be transferred to a false pregnant non-human animal, which then gives birth of a non-human mammal, so as to generate the non-human mammal mentioned in the methods described above.
[0186] In some embodiments, methods of making the genetically modified animal comprises modifying the coding frame of the non-human animal’s CLDN1 gene, e.g., by inserting a nucleotide sequence (e.g., DNA or cDNA sequence) encoding human or humanized CLDN1 protein, e.g., immediately after the endogenous regulatory element of the non-human animal’s CLDN1 gene. For example, one or more functional region sequences of the non-human animal’s CLDN1 gene can be knocked out, or inserted with a sequence, such that the non-human animal cannot express or expresses a decreased level of endogenous CLDN1 protein. In some embodiments, the coding frame of the modified non-human animal’s CLDN1 gene can be all or a portion of the nucleotide sequence from exon 1 to exon 4 of the non-human animal’s CLDN1 gene.
[0187] In some embodiments, methods of making the genetically modified animal comprises inserting a nucleotide sequence encoding human or humanized CLDN1 protein and / or an auxiliary sequence after the endogenous regulatory element of the non-human animal’s CLDN1 gene. In some embodiments, the auxiliary sequence can be a stop codon, such that the CLDN1 gene humanized animal model can express human or humanized CLDN1 protein in vivo, but does not express non-human animal’s CLDN1 protein. In some embodiments, the auxiliary sequence includes WPRE (WHP Posttranscriptional Response Element) , loxP, and / or polyA.
[0188] In some embodiments, the insertion refers to placing a target fragment directly between two adjacent bases without deleting nucleotides. For example, the target fragment can be a human CLDN1 gene, a humanized CLDN1 gene, a nucleotide sequence encoding a human or humanized CLDN1 protein, or a nucleotide sequence obtained by splicing human CLDN1 and non-human CLDN1 genes. In some embodiments, the target fragment can also be a partial nucleotide sequence of the human CLDN1 gene. Preferably, exon x+1 to exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene can be inserted adjacent to exon x of the CLDN1 gene of non-human animals. For example, exon 2 to exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene can be inserted adjacent to exon 1 of the CLDN1 gene of non-human animals; or exon 3 to exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene can be inserted adjacent to exon 2 of the CLDN1 gene of non-human animals.
[0189] In some embodiments, the method for making the genetically modified animal comprises:
[0190] (1) providing a plasmid comprising a human CLDN1 gene fragment (e.g., a human CLDN1 donor sequence) , flanked by a 5’ homologous arm and a 3’ homologous arm, wherein the 5’ and 3’ homologous arms target an endogenous CLDN1 gene;
[0191] (2) providing one or more small guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that target the endogenous CLDN1 gene;
[0192] (3) modifying genome of a fertilized egg or an embryonic stem cell by using the plasmid of step (1) , the sgRNAs of step (2) , and Cas9;
[0193] (4) transplanting the fertilized egg obtained in step (3) into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant female mouse or transplanting the embryonic stem cell obtained in step (3) into a blastocyst which is then transplanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant female mouse to produce a child mouse that functionally expresses a humanized CLDN1 protein; and
[0194] (5) mating the child mouse obtained in step (2) to obtain a homozygote mouse,
[0195] In some embodiments, the fertilized egg is modified by CRISPR with sgRNAs that target a 5’-terminal targeting site and a 3’-terminal targeting site.
[0196] In some embodiments, the sequence encoding the humanized CLDN1 protein is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element at the endogenous CLDN1 gene locus.
[0197] In some embodiments, the genetically-modified animal does not express an endogenous CLDN1 protein.
[0198] In some embodiments, the method for making the genetically modified animal comprises:
[0199] (1) providing a plasmid comprising a human or chimeric CLDN1 gene fragment (e.g., ahuman CLDN1 donor sequence) , flanked by a 5’ homologous arm and a 3’ homologous arm, wherein the 5’ and 3’ homologous arms target an endogenous CLDN1 gene;
[0200] (2) providing one or more small guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that target the endogenous CLDN1 gene; and
[0201] (3) modifying genome of a fertilized egg or an embryonic stem cell by inserting the human or chimeric CLDN1 gene fragment (e.g., a human CLDN1 donor sequence) into the genome.
[0202] Methods of using genetically modified animals
[0203] Replacement of non-human genes in a non-human animal with homologous or orthologous human genes or human sequences, at the endogenous non-human locus and under control of endogenous promoters, 5’-UTR, and / or any other regulatory elements, can result in a non-human animal with qualities and characteristics that may be substantially different from a typical knockout-plus-transgene animal. In the typical knockout-plus-transgene animal, an endogenous locus is removed or damaged and a fully human transgene is inserted into the animal's genome and presumably integrates at random into the genome. Typically, the location of the integrated transgene is unknown; expression of the human protein is measured by transcription of the human gene and / or protein assay and / or functional assay. Inclusion in the human transgene of upstream and / or downstream human sequences are apparently presumed to be sufficient to provide suitable support for expression and / or regulation of the transgene.
