Combination therapy comprising a PD-1 / PD-l1 and VEGF / vegfr binding agent and a chemotherapy for cancer treatment
A bispecific antibody targeting PD-L1 and VEGF in combination with chemotherapy addresses the limitations of ICI therapies in low PD-L1 expression cancers, enhancing survival outcomes by eliciting an effective immune response.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/081278
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-10-15
- Filing Date
- 2025-03-07
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-11
AI Technical Summary
Current immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies targeting the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway, including combinations with chemotherapy, yield unsatisfactory responses in cancer subjects with low PD-L1 expression, leading to poor prognosis and limited progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).
A combination therapy involving a bispecific antibody that binds to PD-L1 and VEGF, antagonizing their interactions, administered with chemotherapy, particularly effective for subjects with low PD-L1 expression, as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥1, to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
The combination therapy significantly improves progression-free survival and overall survival in cancer patients with low PD-L1 expression by eliciting a therapeutically effective immune response.
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Figure PCTCN2025081278-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025081278-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025081278-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMBINATION THERAPY COMPRISING A PD-1 / PD-L1 AND VEGF / VEGFR BINDING AGENT AND A CHEMOTHERAPY FOR CANCER TREATMENTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The invention inter alia relates to methods for treating cancer in a subject using a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction (which can, e.g., be a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) ) in combination with a chemotherapy agent, optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of ≥1 when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm. The invention further concerns a method for determining whether a cancer in a subject is susceptible to treatment with the above-mentioned binding agent and a chemotherapy agent, wherein the method comprises detecting in a sample of the subject the PD-L1 expression before the treatment by CPS or another integrating scoring algorithm, wherein a CPS of ≥ 1 indicates that the subject is susceptible to the treatment, or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has dramatically changed the treatment landscape for cancer subjects. Immune checkpoint therapies targeting the PD-1: PD-L1 pathway have resulted in groundbreaking improvements in clinical response in multiple human cancers (Brahmer et al., N Engl J Med 2012, 366: 2455-65; Garon et al. N Engl J Med 2015, 372: 2018-28; Hamid et al, N Engl J Med 2013, 369: 134-44; Robert et al, Lancet 2014, 384: 1109-17; Robert et al, N Engl J Med 2015, 372: 2521-32; Robert et al., N Engl J Med 2015 , 372: 320-30; Topalian et al, N Engl J Med 2012, 366: 2443-54; Topalian et al, J Clin Oncol 2014, 32: 1020-30; Wolchok et al, N Engl J Med 2013, 369: 122-33) .
[0003] Numerous studies have found higher response rates and more favorable survival outcomes when subjects were treated with ICI therapy in combination with chemotherapy as compared with the conventional chemotherapy alone.
[0004] Despite these promising improvements, response to ICI treatment is not guaranteed in all cancer subjects. Predictive biomarkers, such as scoring PD-L1 expression in cancer tissue, are therefore sometimes used to evaluate the likelihood to respond to ICI treatment alone or in combination with chemotherapy, thereby defining treatment-eligible patient groups (Ulas, Ezgi B et al. “Predictive Value of Combined Positive Score and Tumour Proportion Score for Immunotherapy Response in Advanced NSCLC. ” JTO clinical and research reports vol. 4, 9 100532.25 May. 2023, doi: 10.1016 / j. jtocrr. 2023.100532) .
[0005] Cancer types are scored for PD-L1 expression for example by using the combined positive score (CPS) , which covers the PD-L1 expression on both the tumour cells and the immune cells in the tumour microenvironment. Studies have explored the relationship between the expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and prognosis in cancer, and high PD-L1 expression determined by immunohistochemistry is suggested to be a predictive biomarker of response to immunotherapy in several cancers (Cortes J, Rugo HS, Cescon DW, et al. Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy in Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387 (3) : 217-226. Doi: 10.1056 / NEJMoa2202809, Chen, Xiao-Jiang et al. “Prognostic Significance of PD-L1 Expression in Gastric Cancer Subjects with Peritoneal Metastasis. ” Biomedicines vol. 11, 7 2003.15 Jul. 2023, doi: 10.3390 / biomedicines11072003) . High expression of PD-L1 on tumour cells is at the same time, however, associated with poor prognosis in cancer subjects.
[0006] Currently used ICI therapy targeting the PD-1: PD-L1 pathway alone or in combination with chemotherapy leads to unsatisfactory responses especially in subjects having a low PD-L1 expression on cancer cells.
[0007] For example, the approved anti-PD-L1 antibody pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy regime is currently considered the standard of care (SOC) in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic TNBC whose tumours express PD-L1 with a CPS score of ≥10; and clinically significant improvements have been observed in progression-free survival (PFS) (9.7 months for pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus 5.6 months for chemotherapy alone) and overall survival (OS) (23.0 months for pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus 16.1 months for chemotherapy alone) . However, these benefits have not been observed in patients with a CPS of <10. For this patient group, the SOC remains chemotherapy alone, with a median PFS of only about 6 months and a median OS of about 16 months (Cortes et al. 2022) .
[0008] There is therefore an unmet need for improved methods for the treatment of cancer and specific cancer types, respectively, on a general level, and in particular for cancers having a low PD-L1 expression score for which the SOC momentarily is chemotherapy alone with associated poor prognosis of PFS.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] Against the aforementioned background, it is an object of the present invention to provide effective pharmacological means to treat cancer, preferably cancer having a low PD-L1 expression (score) in a subject. It is also an object of the present invention to provide pharmacological means to elicit a therapeutically effective immune response for the treatment of cancer, preferably cancer having a low PD-L1 expression (score) .
[0010] These and other objects are achieved by the invention set forth in the claims and embodiments explained in more detail below.
[0011] The invention provides a method of treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and b. a chemotherapy agent.
[0012] In an embodiment of the method, the binding agent is administered in an effective amount and the chemotherapy agent is administered in an effective amount.
[0013] The invention further provides a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction for use in a method of treating cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. the binding agent; and b. a chemotherapy agent.
[0014] In an embodiment of the binding agent for use, the binding agent is administered in an effective amount and the chemotherapy agent is administered in an effective amount.
[0015] The invention further provides a chemotherapy agent for use in a method of treating cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject a. a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and b. the chemotherapy agent.
[0016] In an embodiment of the chemotherapy agent for use, the binding agent is administered in an effective amount and the chemotherapy agent is administered in an effective amount.
[0017] The invention further provides a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and a chemotherapy agent for use in a method of treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. the binding agent; and b. the chemotherapy agent.
[0018] In an embodiment of the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent, the binding agent is administered in an effective amount and the chemotherapy agent is administered in an effective amount.
[0019] In an embodiment, the invention provides a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. the bispecific antibody; and b. a chemotherapy, preferably a chemotherapy agent; optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score.
[0020] In other words, the present application provides in an embodiment a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. the bispecific antibody; and b. a chemotherapy, preferably a chemotherapy agent.
[0021] It can be preferred that the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score.
[0022] Furthermore, the invention concerns in an embodiment a method of treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF in combination with chemotherapy, optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score.
[0023] In other words, the present application provides in an embodiment a method of treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF in combination with chemotherapy. It can be preferred that the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score.
[0024] The invention also concerns in an embodiment a chemotherapy agent for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF; and b. the chemotherapy agent; optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score.
[0025] In some embodiments of the invention, there is provided use of a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF and a chemotherapy agent in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer in a subject, the use comprising administering to the subject: a. the bispecific antibody; and b. the chemotherapy agent.
[0026] In some embodiments of the invention, there is provided use of a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer in a subject, the use comprising administering to the subject: a. the bispecific antibody; and b. a chemotherapy agent.
[0027] In some embodiments of the invention, there is provided use of a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF and a chemotherapy agent in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer in a subject, the use comprising administering to the subject: a. the bispecific antibody; and b. the chemotherapy agent.
[0028] In some embodiments of the invention, there is provided use of a chemotherapy agent in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer in a subject, the use comprising administering to the subject: a. a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF; and b. the chemotherapy agent.
[0029] The invention is concerned with a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and a chemotherapy agent for use as medicament, wherein the chemotherapy agent is selected from the group consisting of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine or gemcitabine, (iii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed or methotrexate; (iv) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or docetaxel; (v) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably an anthracycline, topotecan, irinotecan or etoposide; (vi) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably vinorelbine, ixabepilone or eribuline; and (vii) combinations thereof.
[0030] The invention is further concerned with a composition comprising a. a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and b. a chemotherapy agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine or gemcitabine, (iii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed or methotrexate; (iv) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or docetaxel; (v) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably an anthracycline, topotecan, irinotecan or etoposide; (vi) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably vinorelbine, ixabepilone or eribuline; and (vii) combinations thereof.
[0031] In an embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
[0032] The invention is further concerned with a kit comprising a. a composition comprising a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and b. a composition comprising a chemotherapy agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine or gemcitabine, (iii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed or methotrexate; (iv) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or docetaxel; (v) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably an anthracycline, topotecan, irinotecan or etoposide; (vi) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably vinorelbine, ixabepilone or eribuline; and (vii) combinations thereof.
[0033] In an embodiment, each composition of the kit is a pharmaceutical composition. As noted below, the composition comprising a chemotherapy agent may be more than one composition, namely if the chemotherapy agent is a combination of chemotherapy agents and each chemotherapy agent of the combination may be provided in a separate composition.
[0034] Further, the invention also provides in an embodiment a kit of parts comprising the bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF and a chemotherapy agent.
[0035] A kit of the invention typically includes instructions.
[0036] The invention also concerns a method for determining whether a cancer in a subject is susceptible to treatment with a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and a chemotherapy agent, wherein the method comprises detecting in a sample of the subject the PD-L1 expression before the treatment by determining the combined positive scope (CPS) or another score, preferably the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , wherein a CPS of ≥ 1 indicates a PD-L1 expression that renders the subject susceptible to treatment with the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy, or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm, preferably when determined by the TAP score or the TPS, more preferably when determined by the TAP score.
[0037] The invention also concerns in an embodiment a method for determining whether a cancer in a subject is susceptible to treatment with a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF and a chemotherapy, wherein the method comprises detecting in a sample of the subject a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score, wherein the CPS of ≥ 1 indicates that the subject is susceptible to treatment with the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0038] Fig. 1. (A) - (C) depicts boxplots of AUCtau, ss by 20 mg / kg Q2W (A) versus 1200 mg Q2W (B) or 1500 mg Q2W (C) dosing regimens. N is the number of participants; the x-axis represents baseline body weight, the horizontal line at the center of the box is the median of AUCtau, ss, the box represents the inter-quartile distance, and the whiskers represent ≤1.5 times the inter-quartile range (75th -25th quartile) . The number at the top of the figure represents the number of participants included in each category. Abbreviations: AUCtau, ss = area under the curve during the dosing interval at steady-state; N = number; Q2W = every two weeks.
[0039] Fig. 2 (A) depicts boxplots of AUCtau, ss for 30 mg / kg Q3W versus 2100 mg Q3W dosing regimens. N is the number of simulated patients in the different body weight ranges as indicated; the x-axis represents baseline body weight, the horizontal line at the center of the box is the median of AUCtau, ss, the box represents the inter-quartile distance, and the whiskers represent ≤1.5 times the inter-quartile range (75th -25th quartile) .
[0040] Fig. 2 (B) depicts boxplots of cmax, ss for 30 mg / kg Q3W versus 2100 mg Q3W dosing regimens. N is the number of simulated patients in the different body weight ranges as indicated; the x-axis represents baseline body weight, the horizontal line at the center of the box is the median of cmax, ss, the box represents the inter-quartile distance, and the whiskers represent ≤1.5 times the inter-quartile range (75th -25th quartile) .
[0041] Fig. 2 (C) depicts boxplots of cmin, ss for 30 mg / kg Q3W versus 2100 mg Q3W dosing regimens. N is the number of simulated patients in the different body weight ranges as indicated; the x-axis represents baseline body weight, the horizontal line at the center of the box is the median of cmin, ss, the box represents the inter-quartile distance, and the whiskers represent ≤1.5 times the inter-quartile range (75th -25th quartile) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0042] Although certain embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments, methodologies, protocols and reagents described herein as these may vary within the scope set by the claims. It is also to be understood that terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which is defined by the appended claims. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0043] In the following description, certain elements of the present invention will be described. These elements may be discussed with specific embodiments, however, it should be understood that they may be combined in any manner and in any number to create additional embodiments. The variously described examples, features and particular embodiments should not be construed to limit the present invention to only the explicitly described embodiments or to the explicitly described combination of features. This description should be understood to disclose and encompass embodiments which combine the explicitly described embodiments with any number of the disclosed and / or preferred elements. Furthermore, any permutations and combinations of all described elements in this application should be considered disclosed by this description unless the context indicates otherwise.
[0044] The above objects are achieved by the following embodiments in accordance with the invention: 1. A bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. the bispecific antibody; and b. a chemotherapy, preferably a chemotherapy agent; optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score; or optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of ≥1 when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm. 2. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 1, wherein the other integrating scoring algorithms are selected from TAP and TPS; or wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of ≥1 when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , preferably when determined by the tumour area positivity (TAP) score. 3. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the CPS has been determined in a test sample of the subject by determining the number of PD-L1 staining cells (tumour cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the CPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells as well as (tumour infiltrating) lymphocytes and macrophages; and / or (iii) PD-L1 staining cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody 22C3) ; and / or (iv) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or (v) the number of PD-L1 staining cells is the sum of PD-L1 staining tumour cells, PD-L1 staining lymphocytes and PD-L1 staining macrophages. 4. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 3, wherein the PD-L1 staining cells are tumour cells with partial or complete linear membrane staining that is perceived distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and lymphocytes and macrophages within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining. 5. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 3, wherein the PD-L1 staining cells are tumour cells with partial or complete linear membrane staining that is perceived distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and lymphocytes and macrophages within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining. 6. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the PD- L1 expression score has been determined using a TAP scoring algorithm in a test sample of the subject by determining the percentage of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells per tumour area in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TAP for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer sample; and / or; (ii) the tumour area is the area occupied by all viable tumour cells and the tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells; and / or (iii) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody SP263) ; and / or (iv) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells means the area covered by such PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells; and / or (v) %PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells / tumour area means the area of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells relative to the tumour area expressed as %. 7. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 6, wherein the tumour area is determined using a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. 8. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 6 or 7, wherein the PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are PD-L1 staining cells with partial or complete linear membrane staining that is perceived distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and immune cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining. 9. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the PD- L1 expression score has been determined using a TPS scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the number of viable tumour cells positive for PD-L1 and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or; (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells; and / or (iii) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or (iv) PD-L1 positive cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining. 10. The bispecific antibody for use according to any one of embodiments 3 to 9, wherein the cancer tissue sample is a tissue section of a tumour biopsy. 11. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the PD- L1 expression is detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. 12. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 10 or 11, wherein the tissue section is a formalin fixed and embedded in paraffin wax (FFPE) tissue section. 13. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 10-12, wherein the tissue section is stained. 14. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 13, wherein the stain comprises a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, preferably wherein the viability dye is propidium iodide. 15. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 3-14, wherein the number of viable tumour cells in the tumour tissue sample is determined by flow cytometry. 16. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy are separately administered. 17. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein a dosage of the bispecific antibody and a dosage of the chemotherapy are administered concurrently or consecutively. 18. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the chemotherapy comprises a platinum-based chemotherapy. 19. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score as determined by a CPS of up to 20, preferably from 1 to 20, more preferably from 1 to <10, before the treatment or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score; or wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of < 20, preferably from 1 to 20, more preferably from 1 to <10 when determined by the CPS or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm, preferably when determined by the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , more preferably when determined by the TAP score. 20. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody dosage is in a range of from 0.1 mg / kg to 45 mg / kg body weight, preferably 1 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg body weight. 21. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody and / or the chemotherapy is administered intravenously, preferably wherein the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy are administered intravenously. 22. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody and / or the chemotherapy is administered via an IV injection or IV infusion. 23. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein a treatment cycle is repeated at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 times. 24. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein each cycle has up to 28 days, preferably 28 or 21 days. 25. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the subject has not been previously treated for cancer. 26. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-24, wherein the subject has been previously treated for cancer, preferably wherein the subject had at least one previous chemotherapy treatment. 27. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered every 6 weeks, preferably every 4 weeks, more preferably every 3 weeks or every 2 weeks. 28. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered every 2 weeks at a dosage ranging from 10 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg, preferably ranging from 15 mg / kg to 25 mg / kg, more preferably at a dosage of 20 mg / kg. 29. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered every 3 weeks at a dosage ranging from 20 mg / kg to 40 mg / kg, preferably ranging from 25 mg / kg to 35 mg / kg, more preferably at a dosage of 30 mg / kg. 30. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the chemotherapy is administered once or more within the first 20 days or the first 21 days of each cycle, wherein the chemotherapy is administered twice or more within the first 20 days or the first 21 days of each cycle, more preferably wherein the chemotherapy is administered at least thrice within the first 20 days or the first 21 days of each cycle. 31. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the chemotherapy is administered once or more within the first 14 days or the first 15 days of each cycle, wherein the chemotherapy is administered twice or more within the first 14 days or the first 15 days of each cycle, more preferably wherein the chemotherapy is administered at least thrice within the first 14 days or the first 15 days of each cycle. 32. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the chemotherapy is administered on the 1st, 8th, and 15th days of each cycle. 33. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein overall survival is increased in said subject compared to the chemotherapy or the bispecific antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an anti-PD-1 antibody treatment alone or compared to a standard treatment comprising the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-L1 antibody or the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is preferably atezolizumab and the anti-PD-1 antibody is preferably pembrolizumab. 34. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein median progression-free survival is increased in said subject compared to the chemotherapy or the bispecific antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an anti-PD-1 antibody treatment alone or compared to a standard treatment comprising the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-L1 antibody or the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is preferably atezolizumab and the anti-PD-1 antibody is preferably pembrolizumab. 35. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the cancer comprises one or more solid tumours. 36. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, lung, liver, stomach, renal cell, urothelial, cervical, colorectal, ovarian, colon, breast, esophagus, mesothelioma, and head and neck cancers, preferably wherein the cancer is selected from urothelial, breast and esophagus cancer. 37. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the cancer is small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) , preferably advanced triple-negative breast cancer. 38. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 37, wherein the NSCLC has a squamous histology. 39. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 37, wherein the NSCLC has a non- squamous histology. 40. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 37, wherein the NSCLC is an EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. 41. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof. 42. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof. 43. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises a Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, Fd, Fv, dAb, complementarity determining region fragment, single chain antibody, humanized antibody, chimeric antibody or diabody antibody, preferably a single domain antibody, more preferably a VHH. 44. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises two anti-PD-L1 single domain antibodies, preferably two VHHs, preferably wherein each VHH is fused to the C-terminus of an anti-VEGF antibody. 45. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region, and the heavy chain variable region comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (HCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 18, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or 19, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 38. 46. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 45, wherein the amino acid sequence of the anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 or wherein the amino acid sequence of the anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. 47. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 42-46, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a constant region preferably derived from a human antibody, preferably the constant region is selected from the constant region of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. 48. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 42-47, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a IgG1 Fc region, preferably having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13 or having at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. 49. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody specifically binds to VEGF-A. 50. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 42-49, wherein a heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (HCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; and wherein a light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody comprises: (i) a complementarity- determining region 1 (LCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (LCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 44, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (LCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. 51. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 50, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11; or wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. 52. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of the bispecific antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the bispecific antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 17; or wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of the bispecific antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the bispecific antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. 53. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 42-52, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody is bevacizumab. 54. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bispecific antibody is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules. 55. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the chemotherapy comprises a chemotherapy agent selected from lurbinectedin, topotecan, taxane such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, or nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) , pemetrexed, 5-fluoruracil, irinotecan, etoposide, gemcitabine, anthracyclines, capecitabine, vinorelbine, eribulin, ixabepilone or combinations thereof. 56. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 18-55, wherein the platinum- based chemotherapy comprises cisplatin, oxaliplatin or carboplatin. 57. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with paclitaxel to a subject having small cell lung cancer. 58. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-55, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with pemetrexed and carboplatin (preferably as first line treatment of non-squamous NSCLC) or a taxane (preferably as first line treatment of squamous NSCLC) , such as paclitaxel or docetaxel (preferably as second line treatment of NSCLC) , to a subject having NSCLC, preferably as second line treatment, or wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with pemetrexed and carboplatin to a subject having malignant mesothelioma. 59. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-55, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with nab-paclitaxel to a subject having triple-negative breast cancer. 60. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-55, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with oxaliplatin, calcium folinate, and 5-fluorouracil to a subject having hepatocellular carcinoma, preferably wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody every 2 weeks at a dosage ranging from 20 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg (with 20 mg / kg being particularly preferred) . 61. