Two-part epoxy composition comprising thiol curative, and catalyst
A two-part epoxy composition with a thiol curative and photobase catalyst enables rapid curing and strong bonding, addressing the inefficiencies of existing epoxy systems by providing enhanced mechanical properties and adhesion in coatings and adhesives.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/101531
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-29
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-26
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-02
AI Technical Summary
Existing epoxy compositions lack efficient and rapid curing mechanisms, particularly in applications requiring structural bonds, and there is a need for improved adhesion and mechanical properties in coatings and adhesives.
A two-part epoxy composition is developed, comprising a first part with an epoxy resin and a thiol curative, and a second part with a photobase catalyst dissolved in a liquid material, which can be combined and cured under light exposure and elevated temperatures, forming semi-structural or structural bonds.
The composition achieves rapid curing and forms strong, durable bonds suitable for structural applications, enhancing mechanical properties and adhesion in coatings and adhesives.
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Figure CN2024101531_02102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
TWO-PART EPOXY COMPOSITION COMPRISING THIOL CURATIVE, AND CATALYSTSummary
[0001] Presently described are two-part epoxy compositions comprising a) a first part comprising an epoxy resin component, an epoxy curative comprising at least two thiol groups; and b) a second part comprising: a catalyst dissolved or dispersed with a liquid material. In one embodiment, the two-part epoxy composition comprises: a) a first part comprising: an epoxy resin component, an epoxy curative comprising at least two thiol groups, a sensitizer having a chromophore (e.g. fluorenone, thioxanthone, anthraquinone) ; and b) a second part comprising: a photobase dissolved or dispersed with a liquid material.
[0002] In typical embodiments, the first part is provided in a separate container as the second part. The first and second part are typically combined within 12 hours or less of use of the composition as a coating or adhesive. In some embodiments, the (e.g. photobase) catalyst has a solubility at 23 ℃ in the liquid material at a concentration of at least 10%or 20%or 30 wt. %.
[0003] In typical embodiments, the photobase is compound comprising an aromatic moiety and nitrogen-containing moiety that generates an amine when exposed to light with a wavelength within the range of 350 nm to 500 nm or a wavelength within the range of 440 nm to 500 nm.
[0004] Also described is a method of use comprising providing the two-part composition described herein; mixing the first part with the second part; applying the mixed parts to a substrate; and allowing the mixed parts to cure. 22. In some embodiments, the method further comprises exposing the mixed parts to light with a wavelength within the range of 350 nm to 500 nm or a wavelength within the range of 440 nm to 500 nm. In some embodiments, the method further comprises exposing the mixed parts to a temperature above room temperature (e.g. within a range of 50 to 130℃) . In typical embodiments, the method comprises applying the mixed parts between a first and second substrate. A semi-structural or structural bond is formed after curing,Brief Description of the Drawings
[0005] FIG. 1 is a plot of a DMA temp ramp modulus and tan delta for a cured adhesive example;
[0006] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cartridge comprising a two-part composition;
[0007] FIG. 3 is a photograph of an apparatus for mixing and dispensing a two-part composition.Detailed Description
[0008] Epoxy Resin Component
[0009] The twopart epoxy composition described herein comprises an epoxy resin component. In typical embodiments, the first part comprises an epoxy resin component. In some embodiments, the second part comprises an epoxy resin component.
[0010] The epoxy resin component comprises an epoxy resin that has at least two epoxy functional groups (i.e., oxirane groups) per molecule. As used herein, the term oxirane group refers to the following divalent group.
[0011] The asterisks denote a site of attachment of the oxirane group to another group. If an oxirane group is at the terminal position of the epoxy resin, the oxirane group is typically bonded to a hydrogen atom.
[0012] This terminal oxirane group is often part of a glycidyl group.
[0013] The epoxy resin component can include a single epoxy resin or mixture of epoxy resins (e.g., monomeric, oligomeric, or polymeric compounds) . The epoxy resins are selected to provide the desired viscosity characteristics before curing and to provide the desired (e.g. mechanical) properties after curing. When the epoxy resin includes a mixture of materials, at least one of the epoxy resins of the mixture comprises at least two oxirane groups per molecule. For example, an epoxy resin can have 2 to 10, 2 to 6, or 2 to 4 oxirane groups per molecule.
[0014] The portion of the epoxy resin that is not an oxirane group (i.e., an epoxy resin compound minus the oxirane groups) can be aromatic, aliphatic, or a combination thereof and can be linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination thereof. The aromatic and aliphatic portions of the epoxy resin can include heteroatoms or other groups that are not reactive with the oxirane groups. That is, the epoxy resin can include halo groups, oxy groups such as in an ether linkage group, thio groups such as in a thio ether linkage group, carbonyl groups, carbonyloxy groups, carbonylimino groups, phosphono groups, sulfono groups, nitro groups, nitrile groups, and the like. The epoxy resin can also be a silicone-based material such as a polydiorganosiloxane-based material.
[0015] Although the epoxy resin can have any suitable molecular weight, the weight average molecular weight is usually at least 100 grams / mole, at least 150 grams / mole, at least 175 grams / mole, at least 200 grams / mole, at least 250 grams / mole, or at least 300 grams / mole. The weight average molecular weight can be up to 50, 000 grams / mole or even higher for polymeric epoxy resins. The weight average molecular weight is often up to 40, 000 grams / mole, up to 20, 000 grams / mole, up to 10, 000 grams / mole, up to 5, 000 grams / mole, up to 3, 000 grams / mole, or up to 1, 000 grams / mole. For example, the weight average molecular weight can be in the range of 100 to 50, 000 grams / mole, in the range of 100 to 20, 000 grams / mole, in the range of 10 to 10, 000 grams / mole, in the range of 100 to 5, 000 grams / mole, in the range of 200 to 5, 000 grams / mole, in the range of 100 to 2, 000 grams / mole, in the range of 200 to 2, 000 grams / mole, in the range of 100 to 1, 000 grams / mole, or in the range of 200 to 1, 000 grams / mole.
[0016] In some embodiments, the epoxy resin component comprises an epoxy resin that is a liquid at room temperature. In some embodiments, the epoxy resin component comprises an epoxy resin that is solid at room temperature that can be dissolved in one of the other components of the composition, such as a liquid epoxy resin.
[0017] The epoxy resin is typically a glycidyl ether. Exemplary glycidyl ethers can be of Formula (I) .
[0018] In Formula (I) , group R1 is a polyvalent group that is aromatic, aliphatic, or a combination thereof. Group R1 can be linear, branched, cyclic, or a combination thereof. Group R1 can optionally include halo groups, oxy groups, thio groups, carbonyl groups, carbonyloxy groups, carbonylimino groups, phosphono groups, sulfono groups, nitro groups, nitrile groups, and the like. Although the variable p can be any suitable integer greater than or equal to 2, p is often an integer in the range of 2 to 10, in the range of 2 to 6, or in the range of 2 to 4.
[0019] In some embodiments, the epoxy resin is a polyglycidyl ether of a polyhydric phenol, such as polyglycidyl ethers of bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol AD, catechol, and resorcinol. In this embodiment, the epoxy resin may be characterized as having aromatic moieties, such as a bisphenol moiety. In some embodiments, the epoxy resin is a reaction product of a polyhydric alcohol with epichlorohydrin. Exemplary polyhydric alcohols include butanediol, polyethylene glycol, and glycerin. In some embodiments, the epoxy resin is an epoxidized (poly) olefinic resin, epoxidized phenolic novolac resin, epoxidized cresol novolac resin, and cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. In some embodiments, the epoxy resin is a glycidyl ether ester, such as that which can be obtained by reacting a hydroxycarboxylic acid with epichlorohydrin, or a polyglycidyl ester, such as that which can be obtained by reacting a polycarboxylic acid with epichlorohydrin. In some embodiments, the epoxy resin is a urethane-modified epoxy resin. In other embodiments, the epoxy resin may lack polymeric material comprising the reaction product of a uretdione-containing material comprising a reaction product of a diisocyanate with itself and a hydroxyl-containing compound having more than one OH group, such as described in WO2020 / 065438.
[0020] Various combinations of two or more epoxy resins can be used if desired.
[0021] In some exemplary epoxy resins of Formula (I) , the variable p is equal to 2 (i.e., the epoxy resin is a diglycidyl ether) and R1 includes an alkylene (i.e., an alkylene is a divalent radical of an alkane and can be referred to as an alkane-diyl) , heteroalkylene (i.e., a heteroalkylene is a divalent radical of a heteroalkane and can be referred to as a heteroalkane-diyl) , arylene (i.e., a divalent radical of an arene compound) , or combination thereof. Suitable alkylene groups often have 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbon atoms, 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Suitable heteroalkylene groups often have 2 to 50 carbon atoms, 2 to 40 carbon atoms, 2 to 30 carbon atoms, 2 to 20 carbon atoms, 2 to 10 carbon atoms, or 2 to 6 carbon atoms with 1 to 10 heteroatoms, 1 to 6 heteroatoms, or 1 to 4 heteroatoms. The heteroatoms in the heteroalkylene can be selected from oxy, thio, or -NH-groups but are often oxy groups. Suitable arylene groups often have 6 to 18 carbon atoms or 6 to 12 carbon atoms. For example, the arylene can be phenylene, fluorenylene, or biphenylene. Group R1 can further optionally include halo groups, oxy groups, thio groups, carbonyl groups, carbonyloxy groups, carbonylimino groups, phosphono groups, sulfono groups, nitro groups, nitrile groups, and the like. The variable p is usually an integer in the range of 2 to 4.
