A process for preparing at least one alkene

Abstract

The present invention relates to a process for preparing at least one alkene, the process comprising (i) providing a component C, which is at least one of a catalyst, a precursor thereof, a reduced form of the catalyst and a reduced form of the precursor, a base and a dehydration agent AD; (ii) preparing a mixture ME comprising at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, the base and the component C provided according to (i), Ra, Rb and Rc being independently from each other selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-CH2-OH are different from each other; (iii) subjecting the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SG and obtaining in SG a reaction mixture MG comprising at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, x being an integer in the range of from 1 to 4, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 250 °C and a pressure in the reaction space SG in the range of from 1 x 105 to 4 x 106 Pa; (iv) separating at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH from the reaction mixture MG obtained according to (iii), obtaining the least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH and a mixture MC comprising the component C; (v) preparing a mixture ML comprising the at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH separated from MG according to (iv) and further comprising the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i); (vi) subjecting the mixture ML prepared according to (v) to al- cohol dehydration conditions in a reaction space SD, obtaining in said reaction space SD a reaction mixture MD comprising at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2, Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3 and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3.

Description

A process for preparing at least one alkeneThe present invention relates to a process for preparing alkenes from alcohols.A commonly used industrial production of alcohols is mainly based on an oxo process. Said process comprises thereaction of an alkene with oxo gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a 1:1 molar ratio. The reaction is followed by hydrogenation of the aldehyde into the desired alcohol. An alternative process for the synthesis of alcohols is based on the homogeneous Guerbet reaction is well known as a possible approach to condensation of alcohols. This process is known for many decades (M. Guerbet, C. R. Hebd.Séances Acad. Sci.1899, 128, p.511-513). It is generally accepted that the mechanism leading to Guerbet alcoholscomprises the following three steps: (i) dehydrogenation of a primary alcohol to the respective aldehyde; (ii) aldol condensation of two aldehyde molecules to an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde with elimination of water; and (iii) hydro- genation of the unsaturated aldehyde to the dimer alcohol. An alkaline catalyst, e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxideor sodium or potassium alkoxides, is required for the Guerbet reaction. Often homogeneous or hetereogeneousmetal catalysts are added to accelerate the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation steps. However, the Guerbet reac- tion generally suffers from harsh conditions, poor selectivity, separation issues and low yield. In the chemical industry, butanol is an important intermediate product and solvent for a broad variety of products, in- cluding paints and various plastics. Up to now, butanol is produced from a petro-based feedstock, leading to a signifi-cant product carbon footprint for butanol and the resulting products, such as hydrocarbons. Therefore, it is importantfor the chemical industry to find and open an economical and sustainable process route to hydrocarbons with a lower product carbon footprint. Ethanol may be a sustainable feedstock to produce chemicals. Using ethanol in the Guerbet reaction may be a profit- able and sustainable approach to produce hydrocarbons from butanol. Because the product of the Guerbet reaction,n-butanol, can itself also undergo dehydrogenation, higher alcohols often result as side products in the process. Ad-ditionally, the formation of higher alcohols containing multiplicity of the ethanol substructure as side product is alsoobserved. In particular hexanol, octanol, decanol, dodecanol are formed. Furthermore, minor amounts of side prod-ucts like ethers, aldehydes and esters containing more than six carbon atoms are also formed. Due to complexity of the side product mixture, a separation of particular C-6 and higher alcohols is difficult and energy consuming. US 2014 / 148630 A1 relates to the simultaneous dehydration and cracking of iso-butanol on a catalyst to produce an olefin stream comprising propylene. US 9902673 B2 discloses a method for producing 1-butanol, comprising contacting a reactant comprising ethanol with a catalyst system, thereby producing a product comprising 1-butanol, wherein the catalyst system comprises aniridium catalyst; and a nickel catalyst comprising nickel, hydroxide, and a ligand, a copper catalyst comprising cop- per, hydroxide, and a ligand, or a zinc catalyst comprising zinc, hydroxide, and a ligand. Xianyuan Wu et al., “Catalytic Upgrading to n-Butanol: Progress in Catalyst Development”, ChemSusChem, vol.11, no.1, 12 September 2017, pages 71 to 85 provides a summary of recent progress in catalyst development for the upgrading of ethanol to n-butanol, with an emphasis on the structure-activity relationships of catalysts and underlying reaction mechanisms. US 2013 / 204057 A1 relates to the simultaneous dehydration and skeletal isomerisation of isobutanol to make a cor- responding olefin, having substantially the same number of carbons but different skeleton structure.Therefore, it was an object of the present invention to provide a process for preparing alkenes to avoid a loss of theenergy accumulated in the obtained Guerbet products by their conversion into the corresponding alkenes. The pre-sent invention relates to a profitable and sustainable approach to produce alkenes from Guerbet alcohols in a waysuch that the employed Guerbet catalyst is recycled in the chemical process. The employed Guerbet catalyst beingadvantageously recycled in the chemical process results in reducing the overall costs while creating less potentially environmentally harmful waste material. The present invention in particular relates to a process for preparing at least one alkene, the process comprising(i) providing a component C, which is at least one of a catalyst, a precursor thereof, a reduced form of the cata-lyst and a reduced form of the precursor, a base and a dehydration agent AD;(ii) preparing a mixture ME comprising at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, at least one alcohol selected fromthe group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, the base and the component C provided according to (i), Ra, Rband Rcbeing independently from each other selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-CH2-OH are different from each other;(iii) subjecting the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reaction space SGand obtaining in SGa reaction mixture MGcomprising at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb- CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, x being an integer in the range of from 1 to 4, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MGin the range of from 100 to 250 °C and a pressure in the reaction space SGin the range of from 1 x 105to 4 x 106Pa;(iv) separating at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH from the reaction mixture MGobtained according to (iii), obtaining the least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x- OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH and a mixture MCcomprising the component C;(v) preparing a mixture ML comprising the at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH separated from MG according to (iv) and further comprising the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i);(vi) subjecting the mixture ML prepared according to (v) to alcohol dehydration conditions in a reaction space SD,obtaining in said reaction space SDa reaction mixture MDcomprising at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2, Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1- CRa=CH2, Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa- CH3; wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkaline earth hy-droxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hydrogen carbonates, al- kaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alka- line earth amides, alkali metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, alkaline earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, sec- ondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru; L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg, C5-C10-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:; L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyri- dine, and thiophene; R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is 0 or 1; Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg; Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2,and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2 and C1-C10-alkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are se-lected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10–alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1) a com-pound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, C1-C10-alkyl, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, C2-C12-alkenyl, C3-C15-cycloal- kenyl, C5-C20-aryl, CN, CO, OH, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thio- phenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H), M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru; L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg, C5-C10-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:or ;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is 0 or 1; Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the groupconsisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising atleast one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2and C1-C10-alkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are se- lected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl and(d) the dehydration agent AD is selected from the group consisting a zeolitic material ZD, a metal oxide, and a mix-ture thereof. The process in accordance with the present invention is preferably a continuous process. Alternatively, the process is preferably a semi-batch process or a batch process. The process in accordance with the present invention is an industrial process. The process is thus based on the di- mensions on an industrial scale, as compared to, for example, an experiment conducted in a laboratory. Preferably, the nominal capacity of the process, based on the product alcohol, more preferably the at least one alcohol obtainedin step (iii), is 1 kt (kiloton) or more, more preferably 10 kt or more, more preferably 50 kt or more.Preferably, from 90 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 99 to 100 weight-% of the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) consist of the at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2- OH, the base, and the component C. Preferably, the reaction space SG according to (iii) comprises the reaction mixture MG and a gas phase, wherein the gas phase comprises at least one inert gas, wherein the at least one inert gas is preferably selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, and a mixture thereof. Preferably, the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise a pressure in the reaction space SGin therange of from 1 x 105 to 3.5 x 106 Pa, more preferably in the range of from 1 x 105 to 3.1 x 106 Pa, more preferably inthe range in the range of from 1 x 105to 2 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range in the range from 1 x 105to 1.5 x 106Pa. Preferably, the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 200 °C, more preferably in the range of from 120 to 180 °C, more preferably in the range of from 130 to 160 °C.Preferably, the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise an amount of the base in the reaction mix-ture MG in the range of from 0.1 to 10 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 8 weight-%, more prefer-ably in the range of from 1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG. Preferably, the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise an amount of component C in the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 0.001 to 2 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.001 to 1 weight-%, morepreferably in the range of from 0.001 to 0.5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.Preferably, the reaction space SG according to (iii) comprises the reaction mixture MG and a gas phase, wherein thegas phase comprises H2, and wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise maintaining the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase in the range of from 2 x 104to 3.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range of from 2 x 104to 1.