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-55, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, calcium folinate to a subject having unresectable neuroendocrine neoplasm. 62. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-55, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with etoposide and platinum to a subject having small cell lung cancer, preferably as first line treatment and / or extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, most preferably as first line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer or as second-line treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer. 63. The bispecific antibody for use according to embodiment 62, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody every 3 weeks at a dosage ranging from 20 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg (with 20 mg / kg or 30 mg / kg being particularly preferred) or at a dose ranging from 1400 mg to 2000 mg in combination with etoposide (preferably at a dosage of 100 mg / m2) and with carboplatin (preferably at a dosage of AUC=5 (total dose ≤ 750 mg) to a subject having small cell lung cancer, preferably as first line treatment and / or extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, most preferably as first line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer or as second-line treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer. 64. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-55, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody every 3 weeks at a dosage ranging from 20 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg (with 20 mg / kg or 30 mg / kg being particularly preferred) in combination with paclitaxel, lurbinectedin, or topotecan to a subject having small cell lung cancer, preferably as second line treatment, and / or extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, more preferably wherein the method of treatment comprises administering to a patient suffering from advanced small cell lung cancer as second line treatment the bispecific antibody every 3 weeks at a dosage of 20 mg / kg or 30 mg / kg in combination with (i) paclitaxel every 3 weeks at a dosage of 175 mg / m2, optionally for 5 cycles, or (ii) topotecan at a dosage of 1.5 mg / m2 administered IV or 2.3 mg / m2 administered orally once per day on days 1 to 5 of every 3 weeks cycle. 65. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-55, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody every 2 weeks at a dosage ranging from 10 mg / kg to 20 mg / kg in combination with nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, or gemcitabine with carboplatin to a subject having triple-negative breast cancer. 66. The bispecific antibody for use according to any of embodiments 1-55, wherein the method of treatment comprises administered the bispecific antibody every 2 weeks at a dosage of 1000 mg to 2000 mg to a subject having triple-negative breast cancer, preferably on the 1st and 15th day of a 28-day treatment cycle, preferably wherein the bispecific antibody is administered in combination with a chemotherapy, preferably on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day of a 28-day treatment cycle. 67. A method of treating cancer, preferably triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a bispecific antibody that specifically bind to PD-L1 and VEGF in combination with chemotherapy, optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1, preferably from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to <10, or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score; or optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of ≥ 1, preferably from 1 to 20, preferably from 1 to <10, when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm, preferably when determined by the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , more preferably when determined by the TAP score. 68. The method according to embodiment 67, wherein the method is a method for extending progression-free survival in said subject compared to the chemotherapy or an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an anti-PD-1 antibody or the bispecific antibody treatment alone or compared to a standard treatment comprising the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-L1 antibody or the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is preferably atezolizumab and the anti-PD-1 antibody is preferably pembrolizumab. 69. The method according to embodiment 67 or 68, wherein the method is a method for increased overall survival in said subject compared to the chemotherapy or the bispecific antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an anti-PD-1 antibody treatment alone or compared to a standard treatment comprising the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-L1 antibody or the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is preferably atezolizumab and the anti-PD-1 antibody is preferably pembrolizumab. 70. A method for determining whether a cancer in a subject is susceptible to treatment with a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF and a chemotherapy, wherein the method comprises detecting in a sample of the subject a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score, wherein the CPS of ≥ 1 indicates that the subject is susceptible to treatment with the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy; or wherein the method comprises detecting in a sample of the subject a PD-L1 expression before the treatment by determining the combined positive scope (CPS) or another score, preferably the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , wherein a CPS of ≥ 1 indicates a PD-L1 expression that renders the subject susceptible to treatment with the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy, or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm, preferably when determined by the TAP score or the TPS, more preferably when determined by the TAP score. 71. The method according to embodiment 70, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, lung, liver, stomach, renal cell, urothelial, cervical, colorectal, ovarian, colon, breast, esophagus, mesothelioma, and head and neck cancers, preferably wherein the cancer is selected from urothelial, breast and esophagus cancer. 72. The method according to embodiment 70 or 71, wherein the sample is a cancer tissue sample. 73. The method according to any of embodiments 70-72, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof. 74. The method according to any of embodiments 70-73, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof. 75. The method according to any of embodiments 70-74, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises a Fab, Fab', F (ab') 2, Fd, Fv, sdAb, complementarity determining region fragment, single chain antibody, humanized antibody, chimeric antibody or diabody antibody, preferably a single domain antibody, more preferably a VHH. 76. The method according to any of embodiments 70-75, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises two anti-PD-L1 single domain antibodies, preferably two VHHs, preferably each VHH is fused to the C-terminus of the anti-VEGF antibody. 77. The method according to any of embodiments 70-76, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region, and the heavy chain variable region comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (HCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 18, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 19, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 38. 78. The method according to embodiment 77, wherein the amino acid sequence of the anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 or wherein the amino acid sequence of the anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. 79. The method according to any of embodiments 74-78, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a constant region preferably derived from a human antibody, preferably, the constant region is selected from the constant region of human IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. 80. The method according to any of embodiments 74-79, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a IgG1 Fc region, preferably having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:13 or having at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. 81. The method according to any of embodiments 70-80, wherein the bispecific antibody specifically binds to VEGF-A. 82. The method according to any of embodiments 74-81, wherein a heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (HCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; and a light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (LCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (LCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 44, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (LCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. 83. The method according to any of embodiments 74-82, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11; or wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. 84. The method according to any of embodiments 70-83, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of the bispecific antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the bispecific antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 17; or wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of the bispecific antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the bispecific antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. 85. The method according to any of embodiments 70-84, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody is bevacizumab. 86. The method according to any of embodiments 70-85, wherein the method comprises the step of determining the CPS in a test sample of the subject by determining the number of PD-L1 staining cells (tumour cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the CPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells as well as (tumour infiltrating) lymphocytes and macrophages; and / or (iii) PD-L1 staining cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody 22C3) ; and / or (iv) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or (v) the number of PD-L1 staining cells is the sum of PD-L1 staining tumour cells, PD-L1 staining lymphocytes and PD-L1 staining macrophages. or optionally wherein PD-L1 staining cells are tumour cells with partial or complete linear membrane staining that is distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and lymphocytes and macrophages within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining. 87. The method according to any one of embodiments 70-85, wherein the method comprises the step of determining the TAP score in a test sample of the subject by determining the percentage of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells per tumour area in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TAP for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer sample; and / or; (ii) the tumour area is the area occupied by all viable tumour cells and the tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells; and / or (iii) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody SP263) ; and / or (iv) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells means the area covered by such PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells; and / or (v) %PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells / tumour area means the area of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells relative to the tumour area expressed as %. 88. The method according to any one of embodiments 70-85, wherein the method comprises the step of determining the TPS in a test sample of the subject by determining the number of viable tumour cells positive for PD-L1 and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or; (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells; and / or (iii) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or (iv) PD-L1 positive cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining. 89. The method according to embodiment 86-88, wherein the cancer tissue sample is a tissue section of a tumour biopsy, preferably wherein the tissue section is a formalin fixed and embedded in paraffin wax (FFPE) tissue section. 90. The method according to any of embodiments 70-89, wherein PD-L1 expression is detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. 91. The method according to embodiment 89 or 90, wherein the tissue section is stained. 92. The method according to embodiment 91, wherein the stain comprises a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, preferably wherein the viability dye is propidium iodide. 93. The method according to any of embodiments 86-92, wherein the viable tumour cells and the number of lymphocytes and macrophages are counted in the tumour nests and the adjacent supporting stroma of the tumour tissue sample. 94. The method according to any of embodiments 86-93, wherein the number of viable tumour cells in the tumour tissue sample is determined by flow cytometry. 95. A kit of parts comprising a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF and a chemotherapy agent. 96. The kit of parts according to embodiment 95, wherein the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy agent are comprised in separate container. 97. The kit of parts according to embodiment 95 or 96, further comprising instructions for use. 98. A chemotherapy agent for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF; and b. the chemotherapy agent; optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score; or optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of ≥ 1 when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm, preferably when determined by the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , more preferably when determined by the TAP score. 99. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 98, wherein the other integrating scoring algorithms are selected from TAP and TPS; or wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of ≥1 when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , preferably when determined by the tumour area positivity (TAP) score. 100. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 98 or 99, wherein the CPS has been determined in a test sample of the subject by determining the number of PD-L1 staining cells (tumour cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the CPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells as well as (tumour infiltrating) lymphocytes and macrophages; and / or (iii) PD-L1 staining cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody 22C3) ; and / or (iv) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or (v) the number of PD-L1 staining cells is the sum of PD-L1 staining tumour cells, PD-L1 staining lymphocytes and PD-L1 staining macrophages. 101. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 100, wherein the PD-L1 staining cells are tumour cells with partial or complete linear membrane staining that is perceived distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and lymphocytes and macrophages within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining. 102. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 100 or 101, wherein the viable tumour cells and the number of lymphocytes and macrophages are counted in the tumour nests and the adjacent supporting stroma of the tumour tissue sample. 103. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-102, wherein the PD-L1 expression score has been determined using a TAP scoring algorithm in a test sample of the subject by determining the percentage of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells per tumour area in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TAP for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer sample; and / or; (ii) the tumour area is the area occupied by all viable tumour cells and the tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells; and / or (iii) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody SP263) ; and / or (iv) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells means the area covered by such PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells; and / or (v) %PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells / tumour area means the area of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells relative to the tumour area expressed as %. 104. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 103, wherein the tumour area is determined using a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. 105. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 103 or 104, wherein the PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are PD-L1 staining cells with partial or complete linear membrane staining that is perceived distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and immune cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining. 106. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-105, wherein the PD-L1 expression score has been determined using a TPS scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the number of viable tumour cells positive for PD-L1 and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or; (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells; and / or (iii) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or (iv) PD-L1 positive cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining. 107. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiments 100 to 106, wherein the cancer tissue sample is a tissue section of a tumour biopsy. 108. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-107, wherein the PD-L1 expression is detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. 109. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 107 or 108, wherein the tissue section is a formalin fixed and embedded in paraffin wax (FFPE) tissue section. 110. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 107-109, wherein the tissue section is stained. 111. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 110, wherein the stain comprises a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, preferably wherein the viability dye is propidium iodide. 112. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 100-111, wherein the number of viable tumour cells in the tumour tissue sample is determined by flow cytometry. 113. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-112, wherein the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy are separately administered. 114. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-113, wherein a dosage of the bispecific antibody and a dosage of the chemotherapy are administered concurrently or consecutively. 115. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-114, wherein the chemotherapy comprises a platinum-based chemotherapy. 116. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-115, wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by a CPS of up to 20, preferably from 1 to 20, more preferably from 1 to <10, or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score; or wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of < 20, preferably from 1 to 20, more preferably from 1 to <10 when determined by the CPS or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm, preferably when determined by the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , more preferably when determined by the TAP score. 117. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-116, wherein the bispecific antibody dosage is in a range of from 0.1 mg / kg to 45 mg / kg body weight, preferably 1 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg body weight. 118. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-117, wherein the bispecific antibody and / or the chemotherapy is administered intravenously, preferably wherein the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy are administered intravenously. 119. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-118, wherein the bispecific antibody and / or the chemotherapy is administered via an IV injection or IV infusion. 120. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-119, wherein a treatment cycle is repeated at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 times. 121. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-120, wherein each cycle has up to 28 days, preferably 28 or 21 days. 122. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-121, wherein the subject has not been previously treated for cancer. 123. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-121, wherein the subject has been previously treated for cancer, preferably wherein the subject had at least one previous chemotherapy treatment. 124. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-123, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered every 6 weeks, preferably every 4 weeks, more preferably every 3 weeks or every 2 weeks. 125. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-124, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered every 2 weeks at a dosage ranging from 10 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg, preferably ranging from 15 mg / kg to 25 mg / kg, more preferably at a dosage of 20 mg / kg. 126. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-125, wherein the bispecific antibody is administered every 3 weeks at a dosage ranging from 20 mg / kg to 40 mg / kg, preferably ranging from 25 mg / kg to 35 mg / kg, more preferably at a dosage of 30 mg / kg. 127. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-126, wherein the chemotherapy is administered once or more within the first 20 days or the first 21 days of each cycle, wherein the chemotherapy is administered twice or more within the first 20 days or the first 21 days of each cycle, more preferably wherein the chemotherapy is administered at least thrice within the first 20 days or the first 21 days of each cycle. 128. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-127, wherein the chemotherapy is administered once or more within the first 14 days or the first 15 days of each cycle, wherein the chemotherapy is administered twice or more within the first 14 days or the first 15 days of each cycle, more preferably wherein the chemotherapy is administered at least thrice within the first 14 days or the first 15 days of each cycle. 129. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-128, wherein the chemotherapy is administered on the 1st, 8th, and 15th days of each cycle. 130. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-129, wherein overall survival is increased in said subject compared to the chemotherapy or the bispecific antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an anti-PD-1 antibody treatment alone or compared to a standard treatment comprising the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-L1 antibody or the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is preferably atezolizumab and the anti-PD-1 antibody is preferably pembrolizumab. 131. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-130, wherein median progression-free survival is increased in said subject compared to the chemotherapy or the bispecific antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody or an anti-PD-1 antibody treatment alone or compared to a standard treatment comprising the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-L1 antibody or the chemotherapy and the anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is preferably atezolizumab and the anti-PD-1 antibody is preferably pembrolizumab. 132. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-131, wherein the cancer comprises one or more solid tumours. 133. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-132, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of melanoma, lung, liver, stomach, renal cell, urothelial, cervical, colorectal, ovarian, colon, breast, esophagus, mesothelioma, and head and neck cancers, preferably wherein the cancer is selected from urothelial, breast and esophagus cancer. 134. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-133, wherein the cancer is small cell lung cancer (SCLC) , non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) , preferably advanced triple-negative breast cancer. 135. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 134, wherein the NSCLC has a squamous histology. 136. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 134, wherein the NSCLC has a non-squamous histology. 137. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 134, wherein the NSCLC is an EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. 138. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-137, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof. 139. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-138, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof. 140. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-139, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises a Fab, Fab’, F (ab’) 2, Fd, Fv, sdAb, complementarity determining region fragment, single chain antibody, humanized antibody, chimeric antibody or diabody antibody, preferably a single domain antibody, more preferably a VHH. 141. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-140, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises two anti-PD-L1 single domain antibodies, preferably two VHHs, preferably wherein each VHH is fused to the C-terminus of the anti-VEGF antibody. 142. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-141, wherein the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody comprising a heavy chain variable region, and the heavy chain variable region comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (HCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 or 18, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO:2 or 19, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 3 or 38. 143. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 142, wherein the amino acid sequence of the anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 9 or wherein the amino acid sequence of the anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. 144. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 139-143, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a constant region preferably derived from a human antibody, preferably the constant region is selected from the constant region of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. 145. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 139-144, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a IgG1 Fc region, preferably having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13 or having at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 13. 146. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-145, wherein the bispecific antibody specifically binds to VEGF-A. 147. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 139-146, wherein a heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (HCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 4, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 5, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 6; and a light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody comprises: (i) a complementarity- determining region 1 (LCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 7, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (LCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 44, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (LCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 8. 148. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiments 147, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11; or wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 10, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the anti-VEGF antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. 149. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-148, wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of the bispecific antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the bispecific antibody is shown in SEQ ID NO: 17; or wherein the amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of the bispecific antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 16, and the amino acid sequence of the light chain variable region of the bispecific antibody has at least 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 17. 150. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 139-149, wherein the anti-VEGF antibody is bevacizumab. 151. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-150, wherein the bispecific antibody is encoded by one or more nucleic acid molecules. 152. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-151, wherein the chemotherapy agent is selected from lurbinectedin, topotecan, taxane such as paclitaxel, nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) , or docetaxel, pemetrexed, 5-fluoruracil, irinotecan, etoposide, gemcitabine, anthracyclines, capecitabine, vinorelbine, eribulin, ixabepilone or combinations thereof. 153. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 115-152, wherein the platinum-based chemotherapy comprises cisplatin, oxaliplatin or carboplatin. 154. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-153, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with paclitaxel to a subject having small cell lung cancer. 155. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-154, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with pemetrexed and carboplatin (preferably as first line treatment of non-squamous NSCLC) or a taxane (preferably as first line treatment of squamous NSCLC) , such paclitaxel or docetaxel (preferably as second line treatment of NSCLC) , to a subject having NSCLC, preferably as second line treatment, or wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with pemetrexed and carboplatin to a subject having malignant mesothelioma. 156. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-154, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with nab-paclitaxel to a subject having triple-negative breast cancer. 157. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-154, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with oxaliplatin, calcium folinate, and 5-fluorouracil to a subject having hepatocellular carcinoma, preferably wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody every 2 weeks at a dosage ranging from 20 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg (with 20 mg / kg being particularly preferred) . 158. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-154, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, calcium folinate to a subject having unresectable neuroendocrine neoplasm. 159. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-154, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody in combination with etoposide and platinum to a subject having small cell lung cancer, preferably as first line treatment and / or extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, most preferably as first line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer or as second-line treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer. 160. The chemotherapy agent for use according to embodiment 159, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody every 3 weeks at a dosage ranging from 20 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg (with 20 mg / kg or 30 mg / kg being particularly preferred) or at a dose ranging from 1400 mg to 2000 mg in combination with etoposide (preferably at a dosage of 100 mg / m2) with carboplatin (preferably at a dosage of AUC=5 (total dose ≤ 750 mg) to a subject having small cell lung cancer, preferably as first line treatment and / or extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, most preferably as first line treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer or as second-line treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer. 161. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-154, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody every 3 weeks at a dosage ranging from 20 mg / kg to 30 mg / kg (with 20 mg / kg or 30 mg / kg being particularly preferred) in combination with paclitaxel, lurbinectedin, or topotecan to a subject having small cell lung cancer, preferably as second line treatment and / or extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, more preferably wherein the method of treatment comprises administering to a patient suffering from advanced small cell lung cancer as second line treatment the bispecific antibody every 3 weeks at a dosage of 20 mg / kg or 30 mg / kg in combination with (i) paclitaxel every 3 weeks at a dosage of 175 mg / m2, optionally for 5 cycles, or (ii) topotecan at a dosage of 1.5 mg / m2 administered IV or 2.3 mg / m2 administered orally once per day on days 1 to 5 of every 3 weeks cycle. 162. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-154, wherein the method of treatment comprises administering the bispecific antibody every 2 weeks at a dosage ranging from 10 mg / kg to 20 mg / kg in combination with nab-paclitaxel, paclitaxel, or gemcitabine with carboplatin to a subject having triple-negative breast cancer. 163. The chemotherapy agent for use according to any of embodiments 98-154, wherein the method of treatment comprises administered the bispecific antibody every 2 weeks at a dosage of 1000 mg to 2000 mg to a subject having triple-negative breast cancer, preferably on the 1st and 15th day of a 28-day treatment cycle and preferably wherein the bispecific antibody is administered in combination with a chemotherapy, preferably on the 1st, 8th, and 15th day of a 28-day treatment cycle. DEFINITIONS
[0045] The terms indicated for explanation of the invention and the disclosure have the following meaning, unless otherwise indicated in the description or the claims. Additional definitions are set forth throughout the detailed description.