[0022] Some epoxy resins of Formula (I) are diglycidyl ethers where R1 includes (a) an arylene group or (b) an arylene group in combination with an alkylene, heteroalkylene, or both. Group R1 can further include optional groups such as halo groups, oxy groups, thio groups, carbonyl groups, carbonyloxy groups, carbonylimino groups, phosphono groups, sulfono groups, nitro groups, nitrile groups, and the like. These epoxy resins can be prepared, for example, by reacting an aromatic compound having at least two hydroxyl groups with an excess of epichlorohydrin. Examples of useful aromatic compounds having at least two hydroxyl groups include, but are not limited to, resorcinol, catechol, hydroquinone, p, p’ -dihydroxydibenzyl, p, p’ -dihydroxyphenylsulfone, p, p’ -dihydroxybenzophenone, 2, 2’ -dihydroxyphenyl sulfone, and p, p’ -dihydroxybenzophenone. Still other examples include the 2, 2’ , 2, 3’ , 2, 4’ , 3, 3’ , 3, 4’ , and 4, 4’ isomers of dihydroxydiphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyldimethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylethylmethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylmethylpropylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylethylphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylpropylenphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenylbutylphenylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyltolylethane, dihydroxydiphenyltolylmethylmethane, dihydroxydiphenyldicyclohexylmethane, and dihydroxydiphenylcyclohexane.
[0023] Some commercially available diglycidyl ether epoxy resins of Formula (I) are derived from bisphenol (e.g. bisphenol A is 4, 4’ -dihydroxydiphenylmethane) . Examples include, but are not limited to, those available under the trade designation EPON (e.g., EPON 1510, EPON 1310, EPON 828, EPON 872, EPON 1001, EPON 1004, and EPON 2004) from Momentive Specialty Chemicals, Inc. (Columbus, OH) , those available under the trade designation DER (e.g., DER 331, DER 332, DER 336, and DER 439) from Olin Epoxy Co. (St. Louis, MO) , and those available under the trade designation EPICLON (e.g., EPICLON 850) from Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. (Parsippany, NJ) . Other commercially available diglycidyl ether epoxy resins are derived from bisphenol F (i.e., bisphenol F is 2, 2’ -dihydroxydiphenylmethane) . Examples include, but are not limited to, those available under the trade designation DER (e.g., DER 334) from Olin Epoxy Co. (St. Louis, MO) , those available under the trade designation EPICLON (e.g., EPICLON 830) from Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc. (Parsippany, NJ) , and those available under the trade designation ARALDITE (e.g., ARALDITE 281) from Huntsman Corporation (The Woodlands, TX) .
[0024] Other epoxy resins of Formula (I) are diglycidyl ethers of a poly (alkylene oxide) diol. These epoxy resins also can be referred to as diglycidyl ethers of a poly (alkylene glycol) diol. The variable p is equal to 2 and R1 is a heteroalkylene having oxygen heteroatoms. The poly (alkylene glycol) portion can be a copolymer or homopolymer and often includes alkylene units having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to, diglycidyl ethers of poly (ethylene oxide) diol, diglycidyl ethers of poly (propylene oxide) diol, and diglycidyl ethers of poly (tetramethylene oxide) diol. Epoxy resins of this type are commercially available from Polysciences, Inc. (Warrington, PA) such as those derived from a poly (ethylene oxide) diol or from a poly (propylene oxide) diol having a weight average molecular weight of 400 grams / mole, about 600 grams / mole, or about 1000 grams / mole.
[0025] Still other epoxy resins of Formula (I) are diglycidyl ethers of an alkane diol (R1 is an alkylene and the variable p is equal to 2) . Examples include a diglycidyl ether of 1, 4-dimethanol cyclohexyl, diglycidyl ether of 1, 4-butanediol, and a diglycidyl ether of the cycloaliphatic diol formed from a hydrogenated bisphenol A such as those commercially available under the trade designation EPONEX (e.g., EPONEX 1510) from Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc. (Columbus, OH) and under the trade designation EPALLOY (e.g., EPALLOY 5001) from CVC Thermoset Specialties (Moorestown, NJ) .
[0026] For some applications, the epoxy resins chosen for use in the curable coating compositions are novolac epoxy resins, which are glycidyl ethers of phenolic novolac resins. These resins can be prepared, for example, by reaction of phenols with an excess of formaldehyde in the presence of an acidic catalyst to produce the phenolic novolac resin. Novolac epoxy resins are then prepared by reacting the phenolic novolac resin with epichlorohydrin in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The resulting novolac epoxy resins typically have more than two oxirane groups and can be used to produce cured coating compositions with a high crosslinking density. The use of novolac epoxy resins can be particularly desirable in applications where corrosion resistance, water resistance, chemical resistance, or a combination thereof is desired. One such novolac epoxy resin is poly [ (phenyl glycidyl ether) -co-formaldehyde] . Other suitable novolac resins are commercially available under the trade designation ARALDITE (e.g., ARALDITE GY289, ARALDITE EPN 1183, ARALDITE EP 1179, ARALDITE EPN 1139, and ARALDITE EPN 1138) from Huntsman Corporation (The Woodlands, TX) , under the trade designation EPALLOY (e.g., EPALLOY 8230) from CVC Thermoset Specialties (Moorestown, NJ) , and under the trade designation DEN (e.g., DEN 424 and DEN 431) from Olin Epoxy Co. (St. Louis, MO) .
[0027] Yet other epoxy resins include silicone resins with at least two glycidyl groups and flame retardant epoxy resins with at least two glycidyl groups (e.g., a brominated bisphenol-type epoxy resin having at least two glycidyl groups such as that commercially available from Dow Chemical Co. (Midland, MI) under the trade designation DER 580) .
[0028] The epoxy resin component is often a mixture of epoxy resins. In some embodiments, the epoxy resins can be selected to be a mixture that provides the desired viscosity or flow characteristics prior to curing. For example, the epoxy resin component comprises reactive diluents that include monofunctional or certain multifunctional epoxy resins. The reactive diluent typically has a viscosity which is lower than that of the epoxy resin having at least two epoxy groups. In some embodiments, the reactive diluent should have a viscosity less than 250 mPa·s (cPs) . Typical reactive diluents have only one functional group (i.e., oxirane group) such as various monoglycidyl ethers. Some exemplary monofunctional epoxy resins include, but are not limited to, those with an alkyl group having 6 to 28 carbon atoms, such as (C6-C28) alkyl glycidyl ethers, (C6-C28) fatty acid glycidyl esters, (C6-C28) alkylphenol glycidyl ethers, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, a monofunctional epoxy resin is present in an amount up to 50 parts based on the total of the epoxy resin component.
[0029] In some embodiments, the curable or cured epoxy composition comprises at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 60 wt. %epoxy resin component, based on a total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the curable or cured epoxy composition comprises no greater than 80, 75, 70, 65 or 60 wt. %epoxy resin component, based on a total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the first part and second part each comprise a portion of the total amount of epoxy resin component. In other embodiments, the first part comprises epoxy resin component and the second part lacks epoxy resin component.
[0030] Thiol Epoxy Curative
[0031] The first part of the epoxy composition comprises an epoxy curative comprising at least two thiol group or in other words a polythiol epoxy curative. In some embodiments, the second part of the epoxy composition also comprises a polythiol epoxy curative. A thiol is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl or mercapto (–C–SH) group. Useful thiol-containing compounds are organic compounds having at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 thiol groups. In some embodiments, a polythiol may be utilized in combination with a monothiol such as ethanethiol, 1-propanethiol, 1-butanethiol, 6-mercapto-1-hexanol, 3-mercapto-1-hexanol, 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-ol, 3-mercaptobutyl acetate, 8-mercapto-1-octanol, 9-mercapto-1-nonanol, 1-nonanethiol, 1-decanethiol, and 3-mercaptohexyl hexanoate.
[0032] In some embodiments, the polythiol may be an alkylene, arylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene, or alkylenearylalkylene having at least two mercaptan groups, wherein any of the alkylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene, or alkylenearylalkylene are optionally interrupted by one or more oxa (i.e., -O-) , thia (i.e., -S-) , or imino groups (i.e., -NR3-wherein R3 is a hydrocarbyl group or H) , and optionally substituted by alkoxy or hydroxyl.
[0033] Examples of useful dithiols include C1-C12 alkyl polythiols such as 1, 2-ethanedithiol, 1, 2-propanedithiol, 1, 3-propanedithiol, 1, 3-butanedithiol, 1, 4-butanedithiol, 2, 3-butanedithiol, 1, 3-pentanedithiol, 1, 5-pentanedithiol, 1, 6-hexanedithiol, 1, 3-dimercapto-3-methylbutane, dipentenedimercaptan, ethylcyclohexyldithiol (ECHDT) , dimercaptodiethyl sulfide, methyl-substituted dimercaptodiethyl sulfide, dimethyl-substituted dimercaptodiethyl sulfide; dimercaptodioxaoctane, 1, 5-dimercapto-3-oxapentane; (C6-C12) aromatic polythiols such as benzene-1, 2-dithiol, benzene-1, 3-dithiol, benzene-1, 4-dithiol; tolylene-2, 4-dithiol; p-xylenedithiol and 1, 3, 5-tris (mercaptomethyl) benzene. Examples of polythiols having more than two mercaptan groups include propane-1, 2, 3-trithiol; 1, 2-bis[ (2-mercaptoethyl) thio] -3-mercaptopropane; tetrakis (7-mercapto-2, 5-dithiaheptyl) methane; and trithiocyanuric acid.
[0034] Also useful are polythiols formed from the esterification of polyols with thiol-containing carboxylic acids or their derivatives. Examples of polythiols formed from the esterification of polyols with thiol-containing carboxylic acids or their derivatives include those made from the esterification reaction between thioglycolic acid or 3-mercaptopropionic acid and several polyols to form the mercaptoacetates or mercaptopropionates, respectively.