[0204] In some cases, the transgene with human regulatory elements expresses in a manner that is unphysiological or otherwise unsatisfactory, and can be actually detrimental to the animal. The disclosure demonstrates that a replacement with human sequence at an endogenous locus under control of endogenous regulatory elements provides a physiologically appropriate expression pattern and level that results in a useful humanized animal whose physiology with respect to the replaced gene are meaningful and appropriate in the context of the humanized animal's physiology.
[0205] Genetically modified animals that express human or humanized CLDN1 protein, e.g., in a physiologically appropriate manner, provide a variety of uses that include, but are not limited to, developing therapeutics for human diseases and disorders, and assessing the toxicity and / or the efficacy of these human therapeutics in the animal models.
[0206] In various aspects, genetically modified animals are provided that express human or humanized CLDN1, which are useful for testing therapeutic agents that can decrease or block the interaction between the interaction between CLDN1 and anti-human CLDN1 antibodies, testing whether a therapeutic agent can increase or decrease the immune response, and / or determining whether an agent is an CLDN1 agonist or antagonist. The genetically modified animals can be, e.g., an animal model of a human disease, e.g., the disease is induced genetically (a knock-in or knockout) . In various embodiments, the genetically modified non-human animals further comprise an impaired immune system, e.g., a non-human animal genetically modified to sustain or maintain a human xenograft, e.g., a human solid tumor (e.g., a solid tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, melanoma) or a blood cell tumor (e.g., a lymphocyte tumor) .
[0207] In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can be used for determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for the treatment of an CLDN1-related disorder, wherein the CLDN1-related disorder is a cancer (e.g., a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, melanoma) , an immune disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , or multiple sclerosis (MS) ) , or an inflammation (e.g., arthritis, hepatitis C or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ) . In some embodiments, the method includes administering the therapeutic agent to the animal as described herein, wherein the therapeutic agent is an CLDN1-targeting agent, e.g., an anti-CLDN1 antibody, or an CLDN1-inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., antisense, shRNA, siRNA, or double-stranded RNA) , and determining therapeutic effects of the therapeutic agent to the CLDN1-related disorder.
[0208] In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can be used for determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-CLDN1 antibody or an CLDN1-targeting drug (e.g., an CLDN1-inhibitory nucleic acid) ) for the treatment of cancer. In some embodiments, the methods involve administering the therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-human CLDN1 antibody or an CLDN1-targeting drug (e.g., an CLDN1-inhibitory nucleic acid) ) to the animal as described herein, wherein the animal has a cancer or tumor; and determining inhibitory effects of the therapeutic agent to the cancer or tumor. The inhibitory effects that can be determined include, e.g., a decrease of tumor size or tumor volume, a decrease of tumor growth, a reduction of the increase rate of tumor volume in a subject (e.g., as compared to the rate of increase in tumor volume in the same subject prior to treatment or in another subject without such treatment) , adecrease in the risk of developing a metastasis or the risk of developing one or more additional metastasis, an increase of survival rate, and an increase of life expectancy, etc. The tumor volume in a subject can be determined by various methods, e.g., as determined by direct measurement, MRI or CT.
[0209] In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more cancer cells (e.g., human or mouse cancer cells) that are injected into the animal. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN1 antibody activates CLDN1 signaling pathways. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN1 antibody does not activate CLDN1 signaling pathways. In some embodiments, the anti-CLDN1 antibody inhibits CLDN1 signaling pathways.
[0210] In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can be used for determining whether an anti-CLDN1 antibody is a CLDN1 agonist or antagonist. In some embodiments, the methods as described herein are also designed to determine the effects of the therapeutic agent (e.g., anti-CLDN1 antibodies) on CLDN1, whether the agent can upregulate the immune response or downregulate immune response, and / or whether the agent can induce complement mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) or antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) . In some embodiments, the genetically modified animals can be used for determining the effective dosage of a therapeutic agent for treating a disease in the subject, e.g., cancer.
[0211] The inhibitory effects on tumors can also be determined by methods known in the art, e.g., measuring the tumor volume in the animal, and / or determining tumor (volume) inhibition rate (TGITV) . The tumor growth inhibition rate can be calculated using the formula TGITV (%) = (1–TVt / TVc) ×100, where TVt and TVc are the mean tumor volume (or weight) of treated and control groups.