[0046] Terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar reference used in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.
[0047] The terms “about” or “approximately” as used herein denotes a range of ±10%of a reference value. For examples, “about 10” defines a range of 9 to 11. In general, those skilled in the art, familiar with the context, will appreciate the relevant degree of variance encompassed by “about” or “approximately” in that context.
[0048] The term “adjuvant” relates to a compound which prolongs, enhances or accelerates an immune response. Adjuvants comprise a heterogeneous group of compounds such as oil emulsions (e.g., Freund’s adjuvants) , mineral compounds (such as alum) , bacterial products (such as Bordetella pertussis toxin) , or immune-stimulating complexes. Examples of adjuvants include, without limitation, LPS, GP96, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, growth factors, and cytokines, such as monokines, lymphokines, interleukins, chemokines. The chemokines may be IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, INFa, INF-γ, GM-CSF, LT-a. Further known adjuvants are aluminum hydroxide, Freund’s adjuvant or oil such as ISA51. Other suitable adjuvants for use in the present disclosure include lipopeptides, such as Pam3Cys, as well as lipophilic components, such as saponins, trehalose-6, 6-dibehenate (TDB) , monophosphoryl lipid-A (MPL) , monomycoloyl glycerol (MMG) , or glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) .
[0049] “Antibodies” are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. The term "full-length antibody" may refer to an immunoglobulin molecule that binds to a target molecule and contains four peptide chains: two heavy chains and two light chains which are connected to each other through disulfide bonds. An antibody may recognise an antigen via the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) variable region. The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that may allow antibodies to activate the immune system. The hinge region is a stretch of heavy chains linking the Fab and Fc regions. The heavy chain and light chain may each comprise a variable region and one or more constant domains. For example, in IgG antibodies, a heavy chain comprises a variable region (VH) and three constant domains (CH1, CH2, and CH3) and a light chain comprises a variable region (VL) and one constant domain (CL) . Examples antibodies include a human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, a multispecific antibody, a monoclonal antibody, and a polyclonal antibody.
[0050] The term “antibody fragment” may refer to a fragment of an antibody, or a genetically engineered product of one of more fragments of an antibody, which fragment is involved in binding with the target molecule. Examples of antibody fragments include an antigen-binding fragment (Fab) , a Fab', a Fab'-SH, a fragment antibody (F (ab’) 2) , a variable region (Fv) , a single chain antibody (scFv) , a single-domain antibody (sdAb) , and a camelid antibody (VHH) . The term “Antigen-binding fragment” or “Fab” refers to a region of an antibody that binds to antigens and is composed of one constant and one variable region of each of the heavy and the light chain. The term “fragment antibody” or “F (ab’) 2” refers to a region of an antibody that remains following digestion of the Fc region while leaving intact some of the hinge region. The term “Fab’ ” refers to a fragment formed by the reduction of a F (ab') 2 fragment. The term “Fab’-SH” refers to a Fab’ fragment with a free sulfhydryl group.
[0051] The term "binding agent" in the context of the present disclosure refers to any agent capable of binding to desired antigens. In certain embodiments, the binding agent is an antibody, antibody fragment, or construct thereof. The binding agent may also comprise synthetic, modified or non-naturally occurring moieties, in particular non-peptide moieties. Such moieties may, for example, link desired antigen-binding functionalities or regions such as antibodies or antibody fragments. In one embodiment, the binding agent is a synthetic construct comprising antigen-binding CDRs or variable regions.
[0052] As used herein, the terms "binding" or "capable of binding” in the context of the binding of an antibody to a predetermined antigen or epitope typically is a binding with an affinity corresponding to a KD of about 10-7 M or less, such as about 10-8 M or less, such as about 10-9 M or less, about 10-10 M or less, or about 10-11 M or even less, when determined, for instance, using Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) or using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in a BIAcore 3000 instrument using the antigen as the ligand and the antibody as the analyte. The antibody binds to the predetermined antigen with an affinity corresponding to a KD that is at least ten-fold lower, such as at least 100-fold lower, for instance at least 1,000-fold lower, such as at least 10,000-fold lower, for instance at least 100,000-fold lower than its KD for binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than the predetermined antigen or a closely-related antigen. The amount with which the affinity is higher is dependent on the KD of the antibody, so that when the KD of the antibody is very low (that is, the antibody is highly specific) , then the degree to which the affinity for the antigen is lower than the affinity for a non-specific antigen may be at least 10,000-fold. The term "kd" (sec-1) , as used herein, refers to the dissociation rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction. Said value is also referred to as the koff value. The term "KD" (M) , as used herein, refers to the dissociation equilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.
[0053] A binding region as defined herein (such as an antibody or a fragment thereof as defined herein) "antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction" means that the binding region is antagonistic towards the PD-1 / PD-L1 signaling pathway. In particular, such binding region which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction totally or partially inhibits, reduces, interferes with or negatively modulates the PD-1 / PD-L1 signaling pathway by binding to PD-1, PD-L1, or both. Preferably, the binding region which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction mediates its antagonistic activity in a manner that totally inhibits (i.e., blocks) or partially reduces the binding of PD-L1 to PD-1.
[0054] A binding region as defined herein (such as an antibody or a fragment thereof as defined herein) "antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction" means that the binding region is antagonistic towards the VEGF / VEGFR signaling pathway. In particular, such binding region which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction totally or partially inhibits, reduces, interferes with or negatively modulates the VEGF / VEGFR signaling pathway by binding to VEGF, VEGFR, or both. Preferably, the binding region which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction mediates its antagonistic activity in a manner that totally inhibits (i.e., blocks) or partially reduces the binding of VEGF to VEGFR.
[0055] As used herein, the term "cancer disease" or "cancer" refers to or describes the physiological condition in an individual that is typically characterized by unregulated cell growth and typically a disease characterized by aberrantly regulated cellular growth, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and / or migration. By "cancer cell" is meant an abnormal cell that grows by a rapid, uncontrolled cellular proliferation and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease. The term "cancer" according to the present disclosure also comprises cancer metastases. By "metastasis" is meant the spread of cancer cells from its original site to another part of the body. The formation of metastasis is a very complex process and depends on detachment of malignant cells from the primary tumor, invasion of the extracellular matrix, penetration of the endothelial basement membranes to enter the body cavity and vessels, and then, after being transported by the blood, infiltration of target organs. Finally, the growth of a new tumor, i.e. a secondary tumor or metastatic tumor, at the target site depends on angiogenesis. Tumor metastasis often occurs even after the removal of the primary tumor because tumor cells or components may remain and develop metastatic potential. In one embodiment, the term "metastasis" according to the present disclosure relates to "distant metastasis" which relates to a metastasis which is remote from the primary tumor and the regional lymph node system.
[0056] The term “carrier” refers to a component which may be natural, synthetic, organic, inorganic in which the active component is combined in order to facilitate, enhance or enable administration of the pharmaceutical composition. A carrier as used herein may be one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers, diluents or encapsulating substances, which are suitable for administration to subject. Suitable carriers include, without limitation, sterile water, Ringer, Ringer lactate, sterile sodium chloride solution, isotonic saline, polyalkylene glycols, hydrogenated naphthalenes and, in particular, biocompatible lactide polymers, lactide / glycolide copolymers or polyoxyethylene / polyoxy-propylene copolymers. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure includes isotonic saline. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents for therapeutic use are well known in the pharmaceutical art, and are described, for example, in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co. (A. R Gennaro edit. 1985) . Pharmaceutical carriers, excipients or diluents can be selected with regard to the intended route of administration and standard pharmaceutical practice.
[0057] “CDR” or “CDRs” means complementarity determining region (s) in an immunoglobulin variable region. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains each contain three CDRs, designated CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3. The precise boundaries of these CDRs can be defined according to various numbering systems known in the art (see e.g. Dondelinger, M., et al., 2018. Frontiers in immunology, 9, p. 2278) , such as the Kabat numbering system (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991; Kabat et al., 1992, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, DIANE Publishing: 2719) , the Chothia numbering system (Chothia & Lesk (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917; Chothia et al. (1989) Nature 342: 878-883) or the IMGT numbering system (Lefranc et al., Dev. Comparat. Immunol. 27: 55-77, 2003; Ehrenmann F, Kaas Q, Lefranc M P. IMGT / 3Dstructure-DB and IMGT / DomainGapAlign: a database and a tool for immunoglobulins or antibodies, T cell receptors, MHC, IgSF and MhcSF [J] . Nucleic acids research, 2009; 38 (suppl_1) : D301-D307) . For a given antibody, those skilled in the art will readily identify the CDRs defined by each numbering system. Also, the correspondence between different numbering systems is well known to those skilled in the art (for example, see Lefranc et al., Dev. Comparat. Immunol. 27: 55-77, 2003) .
[0058] The terms “chemotherapeutic agent” or “chemotherapeutical agent” or “chemotherapy agent” can be used interchangeably herein. A chemotherapeutic agent is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer. Classes of chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, kinase inhibitors, spindle poison plant alkaloids, cytotoxic / antitumour antibiotics, topoisomerase inhibitors, photosensitizers, anti-estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) , anti-progesterones, estrogen receptor down-regulators (ERDs) , estrogen receptor antagonists, leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists, anti-androgens, aromatase inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, VEGF inhibitors, anti-sense oligonucleotides that that inhibit expression of genes implicated in abnormal cell proliferation or tumour growth. Chemotherapeutic agents useful in the treatment methods of the present invention include cytostatic and / or cytotoxic agents. Chemotherapeutic agents as used herein do not include antibodies.
[0059] “Chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody in which a portion of the heavy and / or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in an antibody derived from a particular species (e.g., human) or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain (s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in an antibody derived from another species (e.g., mouse) or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
[0060] Unless expressly specified otherwise, the term “comprising” is used in the context of the present disclosure to indicate that further members may optionally be present in addition to the members of the list introduced by “comprising” . It is, however, contemplated as specific embodiments of the present invention that each time the term “comprising” is used, this shall also encompass the possibility of no further members being present, i.e., for the purpose of this embodiment “comprising” can be understood as having the meaning of “consisting of” .
[0061] “Combination therapy” refers to the bispecific antibody disclosed herein that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF in combination with the chemotherapy disclosed herein for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, optionally wherein the subject has been determined to have a combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1 before the treatment. Each component of the combination therapy, i.e., the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy may be administered separately.
[0062] The “combined positive score” or “CPS, ” refers to a well-known algorithm for determining a PD-L1 expression score from a tumour sample of a subject (see for example Kulangara, Karina & Hanks, Debra & Waldroup, Stephanie & Peltz, Lindsay & Shah, Supriya & Roach, Charlotte & Juco, Jonathan & Emancipator, Kenneth & Stanforth, Dave. (2017) , Development of the combined positive score (CPS) for the evaluation of PD-L1 in solid tumours with the immunohistochemistry assay PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx. Journal of Clinical Oncology) . When using CPS, the PD-L1 expression score is determined by taken into account the number of PD-L1 staining cells (i.e., tumour cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the CPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells as well as (tumour infiltrating) lymphocytes and macrophages; and / or (iii) PD-L1 staining cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody 22C3) ; and / or (iv) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or (v) the number of PD-L1 staining cells is the sum of PD-L1 staining tumour cells, PD-L1 staining lymphocytes and PD-L1 staining macrophages.
[0063] It can be preferred that the CPS has been determined in a test sample of the subject by determining the number of PD-L1 staining cells (tumour cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the CPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells as well as (tumour infiltrating) lymphocytes and macrophages; (iii) PD-L1 staining cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody 22C3) ; (iv) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and (v) the number of PD-L1 staining cells is the sum of PD-L1 staining tumour cells, PD-L1 staining lymphocytes and PD-L1 staining macrophages.
[0064] The CPS is approved as companion diagnostic for the treatment of cancer using pembrolizumab.
[0065] The term “disease control rate” or DCR is the percentage of all subjects in a study or treatment group who have either a complete response, a partial response, or a stable disease to the treatment (CR, PR or SD) . The DCR can be calculated by adding the numbers of subjects having CR, the numbers of subjects having PR, and the numbers of subjects having SD and dividing the resulting sum by the total number of subjects in the treatment group. The DCReval, i.e., the DCR of all evaluable subjects in a study or treatment group, is the percentage of all evaluable subjects in a study or treatment group who have either a complete response, a partial response, or a stable disease to the treatment (CR, PR or SD) .
[0066] The term "Duration of response” or DOR only applies to subjects whose confirmed best overall response is CR or PR and is defined as the time from the first documentation of objective tumor response (CR or PR) to the date of first PD or death due to underlying cancer.
[0067] The term “diluent” relates to a diluting and / or thinning agent. Moreover, the term “diluent” includes any one or more of fluid, liquid or solid suspension and / or mixing media. Examples of suitable diluents include ethanol, glycerol, and water.
[0068] Herein, the term “DNA” relates to a nucleic acid molecule which is entirely or at least substantially composed of deoxyribonucleotide residues. In preferred embodiments, the DNA contains all or a majority of deoxyribonucleotide residues. As used herein, “deoxyribonucleotide” refers to a nucleotide which lacks a hydroxyl group at the 2’-position of a β-D-ribofuranosyl group. DNA encompasses without limitation, double stranded DNA, single stranded DNA, isolated DNA such as partially purified DNA, essentially pure DNA, synthetic DNA, recombinantly produced DNA, as well as modified DNA that differs from naturally occurring DNA by the addition, deletion, substitution and / or alteration of one or more nucleotides. Such alterations may refer to addition of non-nucleotide material to internal DNA nucleotides or to the end (s) of DNA. It is also contemplated herein that nucleotides in DNA may be non-standard nucleotides, such as chemically synthesized nucleotides or ribonucleotides. For the present disclosure, these altered DNAs are considered analogs of naturally-occurring DNA. A molecule contains “a majority of deoxyribonucleotide residues” if the content of deoxyribonucleotide residues in the molecule is more than 50% (such as at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%) , based on the total number of nucleotide residues in the molecule. The total number of nucleotide residues in a molecule is the sum of all nucleotide residues (irrespective of whether the nucleotide residues are standard (i.e., naturally occurring) nucleotide residues or analogs thereof) . DNA may be recombinant DNA and may be obtained by cloning of a nucleic acid, in particular cDNA. The cDNA may be obtained by reverse transcription of RNA.
[0069] As used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to an amount of a given substance that is sufficient in quantity to produce a desired effect, including an improvement or remediation of the disease, disorder, or symptoms of the disease or condition. The combination therapy described herein is to be administered to a patient in need therefore in an effective amount.
[0070] As used herein, the term “encode” or “encoding” refers to sequence information of a first molecule that guides production of a second molecule having a defined sequence of nucleotides (e.g., mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids. For example, a DNA molecule can encode an RNA molecule (e.g., by a transcription process that includes a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme) . An RNA molecule can encode a polypeptide (e.g., by a translation process) . Thus, a gene, a cDNA, or a single-stranded RNA (e.g., an mRNA) encodes a polypeptide if transcription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the polypeptide in a cell or other biological system. In some embodiments, a coding region of a single-stranded RNA encoding a target polypeptide agent refers to a coding strand, the nucleotide sequence of which is identical to the mRNA sequence of such a target polypeptide agent. In some embodiments, a coding region of a single-stranded RNA encoding a target polypeptide agent refers to a non-coding strand of such a target polypeptide agent, which may be used as a template for transcription of a gene or cDNA. As is understood in the art, the phrase “nucleic acid encoding a peptide or protein” means that the polynucleotide, if present in the appropriate environment, for example within a cell and / or in a cell-free translation system, can direct the assembly of amino acids to produce the peptide or protein via a process of translation.
[0071] The term “epitope” refers to the part of an antigen that as used herein, refers to an agent that elicits an immune response; and / or (ii) an agent that binds to a T cell receptor (e.g., when presented by an MHC molecule) or to an antibody. For example, epitopes are the discrete, three-dimensional sites on an antigen, which are recognized by the immune system. Epitopes usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or sugar side chains and usually have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics. Conformational and non-conformational epitopes are distinguished in that the binding to the former but not the latter is lost in the presence of denaturing solvents.
[0072] The term “excipient” as used herein refers to a substance which may be present in a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure but is not an active ingredient. Examples of excipients, include without limitation, carriers, binders, diluents, lubricants, thickeners, surface active agents, preservatives, stabilizers, emulsifiers, buffers, flavoring agents, or colorants.
[0073] As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a DNA sequence in a chromosome that codes for a protein. In some embodiments, a gene includes coding sequence (i.e., sequence that encodes a particular protein) ; in some embodiments, a gene includes non-coding sequence. In some particular embodiments, a gene may include both coding (e.g., exonic) and non-coding (e.g., intronic) sequences. In some embodiments, a gene may include one or more regulatory elements that, for example, may control or impact one or more aspects of gene expression (e.g., cell-type-specific expression, inducible expression, etc. ) .
[0074] “Human antibody” refers to an antibody that comprises human immunoglobulin protein sequences only. A human antibody may contain murine carbohydrate chains if produced in a mouse, in a mouse cell, or in a hybridoma derived from a mouse cell. Similarly, “mouse antibody” or “rat antibody” refer to an antibody that comprises only mouse or rat immunoglobulin sequences, respectively.
[0075] “Humanized antibody” refers to forms of antibodies that contain sequences from non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies as well as human antibodies. Such antibodies contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin. In general, the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable regions, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence.
[0076] The term “immune cell” means any cell of hematopoietic lineage involved in regulating an immune response against an antigen (e.g., a bacterial or viral infection or an auto-antigen) . In typical embodiments, an immune cell is a leukocyte, such as a white blood cell. Immune cells include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and / or monocytes. Lymphocytes include T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. Immune cells can also be dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and / or a mast cell.