[0035] Examples of polythiol compounds preferred because of relatively low odor level include, but are not limited to, esters of thioglycolic acid, α-mercaptopropionic acid, and β-mercaptopropionic acid with polyhydroxy compounds (polyols) such as diols (e.g., glycols) , triols, tetraols, pentaols, and hexaols. Specific examples of such polythiols include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol bis (thioglycolate) , ethylene glycol bis (β-mercaptopropionate) , trimethylolpropane tris (thioglycolate) , trimethylolpropane tris (β-mercaptopropionate) and ethoxylated versions, pentaerythritol tetrakis (thioglycolate) , pentaerythritol tetrakis (β-mercaptopropionate) , and tris (hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate tris (β-mercaptopropionate) . However, in those applications where concerns about possible hydrolysis of the ester exists, these polyols are typically less desirable.
[0036] Examples of thiol epoxy curatives include trimethylolpropane tris (beta-mercaptopropionate) (TMPMP) , trimethylolpropane tris (thioglycolate) (TMPMA) , pentaerythritol tetrakis (thioglycolate) , pentaerythritol tetrakis (beta-mercaptopropionate) (THIOCURE PETMP) , dipentaerythritol poly (beta-mercaptopropionate) , ethylene glycol bis (beta-mercaptopropionate) , , (ethoxylated trimethylolpropane tri(3-mercaptopropionate) such as ETTMP 1300 and ETTMP 700) ; glycol di (3-mercaptopropionate) (GDMP) ; tris [2- (3-mercaptopropionyloxy) ethyl] isocyanurate) (TEMPIC) , propylene glycol 3-mercaptopropionate (PPGMP) from Bruno Bock Chemische Fabrik GmbH &Co. KG, and polymeric polythiols such as polypropylene-ether glycol bis (β-mercaptopropionate) , which is prepared from polypropylene-ether glycol (e.g., PLURACOL P201, Wyandotte Chemical Corp. ) and β-mercaptopropionic acid by esterification. Other useful thiol epoxy curatives include “Multhiol Y-2” , “Multhiol Y-4” , and “Multhiol Y-3” , composed primarily pentaerythritol tripropanethiol, 2, 2-bis (hydroxmethyl) -1, 3-propanediol 3-mercaptopropyl ether.
[0037] Suitable polythiols also include those prepared from esterification of polyols with thiol-containing carboxylic acids or their derivatives, those prepared from a ring-opening reaction of epoxides with H2S (or its equivalent) , those prepared from the addition of H2S (or its equivalent) across carbon-carbon double bonds, polysulfides, polythioethers, and polydiorganosiloxanes. Specifically, these include the 3-mercaptopropionates (also referred to as β-mercaptopropionates) of ethylene glycol and trimethylolpropane (the former from Chemische Fabrik GmbH &Co. KG, the latter from Sigma-Aldrich) ; POLYMERCAPTAN 805C (mercaptanized castor oil) ; POLYMERCAPTAN 407 (mercaptohydroxy soybean oil) from Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LLP, and CAPCURE, specifically CAPCURE 3-800 (a polyoxyalkylenetriol with mercapto end groups of the structure R3 [O (C3H6O) nCH2CH (OH) CH2SH] 3 wherein R3 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1-12 carbon atoms and n is an integer from 1 to 25) , from Gabriel Performance Products, Ashtabula, Ohio, and GPM-800, which is equivalent to CAPCURE 3-800, also from Gabriel Performance Products.
[0038] Examples of oligomeric or polymeric polythioethers useful for practicing the present disclosure are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,366,307 (Singh et al. ) , 4,609,762 (Morris et al. ) , 5,225,472 (Cameron et al. ) , 5,912,319 (Zook et al. ) , 5,959,071 (DeMoss et al. ) , 6,172,179 (Zook et al. ) , and 6,509,418 (Zook et al. ) .
[0039] In some embodiments, the polythiol is oligomeric or polymeric. Examples of useful oligomeric or polymeric polythiols include polythioethers and polysulfides. Polythioethers include thioether linkages (i.e., -S-) in their backbone structures. Polysulfides include disulfide linkages (i.e., -S-S-) in their backbone structures.
[0040] Polythioethers can be prepared, for example, by reacting dithiols with dienes, diynes, divinyl ethers, diallyl ethers, ene-ynes, alkynes, or combinations of these under free-radical conditions. Useful dithiols include any of the dithiols listed above. Examples of suitable divinyl ethers include divinyl ether, ethylene glycol divinyl ether, butanediol divinyl ether, hexanediol divinyl ether, diethylene glycol divinyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, tetraethylene glycol divinyl ether, cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether, polytetrahydrofuryl divinyl ether, and combinations of any of these. Useful divinyl ethers of formula CH2═CHO (R8O) mCH═CH2, in which m is a number from 0 to 10, and R8 is C2 to C6 branched alkylene. Such compounds can be prepared by reacting a polyhydroxy compound with acetylene. Examples of compounds of this type include compounds in which R8 is an alkyl-substituted methylene group such as -CH (CH3) - (e.g., those obtained from BASF, Florham Park, N.J., as “PLURIOL” , for which R8 is ethylene and m is 3.8) or an alkyl-substituted ethylene (e.g., -CH2CH (CH3) -such as those obtained from International Specialty Products of Wayne, N.J., as “DPE” (e.g., DPE-2 and DPE-3) . Examples of other suitable dienes, diynes, and diallyl ethers include 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene, 1, 5-cyclooctadiene, 1, 6-heptadiyne, 1, 7-octadiyne, and diallyl phthalate. Small amounts of trifunctional compounds (e.g., triallyl-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4, 6-trione, 2, 4, 6-triallyloxy-1, 3, 5-triazine) may also be useful in the preparation of oligomers.
[0041] Examples of oligomeric or polymeric polythioethers useful for practicing the present disclosure are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,366,307 (Singh et al. ) , U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,762 (Morris et al. ) , U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,472 (Cameron et al. ) , U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,319 (Zook et al. ) , U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,071 (DeMoss et al. ) , U.S. Pat. No. 6,172,179 (Zook et al. ) , and U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,418 (Zook et al. ) . In some embodiments, the polythioether is represented by formula HSR9 [S (CH2) 2O [R10O] m (CH2) 2SR9] nSH, wherein each R9 and R10 is independently a C2-6 alkylene, wherein alkylene may be straight-chain or branched, C6-8 cycloalkylene, C6-10 alkylcycloalkylene, - [ (CH2) pX] q (CH2) r in which at least one -CH2-is optionally substituted with a methyl group, X is one selected from the group consisting of O, S and -NR11-, where R11 denotes hydrogen or methyl, m is a number from 0 to 10, n is a number from 1 to 60, p is an integer from 2 to 6, q is an integer from 1 to 5, and r is an integer from 2 to 10. Polythioethers with more than two mercaptan groups may also be useful.
[0042] Polythioethers can also be prepared, for example, by reacting dithiols with diepoxides, which may be carried out by stirring at room temperature, optionally in the presence of a tertiary amine catalyst (e.g., 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) ) . Useful dithiols include any of those described above. Useful epoxides can be any of those having two epoxide groups. In some embodiments, the diepoxide is a bisphenol diglycidyl ether, wherein the bisphenol (i.e., -OC6H5CH2C6H5O-) may be unsubstituted (e.g., bisphenol F) , or either of the phenyl rings or the methylene group may be substituted by halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo) , methyl, trifluoromethyl, or hydroxymethyl. Polythioethers prepared from dithiols and diepoxides have pendent hydroxyl groups and can have structural repeating units represented by formula -SR9SCH2CH (OH) CH2OC6H5CH2C6H5OCH2CH (OH) CH2SR9S-, wherein R9 is as defined above, and the bisphenol (i.e., -OC6H5CH2C6H5O-) may be unsubstituted (e.g., bisphenol F) , or either of the phenyl rings or the methylene group may be substituted by halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo) , methyl, trifluoromethyl, or hydroxymethyl. Mercaptan terminated polythioethers of this type can also be reacted with any of the dienes, diynes, divinyl ethers, diallyl ethers, and ene-ynes listed above under free-radical polymerization conditions.
[0043] Other useful polythiols can be formed from the addition of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (or its equivalent) across carbon-carbon double bonds. For example, dipentene and triglycerides which have been reacted with H2S (or its equivalent) . Specific examples include dipentene dimercaptan and those polythiols available as POLYMERCAPTAN 358 (mercaptanized soybean oil) and POLYMERCAPTAN 805C (mercaptanized castor oil) from Chevron Phillips Chemical Co. LLP. At least for some applications, the preferred polythiols are POLYMERCAPTAN 358 and 805C since they are produced from largely renewable materials, i.e., the triglycerides, soybean oil and castor oil, and have relatively low odor in comparison to many thiols. Useful triglycerides have at least 2 sites of unsaturation, i.e., carbon-carbon double bonds, per molecule on average, and sufficient sites are converted to result in at least 2 thiols per molecule on average. In the case of soybean oil, this requires a conversion of approximately 42 percent or greater of the carbon-carbon double bonds, and in the case of castor oil this requires a conversion of approximately 66 percent or greater of the carbon-carbon double bonds. Typically, higher conversion is preferred, and POLYMERCAPTAN 358 and 805C can be obtained with conversions greater than approximately 60 percent and 95 percent, respectively. Useful polythiols of this type also include those derived from the reaction of H2S (or its equivalent) with the glycidyl ethers of bisphenol A epoxy resins, bisphenol F epoxy resins, and novolak epoxy resins. A preferred polythiol of this type is QX11, derived from bisphenol A epoxy resin, from Japan Epoxy Resins (JER) as EPOMATE. Other polythiols suitable include those available as EPOMATE QX10 and EPOMATE QX20 from JER.