[0212] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-CLDN1 antibody or an CLDN1-targeting drug) is designed for treating various cancers. As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for autonomous growth, e.g., an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include all types of cancerous growths or oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues or malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. The term “tumor” as used herein refers to cancerous cells, e.g., a mass of cancerous cells. Cancers that can be treated or diagnosed using the methods described herein include malignancies of the various organ systems, such as affecting lung, breast, thyroid, lymphoid, gastrointestinal, and genito-urinary tract, as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, cancer of the small intestine and cancer of the esophagus. In some embodiments, the agents described herein are designed for treating or diagnosing a carcinoma in a subject. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues including respiratory system carcinomas, gastrointestinal system carcinomas, genitourinary system carcinomas, testicular carcinomas, breast carcinomas, prostatic carcinomas, endocrine system carcinomas, and melanomas. In some embodiments, the cancer is renal carcinoma or melanoma. Exemplary carcinomas include those forming from tissue of the cervix, lung, prostate, breast, head and neck, colon and ovary. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, e.g., which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation.
[0213] In some embodiments, the cancer described herein is lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, ovarian cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer, gastric cancer, bladder cancer, glioma, lung cancer, bronchial cancer, bone cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver and bile duct cancer, esophageal cancer, kidney cancer, thyroid cancer, head and neck cancer, testicular cancer, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, melanoma, myeloproliferation abnormal syndromes, and sarcomas. In some embodiments, the leukemia is selected from acute lymphocytic (lymphoblastic) leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. In some embodiments, the lymphoma is selected from Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, including B-cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. In some embodiments, the sarcoma is selected from the group consisting of osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, angiosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. In a specific embodiment, the tumor is non-small cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, gastric cancer, glioma.
[0214] In some embodiments, the cancer described herein is a solid tumor, blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, or leukemia.
[0215] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-CLDN1 antibody or an CLDN1-targeting drug) is designed for treating various autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) , ulcerative colitis, or scleroderma. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is designed for treating various immune disorders, e.g., asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis. Thus, the methods as described herein can be used to determine the effectiveness of a therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-CLDN1 antibody or an CLDN1-targeting drug) in inhibiting immune response. In some embodiments, the immune disorders described herein is graft versus host disease (GVHD) , psoriasis, allergy, asthma, myocarditis, nephritis, hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, hyperthyroidism, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune liver disease, diabetes, pain, or neurological disorders.
[0216] In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent (e.g., an anti-CLDN1 antibody or an CLDN1-targeting drug) is designed for treating various inflammations, e.g., hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis C) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) . In some embodiments, the inflammation described herein includes both acute inflammation and chronic inflammation. Specifically, the inflammation includes but not limited to degenerative inflammation, exudative inflammation (e.g., serous inflammation, fibrinous inflammation, suppurative inflammation, hemorrhagic inflammation, necrotic inflammation, catarrhal inflammation) , proliferative inflammation, specific inflammation (e.g., tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, or lymphogranuloma) .
[0217] The present disclosure also provides methods of determining toxicity of an antibody (e.g., anti-CLDN1 antibody) . The methods involve administering the antibody to the animal as described herein. The animal is then evaluated for its weight change, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and / or hemoglobin. In some embodiments, the antibody can decrease the red blood cells (RBC) , hematocrit, or hemoglobin by more than 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%. In some embodiments, the animals can have a weight that is at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40%smaller than the weight of the control group (e.g., average weight of the animals that are not treated with the antibody) .
[0218] The present disclosure also relates to the use of the animal model generated through the methods as described herein in the development of a product related to an immunization processes of human cells, the manufacturing of a human antibody, or the model system for a research in pharmacology, immunology, microbiology and medicine.
[0219] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides the use of the animal model generated through the methods as described herein in the production and utilization of an animal experimental disease model of an immunization processes involving human cells, the study on a pathogen, or the development of a new diagnostic strategy and / or a therapeutic strategy.
[0220] The disclosure also relates to the use of the animal model generated through the methods as described herein in the screening, verifying, evaluating or studying the CLDN1 gene function, human CLDN1 antibodies, drugs for human CLDN1 targeting sites, the drugs or efficacies for human CLDN1 targeting sites, the drugs for immune-related diseases and antitumor drugs.
[0221] In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method to verify in vivo efficacy of TCR-T, CAR-T, and / or other immunotherapies (e.g., T-cell adoptive transfer therapies) . For example, the methods include transplanting human tumor cells into the animal described herein, and applying human CAR-T to the animal with human tumor cells. Effectiveness of the CAR-T therapy can be determined and evaluated. In some embodiments, the animal is selected from the CLDN1 gene humanized non-human animal prepared by the methods described herein, the CLDN1 gene humanized non-human animal described herein, the double-or multi-humanized non-human animal generated by the methods described herein (or progeny thereof) , a non-human animal expressing the human or humanized CLDN1 protein, or the tumor-bearing or inflammatory animal models described herein. In some embodiments, the TCR-T, CAR-T, and / or other immunotherapies can treat the CLDN1-associated diseases described herein. In some embodiments, the TCA-T, CAR-T, and / or other immunotherapies provides an evaluation method for treating the CLDN1-associated diseases described herein.
[0222] Genetically modified animal model with two or more human or chimeric genes
[0223] The present disclosure further relates to methods for generating genetically modified animal model with two or more human or chimeric genes. The animal can comprise a human or chimeric CLDN1 gene and a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein.