[0077] The term "immunoglobulin" relates to proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily, preferably to antigen receptors such as antibodies or the B cell receptor (BCR) . The immunoglobulins are characterized by a structural domain, i.e., the immunoglobulin domain, having a characteristic immunoglobulin (Ig) fold. The term encompasses membrane bound immunoglobulins as well as soluble immunoglobulins. Membrane bound immunoglobulins are also termed surface immunoglobulins or membrane immunoglobulins, which are generally part of the BCR. Soluble immunoglobulins are generally termed antibodies. The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized. See, e.g., Fundamental Immunology Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N. Y. (1989) ) . Briefly, immunoglobulins generally comprise several chains, typically two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains which are linked via disulfide bonds. These chains are primarily composed of immunoglobulin domains or regions, such as the VL or VL (variable light chain) domain / region, CL or CL (constant light chain) domain / region, VH or VH (variable heavy chain) domain / region, and the CH or CH (constant heavy chain) domains / regions CH1 (CH1) , CH2 (CH2) , CH3 (CH3) , and CH4 (CH4) . The heavy chain constant region typically is comprised of three domains, CH1, CH2, and CH3. The hinge region is the region between the CH1 and CH2 domains of the heavy chain and is highly flexible. Disulfide bonds in the hinge region are part of the interactions between two heavy chains in an IgG molecule. Each light chain typically is comprised of a VL and a CL. The light chain constant region typically is comprised of one domain, CL. The VH and VL regions may be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable in sequence and / or form of structurally defined loops) , also termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs) . Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196, 901-917 (1987) ) .
[0078] As used herein, an "instructional material" or "instructions" includes a publication, a recording, a diagram, or any other medium of expression which can be used to communicate the usefulness of the compositions and methods described herein. The instructional material of the kit of the disclosure may, for example, be affixed to a container which contains the compositions of the disclosure or be shipped together with a container which contains the compositions. Alternatively, the instructional material may be shipped separately from the container with the intention that the instructional material and the compositions be used cooperatively by the recipient.
[0079] The term “Kabat, ” as used herein, means an immunoglobulin alignment and numbering system pioneered by Elvin a. Kabat ( (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. ) or Kabat et al., 1992, Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, DIANE Publishing: 2719.
[0080] The term “kit” as used herein is synonymous with the term “kit of part” or “kit of parts” and refers to a plurality of compositions that may, e.g., be shipped or stored together, in particular because they are relevant for or required for an administration regimen as disclosed herein.
[0081] The term “Mononuclear inflammatory cells” (MIC) as used herein refer to lymphocytes and macrophages.
[0082] The term "monoclonal antibody" refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies. The individual antibodies composing the population may be identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations, which may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific and target a single antigenic epitope. In contrast, polyclonal antibody preparations typically include a large number of antibodies which are specific for different epitopes.
[0083] The term “nucleoside” relates to compounds which can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group. While a nucleoside is a nucleobase linked to a sugar (e.g., ribose or deoxyribose) , a nucleotide is composed of a nucleoside and one or more phosphate groups. Examples of nucleosides include cytidine, uridine, pseudouridine, adenosine, and guanosine. The five standard nucleosides which usually make up naturally occurring nucleic acids are uridine, adenosine, thymidine, cytidine and guanosine. The five nucleosides are commonly abbreviated to their one letter codes U, A, T, C and G, respectively. However, thymidine is more commonly written as “dT” ( “d” represents “deoxy” ) as it contains a 2’-deoxyribofuranose moiety rather than the ribofuranose ring found in uridine. This is because thymidine is found in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and not ribonucleic acid (RNA) . Conversely, uridine is found in RNA and not DNA. The remaining three nucleosides may be found in both RNA and DNA. In RNA, they would be represented as A, C and G, whereas in DNA they would be represented as dA, dC and dG. A modified purine (A or G) or pyrimidine (C, T, or U) base moiety is, in some embodiments, modified by one or more alkyl groups, e.g., one or more C1-4 alkyl groups, e.g., one or more methyl groups. Particular examples of modified purine or pyrimidine base moieties include N7-alkyl-guanine, N6-alkyl-adenine, 5-alkyl-cytosine, 5-alkyl-uracil, and N (1) -alkyl-uracil, such as N7-C1-4 alkyl-guanine, N6-C1-4 alkyl-adenine, 5-C1-4 alkyl-cytosine, 5-C1-4 alkyl-uracil, and N (1) -C1-4 alkyl-uracil, preferably N7-methyl-guanine, N6-methyl-adenine, 5-methyl-cytosine, 5-methyl-uracil, and N (1) -methyl-uracil.
[0084] The term “objective response rate” or ORR is the percentage of all subjects in a study or treatment group who have either a partial or complete response to the treatment. The ORR can be calculated by adding the numbers of subjects having CR and the numbers of subjects having PR and dividing the resulting sum by the total number of subjects in the treatment group. The ORReval, i.e., the ORR of all evaluable subjects in a study or treatment group, is the percentage of all evaluable subjects in a study or treatment group who have either a partial or complete response to the treatment.
[0085] The term "Overall survival” or OS is defined as the number of days from Day 1 in Cycle 1 to death due to any cause. If a subject is not known to have died, then OS will be censored at the latest date the subject was known to be alive (on or before the cut-off date) .
[0086] A "PD-1 antibody" or "anti-PD-1 antibody" is an antibody as described above, which is directed against the antigen PD-1 and which preferably binds specifically to the antigen PD-1.
[0087] A "PD-L1 antibody" or "anti-PD-L1 antibody" is an antibody as described above, which is directed against the antigen PD-L1 and which preferably binds specifically to the antigen PD-L1.
[0088] PD-L1 expression score as used herein can be determined using a PD-L1 scoring algorithm such as CPS, TPS, or TAP. As known to the skilled person, the same PD-L1 expression can lead to different numerical values depending on the PD-L1 scoring algorithm.
[0089] The term “pharmaceutical composition” relates to a composition comprising a therapeutically effective agent, preferably together with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and / or excipients. Said pharmaceutical composition is useful for treating, preventing, or reducing the severity of a disease by administration of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject.
[0090] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial agents and antifungal agents, isotonic agents, and absorption delaying agents, and the like, which are compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient is not naturally occurring.
[0091] The term “platinum-containing chemotherapy” (also known as platins) refers to the use of chemotherapeutic agent (s) used to treat cancer that are coordination complexes of platinum. Platinum-containing chemotherapeutic agents are alkylating agents that crosslink DNA, resulting in ineffective DNA mismatch repair and generally leading to apoptosis. Examples of platins include cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin.
[0092] The term “plurality” refers to the state of being plural.
[0093] The terms “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid” can be used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of nucleotides. The term “polynucleotide” comprises deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) , ribonucleic acid (RNA) , combinations thereof, and modified forms thereof. The term comprises genomic DNA, cDNA, mRNA, recombinantly produced and chemically synthesized molecules. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is DNA. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is RNA. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is a mixture of DNA and RNA. A polynucleotide may be present as a single-stranded or double-stranded and linear or covalently circularly closed molecule. A polynucleotide can be isolated. The term “isolated polynucleotide “means, according to the present disclosure, that the polynucleotide (i) was amplified in vitro, for example via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for DNA or in vitro transcription (using, e.g., an RNA polymerase) for RNA, (ii) was produced recombinantly by cloning, (iii) was purified, for example, by cleavage and separation by gel electrophoresis, or (iv) was synthesized, for example, by chemical synthesis.
[0094] The terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to polymers of amino acids.
[0095] The term "Progression-free survival” or PFS is defined as the number of days from Day 1 in Cycle 1 to the first documented progression or death due to any cause.
[0096] The term “recombinant” when used in the context of a polynucleotide means a polynucleotide having nucleotide sequences that are not naturally joined together and can be made by artificially combining two otherwise separated segments of sequence. This artificial combination is often accomplished by chemical synthesis or, more commonly, by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, for example, by genetic engineering techniques. Recombinant polynucleotides include vectors comprising an amplified or assembled polynucleotide, which can be used to transform or transfect a suitable host cell. A host cell that comprises the recombinant polynucleotide is referred to as a “recombinant host cell. ” The polynucleotide is then expressed in the recombinant host cell to produce a “recombinant polypeptide. ” A recombinant polynucleotide can also comprise a non-coding function.
[0097] A “sequence identity” as used herein is obtained by determining the number of identical positions at which the sequences to be compared correspond, dividing this number by the number of positions compared (e.g., the number of positions in the reference sequence) and multiplying this result by 100.
[0098] A “single domain antibody” (sdAb) is an antibody composed of a single variable region (e.g., heavy chain variable region) composed of antibody fragments. Typically, a single domain antibody, domain antibody or nanobody consists of 4 framework regions and 3 complementarity determining regions, the 4 framework regions are respectively FR1-FR4, and the 3 complementarity determining regions are respectively CDR1 -CDR3. In certain embodiments, the single domain antibody of the present application may have a structure of FR1-CDR1-FR2-CDR2-FR3-CDR3-FR4. These antibodies do not require light chain variable regions to bind antigens with high affinity and specificity. Compared with antibodies composed of heavy chain and light chain, single domain antibodies have high solubility, high stability to heat, pH, protease and other deforming agents, and only need single-chain expression to facilitate large-scale production. As used herein, the term “framework region” or “FR” residues refers to those amino acid residues in an antibody variable region other than the CDR residues as defined above.
[0099] An antibody that “specifically binds to” a specified target protein is an antibody that exhibits preferential binding to that target as compared to other proteins, but this specificity does not require absolute binding specificity. An antibody is considered “specific” for its intended target if its binding is determinative of the presence of the target protein in a sample, e.g., without producing undesired results such as false positives. Antibodies, or binding fragments thereof, useful in the present invention will bind to the target protein with an affinity that is at least two fold greater, preferably at least ten times greater, more preferably at least 20-times greater, and most preferably at least 100-times greater than the affinity with non-target proteins. As used herein, an antibody is said to bind specifically to a polypeptide comprising a given amino acid sequence, e.g., the amino acid sequence of a mature human PD-L1 molecule, if it binds to polypeptides comprising that sequence but does not bind to proteins lacking that sequence.
[0100] As used herein, a “subject” is a human of either gender (a male or a female) . The subject may be of any age. In some embodiments, the subject is female. In another embodiment, the subject is male. In some embodiments, the subject is a subject having cancer, in particular a female subject having cancer and / or a male subject having cancer.
[0101] As disclosed in more detail herein below, the term “TAP” score refers to the “Tumour Area Positivity” score. The PD-L1 expression score can be determined using a TAP scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the percentage of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells per tumour area in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TAP for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer sample; and / or (ii) the tumour area is the area occupied by all viable tumour cells and the tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells; and / or (iii) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody SP263) ; and / or (iv) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells means the area covered by such PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells; and / or (v) %PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells / tumour area means the area of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells relative to the tumour area expressed as %.
[0102] It can be preferred that the PD-L1 expression score has been determined using a TAP scoring algorithm in a test sample of the subject by determining the percentage of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells per tumour area in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TAP for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer sample; (ii) the tumour area is the area occupied by all viable tumour cells and the tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells; (iii) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are determined by PD-L1; immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody SP263) ; (iv) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells means the area covered by such PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells; and (v) %PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells / tumour area means the area of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells relative to the tumour area expressed as %.
[0103] Alternatively, the TAP score might be referred to as total percentage of the tumour area (tumour and any desmoplastic stroma) covered with tumour cells with PD-L1 membranous staining at any intensity and tumour-associated immune cells with any pattern.
[0104] As disclosed in more detail herein below, the term “TPS” refers to the “Tumour Proportion Score” . The PD-L1 expression score can be determined using a TPS scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the number of viable tumour cells positive for PD-L1 and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: optionally wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells; and / or (iii) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or (iv) PD-L1 positive cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining.
[0105] It can be preferred that the PD-L1 expression score has been determined using a TPS scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the number of viable tumour cells positive for PD-L1 and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein (i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; (ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells; (iii) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and (iv) PD-L1 positive cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining.
[0106] The term “treating” when used in the context of a disease or disease condition means ameliorating, improving or remedying a disease, disorder, or symptom of a disease or condition associated with the disease, or can mean completely or partially stopping, on a molecular level, the biochemical basis of the disease, etc. It describes an act that leads to the elimination, reduction, alleviation, reversal, or prevention or delay of onset or recurrence of any symptom of a disease.
[0107] The term "treatment cycle" is herein defined as the time period, within the effects of separate dosages of the therapeutic agent (e.g., the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent or combination partner) cease to exist due to its pharmacodynamics, or in other words the time period after the subject's body is essentially cleared from the administrated therapeutic agent. Multiple small doses in a small time window, e.g. within 2-24 few hours, such as 2-12 hours or on the same day, might be equal to a larger single dose.
[0108] The term “triple-negative breast cancer” as used herein is used in the usually sense and refers to the cancer class that tests negative for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors expression, and HER2 overexpression or gene amplification. TNBC is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative and has <1%expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) by immunostaining. It is a biologically aggressive tumour, characterized by moderate / high grade and highly proliferative cancer cells, which, together with limited treatment options leads to the poorest prognosis among the breast cancer subtypes.
[0109] “Tumour” as it applies to a subject diagnosed with, or suspected of having, a cancer refers to a malignant or potentially malignant neoplasm or tissue mass of any size and includes primary tumours and secondary neoplasms. A solid tumour is an abnormal growth or mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Different types of solid tumours are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumours are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas. Leukemias (cancers of the blood) generally do not form solid tumours (National Cancer Institute, Dictionary of Cancer Terms) .
[0110] “Variable regions” as used herein means the segment of an antibody which contains three CDRs, designated CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3. A “variable region” of an antibody refers to the variable region of the antibody light chain or the variable region of the antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination. The variable region of the heavy chain may be referred to as “VH. ” The variable region of the light chain may be referred to as “VL. ” Typically, the variable regions of both the heavy and light chains comprise three hypervariable regions, the CDRs, which are located within relatively conserved framework regions (FR) . The CDRs are usually aligned by the framework regions, enabling binding to a specific epitope. In general, from N-terminal to C-terminal, both light and heavy chains variable regions comprise FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4. Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it was individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as” ) , provided herein is intended merely to better illustrate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.
[0111] A "VEGF antibody" or "anti-VEGF antibody" is an antibody as described above, which is directed against the antigen VEGF and which preferably binds specifically to the antigen VEGF.
[0112] A "VEGFR antibody" or "anti-VEGFR antibody" is an antibody as described above, which is directed against the antigen VEGFR and which preferably binds specifically to the antigen VEGFR.
[0113] All patents, patent applications, and other publications cited in this application are incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes. THE COMBINATION THERAPY OF THE INVENTION The targets
[0114] The present invention inter alia provides a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction (including, e.g., a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF) for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. the binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) ; and b. a chemotherapy, preferably a chemotherapy agent optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by the combined positive score (CPS) of < 10, preferably ≥ 1, more preferably 1 to 20, most preferably 1 to <10 or other integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score. It can be preferred that the subject has the afore-mentioned PD-L1 expression score before the treatment.
[0115] For example, the present invention provides a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. the bispecific antibody; and b. a chemotherapy, preferably a chemotherapy agent optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by the combined positive score (CPS) of ≥ 1, preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to <10.
[0116] As further example, the present invention provides a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject: a. the bispecific antibody; and b. a chemotherapy, preferably a chemotherapy agent optionally wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression score before the treatment as determined by an integrating scoring algorithm defining a PD-L1 expression score similar or identical to the CPS of ≥ 1, preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to <10.
[0117] In some embodiments, a PD-L1 expression score determined by an integrating scoring algorithm and defining a PD-L1 expression score similar to the CPS means an ≥ 70%or ≥ 80%, preferably ≥85%, more preferably ≥90%, most preferably ≥95%average positive agreement (APA) and ≥ 70%or ≥ 80%, preferably ≥85%, more preferably ≥90%, most preferably ≥95%average negative agreement (ANA) , and ≥70%or ≥ 80%, preferably ≥85%, more preferably ≥90%, most preferably ≥95%overall percent agreement (OPA) between and within readers with 95%confidence intervals (Cis) when comparing the scoring algorithm with the CPS. For example, the PD-L1 expression score determined by an integrating scoring algorithm and defining a PD-L1 expression score similar to the CPS can mean an ≥70%average positive agreement (APA) and ≥ 70%average negative agreement (ANA) , and ≥ 70%overall percent agreement (OPA) between and within readers with ≥95%confidence intervals (Cis) when comparing the scoring algorithm TAP with the CPS. For example, the PD-L1 expression score determined by an integrating scoring algorithm and defining a PD-L1 expression score similar to the CPS can mean an ≥85%average positive agreement (APA) and ≥ 85%average negative agreement (ANA) , and ≥ 85%overall percent agreement (OPA) between and within readers with ≥95%confidence intervals (Cis) when comparing the scoring algorithm with the CPS. In some embodiments, the PD-L1 expression score determined by an integrating scoring algorithm and defining a PD-L1 expression score similar to the CPS can mean an ≥90%average positive agreement (APA) and ≥ 90%average negative agreement (ANA) , and ≥ 90%overall percent agreement (OPA) between and within readers with ≥95%confidence intervals (Cis) when comparing the scoring algorithm with the CPS. In some embodiments, the PD-L1 expression score determined by an integrating scoring algorithm and defining a PD-L1 expression score similar to the CPS can mean an ≥95%average positive agreement (APA) and ≥ 95%average negative agreement (ANA) , and ≥ 95%overall percent agreement (OPA) between and within readers with ≥95%confidence intervals (Cis) when comparing the scoring algorithm with the CPS.
[0118] In some embodiments, the other integrating scoring algorithms are selected from TAP and TPS. In some preferred embodiments, the other integrating scoring algorithm is TAP.
[0119] The integrating scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score preferably is a tumour cell integrating scoring algorithm such TPS or a tumour cell and immune cell integrating scoring algorithm such as CPS or TAP.
[0120] Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) , also known as vascular permeability factor (VPF) or vasculotropin, is a highly specific homodimer that promotes the growth of vascular endothelial cells. Body protein. VEGF family proteins include VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F and placental growth factor (PIGF) , among which VEGF-Ais involved in the early formation of blood vessels play an important role. In 1983, Senger et al. first isolated liver cancer cells from guinea pigs, which can increase the permeability of venules and venules, promote the division and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, and induce the formation of blood vessels. Meanwhile, VEGF is involved in the pathogenesis and progression of many angiogenesis-dependent diseases, including cancer, certain inflammatory diseases, and diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, VEGF is an important target in antitumour drug research.
[0121] The main receptors of VEGF proteins are VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, NRP1, NRP2 and NRP3. However, the binding of VEGF family protein members to VEGF receptors is selective, and VEGFA can bind to VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, activate endogenous kinase activation, and promote new blood vessels. Blocking the binding of VEGF to the receptor can be applied to the treatment of various cancers, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, lung cancer, colorectal, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, mesothelioma (including malignant pleural mesothelioma [MPM] and malignant peritoneal mesothelioma [MPeM] ) , cervical cancer, kidney cancer (Rakesh R. Ramjiawan, Arjan W. Griffioen, and Dan G. Duda, Angiogenesis. 2017 20 (2) : 185–204. ) .