[0044] Other useful polythiols are polysulfides that contain thiol groups such as those available as THIOKOL LP-2, LP-3, LP-12, LP-31, LP-32, LP-33, LP-977, and LP-980 from Toray Fine Chemicals Co., Ltd., and polythioether oligomers and polymers such as those described in PCT Publ. No. WO 2016130673 A1 (DeMoss et al. ) .
[0045] In some embodiments, the curable epoxy composition comprises at least 25, 30, or 35 wt. %, thiol epoxy curative, based on a total weight of the curable epoxy composition. In some embodiments, the curable epoxy composition typically comprises no greater than 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, or 40 wt. %, thiol epoxy curative, based on a total weight of the curable epoxy composition. Combinations of two or more polythiols can be used if desired.
[0046] In some embodiments, the curable epoxy composition further comprises additional curatives that lack a thiol group. In some embodiments, the addition curative is a quaternary phosphonium salt. Examples of the quaternary phosphonium salt include tetraethylphosphonium bromide, tributylmethylphosphonium iodide, tetraethylphosphonium hexafluorophosphate, tetraethylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tributyl (cyanomethyl) phosphonium chloride, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate, tributyl-n-octylphosphonium bromide, tetra-n-octylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylphosphonium hexafluorophosphate, tributyldodecylphosphonium bromide, tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide, trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium dicyanamide, methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide, methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, methyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, tributylmethylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, tetraphenylphosphonium bromide, tetraphenylphosphonium chloride, tetraphenylphosphonium iodide, (bromomethyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, (chloromethyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride, (cyanomethyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride, ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, ethyltriphenylphosphonium iodide, isopropyltriphenylphosphonium iodide, triphenylvinylphosphonium bromide, allyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, allyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, (formylmethyl) triphenyl chloride, (methoxymethyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride, triphenylpropylphosphonium bromide, triphenylpropargylphosphonium bromide, amyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, acetonyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, 3-bromopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, benzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, cyclopropyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, 2-dimethylaminoethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, hexyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, heptyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate, (3-trimethylsilyl-2-propyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, triphenyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium bromide, (2-trimethylsilylethyl) triphenylphosphoniu m iodide, tetrabutylphosphonium tetraphenylborate, tributyl (1, 3-dioxan-2-ylmethyl) phosphonium bromide, trans-2-butane-1, 4-bis (triphenylphosphonium chloride) , (tert-butoxycarbonyl methyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, (4-bromobenzyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, cinnamyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, (4-chlorobenzyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride, (3-carboxypropyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, (2-chlorobenzyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride, ethoxycarbonyl methyl (triphenyl) phosphonium triphenyl) phosphonium bromide, methoxycarbonyl methyl (triphenyl) phosphonium triphenyl) phosphonium bromide, (1-naphthylmethyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride, phenacyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, 2- (trimethylsilyl) ethoxy methyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, tetraphenylphosphonium tetra-p-tolyl borate, 4- (carboxybutyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, (1, 3-dioxan-2-yl) methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, (2, 4-dichlorobenzyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride, (3, 4-dimethoxybenzyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, 4-ethoxybenzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, (2-hydroxybenzyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, (3-methoxybenzyl) triphenylphosphonium chloride, (4-nitrobenzyl) triphenylphosphonium bromide, 2- (1, 3-dioxan-2-yl) ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, 2- (1, 3-dioxan-2-yl) ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, triphenyl (2-thienylmethyl) phosphonium bromide, dodecyltributylphosphonium chloride, ethyltrioctylphosphonium bromide, hexadec yltributylphosphonium chloride, methyltributylphosphonium dimethylphosphate, methyltributylphosphonium iodide, tetraethylphosphonium bromide, tetraethylphosphonium hydroxide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium o, o-diethylphosphorodithioate, tetrabutylphosphonium benzotriazolate, tetrabutylphosphonium tetraphenyl borate, triethylpentylphosphonium bromide, triethyloctylphosphonium bromide, triethylpentylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, triethyloctylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, and tri-n-butylmethylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide.
[0047] Preferred quaternary phosphonium salt can include methyltributylphosphonium dimethylphosphate and tetrabutylphosphonium o, o-diethylphosphorodithioate (e.g. HISHICOLINTM and PX-4ET manufactured by NIPPON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIAL CO., LTD. ; and ethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
[0048] The weight ratio of the epoxy component to the thiol epoxy curative typically ranges from 0.5: 1 to 1.5: 1. In some embodiments, the amount of epoxy component is greater than the amount of thiol epoxy curative. In this embodiment, the weight ratio of the epoxy component to the thiol epoxy curative is at least 1.1: 1, 1.2: 1, 1.3: 1, 1; 4: 1, or 1.5: 1.
[0049] In typical embodiments, the first part comprises the thiol epoxy curative together with the epoxy component. In some embodiments, the second part comprises thiol epoxy curative as a portion of the total thiol epoxy curative and as a liquid carrier for the (e.g. photobase) catalyst.
[0050] When the volume mix of the first part to the second part is about the same, i.e. 1: 1, the first part may comprise little or no thiol curative. When the volume of the first part is greater than the volume of the second part, the first part typically also comprises thiol curative. The volume mix ratio may be at least 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, or 5: 1 ranging up to 10: 1, 15: 1, or 20: 1.
[0051] It has also been found that premixing the thiol curative together with the epoxy in the first part is amenable to more consistent properties, such as Tg. It has been found that the apparatus that dispenses and combines the first and second parts does not consistently dispense exactly the same amount. Volume variation of + / -10%, + / -15%and even + / -20%is not uncommon. When the volume varies the amount of individual components of each part is also subject to concentration variation. Such variation results in variation in physical properties. With respect to forthcoming Example 10, at a 1: 1 volume ratio, the variation in Tg (i.e. the difference between the minimum and maximum Tg) of the cured composition was about 20℃. In contrast, Example 10 at a 10: 1 volume ratio, had a variation in Tg of 5℃. In some embodiments, the two-part composition described herein together with the apparatus for dispensing and combining the first and second parts provides a variation in Tg of less than 20, 15, or 10℃. As compared to the Tg of the same composition thoroughly mixed (i.e. target Tg) , the variation in Tg can be less than 15, 10, or 5%of the target value.
[0052] Sensitizer
[0053] When the epoxy composition composition comprises a photobase, the composition typically further comprises a sensitizer having a chromophore. The chromophore is typically a group such as benzophenone, fluorenone, xanthone, thioxanthone, coumarin, and anthraquinone.
[0054] In some embodiments, the sensitizer is a fluorenone compound, such as depicted as follows:
[0055] In some embodiments, the sensitizer is a thioxanthone compound, such as depicted as follows:
[0056] In some embodiments, the sensitizer is an anthraquinone compound, such as depicted as follows:
[0057] The aromatic ring (s) of these chromophore may further comprise various substituents such as a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, amino group, or combinations of such substituents. Various substituted fluorenone compounds, for use as a sensitizer, are described in US 9,150,723; incorporated here by reference.
[0058] In some embodiments, a single aromatic ring of the chromophore comprises a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the alkyl group is a linear or branched methyl, ethyl, propyl, or butyl group.
[0059] In some embodiments, the chromophore comprises -OR instead of the double bonded oxygen group. The R group is typically hydrogen or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the R group has at least 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the R group has no greater than 16, 14, 12, 10, or 8 carbon atoms.
[0060] Some illustrative sensitizer compounds are depicted in the forthcoming examples. The curable epoxy composition may comprise a single sensitizer or a combination of sensitizers e.g., with different chromophores.
[0061] In some embodiments, the curable epoxy composition comprises at least 0.1, 0.2, or 0.25%sensitizer, based on a total weight of the curable epoxy composition. In some embodiments, the curable epoxy composition typically comprises no greater than 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 wt. %sensitizer, based on a total weight of the curable epoxy resin composition. In typical embodiments, the first part comprises the sensitizer together with the thiol epoxy curative and epoxy component.
[0062] Photobase and Other Catalysts
[0063] A photobase refers to a chemical compound that decomposes when being irradiated with light, so that it generates a free base, such as a tertiary amine. One illustrative reaction scheme is depicted as follows:
[0064] The generation of free base will proceed without sensitizer when the wavelength of light used is light that is absorbed by the photobase molecule. For example, PLB-SCD-090 photobase generates free base with ultraviolet light (e.g. D-BULB example) . However, by inclusion of a sensitizer, wavelengths greater than 400 nm can be used.
[0065] The generated base can act as a catalyst for a curing reaction of an epoxy resin. The catalyst can directly react with the oxirane ring of the epoxy resin, can catalyze or accelerate the reaction of the polythiol compound with the epoxy resin, or can catalyze or accelerate the self-polymerization of the epoxy resin.
[0066] Various photobases are known and described in the literature. See for example US 9933701; US2011 / 00285585; and US9150723; incorporated herein by reference.
[0067] The photobase has the general formula:
[0068] (I) Ar-L-B; or (II) [Ar-L-B] + [A] -
[0069] wherein Ar is an aromatic group;
[0070] L is a covalent bond or (e.g. divalent) organic linking group;
[0071] B is a nitrogen-containing group;
[0072] and A-is an anion of a salt.
[0073] Examples of Ar include phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, anthraquinonyl, xanthenyl, thianthrenyl, phenoxathiinyl, chromanyl, isochromanyl, coumarinyl, xanthonyl, and thioxanthonyl.
[0074] In some embodiments, the aromatic group may further comprise substituents such as an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 14 carbon atoms, a nitro group, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, an alkoxy, an aryloxy, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an alkylthio group or arylthio group, an amino, or halogen.
[0075] When the photobase is of the general formula I, the nitrogen-containing group typically has a general formula as follows:
[0076] When a photobase is of the general formula II, the nitrogen-containing group typically has a general formula as follows:
[0077] L is typically alkylene having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an arylene with 6 to 14 carbon atoms; that optionally comprise substituents.