[0224] In some embodiments, the additional human or chimeric protein can be Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) , 4-1BB, Cluster of Differentiation 40 (CD40) , T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) , CD27, CD28, B7 Homolog 3 (B7H3) , OX40, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) , and / or Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) .
[0225] The methods of generating genetically modified animal model with two or more human or chimeric genes (e.g., humanized genes) can include the following steps:
[0226] (a) using the methods of introducing human CLDN1 gene or chimeric CLDN1 gene as described herein to obtain a genetically modified non-human animal;
[0227] (b) mating the genetically modified non-human animal with another genetically modified non-human animal, and then screening the progeny to obtain a genetically modified non-human animal with two or more human or chimeric genes.
[0228] In some embodiments, in step (b) of the method, the genetically modified animal can be mated with a genetically modified non-human animal with human or chimeric LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, and / or CTLA4 gene. Some of these genetically modified non-human animals are described, e.g., in PCT / CN2017 / 090320, PCT / CN2017 / 099574, PCT / CN2017 / 099576, PCT / CN2022 / 113594, PCT / CN2021 / 095273, PCT / CN2022 / 096667, PCT / CN2020 / 113618, PCT / CN2019 / 128358, PCT / CN2020 / 128201, PCT / CN2022 / 131092, and PCT / CN2021 / 085053; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0229] In some embodiments, the CLDN1 humanization is directly performed on a genetically modified animal having a human or chimeric LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, and / or CTLA4.
[0230] As these proteins may involve different mechanisms, a combination therapy that targets two or more of these proteins thereof may be a more effective treatment. In fact, many related clinical trials are in progress and have shown a good effect. The genetically modified animal model with two or more human or humanized genes can be used for determining effectiveness of a combination therapy that targets two or more of these proteins, e.g., an anti-CLDN1 antibody and an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. The methods include administering the anti-CLDN1 antibody and the additional therapeutic agent to the animal, wherein the animal has a tumor; and determining the inhibitory effects of the combined treatment to the tumor. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an antibody that specifically binds to LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, and / or CTLA4. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-CTLA4 antibody (e.g., ipilimumab) , an anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab) , or an anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., antisense, shRNA, siRNA, or double-stranded RNA) that targets LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4, or any combination thereof.
[0231] In some embodiments, the animal further comprises a sequence encoding a human or humanized PD-1, a sequence encoding a human or humanized PD-L1, or a sequence encoding a human or humanized CTLA-4. In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab) , an anti-PD-L1 antibody, or an anti-CTLA-4 antibody. In some embodiments, the tumor comprises one or more tumor cells that express CD80, CD86, PD-L1, and / or PD-L2.
[0232] In some embodiments, the combination treatment is designed for treating various cancers as described herein, e.g., a solid tumor, gynecologic cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, or head and neck cancer.
[0233] In some embodiments, the methods described herein can be used to evaluate the combination treatment with some other methods. The methods of treating a cancer that can be used alone or in combination with methods described herein, include, e.g., treating the subject with chemotherapy, e.g., campothecin, doxorubicin, cisplatin, carboplatin, procarbazine, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, bisulfan, nitrosurea, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, bleomycin, plicomycin, mitomycin, etoposide, verampil, podophyllotoxin, tamoxifen, taxol, transplatinum, 5-flurouracil, vincristin, vinblastin, and / or methotrexate. Alternatively or in addition, the methods can include performing surgery on the subject to remove at least a portion of the cancer, e.g., to remove a portion of or all of a tumor (s) , from the patient.
[0234] EXAMPLES
[0235] The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
[0236] Materials and Methods
[0237] The following equipment and materials used in the following examples were obtained from several companies identified below:
[0238] C57BL / 6 mice and Flp recombinase transgenic mice were purchased from the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center.
[0239] EXAMPLE 1: Mice with humanized Claudin-1 (CLDN1) gene
[0240] In this example, a non-human animal (e.g., a mouse) was modified to include a nucleotide sequence encoding human or humanized CLDN1 protein, and the obtained genetically-modified non-human animal can express a human or humanized CLDN1 protein in vivo. Specifically, using gene-editing techniques, under control of mouse CLDN1 gene regulatory elements, a sequence from a portion of exon 1 to a portion of exon 4 of the mouse CLDN1 gene, about 12.5 kb, was replaced with a corresponding sequence from a portion of exon 1 to a portion of exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene, about 13.9kb. This resulted in a humanized CLDN1 gene locus.