[0122] Apart of its angiogenesis-modulating capabilities VEGF, in particular VEGF-A, is associated with a range of immunosuppressive effects at successive steps in the cancer-immunity cycle, such as diminished antigen presentation, T cell priming, T cell trafficking, and T cell tumour infiltration. Hence, the binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) binding to VEGF can release immunosuppression. For example, an anti-VEGF antibody treatment alone results in increased gene expression associated with Th1 chemokines involved with T-cell trafficking, tumour MHC-I protein expression and infiltration of tumour-specific T-cell clones demonstrating that an anti-VEGF antibody is capable of inducing anti-tumour immune responses.
[0123] By blocking the VEGF-A / VEGFR-2 interaction the binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) may reverse VEGF-A mediated inhibition of monocyte-to-dendritic cell maturation thereby increasing numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) , and reverse VEGF-A mediated inhibition of dendritic cell maturation thereby increasing tumour-antigen presentation. The binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) may further reverse or reduce VEGF-A mediated enhanced T cell exhaustion, as VEGF-A binding to VEGFR-2 on the surface of CD8+ T cells has been shown in preclinical studies to result in upregulated expression of the immune-checkpoint molecules (and exhaustion markers) PD-1, Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) , and T cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 3 (TIM3) as well as that of lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3) . The binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) may further reverse or reduce VEGF-A mediated proliferation of Treg cells, and reverse VEGF-A mediated downregulation of adhesion molecules (e.g. ICAM-1, or CD34) to allow for more efficient immune cell infiltration of the tumour. VEGF thus has a major role in the generation of an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment.
[0124] In addition, blocking the VEGF-A / VEGFR-2 interaction can induce physical changes in the tumour vasculature such as vascular normalization, a process whereby hypoxia is transiently alleviated and the tumour vasculature reverts back to resemble that of a nonmalignant tissue (Jain, R. K. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science 307, 58–62 (2005) ) .
[0125] Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) , also known as CD274, is a member of the B7 family and is a ligand of PD-1. PD-L1 is a type I transmembrane protein with a total of 290 amino acids, including an IgV-like domain, an IgC-like domain, a transmembrane hydrophobic domain and an intracellular domain consisting of 30 amino acids. Unlike other B7 family molecules, PD-L1 negatively regulates immune responses. Studies have found that PD-L1 is mainly expressed in activated T cells, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, etc. In addition to lymphocytes, PD-L1 is also expressed in other tissues such as thymus, heart, placenta, etc. endothelial cells, as well as various non-lymphoid lineages such as melanoma, lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, renal cell cancer, urothelial cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, etc. (Akintunde Akinleye&Zoaib Rasool, Journal of Hematology&Oncology volume 12, Article number: 92 (2019) ) . PD-L1 regulates autoreactive T-and B-cells, and immune tolerance, and plays a role in peripheral tissue T-and B-cell responses. Interfering with the PD-1: PD-L1 interaction reinvigorates exhausted T cells, as PD-1 is a major regulator of T-cell exhaustion. Hence blocking the PD-1: PD-L1 pathway restores T-cell function and improves tumour eradication.
[0126] High expression of PD-L1 on tumour cells is associated with poor prognosis in cancer subjects. For a better prognosis in cancer subjects, it is therefore highly desired to provide an effective treatment for low PD-L1 expressing cancer.
[0127] Surprisingly, the combination therapy disclosed herein comprising the binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction (including, e.g., a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to PD-L1 and VEGF) and the chemotherapy shows particularly encouraging anti-tumour activity even when the subject has a low PD-L1 expression score. This can distinguish it from treatments of the prior art for the same cancer in which only patient groups with higher PD-L1 expression scores could be effectively targeted by immunotherapy. The combination of the PD-L1 and VEGF binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) of the invention with the chemotherapy is highly effective in cancer treatment, even in subjects having a low PD-L1 expression score as, e.g., determined by the PD-L1 scoring algorithm CPS of < 10 or ≥ 1. In addition, the afore-mentioned combination shows a good safety profile for cancer subjects.
[0128] The release in immunosuppression by blocking VEGF and PD-L1 and the consequential influx of immune cells is contemplated to lead to an increased expression in PD-L1 on tumour cells, further enriching for the binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) of the invention in the tumour microenvironment. Hence, the binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) is contemplated to transform PD-L1 low-expressing tumours into more inflamed, immune cell infiltrated “hot tumours” .
[0129] The combination therapy comprising the binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) and chemotherapy can be used in a method of treating cancer in a subject as disclosed herein. Features described herein in more detail in connection with the “binding agent / bispecific antibody for use in a method of treating” embodiments equally apply to the corresponding method of treatment embodiments.
[0130] The binding agent (including, e.g., the bispecific antibody) and chemotherapy disclosed herein can provide for substantial improvement in a subject’s overall survival (OS) , progression-free survival (PFS) , objective response rate (ORR) , duration of response, and / or disease control rate. As regards PFS, the binding agent (including, e.g, the bispecific antibody) and chemotherapy disclosed herein can provide for a PFS of at least about 9 months, preferably of at least about 13 months in patients suffering from TNBC (see also example 3 herein) .
[0131] Objective Response Rate (ORR) refers to the number (%) of subjects with at least one visit response of Complete Response (CR) or Partial Response (PR) per RECIST 1.1. Duration of Response (DoR) refers to the time from the date of first documented response until the first date of documented progression or death in the absence of disease progression (i.e., date of PFS event or censoring –date of first response + 1) . Disease Control Rate (DCR) refers to the rate of best objective response of CR, PR, or stable disease (SD) according to RECIST 1.1. Determination of the PD-L1 expression
[0132] The PD-L1 expression score as described herein is determined by histologically analyzing a tumour sample and applying a scoring algorithm, the scoring algorithm according to the invention is the combined positive score (CPS) or any other scoring algorithm defining a similar PD-L1 expression score as the CPS. CPS is a well-established scoring algorithm which is approved for the treatment of cancer using pembrolizumab in multiple indications. In some embodiments, the treatment method comprises the step of applying the scoring algorithm to determine the PD-L1 expression score and thereby whether the subject shall be treated with the combination therapy of the invention. In other embodiments, the PD-L1 expression score (e.g., CPS or similar score type) is already known and provided before the start of the method of the invention.
[0133] The PD-L1 expression score can be determined in form of the CPS in a test sample of the subject by determining the number of PD-L1 staining cells (tumour cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the CPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein preferably the PD-L1 staining cells are tumour cells with partial or complete linear membrane staining that is perceived distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and lymphocytes and macrophages within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining. The lymphocytes and macrophages are preferably directly associated with the response against the cancer. For example, the PD-L1 staining cells are tumour cells with convincing partial or complete linear membrane staining (at any intensity) that is perceived distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and lymphocytes and macrophages within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining (at any intensity) . The PD-L1 staining cells are preferably viable PD-L1 staining cells.
[0134] Categorization using CPS scoring algorithm is for example described in Kulangara, Karina & Hanks, Debra & Waldroup, Stephanie & Peltz, Lindsay & Shah, Supriya & Roach, Charlotte & Juco, Jonathan & Emancipator, Kenneth & Stanforth, Dave. (2017) , Development of the combined positive score (CPS) for the evaluation of PD-L1 in solid tumours with the immunohistochemistry assay PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx. Journal of Clinical Oncology, which disclosure is incorporated herein in its entirety.
[0135] In some preferred embodiments, the number of viable tumour cells in the tumour tissue sample are determining by flow cytometry. For example, a tissue sample analyzed by flow cytometry can be contacted with a viability dye prior to analysis, e.g., propidium iodide. Any convenient viability stain may be employed, with many examples known in the art. In some embodiments, the tumour proportion score (TPS) (an integrating scoring algorithm) is used instead of the CPS. The TPS can be obtained by determining in a test sample of the subject the number of viable tumour cells positive for PD-L1 (PD-L1 staining tumour cells) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula:
[0136] Categorization using TPS scoring algorithm is described in Roach C, Zhang N, Corigliano E, et al. Development of a Companion Diagnostic PD-L1 Immunohistochemistry Assay for Pembrolizumab Therapy in Non-Small-cell Lung Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2016; 24 (6) : 392-397 (doi: 10.1097 / PAI. 0000000000000408) , which disclosure is incorporated herein in its entirety.
[0137] For example, the number of total tumour cells and tumour cells positive for PD-L1 (i.e., PD-L1 staining tumour cells) can be assessed using the PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx assay (Agilent Technologies, Carpinteria, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s Instructions for Use. In some exemplary embodiments, the number of tumour cells can be measured in formalin-fixed tumour samples obtained by core-needle or excisional biopsy of a tumour lesion or from tissue resected at or after the time the cancer was diagnosed. In some such embodiments, for determination of PD-L1 expression, positivity is defined as complete circumferential or partial cell membrane staining of viable tumour cells with 1+ to 3+ intensity. Nonspecific staining can be recorded on a 0 to 3 intensity scale, in 0.25 grade increments. Tumour-associated immune cells are preferably excluded from PD-L1 scoring. Cytoplasmic staining, if present, is preferably excluded from the scoring. Scoring can be recorded as percentage of PD-L1-positive tumour cells over total tumour cells in the denominator (TPS) .
[0138] In some embodiments, the TAP scoring algorithm is used as the integrating scoring algorithm instead of CPS. The TAP score can be obtained by determining in a test sample of the subject the number of PD-L1 positive tumour and immune cells (PD-L1 staining tumour and immune cells) and the tumour area in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TAP for the cancer tissue sample using the formula:
[0139] The TAP score can be determined as described in Liu, Chunyan et al. “Tumour Area Positivity (TAP) score of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) : a novel visual estimation method for combined tumour cell and immune cell scoring. ” Diagnostic pathology vol. 18, 1 48.19 Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1186 / s13000-023-01318-8, which disclosure is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
[0140] In some embodiments, the tumour area is determined using the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. In some embodiments, the PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are PD-L1 staining cells with partial or complete linear membrane staining that is distinct from cytoplasmic staining, and immune cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) within the tumour nests and / or adjacent supporting stroma with membrane and / or cytoplasmic staining.
[0141] For example, to determine the TAP score, a hematoxylin and eosin stained slide can be first examined to identify the tumour area (area occupied by all viable tumour cells (TC) and the tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells (IC) ) . The immune cells measured in the nominator are tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells. If tumour nests are separated by non-neoplastic tissue, they can be included as part of the tumour area as long as the tumour nests are bordered on both sides of a 10x field; the intervening non-neoplastic tissue can also be included in the tumour area (commonly abbreviated as 10x field rule) . Necrosis, crush, and cautery artifacts are preferably excluded from tumour area. Tumour-associated IC are preferably intra-and peri-tumoural, including those present within the tumour proper, between tumour nests, and within any tumour-associated reactive stroma. In lymph nodes with focal or discrete tumour metastases, only IC immediately adjacent to the leading edge of the metastatic tumour nest are preferably defined as tumour-associated IC.
[0142] The TAP can be determined on the IHC slide by visually aggregating / estimating the area covered by PD-L1 positive TC (PD-L1 staining TC) and tumour-associated IC relative to the total tumour area. Both circumferential and partial / lateral membrane staining of TC at any intensity can be regarded as positive PD-L1 staining, while cytoplasmic staining of TC can be disregarded; membranous, cytoplasmic, and punctate staining of tumour-associated IC at any intensity can be regarded as PD-L1 positive staining.
[0143] Intra-luminal macrophage staining is preferably not included in the TAP score unless the macrophages completely fill the luminal space and are in direct contact with the TC. Staining of multi-nucleated giant cells, granulomas, and IC located within blood vessels and lymphatics are preferably not included in the TAP. Off-target staining (e.g., fibroblasts, endothelial cells, neuroendocrine cells, smooth muscle, and nerves) is preferably not included in the TAP.
[0144] In some embodiments, the cancer tissue sample is a tissue section of a tumour biopsy, preferably a solid tumour biopsy. Biopsies of interest can include tumour and / or non-neoplastic biopsies of skin (melanomas, carcinomas, etc. ) , soft tissue, bone, breast, colon, liver, kidney, adrenal, gastrointestinal, pancreatic, gall bladder, salivary gland, cervical, ovary, uterus, testis, prostate, lung, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary (adenomas, etc. ) , brain, spinal cord, ocular, nerve, and skeletal muscle, etc. In some embodiments, the subject from which the biopsy is obtained has a malignancy is selected from the list consisting of gastric cancer, esophageal carcinomas, head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, or HNSCC) , renal cell carcinoma, urothelial / bladder carcinoma, colorectal cancer, ovarian carcinoma, myeloma, melanoma, lung cancer, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and breast cancer (e.g., triple-negative breast cancer, hormone receptor positive (ER and / or PR) and Her2 positive breast cancer) , small cell lung cancer including extensive stage small cell lung cancer and limited stage small cell lung cancer, salivary gland carcinoma, vulvar carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, anal canal carcinoma, biliary carcinoma, mesothelioma, cervical carcinoma, and neuroendocrine carcinoma. In some embodiments, the subject from which the biopsy is obtained has a malignancy selected from melanoma, liver, stomach, renal cell, colorectal, ovarian, colon, breast, esophagus, mesothelioma, and head and neck cancer. In some preferred embodiments, the biopsy of interest can include a tumour and optionally non-neoplastic biopsy of any of a melanoma, liver, stomach, renal cell, colorectal, ovarian, colon, breast, esophagus, mesothelioma, and head and neck solid tumour. In some preferred embodiments, the biopsy is obtained from a subject having urothelial, breast, or esophageal cancer, most preferably breast cancer such as TNBC.
[0145] Detecting PD-L1 positive cells in a tumour sample is meanwhile clinical routine and required as companion diagnostic for several approved cancer treatments. It can be done in any convenient manner. In certain embodiments, the CPS is calculated from a stained tumour tissue biopsy section (e.g., on a slide) or serial tumour tissue biopsy sections by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, in-situ hybridization (ISH; e.g., fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization, or FISH) , histological stain, and a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, a tumour tissue biopsy section is analyzed by IHC. In certain embodiments, the percentage of viable PD-L1 positive and negative tumour cells and PD-L1 positive mononuclear inflammatory cells (MIC) , i.e., lymphocytes and macrophages, is determined within the tumour nests and the adjacent supporting stroma. In such embodiments, cells are positive for PD-L1 staining if they display partial or complete membrane staining relative to all viable tumour cells present in the sample. In some preferred embodiments, PD-L1 is detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. In some preferred embodiments, the number of viable tumour cells can be determining by flow cytometry. For example, a tissue sample analyzed by flow cytometry can be contacted with a viability dye prior to analysis, e.g., propidium iodide or any convenient viability stain known in the art.
[0146] Interpretation of stained slides can preferably be performed using a light microscope with an objective of 20x magnification. All viable tumour cells on the entire slide are preferably evaluated and included in the CPS or TPS PD-L1 scoring assessment optionally together with tumour-associated PD-L1 positive lymphocytes and macrophages for the CPS. A minimum of 100 viable tumour cells are preferably present in the PD-L1 stained slide to be considered adequate for evaluation. For slides comprising less than 100 viable tumour cells, tissue from a deeper level of the block or potentially another block, could present sufficient tumour cells for PD-L1 evaluation.
[0147] In some embodiments, the tumour tissue section is formalin fixed and embedded in paraffin wax (FFPE) . In alternative embodiments, the tissue section has been fixed in a different way, including tissue sections that have been fixed in, e.g., acrolein, glyoxal, osmium tetroxide, carbodiimide, mercuric chloride, zinc salts, picric acid, potassium di chromate, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and / or acetic acid.
[0148] In other embodiments, the PD-L1 scoring algorithm (such as CPS, TPS, or TAP) is calculated from a tumour tissue sample that is not a fixed section on a slide. For example, in certain embodiments, the CPS is calculated using flow cytometric analysis of a cell suspension from the tumour tissue sample. In these embodiments, the tumour tissue cell suspension can be stained with a detectable PD-L1 binding agent (e.g., a fluorescently labeled antibody) and analyzed on a flow cytometer for counting the number of tumour cells and MIC cells (i.e., lymphocytes and macrophages) expressing PD-L1. Tumour cells and MIC cells in the sample can be distinguished using any convenient flow cytometric parameter, e.g., forward scatter (FS) , side scatter (SS) , or by the expression of one or more additional markers using corresponding detectable binding agents for the one or more additional markers, e.g., markers specific or MIC or tumour cells. In other embodiments, the cells in the tumour tissue sample can be analyzed on a cell-by-cell basis for mRNA expression of PD-L1 and any other desired target, e.g., using single-cell nucleic acid sequencing methods for gene expression profiling (e.g., next generation sequencing methods) .
[0149] In some embodiments, the tissue section is stained. In some embodiments, the stain comprises a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. Hematoxylin, a basic dye, stains nuclei blue due to an affinity to nucleic acids in the cell nucleus; eosin, an acidic dye, stains the cytoplasm pink. A hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained section can be used for the evaluation of an acceptable tumour tissue sample or of a tumour area.
[0150] There are many other staining techniques known to those of skill in the art that can be used to selectively stain cells and cellular components that find use in the present disclosure, and as such no limitation in this regard is intended. The staining of a target (e.g., PD-L1) in cells from a tumour tissue biopsy is generally done by contacting the cells with one or more detectable target-specific binding agents under suitable conditions to allow for binding of the target-specific binding agent to its desired target (while minimizing nontarget binding) . The term “target-specific binding agent” means any agent that specifically binds to a target or analyte of interest, e.g., a target of interest that is present in a tissue section as described herein (e.g., a polypeptide or polynucleotide) . In some embodiments, the target-specific binding agent is an antibody (or target-binding fragments thereof) , e.g., as used in IHC and flow cytometry.
[0151] Staining may be performed with primary and secondary antibodies or without using secondary antibodies (e.g., where the primary antibody is detectably labeled) . Non-limiting examples of anti-PD-L1 antibodies include, but are not limited to, clone 22C3 (Merck & Co. ) , clone 28-8 (Bristol-Myers Squibb) , clones SP263 (Roche) , SP142 (Spring Biosciences) , and clone E1L3N (Cell Signaling Technology) . A preferred anti-PD-L1 antibody is clone SP263 (Roche) , another preferred anti-PD-L1 antibody is clone E1L3N (Cell Signaling Technology) .
[0152] Clone 22C3 is a well-known, commercially available anti-PD-L1 antibody described e.g., in US 9,709,568 B2, which disclosure is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0153] Clone 22C3 comprises a heavy and light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (HCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 23, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 24, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 25; and the light chain variable region comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (LCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 20, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (LCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 21, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (LCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 22. The heavy and light chain variable regions are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 27 and 26.
[0154] Clone 28-8 is a well-known commercially available anti-PD-L1 antibody described e.g., in US 9,212,224 B2, which disclosure is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0155] Clone 28-8 comprises a heavy and light chain variable region (i.e., VH and VL) set forth in SEQ ID NO: 28 and 29.
[0156] SP263 is a well-known commercially available anti-PD-L1 antibody described e.g., in US 2010 / 0343556 A1.
[0157] Clone SP263 comprises a heavy and light chain variable region, wherein the heavy chain variable region comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (HCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 33, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (HCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 34, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 35; and the light chain variable region comprises: (i) a complementarity-determining region 1 (LCDR1) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 30, (ii) a complementarity-determining region 2 (LCDR2) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 31, and (iii) a complementarity-determining region 3 (LCDR3) whose amino acid sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 32. The heavy and light chain variable region are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 36 and 37.
[0158] In certain other embodiments, a target specific binding agent is a nucleic acid or nucleic acid binding agent, e.g., as employed in in situ hybridization (ISH) reactions. For example, the target binding reagent can be a DNA, RNA, DNA / RNA hybrid molecule, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) , and the like. No limitation in the metes and bounds of a target-specific binding agent that finds use in the subject disclosure is intended.