[0078] In some embodiments, A-is anion of a borate salt having the formula:
[0079] wherein R1 to R4 are independently an alkyl group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms or an aromatic group, such as phenyl; and Q+ is a monovalent onium cation.
[0080] In some embodiments, the photobase is not a salt. Thus, the formula of the photobase is preferably Ar-L-B. As depicted in the forthcoming examples, salt photobases can exhibit low solubility in liquid materials of the second part.
[0081] In some embodiments, the photobase is capable of generating amines upon exposure to light with a wavelength within the range of 350 nm to 500 nm. In some embodiments, the photobase is capable of generating amines upon exposure to light with a wavelength within the range of 440 nm to 500 nm, or in other words blue light.
[0082] In some embodiments, the photobase (s) are the sole (e.g. nitrogen-containing) catalyst of the total epoxy composition. The epoxy compositions described here can be cured in short durations of time at room temperature. In other embodiments, the epoxy composition may comprise additional catalysts, such as heat activated (e.g. nitrogen-containing) catalysts for composition that is at least partially cured by exposure to light, followed by thermal curing.
[0083] In other embodiments, the curable epoxy composition may comprise other (e.g. nitrogen-containing) catalysts in combination with or in the absence of photobase (s) .
[0084] Suitable catalyst include for example an amine having the formula NR1R2R3, R1 and R2 independently represent H or a monovalent organic group having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms and may contain hetero atoms such as O and N (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, ethoxyethyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2, 4-dimethylphenyl, octyl, decyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl) ; R3 represents a monovalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms and may contain hetero atoms such as O and N (e.g., ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, ethoxyethyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, 2, 4-dimethylphenyl, octyl, decyl, hexadecyl, or octadecyl) ; or R2 and R3 taken together represent a divalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., ethylene, propane-1, 3-diyl, butane-1, 4-diyl, pentane-1, 5-diyl, hexane-1, 6-diyl, heptane-1, 7-diyl, -CH2CH2OCH2CH2-, or 2, 2-diphenylpropane-1, 3-diyl) ; or R1, R2, and R3 taken together represent a trivalent organic group having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms (e.g., nonane-1, 5, 9-triyl and 3- (ethyl-2′-yl) pentan-1, 5-diyl) .
[0085] Specific examples include triethylamine; 1, 4-diaza [2.2.2] bicyclooctane (DABCO) ; aniline; N, N-dimethylaniline; 2, 6-dimethylaniline; 1-methylimidazole; pyridine; N, N-dimethyl-4-aminopyridine; benzylamine; dicyclohexylamine; N, N-dicyclohexylmethylamine; 4-methylmorpholine; cyclohexylamine; piperidine; morpholine; 1- [bis [3- (dimethylamino) propyl] amino] -2-propanol; 1-methylpiperidine; quinuclidine; 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine; 1-methylpyrrolidine; N-benzylmethylamine; 1, 2, 2, 6, 6-pentamethylpiperidine; 2- { [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl] methylamino} ethanol; 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol; and 2- [2- (dimethylamino) ethoxy] ethanol.
[0086] Commercially available catalysts include a trifunctional amine-terminated polyether available as JEFFAMINE T-403 Polyetheramine and difunctional amine-terminated polyether available as JEFFAMINE THF-100 Polyetheramine, both from Huntsman Corp. ; 1, 3-benzenedimethanamine, reaction products with epichlorohydrin, available as GASKAMINE 328; and aspartic acid, secondary diamine available as Desmophen NH1220 from Covestro LLC.
[0087] Other catalysts include substituted pyridines having 5 to 23 carbon atoms. Substituted pyridines include chloropyridine, bromopyridine, fluoropyridine, iodopyridine, methylpyridine, ethylpyridine, propylpyridine, tert-butylpyridine, phenylpyridine, methoxypyridine, ethoxypyridine, phenoxypyridine, nitropyridine, dichloropyridine, dibromopyridine, dimethylpyridine, diethylpyridine, di-tert-butylpyridine, methyl nicotinate, ethyl nicotinate, methyl picolinate, ethyl picolinate, methyl isonicotinate, cyanopyridine, and trimethylpyridine.
[0088] In some embodiments, the curable epoxy composition comprises at least 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75 or 2 wt. %of (e.g. photobase) catalyst based on the total weight of the composition. In some embodiments, the curable epoxy composition comprises no greater than 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 wt. %of (e.g. photobase) catalyst. A single (e.g. photobase) catalyst or combinations of two or more (e.g. photobases) catalysts can be utilized. In typical embodiments, the (e.g. photobase) catalyst (s) is include in a separate container, i.e. a second part. Thus, the (e.g. photobase) catalysts (s) is isolated from the epoxy resin, sensitizer when present, and combination thereof until the first and second part are mixed together.
[0089] Liquid Carrier
[0090] The (e.g. photobase) catalyst is combined with a liquid material. In some embodiments, the liquid material has a sufficiently high viscosity to prevent the (e.g. solid) catalyst from settling out of the dispersant while being stored in a container (e.g. at room temperature, 23 ℃ for 90 days) , such as a chamber of a cartridge for a dispensing and mixing apparatus.
[0091] In some embodiments, the dispersant has a viscosity at 25 ℃ of at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, or 75 Pa·sec at a shear rate of 1 1 / sec. When the shear rate is less than 1 1 / sec (e.g. 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1) the viscosity of the dispersant can be at least 75, 100, 125, 150, or 175 Pa·sec at a shear rate of 1 1 / sec. The dispersant typically has a viscosity at 25 ℃ no greater than 200, 000 Pa·sec at a shear rate of 1 1 / sec. In some embodiments, the dispersant has a viscosity at 25 ℃ no greater than 150,000; 100,000; 75,000; or 50,000 Pa·sec at a shear rate of 1 1 / sec.
[0092] In some embodiments, the (e.g. photobase) catalyst and liquid material are selected such that the photobase is soluble in the liquid material. In some embodiments, (e.g. photobase) catalyst has a solubility at 23 ℃ in the liquid material at a concentration of at least 10 or 20 or 30 wt. %.
[0093] In some embodiments, the liquid material is reactive with one or more components of the first part, such as the epoxy component. In some embodiments, the liquid material comprises at least one thiol epoxy curative, such as described above. In some embodiments, the liquid material comprises a thickening agent, such as fumed silica.
[0094] In other embodiments, the liquid material is a non-reactive component. Non-reactive liquid carriers include hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic. The structure of hydrocarbons can be linear, branched, or cyclic. In some embodiments, the hydrocarbon comprises little or no unsaturated moieties. For example, the unsaturated moieties are less than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 wt. %of the liquid carrier. In typical embodiments, the dispersant is a mixture of various chain length of alkanes.
[0095] One illustrative liquid carrier is petrolatum. Petrolatum (CAS#8009-03-8) is a semi-solid mixture of hydrocarbons (with carbon numbers mainly higher than 25) . In this embodiment, the (e.g. petrolatum) dispersant is a semi-solid at room temperature, having a melting point greater than 25 ℃. In some embodiments, the melting point is at least 30 or 35 ℃. In some embodiments, the melting point is no greater than 60 ℃.
[0096] Another liquid carrier is mineral oil. Mixtures of liquid carriers may be used including mixtures of reactive liquid carriers, mixtures of unreactive liquid carriers, and mixtures of at least one reactive liquid carrier and at least one non-reactive liquid carrier material.
[0097] In typical embodiments, the first and second part of the curable epoxy composition each have a viscosity and the viscosity of the first part differs from the viscosity of the second part by no greater than 10X, 5X or 3X of the viscosity of the lower viscosity part.
[0098] The viscosity at room temperature (23℃) of the first, second part, and initial viscosity of the combination thereof of the curable epoxy composition is typically at least 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, or 30, 000 mPas. The viscosity is typically no greater than 75, 000; 50, 000; 25, 000; or 10, 000 mPas. However, highly filled curable epoxy compositions that are typically not dispensed with a hand-held apparatus may have a considerably higher viscosity, e.g. ranging up to 100, 000 or 150, 000 mPas or greater.
[0099] In some embodiments, after mixing the first part and second part, the total composition (i.e. combined first and second parts) has an initial viscosity that doubles at a time greater than 7 hours.
[0100] In some embodiments, after mixing the first part and second part, the total composition has an initial viscosity that changes by less than 10%after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, or 120 minutes.
[0101] Optional Additives in the Curable Composition
[0102] The curable composition can include various optional additives. One such optional additive is a toughening agent. Toughening agents can be added to provide the desired overlap shear, peel resistance, and impact strength. Useful toughening agents are polymeric materials that may react with the epoxy resin and that may be cross-linked. Suitable toughening agents include polymeric compounds having both a rubbery phase and a thermoplastic phase or compounds which are capable of forming, with the epoxide resin, both a rubbery phase and a thermoplastic phase on curing. Polymers useful as toughening agents are preferably selected to inhibit cracking of the cured epoxy composition.
[0103] Some polymeric toughening agents that have both a rubbery phase and a thermoplastic phase are acrylic core-shell polymers wherein the core is an acrylic copolymer having a glass transition temperature below 0 ℃. Such core polymers may include polybutyl acrylate, polyisooctyl acrylate, polybutadiene-polystyrene in a shell comprised of an acrylic polymer having a glass transition temperature above 25 ℃, such as polymethylmethacrylate. Commercially available core-shell polymers include those available as a dry powder under the trade designations ACRYLOID KM 323, ACRYLOID KM 330, and PARALOID BTA 731, from Dow Chemical Co., and KANE ACE B-564 from Kaneka Corporation (Osaka, Japan) . These core-shell polymers may also be available as a predispersed blend with a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A at, for example, a ratio of 12 to 37 parts by weight of the core-shell polymer and are available under the trade designations KANE ACE (e.g., KANE ACE MX 157, KANE ACE MX 257, and KANE ACE MX 125) from Kaneka Corporation (Japan) .