[0241] The mouse CLDN1 gene (NCBI Gene ID: 12737) is located at 26175395 to 26190589 of chromosome 16 (NC_000082.7) , and the human CLDN1 gene (NCBI Gene ID: 9076) is located at 190305707 to 190322446 of chromosome 3 (NC_000003.12) . The mouse CLDN1 transcript is NM_016674.4, and the corresponding protein sequence NP_057883.1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. The human CLDN1 transcript is NM_021101.5, and the corresponding protein sequence NP_066924.1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0242] To implement the targeting strategy, a targeting vector was constructed. The targeting vector contains homologous arm sequences upstream and downstream of the mouse CLDN1 gene, and an “A Fragment” containing DNA sequences of the human CLDN1 gene. Specifically, sequence of the upstream 5’ homologous arm (5’ homologous arm, SEQ ID NO: 3) is identical to nucleotide sequence at positions 26190287 to 26193238 of NCBI accession number NC_000082.7, and sequence of the downstream 3’ homologous arm (3’ homologous arm, SEQ ID NO: 4) is identical to nucleotide sequence at positions 26174590 to 26177787 of NCBI accession number NC_000082.7. The nucleotide sequence of the human CLDN1 gene fragment (SEQ ID NO: 5) is identical to nucleotide sequence at positions 190308277 to 190322116 of NCBI accession number NC_000003.12. The connection between the upstream of the human CLDN1 gene fragment and the mouse sequence was designed as: (SEQ ID NO: 6) , wherein the last “G” in sequence “AGTGG” is the last nucleotide of the mouse sequence, and the first “A” in sequence is the first nucleotide of the human sequence. The connection between the downstream of the human CLDN1 gene fragment and the mouse sequence was designed as (without the Neo cassette) : (SEQ ID NO: 7) , wherein the last “A” in sequence “TGTGA” is the last nucleotide of the human sequence, and the first “C” in sequence is the first nucleotide of the mouse sequence.
[0243] The targeting vector also includes a resistance gene for positive clone selection, namely the neomycin phosphotransferase coding sequence (Neo) , flanked by two site-specific recombination system Frt recombination sites arranged in the same direction, forming a Neo cassette. The connection between the 5’ end of the Neo cassette and the human sequence was designed as: (SEQ ID NO: 8) , wherein the last “C” in sequence “GTAAC” is the last nucleotide of the human sequence, and the first “G” in sequence is the first nucleotide of the Neo cassette. The connection between the 3’ end of the Neo cassette and the human sequence was designed as: (SEQ ID NO: 9) , wherein the last “T” in sequence “CAACT” is the last nucleotide of the Neo cassette, and the first “A” in sequence is the first nucleotide of the human sequence. The mRNA sequence of the engineered humanized mouse CLDN1 is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, and its encoded protein sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0244] The targeting vector was constructed, e.g., by restriction enzyme digestion and ligation. The constructed targeting vector sequences were preliminarily confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion, and then verified by sequencing. Embryonic stem cells of C57BL / 6 mice were transfected by electroporation with the targeting vector that had been verified as correct. The obtained cells were screened using a positive clone selection marker gene to identify the correct positive clone cells. The correct positive clone cells (black mice) were introduced into isolated blastocysts (white mice) using techniques known in the art. The resulting chimeric blastocysts were briefly cultured in a medium and then transplanted into the fallopian tubes of recipient female mice (white mice) , producing F0 generation chimeric mice (black and white) . The F0 chimeric mice were backcrossed with wild-type mice to obtain F1 generation mice. The F1 heterozygous mice were then interbred to produce F2 generation homozygous mice. Additionally, positive (e.g., heterozygous) mice were mated with Flp tool mice to remove the positive clone selection marker gene, and subsequent interbreeding produced CLDN1 gene humanized homozygous mice.
[0245] The genotype of somatic cells in F1 generation mice was identified using the PCR method. PCR identification was performed using the primers described in the table below. Exemplary results are shown in FIGs. 3A-3B. Based on the PCR and sequencing results, the two mice numbered F1-1 and F1-2 were positive mice. This indicated that this method can be used to construct CLDN1 gene humanized mice that can be stably passed on without random insertion.
[0246] Table 3. PCR primer sequences and target fragment size
[0247] The expression of mRNA in CLDN1 gene humanized mice was detected by RT-PCR. Specifically, one 6-week-old C57BL / 6 mouse (+ / +) and one 6-week-old male CLDN1 gene humanized homozygous (H / H) mouse prepared in this study were selected. After euthanasia by cervical dislocation, liver tissue was collected, and RT-PCR detection was performed using the primer sequences shown in the table below. The results are shown in FIG. 4. As can be seen from FIG. 4, only mouse CLDN1 mRNA was detected in the wild-type C57BL / 6 mouse, and no human CLDN1 mRNA was detected; in the CLDN1 gene humanized homozygous mouse, only human CLDN1 mRNA was detected.