[0159] The target-specific binding agent (or any secondary reagent used to detect the target-specific binding agent) may be attached to any suitable detectable label (or chromogen) or enzyme capable of producing a detectable label. Thus, in certain embodiments, the first or second label is produced by an enzymatic reaction, e.g., by the activity of horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and the like. Any convenient enzymatic label / chromogen deposition system can be employed (e.g., as used in standard IHC methods) , and as such, no limitation in this regard is intended. In some embodiments, the detectable label is a fluorescent tag.
[0160] In some embodiments, the staining reagents used may include a target-specific antibody (e.g., a PD-L1 specific antibody) . Where an additional target is to be detected, the staining reagents used may include one or more additional antibodies that each bind to a different antigen. For example, a set of antibodies may include a first antibody that binds to a first antigen (e.g., PD-L1) , a second antibody that binds to a second antigen, optionally a third antibody that binds to a third antigen and, optionally a fourth antibody that binds to a fourth antigen and / or further antibodies that bind to further antigens. In some embodiments, the antibody / antibodies used are primary antibodies that are detected by use of a secondary antibody (or other reagent) . The staining steps thus may be done by incubating the cells of the tissue sample, e.g., a tissue section or cell suspension, with the primary antibody / antibodies and then, after the primary antibody has bound to the desired target in / on the cells, incubating the cells with the labeled secondary antibody / antibodies (e.g., as is done in standard IHC protocols) . In some embodiments, each of the primary antibodies for each different target is from a different species (e.g., goat, rabbit, mouse, camel, chicken, donkey, etc. ) and the corresponding secondary antibodies specific for each different primary antibody are distinguishably labeled from each other.
[0161] In some preferred embodiments, the viable tumour cells and the number of lymphocytes and macrophages are counted in the tumour nests and the adjacent supporting stroma of the tumour tissue sample.
[0162] Although the result of a CPS calculation can exceed 100, the maximum score is preferably defined as 100 and a minimum of 100 viable tumour cells are preferably required to calculate the score. See Park et al. Cancer Res. Treat., 2020; 52 (3) : 661-670 and Yamashita et al., Gastric Cancer, 2020, 23: 95-104.
[0163] When an integrating scoring algorithm different than the CPS is used in the context of the methods disclosed herein, an in vitro diagnostic device (IVD) bridging study can be performed to determine whether that scoring algorithm defines a similar PD-L1 expression score as the established CPS. How to conduct such bridging assays is well known in the field of companion diagnostics and described, e.g., in detail in the FDA authorized “Principles for Codevelopment of an In Vitro Companion Diagnostic Device with a Therapeutic Product” issued on July 15, 2016, which disclosure is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0164] As disclosed therein, a test for determining PD-L1 expression score other than the CPS companion diagnostic (e.g., determining PD-L1 expression score using the IHC assay PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx in accordance with the manufacturer’s guide) can be used, if it can be demonstrated that the other IVD companion diagnostic has performance characteristics that are very similar to those of the CPS companion diagnostic. This is generally demonstrated through a bridging study between the two tests, using the original clinical trial samples and a pre-specified statistical analysis plan, to show that results with the candidate IVD companion diagnostic are very similar to those of the CPS companion diagnostic. A bridging study can evaluate efficacy of the therapeutic product in subjects whose marker status is determined by the candidate IVD companion diagnostic by assessing both concordance and discordance between the two tests using the same specimens from subjects who were tested for trial eligibility. The analysis needs to consider any potential impact of missing samples not available for the concordance study. The ability of the candidate IVD companion diagnostic to predict the efficacy of the therapeutic product can be supported indirectly by high analytical concordance with the CPS companion diagnostic on a large number of representative samples, including samples from subjects excluded from the trial because they were marker-negative by the CPS companion diagnostic. The assessment of the clinical validity of the candidate IVD companion diagnostic can rely on extrapolating the clinical performance characteristics of the CPS companion diagnostic to the clinical performance characteristics of the candidate IVD companion diagnostic. The ideal bridging study is one in which all samples tested with the trial test are retested with the candidate IVD companion diagnostic and valid test results are obtained and used to assess comparative performance. A bridging study with specimens from an all-comers trial also allows an analysis of efficacy using the results of the candidate IVD companion diagnostic. Note, however, that care should preferably be taken in understanding the analytical performance of the IVD prior to the bridging study because adjustments to the IVD should not be made from results obtained with the clinical trial samples. Whether a clinical trial enrolls subjects irrespective of the test result or enrolls only the subset of subjects identified by the test result, both the test-negative and test-positive clinical trial samples should preferably be included in bridging studies to avoid bias due to prescreening.
[0165] It is, however, recognized (e.g., by the FDA) that there are many reasons why all the samples tested with the CPS companion diagnostic may not be available for retesting, including that samples are missing, not accessible, or insufficient in quantity to retest, and it may not be possible to retest all samples. If only a subset of samples is retested, it should preferably be ensured that the characteristics of the subset adequately reflect the characteristics that affect test performance (e.g., tumour size, histology, melanin content, necrotic tissue, resected tissue versus core needle biopsy) and that the characteristics of the subjects that may affect therapeutic product efficacy (e.g., patient demographics, stage of disease, stratification factors) are proportionally preserved in the retest sample set when compared to the samples in the original set. In addressing baseline imbalance between the retested and non-retested analysis sets, FDA recommends that any covariates are identified that can affect the test result and then check for baseline imbalance between the retested and non-retested analysis sets using the set of covariates identified. A re-analysis of the primary outcome data should preferably be made according to the final test results with the retest sample set in order to assure that any reclassification that occurs does not alter conclusions about the safety and efficacy of the therapeutic product in the selected population. When all samples are not retested, a second re-analysis can be conducted in which missing data for the final test are imputed. The nature of the re-analysis will be product-specific and may be discussed with the appropriate IVD review center. Finally, additional analytical validation can potentially be requested to support satisfactory concordance across methods where discordance may arise, e.g., precision, limit of detection, and accuracy. In the event there is discordance in a marker-positive-only trial, it is possible that the candidate IVD companion diagnostic will more accurately predict responders, a difference that would represent an advantage for optimal use of the therapeutic product.
[0166] For example, when using a PD-L1 expression score obtained from the TAP scoring algorithm, it can be demonstrated that the TAP has performance characteristics that are very similar to those of the CPS companion diagnostic using the described bridging study. The same holds true for a PD-L1 expression score determined using different anti-PD L1 antibodies, such as SP263 or 22C3 or E1L3N. For example, it can be demonstrated that a PD-L1 expression score obtained from using 22C3 and the CPS scoring algorithm has characteristics that are very similar to those of a PD-L1 expression score obtain from using 28-8 and the CPS scoring algorithm using the described bridging study. The binding agent of the invention
[0167] While the present disclosure might make reference to a bispecific antibody specifically binding to PD-L1 and VEGF, this bispecific antibody may comprise in a general aspect an anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., an anti-VEGF-A antibody) or fragment thereof, and an antagonist of the PD1 / PD-L1 interaction and / or a PD-1 or PD-L1 blocking antibody. In some embodiments relating to this general aspect, the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., an anti-VEGF-A antibody) or fragment thereof, and a PD-1 or PD-L1 blocking antibody. In some preferred embodiments relating to this general aspect, the bispecific antibody comprises an anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., an anti-VEGF-A antibody) or fragment thereof, and an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof. For example, the anti-PD-1 antibody can be selected from any anti-PD-1 antibody known in the art such as pembrolizumab or nivolumab. An exemplary anti-PD-L1 antibody includes atezolizumab. For example, the anti-VEGF antibody can be selected from any VEGF antibody known in the art such as bevacizumab, ranibizumab or an VEGF binding region derived from the anti-VEGF fusion protein Aflibercept (see, e.g., US 7070959) . An exemplary anti-VEGF antibody includes bevacizumab.
[0168] The embodiments as set out herein for the bispecific antibody specifically binding to PD-L1 and VEGF as disclosed herein are generally also applicable for the antibody of the present general aspect, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0169] On the most general level, the present disclosure relates to a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction. This binding agent, which is alternatively referred to herein as “anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent” or simply as “binding agent” will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.First binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction
[0170] One component of the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent is a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction. Thus, this first binding region comprises an antagonist of the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction, such as an anti-PD-1 antibody, a PD-1 binding fragment thereof, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, or a PD-L1 binding fragment thereof. A1. Anti-PD-1 antibodies or PD-1 binding fragments thereof
[0171] In some embodiments, the first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction comprises an anti-PD-1 antibody or a PD-1 binding fragment thereof.
[0172] In some embodiments, PD-1 is human PD-1, in particular human PD-1 comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 90, 91, or 92.
[0173] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or a PD-1 binding fragment thereof (anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof) specifically binds to PD-1.
[0174] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Cemiplimab, Dostarlimab, Toripalimab, Retifanlimab, and PD-1 binding fragments thereof.
[0175] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody or a fragment thereof.
[0176] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is a monoclonal humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the fragment of the anti-PD-1 antibody may be any antigen-binding fragment of the anti-PD-1 antibody, for example a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, a Fv, a scFv, a Fab'-SH, an sdAb, or a VHH. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is selected from a full-length anti-PD-1 antibody, an scFv of an anti-PD-1 antibody or a VHH of an anti-PD-1 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is an scFv of an anti-PD-1 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is a VHH of an anti-PD-1 antibody.
[0177] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a variable region that specifically binds to PD-1. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region and / or a light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a constant region, preferably derived from a human antibody, preferably the constant region is selected from the constant region of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and / or a light chain. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and a light chain. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of a heavy chain and a light chain as a single chain (scFv) .
[0178] Exemplary anti-PD-1 antibody CDRs, variable region sequences, and heavy and light chain sequences are provided in Table 1, e.g., for anti-PD-1 antibodies A1 and A2, respectively.
[0179] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is defined by one or more sequences of the anti-PD-1 antibody A1 shown in Table 1.
[0180] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to the IMGT numbering system. Thus, in some embodiments, (I) a VH of the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, and / or (II) a VL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 48, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 49, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, wherein the CDRs are defined according to the IMGT numbering system. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0181] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to the Kabat numbering system. Thus, in some embodiments, (I) a VH of the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, and / or (II) a VL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, wherein the CDRs are defined according to the Kabat numbering system. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0182] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50, respectively, or (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 and 50, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50, respectively, or (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 and 50, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56.
[0183] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is an scFv comprising: (i-1a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 45, 46, and 47, respectively, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 48, 49, and 50, respectively; (i-1b) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 51, 52, and 53, respectively, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 54, 55, and 50, respectively; (i-1c) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 56; (i-1d) an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 56, and comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50, respectively; or (i-1e) an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 56, and comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 and 50, , respectively.
[0184] In some alternative embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is defined by one or more sequences of the anti-PD-1 antibody A2 shown in Table 1.
[0185] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to the Kabat numbering system. Thus, in some embodiments, a VH of the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59 or 60, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, wherein the CDRs are defined according to the Kabat numbering system. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0186] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to the IMGT numbering system. Thus, in some embodiments, a VH of the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63 or 64, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, wherein the CDRs are defined according to the IMGT numbering system. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0187] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 59, respectively, or (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 63, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 59, respectively, or (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 63, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65.
[0188] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 60, respectively, or (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 64, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 60, respectively, or (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 64, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66.
[0189] Thus, in some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is a VHH comprising: (i-2a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 59, respectively, or a VH comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 60, respectively; (i-2b) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 63, respectively, or a VH comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 64, respectively; (i-2c) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 65 preferably comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 59, respectively, or comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 63, respectively; or (i-2d) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 66, wherein the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 66 preferably comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 60, respectively, or comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 64, respectively. A2. Anti-PD-L1 antibodies or PD-L1 binding fragments thereof
[0190] In some embodiments, the first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction comprises an anti-PD-L1 antibody or a PD-L1 binding fragment thereof.
[0191] In some embodiments, PD-L1 is human PD-L1, in particular human PD-L1 comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93, 94, 95, or 96.
[0192] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or a PD-L1 binding fragment thereof (anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof) specifically binds to PD-L1.
[0193] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab, and PD-L1 binding fragments thereof.
[0194] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody or a fragment thereof.
[0195] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a monoclonal humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the fragment of the anti-PD-L1 antibody may be any antigen-binding fragment of the anti-PD-L1 antibody, for example a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, a Fv, a scFv, a Fab'-SH, an sdAb, or a VHH. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is selected from a full-length anti-PD-L1 antibody, an scFv of an anti-PD-L1 antibody or a VHH of an anti-PD-L1 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a VHH of an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
[0196] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a variable region that specifically binds to PD-L1. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region and / or a light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a constant region, preferably derived from a human antibody, preferably the constant region is selected from the constant region of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and / or a light chain. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and a light chain. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises of a heavy chain and a light chain as a single chain (scFv) . In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a VHH of an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
[0197] Exemplary anti-PD-L1 antibody CDRs, variable region sequences, and heavy and light chain sequences are provided in Table 1, e.g., for anti-PD-L1 antibodies A3 and A4, respectively.
[0198] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is defined by one or more sequences of the anti-PD-L1 antibody A3 shown in Table 1.
[0199] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to the Kabat numbering system. Thus, in some embodiments, a VH of the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 38, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, wherein the CDRs are defined according to the Kabat numbering system. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0200] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to the IMGT numbering system. Thus, in some embodiments, a VH of the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, wherein the CDRs are defined according to the IMGT numbering system. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0201] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, and 38, respectively, or (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein the amino acid sequence comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, and 38, respectively, or (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0202] Thus, in some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a VHH comprising: (i-3a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, and 38, respectively; (i-3b) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, and 3, respectively; or (i-3c) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 preferably comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, and 38, respectively, or comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
[0203] In some alternative embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is defined by one or more sequences of the anti-PD-L1 antibody A4 shown in Table 1.
[0204] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises (a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 73, and / or a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 74.
[0205] In some embodiments, (I) a VH of the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 68, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 69, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, and / or (II) a VL of the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0206] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 67, 68, and 69, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, wherein the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 67, 68, and 69, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73.
[0207] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 74 and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 74 and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 70, 71, and 72, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74, wherein the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 70, 71, and 72, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74.
[0208] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof; and (II) a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 74 and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprisesa (I) a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, and (II) a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 74 and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 67, 68, and 69, respectively, and the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 70, 71, and 72, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and (II) a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and (II) a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74, wherein the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 67, 68, and 69, respectively, and the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 70, 71, and 72, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and (II) comprises a VL comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74.
[0209] Thus, in some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a fragment of a humanized anti-PD-L1 antibody comprising: (i-4a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 73, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 74; (i-4b) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 67, 68, and 69, respectively, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 70, 71, and 72, respectively; (i-4c) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 74; or (i-4d) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 74, wherein the VH comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 67, 68, and 69, respectively, and the VL comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 70, 71, and 72, respectively.Second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGFR, or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction
[0210] Another component of the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent is a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGFR, or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction. Thus, this second binding region comprises an antagonist of the VEGF / VEGFR interaction, such as an anti-VEGF antibody, a VEGF binding fragment thereof, a protein comprising a VEGFR domain, an anti-VEGFR antibody, or a VEGF binding fragment thereof. B1. Anti-VEGF antibodies or VEGF binding fragments thereof
[0211] In some embodiments, the second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction comprises an anti-VEGF antibody or a VEGF binding fragment thereof, preferably an anti-VEGF-A antibody or a VEGF-A binding fragment thereof.
[0212] In some embodiments, VEGF is human VEGF, in particular human VEGF comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97 or human VEGF-A comprising the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
[0213] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or a VEGF binding fragment thereof (anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof) specifically binds to VEGF, in particular to VEGF-A.
[0214] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is selected from the group consisting of Bevacizumab, Ramucirumab, Ranibizumab, and VEGF binding fragments thereof.
[0215] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody or a fragment thereof.
[0216] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is a monoclonal humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the fragment of the anti-VEGF antibody may be any antigen-binding fragment of the anti-VEGF antibody, for example a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, a Fv, a scFv, a Fab'-SH, an sdAb, or a VHH. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is selected from a full-length anti-VEGF antibody, an scFv of an anti-VEGF antibody, or a VHH of an anti-VEGF antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is a full-length anti-VEGF antibody.
[0217] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof may comprise a variable region that specifically binds to VEGF, in particular VEGF-A. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region and / or a light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain variable region and a light chain variable domain. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a constant region, preferably derived from a human antibody, preferably the constant region is selected from the constant region of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and / or a light chain. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain and a light chain. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises two heavy chains and two light chains.
[0218] Exemplary anti-VEGF antibody CDRs, variable region sequences, and heavy and light chain sequences are provided in Table 1; cf., e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 44, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 80, and 17.
[0219] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a constant region, preferably derived from a human antibody, preferably the constant region is selected from the constant region of human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4.
[0220] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0221] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to the Kabat numbering system. Thus, in some embodiments, (I) a VH of the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, and / or (II) a VL of the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, wherein the CDRs are defined according to the Kabat numbering system. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0222] In some embodiments, the CDRs are defined according to the IMGT numbering system. Thus, in some embodiments, (I) a VH of the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, and / or (II) a VL of the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises: (i) a CDR1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; (ii) a CDR2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44, or a variant thereof having up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion; and (iii) a CDR3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, or a variant thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions, wherein the CDRs are defined according to the IMGT numbering system. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0223] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, or the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, or the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
[0224] In some embodiment, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively, or the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively, or the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a VL comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0225] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof; and (II) a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a (I) a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, and (II) a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11 and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein either (i) the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively, or (ii) the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and (II) a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a VH comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and (II) a VL comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein either (i) the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively, or (ii) the VH comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the VL comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a VH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and (II) comprises a VL comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0226] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CH1 domain, preferably comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0227] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an Fc region comprising one or more mutations which reduce or abolish immune effect functions. Suitable mutations are known in the art and may include one or more amino acid substitutions (cf., e.g., Wilkinson, I., et al., 2021. FcPLoS One, 16 (12) , p. e0260954; and Liu, R., et al., 2020. Antibodies, 9 (4) , p. 64) . In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an IgG1 Fc region comprising a L234A and / or a L235A mutation. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an IgG1 Fc region comprising L234A and L235A mutations. Amino acids are numbered according to the EU numbering (EU-index) as set forth in Kabat (Kabat, E.A.; National Institutes of Health (U.S. ) Office of the Director. Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th ed.; DIANE Publishing: Collingdale, PA, USA, 1991) . For example, these may correspond to L240A and L241A in SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a Fc domain comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
[0228] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a CL domain, preferably comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0229] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an HC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the HC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, or the HC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an HC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an HC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, wherein the HC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, or the HC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an HC comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80.