[0104] Another class of polymeric toughening agents are carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile compounds. Commercially available carboxyl-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile compounds include those available under the trade designations HYCAR (e.g., HYCAR 1300X8, HYCAR 1300X13, and HYCAR 1300X17) from Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. (Cleveland, Ohio) and under the trade designation PARALOID (e.g., PARALOID EXL-2650) from Dow Chemical (Midland, MI) .
[0105] Other polymeric toughening agents are graft polymers, which have both a rubbery phase and a thermoplastic phase, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,496,250 (Czerwinski) . These graft polymers have a rubbery backbone having grafted thereto thermoplastic polymer segments. Examples of such graft polymers include, for example, (meth) acrylate-butadiene-styrene, and acrylonitrile / butadiene-styrene polymers. The rubbery backbone is preferably prepared so as to constitute from 95 wt-%to 40 wt-%of the total graft polymer, so that the polymerized thermoplastic portion constitutes from 5 wt. %to 60 wt. %of the graft polymer.
[0106] Still other polymeric toughening agents are polyether sulfones such as those commercially available from BASF (Florham Park, NJ) under the trade designation ULTRASON (e.g., ULTRASON E 2020 P SR MICRO) .
[0107] The curable composition can additionally contain a non-reactive plasticizer to modify rheological properties. Commercially available plasticizers include those available under the trade designation BENZOFLEX 131 from Eastman Chemical (Kingsport, TN) , JAYFLEX DINA available from ExxonMobil Chemical (Houston, TX) , and PLASTOMOLL (e.g., diisononyl adipate) from BASF (Florham Park, NJ) . Other plasticizers include various phthalate esters such as diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisoheptyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, dinonyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, and benzylbutyl phthalate; various adipate esters such as di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, and diisodecyl adipate; various phosphate esters such as tri-2-ethylhexyl phosphate, 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate, trioctylphosphate, and tricresyl phosphate; various trimellitate esters such as tris-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate and trioctyl trimellitate; various sebacate and azelate esters; and various sulfonate esters. Other example plasticizers include polyester plasticizers that can be formed by a condensation reaction of propanediols or butanediols with adipic acid. Liquid plasticizers can also be utilized as the liquid carrier for the catalyst.
[0108] The curable composition optionally contains a flow control agent or thickener, to provide the desired rheological characteristics to the composition. Suitable flow control agents include fumed silica, such as treated fumed silica, available under the trade designation CAB-O-SIL TS 720, and untreated fumed silica available under the trade designation CAB-O-SIL M5, from Cabot Corp. (Alpharetta, GA) .
[0109] In some embodiments, the curable composition optimally contains adhesion promoters to enhance the bond to the substrate. The specific type of adhesion promoter may vary depending upon the composition of the surface to which it will be adhered.
[0110] In some embodiments, the curable composition may comprise cure inhibitors such as acids or compounds hydrolysable to acids, including a) organic carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 2-nitrobenzoic acid and lactic acid; b) organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid and 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; c) sulfonic acid esters; d) inorganic acids, such as phosphoric acid; e) Lewis acid compounds, such as BF3 amine complexes, SbF6 sulfonium compounds, bis-arene iron complexes; f) Bronsted acid compounds, such as pentafluoroantimonic acid complexes; and, e) mixtures of the aforementioned acids and acid esters.
[0111] Other examples of suitable cure inhibitors include barbituric acid derivatives, such as described in WO2018109617; incorporated herein by reference. Herein, the barbituric acid "derivatives" include those barbituric acid compounds substituted at one or more of the 1, 3, and / or 5 N positions, or at the 1 and / or 3 N positions and optionally at the 5 N position, with an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic group. Examples of suitable substituted barbituric acid derivatives include l-benzyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid, l-cycloheyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid (available from Chemische Fabrik Berg, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany) , 1, 3-dimethylbarbituric acid (available from Alfa Aesar, Tewksbury, MA) , and combinations thereof.
[0112] The curable composition optionally may also contain one or more conventional additives such as fillers (e.g., aluminum powder, carbon black, glass bubbles, talc, clay, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, titanium dioxide, silica such as fused silica, silicates, glass beads, wollastonite, and mica) , colorants pigments and dyes, stabilizers including antioxidants, thermal stabilizers, hydrolysis stabilizers, and light stabilizers including UV stabililizers flexibilizers, reactive diluents, non-reactive diluents, (meth) acrylate monomers, fire retardants, antistatic materials, thermally and / or electrically conductive particles, and expanding agents including, for example, chemical blowing agents such as azodicarbonamide or expandable polymeric microspheres containing a hydrocarbon liquid, such as those sold under the trade designation EXPANCEL by Expancel Inc. (Duluth, GA) . Particulate fillers can be in the form of flakes, rods, spheres, and the like. Additives are typically added in amounts to produce the desired effect in the resulting adhesive.
[0113] Conductive fillers include for example silver; copper; gold; palladium; platinum; nickel; gold or silver-coated nickel; carbon black; carbon fibre; graphite; aluminium; indium tin oxide; silver coated copper; silver coated aluminium; metallic coated glass spheres; metallic coated filler; metallic coated polymers; silver coated fibre; silver coated spheres; antimony doped tin oxide; conductive nanospheres; nano silver; nano aluminium; nano copper; nano nickel; carbon nanotubes; and mixtures thereof.
[0114] In some embodiments, the first part may comprise an electrolyte such as an ionic liquid such as described in WO2024 / 079548 and US patent application serial no. 18 / 631645; incorporated herein by reference . Compositions with electrolyte can be suitable for electrically debonding. In other embodiments, the composition comprises little or no electrolyte (e.g. less than 2, 1, 0.5 or 0.1 wt. %) .
[0115] As the concentration of unreactive additive (s) increases, the percentage of reactive (e.g. epoxy) component decreases. At high concentrations of unreactive additives (s) , the advantage of the volume ratio of the first part to second part ranging from 5: 1 to 20: 1 is less significant. In some embodiments, the total amount of unreactive additive (s) is no greater than 40, 35, 30, 25, 10, 5, or 1 wt. %of the first part, second part, or total composition.
[0116] The components of the first and second part are typically chosen such that each part and the mixture thereof is 100%solids, comprising little or no volatile organic solvent e.g. less than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 wt. %volatile organic solvent. Alternatively, one or both parts may comprise an organic solvent.
[0117] The amount and type of such additives may be selected by one skilled in the art, depending on the intended end use of the composition.
[0118] Methods of Making and Use
[0119] The two-part epoxy composition is typically manufactured and provided to an end-user such that the components of each part are separately mixed and the first part is provided in a separate container as the second part.
[0120] The two-part (e.g. adhesive) compositions described herein can be utilized with cartridges as well as dispensing and mixing apparatus that are currently used for two-part epoxy compositions, such as depicted in FIGs. 2 and 3.
[0121] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a cartridge comprising a two-part composition. In typical embodiments as shown, the cartridge 200 comprises a first (e.g. cylindrical) chamber 210 and second (e.g. cylindrical) chamber 220 connected to each other as a single cartridge. Alternatively, (not shown) the first and second chamber can be provided in other separate containers, such as separate cartridges or separate drums.
[0122] The first chamber 210 of the cartridge 200 comprises the epoxy component, thiol epoxy curative, sensitizer, and optionally other components (e.g. additives) as previously described. The second chamber 220 of the cartridge 200 comprises the (e.g. photobase) catalyst dissolved or dispersed in the liquid material. The second chamber may also optionally further comprise other components provided the inclusion of such component (s) does not interfere with the reactivity of the (e.g. photobase) catalyst with the epoxy component after storage.
[0123] The chambers of the cartridge are typically pre-filled with the two-component (e.g. adhesive) composition. Prior to use the chambers are sealed from exposure to air with a cap 215. In typical embodiments, the (e.g. photobase) catalyst is sufficiently dispersed or dissolved in the liquid material for a sufficient period of time (e.g. up to 1 year or greater at 23 ℃) such that the cartridge is ready to use as received.
[0124] The first chamber 210 and second chamber 220 typically have a volume ranging from 1: 1 to 20: 1. In some embodiments, the first chamber and second chamber have a volume ratio of at least 2: 1, 3: 1, or 4:1. In some embodiments, such as depicted in FIG. 2, the first chamber and second chamber have a volume ratio less than 20: 1 such as 15: 1 or 10: 1.
[0125] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative apparatus for mixing and dispensing a two-part composition commercially available as the trade designation “3MTM EPX Plus II Epoxy Applicator” . The apparatus comprises a dispensing gun 300 including a handle 360 and trigger 375. The dispensing gun further comprises a first plunger rod 381 and a second plunger rod 382. One end of each plunger rod is of suitable size and shape (e.g. cylindrical) to correspond with the cross-sectional size and shape of the respective chambers. Thus, with respect to the illustrative 10: 1 cartridge, plunger end 391 is suitable for dispensing the first part of the composition from the first chamber of the cartridge and plunger end 392 is suitable for dispensing the second part of the composition from the second chamber cartridge. The plunger rods may further include evenly spaced teeth 340 for stepwise engaging the plunger toward the front end of the cartridge. Inclusion of a stepwise engaging member is useful for dispensing a pre-determined amount of the two-part composition and is also amendable for preventing applying an excessive amount. The opposing ends of the plunger rods are connected as a unitary structure having a back end 352. The back end may be adapted to facilitate gripping the end between one’s thumb and index finger.