[0248] Table 4. RT-PCR primer sequences and target fragment size
[0249] Additionally, the expression of human CLDN1 protein in CLDN1 humanized was detected using conventional methods, e.g., flow cytometry. Specifically, one 6-week-old male C57BL / 6 mouse (+ / +) and one 6-week-old male CLDN1 gene humanized homozygous (H / H) mouse prepared in this study were selected. After euthanasia (e.g., by cervical dislocation) , liver tissue was collected. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the expression of human or humanized CLDN1 protein using anti-mouse CD45 antibody (e.g., Brilliant Violet 510TM anti-mouse CD45 (mCD45) ) , anti-human CLDN1 antibody (e.g., Anti-CLDN1-analogs-1 (hCLDN1-1) ) , and anti-human CLDN1 antibody (e.g., Anti-CLDN1-analogs-2 (hCLDN1-2) ) for staining.
[0250] The results showed that there were 1.25%positive cells (characterized as mCD45-hCLDN1-1+) in the liver tissue of wild-type C57BL / 6 mice, and 20.9%positive cells (characterized as mCD45-hCLDN1-1+) in the liver tissue of CLDN1 gene humanized homozygous mice. Additionally, there were 1.90%positive cells (characterized as mCD45-hCLDN1-2+) in the liver tissue of wild-type C57BL / 6 mice, and 16.5%positive cells (characterized as mCD45-hCLDN1-2+) in the liver tissue of CLDN1 gene humanized homozygous mice. Combined with the above RT-PCR results, it was demonstrated that the CLDN1 gene humanized homozygous mice can successfully express human CLDN1 protein.
[0251] EXAMPLE 2: In vivo efficacy verification
[0252] The CLDN1 humanized mice produced by the disclosed methods can be used to evaluate the efficacy of human CLDN1-targeting modulators in treating tumors. For example, homozygous CLDN1 humanized mice can be subcutaneously inoculated with MC38 cells. When the tumor volume grows to approximately 100 mm3, the mice can be divided into control and treatment groups based on tumor volume. The treatment group is administered a human CLDN1-targeting drug, while the control group is injected with an equal volume of saline. Tumor volume and mouse body weight can be measured regularly. By comparing changes in mouse body weight and tumor size, the in vivo safety and efficacy of the compound can be effectively evaluated.
[0253] EXAMPLE 3: Generation of double-or multi-gene humanized mice
[0254] The methods described herein or the CLDN1 gene humanized mice produced by the disclosed methods can also be used to create multi-humanized mouse models. For example, in Example 1, the embryonic stem cells used for microinjection can be obtained from mice containing at least one gene modification such as modified (e.g., human or humanized) LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4. Alternatively, based on the humanized CLDN1 mice, double or multi-humanized mouse models can be obtained using isolated mouse embryonic stem cells and gene recombination targeting techniques. CLDN1 homozygous or heterozygous mice obtained by the methods described herein can also be crossed with other gene-modified mice. Their offspring can be screened, and according to Mendelian inheritance, there is a certain probability of obtaining multi-gene modified mice with humanized CLDN1 gene and other gene modifications. Interbreeding these heterozygous mice can produce homozygous mice with double or multiple gene modifications.
[0255] OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0256] It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.A genetically-modified, non-human animal whose genome comprises at least one chromosome comprising a sequence encoding a human or chimeric Claudin-1 (CLDN1) .2.The animal of claim 1, wherein the sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element (e.g., endogenous 5’-UTR and / or 3’-UTR) at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus in the at least one chromosome.3.The animal of claim 1 or 2, wherein the sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 is operably linked to a human or chimeric regulatory element at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus in the at least one chromosome.4.The animal of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 comprises a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to human CLDN1 (NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) or SEQ ID NO: 11.5.The animal of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the animal is a mammal, e.g., a monkey, a rodent, a mouse, or a rat.6.The animal of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the animal is a mouse.7.The animal of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the animal does not express endogenous CLDN1 or expresses a decreased level of endogenous CLDN1 as compared to CLDN1 expression level in a wild-type animal.8.The animal of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the animal has one or more cells expressing human or chimeric CLDN1.9.A genetically-modified, non-human animal, wherein the genome of the animal comprises a replacement of a sequence encoding a region of an endogenous CLDN1 with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of a human CLDN1 at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus.10.The animal of claim 9, wherein the sequence encoding a corresponding region of the human CLDN1 is operably linked to an endogenous, a human, or a chimeric regulatory element at the endogenous CLDN1 locus, and one or more cells of the animal expresses a human or chimeric CLDN1.11.The animal of claim 9 or 10, wherein the animal does not express the endogenous CLDN1 or expresses a decreased level of the endogenous CLDN1 as compared to the CLDN1 expression level in a wild-type animal.12.The animal of any one of claims 9-11, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of a human CLDN1 gene.13.The animal of any one of claims 9-12, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene.14.The animal of any one of claims 9-13, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5.15.The animal of any one of claims 9-14, wherein the sequence encoding a region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of the endogenous CLDN1 gene.16.The animal of any one of claims 9-15, wherein the sequence encoding a region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the endogenous CLDN1 gene.17.The animal of any one of claims 9-16, wherein the animal expresses an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to human CLDN1 (NP_066924.1 (SEQ ID NO: 2) ) .18.The animal of any one of claims 9-16, wherein the animal expresses an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.19.The animal of any one of claims 9-18, wherein the animal is a mouse.20.The animal of any one of claims 9-19, wherein the animal is heterozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous CLDN1 gene locus.21.The animal of any one of claims 9-20, wherein the animal is homozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous CLDN1 gene locus.22.A non-human animal comprising one or more cells comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide, wherein the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide comprises at least 50, 100, 150, 180, 181, 185, 190, 200, or 211 contiguous amino acid residues that are identical to a corresponding contiguous amino acid sequence of a human CLDN1 polypeptide, wherein the animal expresses the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide.23.The animal of claim 22, wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element of the animal, a human regulatory element, or a chimeric regulatory element.24.The animal of claim 22 or 23, wherein the nucleotide sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide is integrated to an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus of the animal.25.The animal of any one of claims 22-24, wherein the animal is a mouse, wherein the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide has at least one mouse CLDN1 activity and / or at least one human CLDN1 activity.26.A method for making a genetically-modified, non-human animal, comprising:replacing a sequence encoding a region of an endogenous CLDN1 with a sequence encoding a corresponding region of a human CLDN1, at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus, in at least one cell of the animal.27.The method of claim 26, wherein the animal does not express the endogenous CLDN1 or expresses a decreased level of endogenous CLDN1 as compared to CLDN1 expression level in a wild-type animal.28.The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the sequence encoding a corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of a human CLDN1 gene.29.The method of any one of claims 26-28, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene.30.The method of any one of claims 26-29, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 is at least 70%, 75, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5.31.The method of any one of claims 26-30, wherein the replaced endogenous CLDN1 gene locus encodes an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.32.The method of any one of claims 26-31, wherein the sequence encoding a region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of the endogenous CLDN1 gene.33.The method of any one of claims 26-32, wherein the sequence encoding the region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the endogenous CLDN1 gene.34.The method of any one of claims 26-33, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of human CLDN1 is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element, e.g., a promoter and / or 5’-UTR.35.The method of any one of claims 26-34, wherein the animal is a mammal, e.g., a monkey, a rodent, a mouse, or a rat.36.The method of any one of claims 26-35, wherein the animal is a mouse.37.The method of any one of claims 26-36, wherein the animal is heterozygous or homozygous with respect to the replacement at the endogenous CLDN1 gene locus.38.A method of making a genetically-modified animal cell that expresses a human or chimeric CLDN1, the method comprising:replacing a nucleotide sequence encoding a region of an endogenous CLDN1, at an endogenous CLDN1 gene locus, with a nucleotide sequence encoding a corresponding region of a human CLDN1, thereby generating a genetically-modified animal cell that includes a nucleotide sequence that encodes the human or chimeric CLDN1.39.The method of claim 38, wherein the sequence encoding a corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of a human CLDN1 gene.40.The method of claim 38 or 39, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the human CLDN1 gene.41.The method of any one of claims 38-40, wherein the sequence encoding the corresponding region of the human CLDN1 is at least 70%, 75, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5.42.The method of any one of claims 38-41, wherein the nucleotide sequence encodes an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11.43.The method of any one of claims 38-42, wherein the sequence encoding a region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises exon 1, exon 2, exon 3, exon 4, or a portion thereof, of the endogenous CLDN1 gene.44.The method of any one of claims 38-43, wherein the sequence encoding the region of the endogenous CLDN1 comprises a portion of exon 1, the entire exons 2~3, and a portion of exon 4 of the endogenous CLDN1.45.The method of any one of claims 38-44, wherein the sequence encoding the human or chimeric CLDN1 polypeptide is operably linked to an endogenous regulatory element, e.g., a promoter and / or 5’-UTR.46.The method of any one of claims 38-45, wherein the animal is a mouse.47.The animal of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the animal further comprises a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein.48.The animal of claim 47, wherein the additional human or chimeric protein is one or more selected from the group consisting of Lymphocyte-activation gene3 (LAG3) , 4-1BB, Cluster of Differentiation 40 (CD40) , T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) , CD27, CD28, B7 Homolog 3 (B7H3) , OX40, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , programmed death-ligand1 (PD-L1) , and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) .49.The method of any one of claims 26-46, wherein the animal further comprises a sequence encoding an additional human or chimeric protein.50.The method of claim 49, wherein the additional human or chimeric protein is one or more selected from the group consisting of LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4.51.A method of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, comprising:a) administering the therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-25, 47, and 48, wherein the animal has a tumor; andb) determining inhibitory effects of the therapeutic agent to the tumor.52.The method of claim 51, wherein the therapeutic agent is an anti-CLDN1 antibody (e.g., an anti-human CLDN1 antibody) .53.The method of claim 51 or 52, wherein the tumor comprises one or more cancer cells that are injected into the animal.54.The method of any one of claims 51-53, wherein determining inhibitory effects of the anti-CLDN1 antibody to the tumor involves measuring the tumor volume in the animal.55.The method of any one of claims 51-54, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma.56.A method of determining effectiveness of an anti-CLDN1 antibody and an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer, comprisinga) administering the anti-CLDN1 antibody