[0230] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an LC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein the LC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively, or the LC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an LC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an LC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the LC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 44, respectively, or the LC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises an LC comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0231] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, and (II) a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) an HC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, and (II) an LC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof, wherein either (i) the HC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and the LC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively, or (ii) the HC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the LC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) an HC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and (II) an LC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) an HC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and (II) an LC comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein either (i) the HC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and the LC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively, or (ii) the HC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the LC comprises the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprises (I) an HC comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and (II) an LC comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0232] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody comprises or consists of two HCs each comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80; and two LCs each comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0233] Thus, in some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is a full-length humanized anti-VEGF antibody comprising: (ii-1a) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences of SEQ ID NO: 11; (ii-1b) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively; (ii-1c) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively; (ii-1d) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11; (ii-1e) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the VH comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and the VL comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively; (ii-1f) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the VH comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the VL comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively; (ii-1g) a heavy chain (HC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80 and a light chain (LC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; (ii-1h) a heavy chain (HC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80 and a light chain (LC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively; or (ii-1i) a heavy chain (HC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80 and a light chain (LC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. B2. VEGFR domains
[0234] In some embodiments, the second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction comprises a VEGFR domain. In some embodiments, a protein which comprises a VEGFR domain is Aflibercept. Exemplary sequences of VEGFR domains are provided in Table 1.
[0235] In some embodiments, the second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction comprises at least one VEGFR-1 domain, or at least one VEGFR-2 domain, or at least one VEGFR-3 domain, or at least one VEGFR-1 domain and at least one VEGFR-2 domain, such as two VEGFR-1 domains, or two VEGFR-2 domains, or two VEGFR-1 domains and two VEGFR-2 domains, or two VEGFR-3 domains.
[0236] In some embodiments, the VEGFR domain is VEGFR-1 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 75, or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75.
[0237] In some embodiments, the VEGFR domain is VEGFR-2 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 76, or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76.
[0238] In some embodiments, the VEGFR domain is VEGFR-3 comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 77, or is an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0239] In some embodiments, the second binding region comprises at least one VEGFR-1 domain comprising or consisting of at least one amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75.
[0240] In some embodiments, the second binding region comprises at least one VEGFR-2 domain comprising or consisting of at least one amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76.
[0241] In some embodiments, the second binding region comprises at least one VEGFR-3 domain comprising or consisting of at least one amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77.
[0242] In some preferred embodiments, the second binding region comprises (i) at least one VEGFR-1 domain or at least one amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, or at least one VEGFR-3 domain or at least one amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76, and (ii) at least one VEGFR-2 domain or at least one amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77. In particularly preferred embodiments, the second binding region comprises (i) two VEGFR-1 domains or two amino acid sequences each having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75, (ii) two VEGFR-2 domains or two amino acid sequences having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76, (iii) two VEGFR-3 domains or two amino acid sequences each having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77, (iv) a combination of (i) and (ii) , or (v) a combination of (ii) and (iii) .
[0243] In some preferred embodiments, the second binding region comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78.
[0244] In some embodiments, the second binding region comprises or consists of (i) at least one VEGFR-1 or VEGFR-3 domain or at least one amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75 or 77; (ii) at least one VEGFR-2 domain or at least one amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76; and (iii) an Fc part. For example, the second binding region may comprise or consist of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79.
[0245] In some embodiments, the second binding region comprises: (ii-2a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75; (ii-2b) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SE Q ID NO: 76; (ii-2c) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; (ii-2d) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 78; or (ii-2e) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79.
[0246] In some embodiments, the second binding region comprises two amino acid sequences each comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 79. The resulting second binding region may have the setup of an antibody when it comes to the Fc parts, i.e., the two Fc parts form an Fc domain via at least one disulfide bond, and the two N-terminal regions each comprise or consist of two VEGFR domains. Accordingly, the resulting second binding region may have an Fc domain and two VEGFR-containing arms, wherein each arm comprises two VEGFR domains such that the resulting second binding region overall comprises four VEGFR domains.Specific embodiments of the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent
[0247] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent comprises a multispecific antibody, preferably a bispecific antibody.
[0248] The anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent can comprise any of the first and second binding regions as outlined above, in any combination. Thus, the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent may comprise (i) a PD-1 binding antibody or PD-1 binding fragment thereof, such as Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, Cemiplimab, Dostarlimab, Toripalimab, and Retifanlimab, or a fragment of any of the afore-mentioned antibodies, or any of the PD-1 binding sequences as disclosed above; and (ii) a VEGF binding antibody or VEGFR-binding fragment thereof, such as Bevacizumab, Ramucirumab, and Ranibizumab, or a fragment of any of the afore-mentioned antibodies, or any of the VEGF-binding sequences as disclosed above; or a VEGFR domain or a protein comprising the same, such as Aflibercept, or any of the VEGFR sequences as disclosed above. Alternatively, the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent may comprise (i) a PD-L1 binding antibody or PD-L1 binding fragment thereof, such as Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, and Avelumab, or a fragment of any of the afore-mentioned antibodies, or any of the PD-L1 binding sequences as disclosed above; and (ii) a VEGF binding antibody or VEGFR-binding fragment thereof, such as Bevacizumab, Ramucirumab, and Ranibizumab, or a fragment of any of the afore-mentioned antibodies, or any of the VEGF-binding sequences as disclosed above; or a VEGFR domain or a protein comprising the same, such as Aflibercept, or any of the VEGFR sequences as disclosed above.
[0249] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent comprises (i) the PD-L1 binding sequences, such as the VHH sequences and the anti-PD-L1 HCDRs thereof as disclosed above; and (ii) a VEGF binding antibody or VEGFR-binding fragment thereof as disclosed above, such as Bevacizumab.
[0250] Exemplary bispecific anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents include the following: the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents C1, C2a, C2b, C2c, C2d, C3a, and C3b provided in Table 1, Ivonescimab / AK112 (AkesoBio / Summit Therapeutics) , SYN-2510 (ImmuneOnco / Instil Bio) , AI-081 (OncoC4) , HB0025 (Huabo Biopharm) , SSGJ-707 (3SBio) , LM-299 (LaNova Medicines / Merck) , SG1408 (Hangzhou Sumgen) , B1962 (AP Biosciences / Tasly Pharma) , JS-207 (Junshi Biosciences) , SCTB14 (Sinocelltech) , CVL006 (Convalife) , DR30206 (Zhejiang Doer Bio) , HC010 (HC Biopharma) , and MHB039A (Minghui Pharma) . In one embodiment, the bispecific antibody is selected from the group consisting of Ivonescimab / AK112 (AkesoBio / Summit Therapeutics) , SYN-2510 (ImmuneOnco / Instil Bio) , HB0025 (Huabo Biopharm) , SSGJ-707 (3SBio) , LM-299 (LaNova Medicines / Merck) , SG1408 (Hangzhou Sumgen) , B1962 (AP Biosciences / Tasly Pharma) , JS-207 (Junshi Biosciences) , SCTB14 (Sinocelltech) , CVL006 (Convalife) , DR30206 (Zhejiang Doer Bio) , HC010 (HC Biopharma) , and MHB039A (Minghui Pharma) . Preferred anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents are the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents C1, C2a, C2b, C2c, C2d, C3a, and C3b, in particular, anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent C1.
[0251] In some embodiments, the antibody comprises any combination of one or more full-length antibodies, such as a human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, a monoclonal antibody, or a polyclonal antibody, and / or one or more antibody fragments, such as a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, an Fv, an scFv, a Fab'-SH, an sdAb, or a VHH. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a full-length antibody and an antibody fragment, such as a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, an Fv, an scFv, a Fab'-SH, an sdAb, or a VHH.
[0252] In some embodiments, the first binding region comprises an anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof, or comprises an antibody fragment selected from an Fab, an Fab', an F (ab') 2, an Fv, an scFv, an Fab'-SH, an sdAb, and a VHH, preferably an scFv or a VHH. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is an anti-PD-1 single-chain variable fragment. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is an anti-PD-1 VHH.
[0253] In some embodiments, the first binding region comprises an anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof, or comprises an antibody fragment selected from an Fab, an Fab', an F (ab') 2, an Fv, an scFv, an Fab'-SH, an sdAb, and a VHH, preferably a sdAb, most preferably a VHH. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is an anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is an anti-PD-L1 VHH.
[0254] In some embodiments, the second binding region comprises an anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof, or comprises a human antibody, a humanized antibody, or a chimeric antibody, preferably a humanized antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is a monoclonal antibody, for example a monoclonal human antibody, a monoclonal humanized antibody, or a monoclonal chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof is a monoclonal humanized antibody.
[0255] In some embodiments, the multispecific (preferably bispecific) anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent comprises an anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., anti-VEGF-A antibody) and / or an anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent comprises an anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., anti-VEGF-A antibody) and / or an anti-PD-1 single-chain variable fragment.
[0256] In some embodiments, the multispecific (preferably bispecific) anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent has monovalent binding to VEGF and / or to PD-L1. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody has monovalent binding to VEGF and / or to PD-1. In some embodiment the multispecific (preferably bispecific) anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent has bivalent binding to VEGF and / or to PD-L1. In some embodiment the multispecific (preferably bispecific) anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent has bivalent binding to VEGF and / or to PD-1. In some preferred embodiments, the multispecific (preferably bispecific) anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent has bivalent binding to VEGF and to PD-L1. In some preferred embodiments, the multispecific (preferably bispecific) anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent has bivalent binding to VEGF and to PD-1.
[0257] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., anti-VEGF-A antibody) or fragment thereof is a monovalent or bivalent antibody or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a monovalent or bivalent antibody or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is a monovalent or bivalent antibody or fragment thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., anti-VEGF-A antibody) or fragment thereof is a bivalent anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof and / or the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof is a bivalent antibody or fragment thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., anti-VEGF-A antibody) or fragment thereof is a bivalent anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof and / or the anti-PD-1 antibody or fragment thereof is a bivalent antibody or fragment thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., anti-VEGF-A antibody) is a bivalent anti-VEGF antibody and the anti-PD-L1 is a monovalent single domain antibody. In some preferred embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody (e.g., anti-VEGF-A antibody) is a bivalent anti-VEGF antibody and the anti-PD-1 is a bivalent single-chain variable fragment. C1. Anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibodies
[0258] In some preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent is a bispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody, i.e., a bispecific antibody, wherein the first binding region of the bispecific antibody binds to PD-L1 and the second binding region binds to VEGF, preferably to VEGF-A. An exemplary and preferred bispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody is the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent C1 provided in Table 1.
[0259] Exemplary bispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents include the following: the anti-PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents C1, C3a, and C3b provided in Table 1, SYN-2510 (ImmuneOnco / Instil Bio) , HB0025 (Huabo Biopharm) , SG1408 (Hangzhou Sumgen) , B1962 (AP Biosciences / Tasly Pharma) , CVL006 (Convalife) , DR30206 (Zhejiang Doer Bio) . An exemplary trispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent is HC010 (HC Biopharma) , which further binds to TGFbeta.
[0260] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and at least one anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody as described herein, preferably an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and two anti-PD-L1 single domain antibodies as described herein, more preferably an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and two anti-PD-L1 VHHs as described herein.
[0261] In some embodiments of the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody, the at least one anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody may be fused to the anti-VEGF antibody. In some embodiments, each anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody is terminally fused to the anti-VEGF antibody. In some preferred embodiments, each anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody is fused to: (i) the C-terminus of a heavy chain; (ii) the N-terminus of a heavy chain; (iii) the C-terminus of a light chain; or (iv) the N-terminus of a light chain. In particularly preferred embodiments, each anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody is fused to the C-terminus of an anti-VEGF antibody, preferably the C-terminus of a heavy chain. The anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody more preferably comprises an anti-VEGF antibody and two anti-PD-L1 VHHs, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody is fused to an anti-PD-L1 VHH, more preferably at the C-terminus of the heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody. The anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody (in particular, VHH) can be fused to the anti-VEGF antibody by a linker, e.g., a peptide linker, for example a glycine and serine-rich linker (GS-linker) or any suitable linker known in the art, such as linker a comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence GGGGSGGGGSG (SEQ ID NO: 14) .
[0262] In preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises a linker, which more preferably comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0263] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) an anti-VEGF antibody comprising two heavy chains as described herein; and (ii) two anti-PD-L1 VHHs, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody is fused to an anti-PD-L1 VHH through a linker comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0264] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises two anti-PD-L1 VHHs as described herein, wherein each VHH is fused to the C-terminus of an anti-VEGF-A antibody as described herein, preferably the C-terminus of each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF-A antibody. The anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody can therefore comprise an anti-VEGF-A antibody as described herein and two anti-PD-L1 VHHs as described herein, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF-A antibody is fused to an anti-PD-L1 VHH through a linker, such as a linker comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 14 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
[0265] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) an anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprising the HCDRs and LCDRs as described above (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, and 8 (Kabat) or SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 7, 44 and 8 (IMGT) ) or variants thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (ii) an anti-PD-L1 single domain comprising the HCDRs as described above (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 18, 19, and 38 (Kabat) or SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2 and 3 (IMGT) ) , or variants thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (1) at least one anti-PD-L1 single domain antibody comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9, wherein the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 9 preferably comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, and 38, respectively, or the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: 1, 2, and 3, respectively; and / or (2) an anti-VEGF antibody comprising (i) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively; or (ii) a VH comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and a VL comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively.
[0266] In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0267] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody comprises: (ii-1d) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11; (ii-1e) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the VH comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and the VL comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively; (ii-1f) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 11, wherein the VH comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the VL comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively; (ii-1g) a heavy chain (HC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and a light chain (LC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17; (ii-1h) a heavy chain (HC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and a light chain (LC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively; or (ii-1i) a heavy chain (HC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80, and a light chain (LC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively.
[0268] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (A) a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, and (B) a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 18, 19, and 38, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively. In some alternative embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (A') a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16, and (B') a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively.
[0269] In some particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0270] In some particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) two heavy chains each comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; and (ii) two light chains each comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. Such an anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprising two heavy chain-VHH fusions having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16 and two light chains having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 is disclosed as compound "Ava-2GS-NSD" in WO 2022 / 042719. C2. Anti-PD-1xVEGF antibodies
[0271] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent is a bispecific anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody, i.e., a bispecific antibody, wherein the first binding region of the bispecific antibody binds to PD-1 and the second binding region binds to VEGF, preferably to VEGF-A.
[0272] Exemplary bispecific anti-PD-1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents include the following: the anti-PD-1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents C2a, C2b, C2c, C2d provided in Table 1, Ivonescimab / AK112 (AkesoBio / Summit Therapeutics) , AI-081 (OncoC4) , SSGJ-707 (3SBio) , LM-299 (LaNova Medicines / Merck) , JS-207 (Junshi Biosciences) , SCTB14 (Sinocelltech) and MHB039A (Minghui Pharma) .
[0273] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and at least one anti-PD-1 scFv as described herein, preferably an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and at least two anti-PD-1 scFvs as described herein, more preferably an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and two anti-PD-1 scFvs as described herein.
[0274] In some embodiments of the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody, the at least one anti-PD-1 scFv may be fused to the anti-VEGF antibody. In some embodiments, each anti-PD-1 scFv is terminally fused to the anti-VEGF antibody. In some preferred embodiments, each anti-PD-1 scFv is fused to: (i) the C-terminus of a heavy chain; (ii) the N-terminus of a heavy chain; (iii) the C-terminus of a light chain; or (iv) the N-terminus of a light chain. In particularly preferred embodiments, each anti-PD-1 scFv is fused to the C-terminus of an anti-VEGF antibody, preferably the C-terminus of a heavy chain. The anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody more preferably comprises an anti-VEGF antibody and two anti-PD-1 scFvs, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody is fused to an anti-PD-1 scFv, more preferably at the C-terminus of the heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody. The anti-PD-1 scFv can be fused to the anti-VEGF antibody by a linker, e.g., a peptide linker, for example a glycine and serine-rich linker (GS-linker) or any suitable linker known in the art, such as linker a comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence GGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 88) .
[0275] In preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises a linker, which more preferably comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0276] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) an anti-VEGF antibody comprising two heavy chains as described herein; and (ii) two anti-PD-1 scFvs, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody is fused to an anti-PD-1 scFv through a linker, wherein the linker preferably comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0277] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises two anti-PD-1 scFvs as described herein, wherein each anti-PD-1 scFv is fused to the C-terminus of an anti-VEGF-Aantibody as described herein, preferably the C-terminus of each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF-A antibody. The anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody can therefore comprise an anti-VEGF-A antibody as described herein and two anti-PD-1 scFvs as described herein, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF-A antibody is fused to an anti-PD-1 scFv through a linker, such as a linker comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 88 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0278] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) an anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprising the HCDRs and LCDRs as described above (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, and 8 (Kabat) or SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 7, 44, and 8 (IMGT) ) or variants thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (ii) an anti-PD-1 scFv comprising the HCDRs and LCDRs as described above (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 50 (Kabat) or SEQ ID NOs: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50 (IMGT) ) , or variants thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (1) at least one anti-PD-1 scFv comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 56, wherein the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 56 preferably comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 50, respectively, or the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50, respectively; and / or (2) an anti-VEGF antibody comprising (i) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively; or (ii) a VH comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and a VL comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively.
[0279] In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0280] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody comprises (a) the VH and VL sequences as specified above under (ii-1d) , (ii-1e) , or (ii-1f) , or (b) the HC and LC sequences as specified above under (ii-1g) , (ii-1h) , or (ii-1i) .
[0281] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (A) a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81, and (B) a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, and 50, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively. In some alternative embodiments, the anti-PD-L1xVEGF antibody comprises (A') a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81, and (B') a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively.
[0282] In some particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises or consists of (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0283] In some particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises or consists of (i) two heavy chains each comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; and (ii) two light chains each comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0284] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and at least one anti-PD-1 VHH as described herein, preferably an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and at least two anti-PD-1 VHHs as described herein, more preferably an anti-VEGF antibody as described herein and two or four anti-PD-1 VHHs as described herein.
[0285] In some embodiments of the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody, the at least one anti-PD-1 VHH may be fused to the anti-VEGF antibody. In some embodiments, each anti-PD-1 VHH is terminally fused to the anti-VEGF antibody. In some preferred embodiments, each anti-PD-1 VHH is fused to: (i) the C-terminus of a heavy chain; (ii) the N-terminus of a heavy chain; (iii) the C-terminus of a light chain; or (iv) the N-terminus of a light chain. In particularly preferred embodiments, each anti-PD-1 VHH is fused to the C-terminus of an anti-VEGF antibody, preferably the C-terminus of a heavy chain. The anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody more preferably comprises an anti-VEGF antibody and two anti-PD-1 VHH, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody is fused to an anti-PD-1 VHH, more preferably at the C-terminus of the heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody. The anti-PD-1 VHH can be fused to the anti-VEGF antibody by a linker, e.g., a peptide linker, for example a glycine and serine-rich linker (GS-linker) or any suitable linker known in the art, such as linker a comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence GGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS (SEQ ID NO: 88) .
[0286] In preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises a linker, which more preferably comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0287] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) an anti-VEGF antibody comprising or consisting of two heavy chains as described herein; and (ii) at least two anti-PD-1 VHHs, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF antibody is fused to an anti-PD-1 VHH through a linker comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0288] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises two or four anti-PD-1 VHHs as described herein, wherein each anti-PD-1 VHH is fused to the C-terminus of an anti-VEGF-A antibody as described herein, preferably the C-terminus of each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF-A antibody. The anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody can therefore comprise an anti-VEGF-A antibody as described herein and two anti-PD-1 VHHs as described herein, wherein each heavy chain of the anti-VEGF-A antibody is fused to an anti-PD-1 VHH through a linker, such as a linker comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 88 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 88.