[0126] During use the back end 352 is pulled such that ends (391 and 392) of plunger rods are inside the gun. Cartridge 300 is loaded into the gun such that the ends (391 and 392) of the plunger rods are adjacent to their respective chambers of the cartridge. The cap 215 is removed from the cartridge and a dispensing (e.g. mixer) nozzle (not shown) is removably attached in place of the cap. In typical embodiments, the nozzle rotatably attaches to the cartridge using the same threads as the cap and may be characterized as a twist-lock connection. Alternatively, the nozzle may be attached with a bell-mount connection. The dispensing nozzle typically further comprises a static mixer element within the nozzle. Various nozzles are commercially available including 3MTM Mixing Nozzles, 3MTM Static Mixing Nozzles, and 3MTM Scotch-WeldTM EPX Mixing Nozzles.
[0127] During use of the mixing and dispensing apparatus, the handle 360 is grasped with one’s thumb and trigger 375 is depressed toward the handle 360 with one’s fingers causing the plunger rods to move towards the dispensing nozzle. Such movement causes the contents of the first and second chamber to be conveyed through the dispensing nozzle containing the static mixer element, such that the mixed components of the first and second chamber exit the outlet of the nozzle tip.
[0128] The two-part composition can also be applied by automated equipment.
[0129] The two-part composition may be utilized as a coating, an adhesive, or may be utilized to make molded parts.
[0130] In one embodiment, a method of bonding comprising providing the two-part epoxy composition, as described herein; mixing the first part with the second part (e.g. with a static mixer element) ; applying the mixed parts to a substrate or between substrates; and allowing the mixed parts to cure.
[0131] In typical embodiments, wherein a fast rate of cure is desired, the method comprises exposing the mixed parts to actinic radiation (i.e., electromagnetic actinic radiation) . By definition, actinic radiation is electromagnetic radiation that is absorbed by one or more components of the photopolymerizable composition that ultimately leads to at least partial free-radical polymerization of the composition. Exemplary actinic radiation has a wavelength of from 250 nanometers to 700 nanometers or 350 nm to 500 nm or a wavelength within the range of 440 nm to 500 nm. The actinic radiation is absorbed by both the photobase and the sensitizer, either simultaneously or sequentially. For example, the same or different wavelengths of actinic radiation may be used for the photobase and the sensitizer. It is appreciated that the exposure to light initiates the curing and the curing continues after exposure to light. In typical embodiments, curing occurs after applying the (e.g. adhesive) composition to a substrate.
[0132] The source (s) of actinic radiation are selected such that the actinic radiation is of an appropriate wavelength to be absorbed by the photobase and sensitizer, Exemplary sources of actinic radiation may include lasers (ultraviolet or visible) , broad spectrum flashlamps (e.g., xenon flashlamps) , and low, medium, and high-pressure mercury arc lamps, microwave-driven mercury lamps (e.g., using H-type, V-type, or D-type bulbs) , and light emitting diode (LEDs) . Further details associated with radiation curing are with the capabilities of those skilled in the art.
[0133] The exposure time can vary depending on the intensity of the light source. Low light intensity sources generally provide intensities ranging from 0.1 or 0.5 mW / cm2 (milliwatts per square centimeter) to 10 mW / cm2 (as measured in accordance with procedures approved by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology as, for example, with a UVIMAP UM 365 L-Sradiometer manufactured by Electronic Instrumentation &Technology, Inc., in Sterling, VA) . High light intensity sources generally provide intensities greater than 10, 15, or 20 mW / cm2 ranging up to 450 mW / cm2 or greater. In some embodiments, high intensity light sources provide intensities up to 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1000 mW / cm2. In some embodiments, complete curing with a low intensity light source can be accomplished with an exposure time ranging from about 30 to 300 seconds; whereas complete curing with a high intensity light source can be accomplished with shorter exposure time ranging from about 5 to 20 seconds. Partial curing with a high intensity light source can typically be accomplished with exposure times ranging from about 2 seconds to about 5 or 10 seconds.
[0134] In some embodiments, the method comprises exposing the mixed parts to an elevated temperature (e.g. at least 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 or 130 ° C. Higher temperatures can increase the curing rate. In some embodiments, the mixed parts are exposed to an elevated temperature after exposure to light. In other embodiments, the mixed parts are exposed to an elevated temperature in the absence of exposure to light.
[0135] The (e.g. photobase) catalyst and sensitizer, as well as other components, may be selected such that after mixing the first part and second part, the total composition has an initial viscosity that doubles at a time greater than 7 hours. This property pertains to the open time of the epoxy adhesive composition. In another embodiment, after mixing the first part and second part, 80%of the thiol group react within 24 hours. This property pertains to the latent curing properties in the absence of exposure to light. In another embodiment, after mixing the first part and second part and exposure to light, 80%of the thiol group react within no greater than 5 or 10 minutes. This property is indicative of the fast curing rate that can be achieved with light exposure. In another embodiment, the composition has a peak exotherm as determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry of at least 80, 90, 100, or 110 ℃ and no greater than 130 ℃. This property is indicative of thermal stability of the mixed material without light exposure.
[0136] After combining the first and second parts, the (e.g. adhesive) composition can be coated on a substrate using conventional coating techniques, such as a knife coater, wire wound rod, or doctor blade. For example, these compositions can be applied to a variety of substrates by methods such as by manual or automated extrusion. roller coating, flow coating, dip coating, spin coating, spray coating, knife coating, and die coating. Coating (dry) thickness typically ranges from 25 (e.g. about 1 mil) to 1500 microns (60 mils) . In some embodiments, the coating thickness ranges from about 50 to 350 microns.
[0137] The (e.g. adhesive) composition may be coated upon a variety of flexible and inflexible substrates. In some embodiments, the substrate is a film, sheet, or (e.g. non-planar) molded plastic article.
[0138] The substrate may comprise various thermoplastic materials such as polyolefins (e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene) , polyvinyl chloride, polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) , polycarbonate, polymethyl (meth) acrylate (PMMA) , cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, and ethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the substrate is comprised of a bio-based material such as polylactic acid (PLA) . In other embodiments, the substrate is an engineered plastics such as polyamide (e.g. nylon 6, nylon 6, 6) , polyether sulfone (PES) , polystyrene (PS) , polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) , polyether ether ketone (PEEK) polyether imide (PEI) . In some embodiments, the engineered plastic has a melting point of at least 150℃or 200℃. In some embodiments, the engineered plastic has a melting point no greater than 375℃ or 350℃. The melting point of such material is described in Polymer Data Handbook, edited by James E. Mark, Oxford University Press (1999) .
[0139] Substrates may also be prepared of fabric such as woven fabric formed of synthetic or natural fibrous materials such as cotton, nylon, rayon, glass, ceramic materials, and the like or nonwoven fabric such as air laid webs of natural or synthetic fibers or blends of these.
[0140] The substrate may also be formed of metal (e.g. steel, aluminum, copper) , metalized polymer films, ceramic sheet materials, or foam (e.g., polyacrylic, polyethylene, polyurethane, neoprene) , and the like.
[0141] The epoxy composition is typically not a pressure sensitive adhesive after curing. In this embodiment, the storage modulus (G’ ) of the adhesive after curing is at least (e.g. 25℃) 3 x 105 Pa (0.3 Mpa) at a frequency of 1 Hz. In some embodiments, the adhesive composition has a storage modulus of a least 0.5 MPa, 1 MPa, 10 MPa, 100 MPa, 500 MPa, 1000 MPa, 1500 MPA or 2000 MPa at RT and 1 Hz after curing, as illustrated by FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the cured epoxy composition has a peak tan delta at a temperature of at least 30 ℃ and typically no greater than 120 ℃. These properties are characteristic a structural adhesive composition.
[0142] The adhesive composition is typically a semi-structural or structural adhesive after curing. As used herein, the term “semi-structural adhesive" refers to those cured compositions that have an overlap shear strength of at least 1.5 megaPascals (MPa) . More preferably, the overlap shear strength is at least 2.0 or at least 3.0 MPa. Those cured compositions having a particularly high overlap shear strength, however, are referred to herein as “structural adhesives” . Structural adhesives are those cured compositions that have an overlap shear strength of at least 4, 5, 6, or 7 MPa.
[0143] Objects and advantages of this invention are further illustrated by the following examples. The particular materials and amounts, as well as other conditions and details, recited in these examples should not be used to unduly limit this invention.
[0144] Materials:
[0145] Test Methods
[0146] Thiol functional group conversion determined with FTIR:
[0147] Solutions were evaluated for cure speed after light activation using the following method. A dot of solution was put onto the diamond crystal of an IS10 FTIR-ATR from Nicolet. This solution was pressed flat against the crystal by hand with a piece of PET film to form a thin disk against the ATR crystal. A 6W 405 nm UV-LED light with a light area of 115 x 85 mm was positioned 1 cm above the crystal and the sample was irradiated for five minutes. FTIR-ATR scans were taken continuously before, during, and after irradiation and the growth of the hydroxyl peak between 3689-3095 1 / cm was tracked, indicating reaction of the epoxy monomer with the thiol functional groups. The time to reach 20%and 80%growth of this peak compared to a fully cured sample was noted as an indication of cure kick-off and green strength of the material respectively.
[0148] Latent curing after mixing:
[0149] Approximately 1 g of mixed material at ambient temperature 23 ℃ was placed between two PET release liners and compressed to 500 μm thick. This liner / adhesive construction was then placed in a dark environment (no exposure to light) and the thiol conversion was evaluated via FTIR after 24 hours.
[0150] Viscosity increase after mixing:
[0151] The viscosity at ambient temperature 23 ℃ was evaluated after mixing using a DV3T Rheometer from Brookfield with a CPE-42Z cup. One gram of material was measured in the rheometer over eight hours at a shear rate of 2 / sand the viscosity over time was recorded.