and the additional therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-25, 47, and 48, wherein the animal has a tumor; andb) determining inhibitory effects on the tumor.57.The method of claim 56, wherein the animal further comprises a sequence encoding a human or chimeric PD-1, a human or chimeric PD-L1, and / or a human or chimeric CTLA4.58.The method of claim 56 or 57, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-PD-1 antibody, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, or an anti-CTLA4 antibody.59.The method of any one of claims 56-58, wherein the tumor comprises one or more tumor cells that express PD-L1.60.The method of any one of claims 56-59, wherein the tumor comprises one or more tumor cells that are injected into the animal.61.The method of any one of claims 56-60, wherein determining inhibitory effects of the treatment involves measuring the tumor volume in the animal.62.The method of any one of claims 56-61, wherein the animal has a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma.63.A method of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for treatment an immune disorder (e.g., an autoimmune disease) , comprising:a) administering the therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-25, 47, and 48, wherein the animal has the immune disorder; andb) determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the immune disorder.64.The method of claim 63, wherein the immune disorder (e.g., an autoimmune disease) comprises atopic dermatitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , or multiple sclerosis (MS) .65.A method of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for reducing an inflammation, comprising:a) administering the therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-25, 47, and 48, wherein the animal has the inflammation; andb) determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the inflammation.66.The method of claim 65, wherein the inflammation is hepatitis (e.g., hepatitis C) or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) .67.A method of determining toxicity of a therapeutic agent comprising:(a) administering the therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-25, 47, and 48; and(b) determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the animal.68.The method of claim 67, wherein the therapeutic agent is an anti-CLDN1 antibody.69.The method of claim 67 or 68, wherein determining effects of the therapeutic agent to the animal involves measuring the body weight, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and / or hemoglobin of the animal.70.A protein comprising an amino acid sequence, wherein the amino acid sequence is one of the following:(a) an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11;(b) an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11;(c) an amino acid sequence that is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11;(d) an amino acid sequence that is different from the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 amino acid; or(e) an amino acid sequence that comprises a substitution, a deletion and / or insertion of one, two, three, four, five or more amino acids to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, or 11.71.A nucleic acid comprising a nucleotide sequence, wherein the nucleotide sequence is one of the following:(a) a sequence that encodes the protein of claim 70;(b) SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10;(c) a sequence that is at least 90%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10; or(d) a sequence that is at least 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 10.72.A cell comprising the protein of claim 70 and / or the nucleic acid of claim 71.73.An animal comprising the protein of claim 70 and / or the nucleic acid of claim 71.74.A method of determining effectiveness of a therapeutic agent for the treatment of an CLDN1-related disorder, comprising:(a) administering the therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-25, 47, and 48, wherein the animal has the CLDN1-related disorder; and(b) determining therapeutic effects of the therapeutic agent to the CLDN1-related disorder, wherein the CLDN1-related disorder is a cancer (e.g., a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, or breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma) , an immune disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis) , or an inflammation (e.g., hepatitis C or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ) .75.The method of claim 74, wherein the therapeutic agent is an CLDN1-targeting agent.76.The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the CLDN1-targeting agent is an anti-CLDN1 antibody (e.g., an anti-human CLDN1 antibody) .77.The method of any one of claims 74-66, wherein the CLDN1-targeting agent is an CLDN1-inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., antisense, shRNA, siRNA, or double-stranded RNA) .78.A method of determining effectiveness of an anti-CLDN1 antibody and an additional therapeutic agent for the treatment of an CLDN1-related disorder, comprising(a) administering the anti-CLDN1 antibody and the additional therapeutic agent to the animal of any one of claims 1-25, 47, and 48 wherein the animal has the CLDN1-related disorder; and(b) determining inhibitory effects on the CLDN1-related disorder,wherein the CLDN1-related disorder is a cancer (e.g., a solid tumor, a blood tumor, head and neck cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, or melanoma) , an immune disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or multiple sclerosis) , or an inflammation (e.g., hepatitis C or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ) .79.The method of claim 78, wherein the animal further comprises a sequence encoding Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) , 4-1BB, Cluster of Differentiation 40 (CD40) , T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) , CD27, CD28, B7 Homolog 3 (B7H3) , OX40, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) , programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) , Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) , or any combination thereof.80.The method of claim 78 or 79, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an antibody (e.g., an anti-human antibody) that binds to LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4, or any combination thereof.81.The method of any one of claims 78-80, wherein the additional therapeutic agent is an inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., antisense, shRNA, siRNA, or double-stranded RNA) that targets LAG3, 4-1BB, CD40, TIGIT, CD27, CD28, B7H3, OX40, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4, or any combination thereof.