[0289] In particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) an anti-VEGF antibody or fragment thereof comprising the HCDRs and LCDRs as described above (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, and 8 (Kabat) or SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, 6, 7, 44, and 8 (IMGT) ) or variants thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions; and (ii) an anti-PD-1 VHH comprising the HCDRs as described above (i.e., SEQ ID NOs: 57, 58, 59, or 60 (Kabat) or SEQ ID NOs: 61, 62, 63, or 64 (IMGT) ) , or variants thereof having up to three amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (1) at least one anti-PD-1 VHH comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 65 or 66, wherein the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 65 preferably comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 59, respectively, or the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: 61, 62, and 63, respectively, and the amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 66 preferably comprises the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 60, respectively, or the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: 61, 62, and 64, respectively; and / or (2) an anti-VEGF antibody comprising (i) a heavy chain variable region (VH) comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and a light chain variable region (VL) comprising the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively; or (ii) a VH comprising the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and a VL comprising the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively.
[0290] In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions, additions or deletions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution, addition or deletion. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to three amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to two amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, the CDR variants have up to one amino acid substitution.
[0291] In some embodiments, the anti-VEGF antibody comprises (a) the VH and VL sequences as specified above under (ii-1d) , (ii-1e) , or (ii-1f) , or (b) the HC and LC sequences as specified above under (ii-1g) , (ii-1h) , or (ii-1i) .
[0292] In one preferred embodiment, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (A) a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82, and (B) a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 59, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively. In some alternative embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (A') a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82, and (B') a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 63, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises or consists of (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0293] In a second preferred embodiment, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (A) a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83, and (B) a light chain (LC) comprising an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 59, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively. In some alternative embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (A') a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83, and (B') a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 63, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises or consists of (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0294] In a third preferred embodiment, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, and / or one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) amino acid additions, deletions and / or substitutions in a framework region thereof. In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (A) a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84, and (B) a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 39, 40, and 41, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 57, 58, and 60, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 42, 43, and 8, respectively. In some alternative embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises (A') a heavy chain (HC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84, and (B') a light chain (LC) comprising or consisting of an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17, wherein the HC comprises (i) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 4, 5, and 6, respectively, and (ii) the HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 61, 62, and 64, respectively, and the LC comprises the LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3 sequences set forth in: SEQ ID NO: 7, 44, and 8, respectively. In some preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises or consists of (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17 or an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0295] In some particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises or consists of (i) a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82, 83, or 84; and (ii) a light chain sequence comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some particularly preferred embodiments, the anti-PD-1xVEGF antibody comprises or consists of (i) two heavy chains each comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82, the amino acid sequence of 83, or the amino acid sequence of 84; and (ii) two light chains each comprising comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. C3. Anti-PD-L1xVEGFR antibodies
[0296] In some embodiments, the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agent is a bispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGFR antibody, i.e., a bispecific antibody, wherein the first binding region of the bispecific antibody binds to PD-L1 and the second binding region comprises at least one VEGFR domain.
[0297] Exemplary bispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGFR antibodies are the anti-PD-1 / PD-L1xVEGF / VEGFR binding agents C3a and C3b provided in Table 1, SYN-2510 (ImmuneOnco / Instil Bio) , and HB0025 (Huabo Biopharm) . Such antibodies may alternatively be referred to as fusion proteins comprising an anti-PD-1 / PD-L1 antibody or a fragment thereof and a VEGFR domain.
[0298] In some embodiments, the bispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGFR antibody comprises any combination of one or more full-length antibodies, such as a human antibody, a humanized antibody, a chimeric antibody, a monoclonal antibody, or a polyclonal antibody, and / or one or more antibody fragments, such as a Fab, a Fab', a F (ab') 2, an Fv, an scFv, a Fab'-SH, an sdAb, or a VHH; and at least one VEGFR domain. In some embodiments, the bispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGFR antibody comprises a full-length antibody and at least one VEGFR domain.
[0299] In some embodiments of the bispecific anti-PD-L1xVEGFR antibody, the anti-PD-L1 antibody or fragment thereof comprises a human antibody, a humanized antibody, or a chimeric antibody, preferab...
Claims
1.A method of treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject:a. a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; andb. a chemotherapy agent.2.A binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction for use in a method of treating cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject:a. the binding agent; andb. a chemotherapy agent.3.A chemotherapy agent for use in a method of treating cancer, the method comprising administering to the subject:a. a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; andb. the chemotherapy agent.4.A binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and a chemotherapy agent for use in a method of treating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject:a. the binding agent; andb. the chemotherapy agent.5.The method according to claim 1, the binding agent for use according to claim 2, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 3, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 4, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, malignant mesothelioma, hepatocellular cancer, neuroendocrine neoplasm, melanoma, liver cancer, stomach cancer, renal cancer, urothelial cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer and pancreatic cancer.6.The method according to claim 1 or 5, the binding agent for use according to claim 2 or 5, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 3 or 5, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the chemotherapy agent is selected from the group consisting of a (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine or gemcitabine, (iii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed or methotrexate; (iv) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or docetaxel; (v) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably an anthracycline, topotecan, irinotecan or etoposide; (vi) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably vinorelbine, ixabepilone or eribuline; and (vii) combinations thereof.7.The method according to claim 1, the binding agent for use according to claim 2, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 3, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 4, wherein the cancer is small cell lung cancer and the chemotherapy agent is (i) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel; (ii) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably topotecan; or (iii) a combination of a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin; and a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably etoposide.8.The method according to claim 1, the binding agent for use according to claim 2, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 3, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 4, wherein the cancer is non-small cell lung cancer and the chemotherapy agent is (i) a taxane, preferably docetaxel; (ii) a combination of a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin; and an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed; or (iii) a combination of a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin; and a taxane, preferably paclitaxel.9.The method according to claim 1, the binding agent for use according to claim 2, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 3, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 4, wherein the cancer is triple-negative breast cancer and the chemotherapy agent is (i) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel or nab-paclitaxel; (ii) a combination of an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably gemcitabine, and a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin; or (iii) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably eribuline.10.The method according to claim 9, the bispecific antibody for use according to claim 9, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 9, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 9, wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of ≥1 when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm.11.The method according to claim 10, the bispecific antibody for use according to claim 10, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 10, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 10, wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of from 1 to <10 when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm.12.The method according to claim 9, the bispecific antibody for use according to claim 9, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 9, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 9, wherein the subject has a PD-L1 expression before the treatment that provides a score of <10 when determined by the combined positive score (CPS) or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm.13.The method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, the bispecific antibody for use according to any one of claims 10 to 12, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 10 to 12, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the another integrating scoring algorithm is the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) .14.The method according to any one of claims 10 to 12, the bispecific antibody for use according to any one of claims 10 to 12, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 10 to 12, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein the CPS has been determined in a test sample of the subject by determining the number of PD-L1 staining cells (tumour cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the CPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein(i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or(ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells as well as (tumour infiltrating) lymphocytes and macrophages; and / or(iii) PD-L1 staining cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the 22C3 antibody) ; and / or(iv) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or(v) the number of PD-L1 staining cells is the sum of PD-L1 staining tumour cells, PD-L1 staining lymphocytes and PD-L1 staining macrophages15.The method according to claim 13, the bispecific antibody for use according to claim 13, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 13, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 13, wherein the PD-L1 expression score has been determined using a TAP scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the percentage of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells per tumour area in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TAP for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein(i) the test sample is a cancer sample; and / or(ii) the tumour area is the area occupied by all viable tumour cells and the tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells; and / or(iii) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody SP263) ; and / or(iv) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells means the area covered by such PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells; and / or(v) %PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells / tumour area means the area of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells relative to the tumour area expressed as %.16.The method according to claim 13, the bispecific antibody for use according to claim 13, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 13, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 13, wherein the PD-L1 expression score has been determined using a TPS scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the number of viable tumour cells positive for PD-L1 and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein(i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or(ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells; and / or(iii) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or(iv) PD-L1 positive cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining.17.The method according to claim 1, the binding agent for use according to claim 2, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 3, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 4, wherein the cancer is malignant mesothelioma and the chemotherapy agent is a combination of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, and (ii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed.18.The method according to claim 1, the binding agent for use according to claim 2, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 3, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 4, wherein the cancer is hepatocellular cancer and the chemotherapy agent is a combination of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably oxaliplatin and (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, optionally administered together with folic acid or a derivative thereof, preferably leucovorin.19.The method according to claim 1, the binding agent for use according to claim 2, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 3, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 4, wherein the cancer is neuroendocrine neoplasm and the chemotherapy agent is a combination of (i) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably irinotecan, and (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, optionally administered together with folic acid or a derivative thereof, preferably leucovorin.20.The method according to any one of claims 1 and 5 to 19, the binding agent for use according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 19, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 3 and 5 to 19, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 4 to 19, wherein overall survival is increased in the subject compared to (a) (i) the chemotherapy agent or (a) (ii) the binding agent or (a) (iii) an anti-PD-L1 antibody or (a) (iv) an anti-PD-1 antibody treatment alone or compared to (b) (i) a standard treatment comprising the chemotherapy agent and an anti-PD-L1 antibody or (b) (ii) the chemotherapy agent and an anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is preferably atezolizumab and the anti-PD-1 antibody is preferably pembrolizumab.21.The method according to any one of claims 1 and 5 to 20, the bispecific antibody for use according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 20, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 3 and 5 to 20, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 4 to 20, wherein median progression-free survival is increased in the subject compared to (a)(i) the chemotherapy agent or (a) (ii) the binding agent or (a) (iii) an anti-PD-L1 antibody or (a) (iv) an anti-PD-1 antibody treatment alone or compared to (b) (i) a standard treatment comprising the chemotherapy agent and an anti-PD-L1 antibody or (b) (ii) the chemotherapy agent and an anti-PD-1 antibody, wherein the anti-PD-L1 antibody is preferably atezolizumab and the anti-PD-1 antibody is preferably pembrolizumab.22.The method according to any one of claims 1 and 5 to 21, the binding agent for use according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 21, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 3 and 5 to 21, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 4 to 21, wherein the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent are administered separately.23.The method according to any one of claims 1 and 5 to 22, the binding agent for use according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 22, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 3 and 5 to 22, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 4 to 22, wherein the binding agent is administered at a dosage of from about 1 mg / kg to 100 mg / kg or at a dosage of from about 1000 mg to 2000 mg.24.The method according to any one of claims 1 and 5 to 22, the binding agent for use according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 22, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 3 and 5 to 22, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 4 to 22, wherein the binding agent and / or the chemotherapy agent is / are administered intravenously, preferably wherein the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent are administered intravenously.25.The method according to any one of claims 1 and 5 to 24, the binding agent for use according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 24, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 3 and 5 to 24, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 4 to 24, wherein the binding agent comprises (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-L1 and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF.26.The method according to claim 25, the binding agent for use according to claim 25, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 25, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 25, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of the binding agents C1, C3a, and C3b provided in Table 1, SYN-2510 (ImmuneOnco / Instil Bio) , HB0025 (Huabo Biopharm) , SG1408 (Hangzhou Sumgen) , B1962 (AP Biosciences / Tasly Pharma) , CVL006 (Convalife) , HC010 (HC Biopharma) , and DR30206 (Zhejiang Doer Bio) .27.The method according to any one of claims 1 and 5 to 24, the binding agent for use according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 24, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 3 and 5 to 24, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 4 to 24, wherein the binding agent comprises (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1 and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF.28.The method according to claim 27, the binding agent for use according to claim 27, the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 27, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 27, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of the binding agents C2a, C2b, C2c, and C2d provided in Table 1, Ivonescimab / AK112 (AkesoBio / Summit Therapeutics) , AI-081 (OncoC4) , SSGJ-707 (3SBio) , LM-299 (LaNova Medicines / Merck) , JS-207 (Junshi Biosciences) , SCTB14 (Sinocelltech) , and MHB039A (Minghui Pharma) .29.The method according to any one of claims 1 and 5 to 24, the binding agent for use according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 24, the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 3 and 5 to 24, or the binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to any one of claims 4 to 24, wherein the binding agent is a bispecific antibody binding to PD-L1 and VEGF comprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17.30.A binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and a chemotherapy agent for use as medicament, wherein the chemotherapy agent is selected from the group consisting of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine or gemcitabine, (iii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed or methotrexate; (iv) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or docetaxel; (v) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably an anthracycline, topotecan, irinotecan or etoposide; (vi) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably vinorelbine, ixabepilone or eribuline; and (vii) combinations thereof.31.A composition comprisinga. a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; andb. a chemotherapy agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine or gemcitabine, (iii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed or methotrexate; (iv) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or docetaxel; (v) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably an anthracycline, topotecan, irinotecan or etoposide; (vi) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably vinorelbine, ixabepilone or eribuline; and (vii) combinations thereof.32.A kit comprisinga. a composition comprising a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; andb. a composition comprising a chemotherapy agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine or gemcitabine, (iii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed or methotrexate; (iv) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or docetaxel; (v) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably an anthracycline, topotecan, irinotecan or etoposide; (vi) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably vinorelbine, ixabepilone or eribuline; and (vii) combinations thereof.33.The binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 30, the composition according to claim 31, or the kit according to claim 32, wherein the binding agent comprises (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-L1 and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF.34.The binding agent and the chemotherapy agent according to claim 33, the composition according to claim 33, or the kit according to claim 33, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of the binding agents C1, C3a, and C3b provided in Table 1, SYN-2510 (ImmuneOnco / Instil Bio) , HB0025 (Huabo Biopharm) , SG1408 (Hangzhou Sumgen) , B1962 (AP Biosciences / Tasly Pharma) , CVL006 (Convalife) , HC010 (HC Biopharma) , and DR30206 (Zhejiang Doer Bio) .35.The binding agent and the chemotherapy agent for use according to claim 30, the composition according to claim 31, or the kit according to claim 32, wherein the binding agent comprises (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1 and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF.36.The binding agent and the chemotherapy agent according to claim 35, the composition according to claim 35, or the kit according to claim 35, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of the binding agents C2a, C2b, C2c, and C2d provided in Table 1, Ivonescimab / AK112 (AkesoBio / Summit Therapeutics) , AI-081 (OncoC4) , SSGJ-707 (3SBio) , LM-299 (LaNova Medicines / Merck) , JS-207 (Junshi Biosciences) , SCTB14 (Sinocelltech) , and MHB039A (Minghui Pharma) .37.The binding agent and the chemotherapy agent according to claim 30, the composition according to claim 31, or the kit according to claim 32, wherein the binding agent is a bispecific antibody binding to PD-L1 and VEGF comprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17.38.The composition according to any one of claims 31 and 33 to 37, or the kit according to any one of claims 32 to 37 for use as medicament.39.A method for determining whether a cancer in a subject is susceptible to treatment with a binding agent comprising (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1, PD-L1, or both and which antagonizes the PD-1 / PD-L1 interaction; and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF, VEGF receptor (VEGFR) , or both and which antagonizes the VEGF / VEGFR interaction; and a chemotherapy agent, wherein the method comprises detecting in a sample of the subject the PD-L1 expression before the treatment by determining the combined positive scope (CPS) or another score, preferably the tumour area positivity (TAP) score or the tumour proportion score (TPS) , more preferably the TAP score, wherein a CPS of ≥ 1 indicates a PD-L1 expression that renders the subject susceptible to treatment with the bispecific antibody and the chemotherapy, or a score that is indicative of such a PD-L1 expression when determined by another integrating scoring algorithm, preferably when determined by the TAP score or the TPS, more preferably when determined by the TAP score.40.The method according to claim 39, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, malignant mesothelioma, hepatocellular cancer, neuroendocrine neoplasm, melanoma, liver cancer, stomach cancer, renal cancer, urothelial cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer and pancreatic cancer; preferably wherein the cancer is triple-negative breast cancer.41.The method according to claim 39 or 40, wherein the chemotherapy agent is selected from the group consisting of (i) a platinum-based chemotherapy agent, preferably carboplatin, cisplatin or oxaliplatin, (ii) an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent, preferably 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine or gemcitabine, (iii) an antifolate chemotherapy agent, preferably pemetrexed or methotrexate; (iv) a taxane, preferably paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel or docetaxel; (v) a topoisomerase inhibitor, preferably an anthracycline, topotecan, irinotecan or etoposide; (vi) a microtubule inhibitor, preferably vinorelbine, ixabepilone or eribuline; and (vii) combinations thereof.42.The method according to any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the CPS is determined in a test sample of the subject by determining the number of PD-L1 staining cells (tumour cells, lymphocytes, macrophages) and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the CPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein(i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or(ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells as well as (tumour infiltrating) lymphocytes and macrophages; and / or(iii) PD-L1 staining cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the 22C3 antibody) ; and / or(iv) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or(v) the number of PD-L1 staining cells is the sum of PD-L1 staining tumour cells, PD-L1 staining lymphocytes and PD-L1 staining macrophages43.The method according to any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the PD-L1 expression is determined using a TAP scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the percentage of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells per tumour area in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TAP for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein(i) the test sample is a cancer sample; and / or(ii) the tumour area is the area occupied by all viable tumour cells and the tumour-associated stroma containing tumour-associated immune cells; and / or(iii) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining (preferably by using the anti-PD-L1 antibody SP263) ; and / or(iv) PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells means the area covered by such PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells; and / or(v) %PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells / tumour area means the area of PD-L1 positive tumour cells and immune cells relative to the tumour area expressed as %.44.The method according to any one of claims 39 to 41, wherein the PD-L1 expression is determined using a TPS scoring algorithm by determining in a test sample of the subject the number of viable tumour cells positive for PD-L1 and the total number of viable tumour cells in a cancer tissue sample from the subject; and calculating the TPS for the cancer tissue sample using the formula: wherein(i) the test sample is a cancer tissue sample; and / or(ii) the cancer tissue sample comprises at least 100 viable tumour cells; and / or(iii) viable tumour cells are determined by staining with a viability dye; and / or(iv) PD-L1 positive cells are determined by PD-L1 immunohistochemistry staining.45.The method according to any one of claims 39 to 44, wherein the binding agent comprises (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-L1 and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF.46.The method according to claim 45, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of the binding agents C1, C3a, and C3b provided in Table 1, SYN-2510 (ImmuneOnco / Instil Bio) , HB0025 (Huabo Biopharm) , SG1408 (Hangzhou Sumgen) , B1962 (AP Biosciences / Tasly Pharma) , CVL006 (Convalife) , HC010 (HC Biopharma) , and DR30206 (Zhejiang Doer Bio) .47.The method according to any one of claims 39 to 44, wherein the binding agent comprises (i) a first binding region which binds to PD-1 and (ii) a second binding region which binds to VEGF.48.The method according to claim 47, wherein the binding agent is selected from the group consisting of the binding agents C2a, C2b, C2c, and C2d provided in Table 1, Ivonescimab / AK112 (AkesoBio / Summit Therapeutics) , AI-081 (OncoC4) , SSGJ-707 (3SBio) , LM-299 (LaNova Medicines / Merck) , JS-207 (Junshi Biosciences) , SCTB14 (Sinocelltech) , and MHB039A (Minghui Pharma) .49.The method according to any one of claims 39 to 44, wherein the binding agent is a bispecific antibody binding to PD-L1 and VEGF comprising a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 16 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17.
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