[0152] Peak exotherm after mixing determined with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) :
[0153] A DSC 2500 (TA Instruments, Waters Corp. ) was used to evaluate peak exotherm of the mixed 2k examples using 5–10 mg of freshly mixed resin. Scanning thermograms were equilibrated at 10 ℃ and scanned 3 ℃ / min from 10–150 ℃. Peak exotherm was recorded as the temperature at signal maximum heat flow in the scanning thermogram.
[0154] Peak Tan Delta and Room Temperature Modulus determined with Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
[0155] A DMA850 (TA Instruments, Waters Corp. ) was used to evaluate the Tg through peak tan delta as well as the room temperature modulus of a fully cured adhesive. A temperature ramp was run from 10 ℃ to 100 ℃ at 3 ℃ / min rate with the adhesive in a tensile mode. The cured adhesive strip used was roughly 0.5 mm thick, 6 mm wide, and 15 mm long. A preload force of 0.2N was used with an oscillation amplitude of 4 um and a frequency of 1 Hz. The storage modulus at 25 ℃ and the temperature that the peak tan delta occurred at in the temp ramp were recorded.
[0156] Preparation of First Part -Solutions 1a-5a:
[0157] EPON 828 (63.6 g) , TMPMP (44.7 g) and SE 4125P (10.2 g) were added together and agitated until thoroughly mixed. To create sensitizer-containing solutions 1a to 5a 20 g of this resin solution was transferred to an opaque polypropylene mixing cup along with the amounts of the various sensitizers in Table 1 and continuously agitated at 100 ℃ until fully dissolved.
[0158] Table 1: Sensitizer containing solutions.
[0159] Preparation of First Part -Solution 6a:
[0160] To a propylene mixing cup was added EPON828 (25 g) , PETMP (14 g) , DMDO (6.9 g) , YX8000 (5 g) , and Novolac 431 (5 g) . The raw materials were then agitated until thoroughly mixed. To that resin, fluorenone (0.60 g) was added and fully dissolved through continuous agitation at 100 ℃. This created solution 6a.
[0161] Preparation of Second Part -Solutions 1b-3b:
[0162] To a propylene mixing cup was added TMPMP (4.75 g) liquid carrier and photobase (see Table 2) the raw materials were continuously agitated at 100 ℃ for at least 60 min to create solutions 1b and 2b. The salt based photobase of 2b was not soluble in the thiol matrix and crystallized out of the solution within 24 hrs at RT observed by eye.
[0163] Table 2: Second Part –Photobase-containing Compositions
[0164] Example 1-7:
[0165] First Part Solutions (1a through 6a) were mixed at room temperature (23℃) with Second Part Solution 1b at a weight ratio of 10: 1 to prepare examples 1-6. Solution 1a was mixed with 3b at a weight ratio of 10: 1 to prepare Comparative Example 7.
[0166] Within two hours of mixing, the time to reach 80%conversion via FTIR was measured after 5 min light irradiation exposure for each sample. (Zero minutes corresponds to the light being turned on, and 5 min is when the light was turned off. ) The examples were also evaluated for latent curing 24 hours after mixing with no light exposure using DSC as described in the above method.
[0167] Table 4: Thiol Conversion Time, Latent Curing, and Peak Exotherm Results
[0168] The wt. %of each of the components of the total composition (after mixing the first part with the second part) was as follows:
[0169] *Also contained 11.1 wt. %DMDO, 8.0 wt. %YX8000 and 8.0 wt. %Novolac 431
[0170] Example 8:
[0171] The viscosity of a 10: 1 mix of solution 1a: 1b -as in Example 1 -was evaluated over time after mixing with no light exposure. Results are shown in Table 4. This exemplifies the long pot life.
[0172] Table 5: Viscosity increase for Example 8.
[0173] Example 9:
[0174] A DMA temp ramp of the cured adhesive of Example 1 was run following the method described above. The results can be seen in FIG 1. The Tg by peak Tan Delta was 38C and the modulus at 25C was 2000 MPa. This example illustrates the utility of this material as a structural or semi-structural material.
[0175] Comparative Examples Comprising Conventional Base Demonstrating Advantageous Properties of Compositions with Photobase and Sensitizer
[0176] Comparative Example 1:
[0177] Solutions 1a and 3b were mixed at a 10: 1 ratio to a total batch of 5 g in a 10 g speed mixer cup. To this mixture 0.015 g of DBN was added and mixed for 30 seconds at 1500 RPM in a Hauschild SpeedMixer DAC 150 FVZ yielding a curable resin with 0.3 %DBN. Gelation in the cup was observed in less than 5 min after mixing due to exotherm. A thin film cured on the FTIR reached 50%conversion after 18 minutes and fully cure overnight. Reductions in potlife and slower cure speed are seen when compared to Example 1.
[0178] Comparative Example 2:
[0179] Solutions 1a and 3b were mixed at a 10: 1 ratio to a total batch of 5 g. To this mixture 0.005 g of DBN base was added and mixed for 30 seconds at 1500 RPM in a Hauschild SpeedMixer DAC 150FVZ yielding a curable resin with 0.1 %DBN. No noticeable curing was observed in the cup or in a sample placed on the FTIR after 30 min. After 24 hrs the mixed solution in the cup had only partially cured to a stiff gel.
[0180] Comparative Example 3:
[0181] Solutions 1a and 3b were mixed at a 10: 1 ratio to a total batch of 5 g. To this mixture 0.01 g of DBN base was added and mixed for 30 seconds at 1500 RPM in a Hauschild SpeedMixer DAC 150FVZ yielding a curable resin with 0.2 %DBN. A sample tracked on the FTIR reached 50%conversion after 30 minutes and fully cured overnight. Gelation in the cup was observed in less than 10 minutes.
[0182] The dispenser and lack of homogeneity of the first and / or second part can result in a + / -20%variation for each component. The variation in amount of component causes variation of the Tg as illustrated by the following tables.
[0183] Example 10 -10: 1 Volume Ratio
[0184] The Tg range, i.e. the absolute value between the minimum and maximum Tg, was 5.2.
[0185] Example 10 –1: 1 Volume Ratio
[0186] The Tg range, i.e. the absolute value between the minimum and maximum Tg, was 20.4.
[0187] Example 11 –First Part
[0188] 11-2, 3, 4 and 5 had same wt. %as Example 11-1
[0189] Example 11 –Second Part
[0190] The viscosity of Example 11 -First Part was 18, 000 cPs and the Second Part was 66, 000 cPs. The absolute value between the minimum and maximum Tg was 2.13. After mixing the first part and second part, the total composition has an initial viscosity that stays about the same for at least 5 minutes and 80%of the thiol group react within no greater than 1 hour at 45℃.
Claims
1.A two-part epoxy composition comprising:a) a first part comprising:an epoxy resin component,an epoxy curative comprising at least two thiol groups, andb) a second part comprising:a catalyst dissolved or dispersed with a liquid material.2.A two-part epoxy composition comprising:a) a first part comprising:an epoxy resin component,an epoxy curative comprising at least two thiol groups,a sensitizer; andb) a second part comprising:a photobase catalyst dissolved or dispersed with a liquid material.3.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-2 wherein the first part is provided in a separate container or separate chamber as the second part.4.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 2-3 wherein the sensitizer has a chromophore selected from the group consisting of fluorenone, thioxanthone, anthraquinone, and combination thereof.5.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-4 wherein the liquid material is reactive with the epoxy resin component.6.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-5 wherein the liquid material comprises an epoxy curative comprising at least two thiol groups, and optionally a thickening agent.7.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-6 wherein the photobase or catalyst has a solubility at 23 ℃ in the liquid material at a concentration of at least 10%or 20%or 30 wt. %.8.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-7 wherein the photobase or catalyst is present in an amount of at least 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 wt. %of the total composition.9.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 2-8 wherein the photobase is a compound comprising an aromatic compound and nitrogen-containing compound that generates an amine when exposed to light with a wavelength within the range of 350 nm to 500 nm or a wavelength within the range of 440 nm to 500 nm.10.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-9 wherein the epoxy resin component comprises an epoxy resin having at least two epoxy groups and cycloaliphatic or aromatic moieties.11.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-10 wherein the first part and second part each have a volume and the volume ratio of the first part to second part ranges from 5: 1 to 20: 1.12.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 2-11 wherein after mixing the first part and second part, the total composition has an initial viscosity that doubles at a time greater than 7 hours.13.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-12 wherein after mixing the first part and second part, the total composition has an initial viscosity that changes by less than 10%after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, or 120 minutes.14.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-13 wherein after mixing the first part and second part, 80%of the thiol groups of the curative react within 24 hours.15.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-14 wherein after mixing the first part and second part, 80%of the thiol groups of the curative react within 1 hour.16.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-15 wherein after mixing the first part and second part and exposure to light, 80%of the thiol group react within no greater than 5 minutes.17.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-16 wherein after mixing the first part and second part and exposure to light, the composition has a peak exotherm as determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry of at least 80, 90, 100, or 110 ℃ and no greater than 130 ℃.18.The two-part composition of claims 1-17 further comprises additives including flow control agents and polymeric toughening agents.19.The two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-18 wherein the first part and / or second part the composition has a viscosity at 23℃ in a range of 1000 to 100,000 cps.20.A single container comprising two separate chambers or two containers comprising the two-part epoxy composition of claims 1-19.21.A method of use comprising:obtaining the two-part composition of claims 1-20;mixing the first part with the second part;applying the mixed parts to a substrate; andallowing the mixed parts to cure.22.The method of claim 21 further comprising exposing the mixed parts to light with a wavelength within the range of 350 nm to 500 nm or a wavelength within the range of 440 nm to 500 nm.23.The method of claim 21-22 further comprising exposing the mixed parts to a temperature in the range of 50 to 130℃.24.The method of claims 21-23 wherein the method comprising applying the mixed parts between a first substrate and second substrate to bond the substrates after curing.
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