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range of from 2 x 104to 6 x 105Pa. Preferably, the H2partial pressure of the gas phase is maintained by introducing H2into the gas phase.Preferably, the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase is maintained by relaxation of the gas phase, preferably by re-moving at least a part of H2from the gas phase. “Maintaining” the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase in the sense of the present invention includes ensuring that the H2 partial pressure is within the desired range during the reaction. In case the H2 partial pressure is within the desiredrange, no active steps have to be carried out mandatorily, but the pressure may still be adjusted to a different part ofthe range if desired. However, in order to ensure that the H2 partial pressure is neither too high nor too low, the H2 partial pressure may preferably be adjusted, or must be adjusted in case of ensuring that the H2 partial pressure is maintained within the desired range, for example by relaxation of the gas phase, in which case the H2 partial pres- sure may be reduced, or, alternatively, by introducing H2 into the gas phase, in which case the H2 partial pressure may be increased. Depending upon the H2 partial pressure during the reaction, one or even both of said alternatives may be carried out if desired to adjust the H2partial pressure and to maintain the H2partial pressure within the de- sired pressure range at all times during the reaction. The pressure during the reaction can be monitored by, for example, determination of the overall pressure and com- parison to the starting pressure. As hydrogen tends to build up during the reaction, the H2partial pressure changes, e.g. increases, resulting in the pressure to increase over time. For example, by actively measuring and controlling the overall pressure during the reaction, it may be ensured that the H2partial pressure is within the claimed range. If the overall pressure built up is too high, this tends to be at least in part the result of the H2partial pressure increasing. By relaxation of the gas phase, hydrogen can be removed from the gas phase and the H2 partial pressure can be main- tained in the desired range. Thus, in one preferred embodiment, the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase is prefera- bly maintained in the respective range by monitoring the overall pressure of the reaction and adjusting the overallpressure if required, preferably by relaxation of the gas phase, in which case the H2partial pressure may be reduced, or, alternatively, by introducing H2into the gas phase, in which case the H2partial pressure may be increased. Alternatively, the hydrogen partial pressure can be determined by other means, such as taking samples of the gas phase during the reaction and analyzing same. As another alternative, the pressure may be monitored via online measurement, and adjusted accordingly as outlined above.Preferably, the catalyst comprised in component C comprises a compound of formula (A), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru; L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg, C5-C10-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, and SbRdRe; L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyri- dine, and thiophene; R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is 0 or 1; Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg; Rd, Re, Rf, and Rgare, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substi- tuted C1-C10-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1- C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group con- sisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2 and C1-C10-alkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on thequinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are se- lected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10–alkyl.It is also preferred that the precursor of the catalyst comprised in component C comprises a compound of formula (A)comprises a mixture comprising 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, C1-C10-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-C12-alkenyl, C3-C15-cycloalkenyl, C5-C20-aryl, CN, CO, OH, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H) X, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru; L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg, C5-C10-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, and SbRdRe; R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is 0 or 1; Rd, Re, Rf, and Rgare, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substi- tuted C1-C10-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1- C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group con- sisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-aryl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; and unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2and C1-C10-alkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents positioned at anycarbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on thequinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are se- lected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl. Preferably, the component C comprises a mixture, wherein said mixture comprises: 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2,PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, C1-C10-alkyl, C3-C12-cycloalkyl, C2-C12-alkenyl, C3-C15-cycloalkenyl, C5-C20-aryl, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H’) , WhereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru;L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, and S(=O)Rg; L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;R1, R2, R3 and R4 either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst comprising a compound offormula (A) an acridinyl unit; n is 0 or 1, and if R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen, n is 0; Rd, Re, Rfand Rg, are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substi- tuted C1-C10-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1- C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consist- ing of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; C3-C10-heterocycle comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; C5-C10-aryl; and C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; andY is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, and OH.Preferably, the component C comprises a compound comprising a metal M selected from the group consisting ofIrCl3 x H2O, [Ir(COD)Cl]2, [Ir(COE)2Cl]2, [Ir(C2H4)2Cl]2, [Ir(COD)OH]2, [Ir(COD)MeO]2, [IrCp*Cl2], [IrCpCl2], Ir4(CO)12, [Ir(PPh3)2(CO)Cl], [Ir(acetylacetonate)3], and [Ir(acetylacetonate)(COD)], wherein Cp is cyclopentadienyl, Cp* is pen- tamethylcyclopentadienyl, COD is 1,5-cyclooctadienyl, COE is cyclooctenyl, and methylallyl is 2-methylallyl.Preferably, the component C comprises a compound comprising a metal M selected from the group consisting ofRu(p-cymene)Cl2]2, [Ru(benzene)Cl2]y, [Ru(CO)2Cl2]y, where y is in each case in the range from 1 to 1000,[Ru(CO)3Cl2]2, [Ru(COD)(allyl)], RuCl3x H2O, [Ru(acetylacetonate)3], [Ru(DMSO)4Cl2], [Ru(cyclopentadi- enyl)(CO)2Cl], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2H], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2]2, [Ru(Cp)(CO)2Cl], [Ru(Cp*)(CO)2H], [Ru(Cp*)(CO)2]2, [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2Cl], [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2H], [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2]2, ruthenocene, [Ru(COD)Cl2]2, [Ru(Cp*)(COD)Cl], [Ru3(CO)12], [Ru(PPh3)4(H)2],[Ru(PPh3)3(Cl)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(CI)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(CI)(H)], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(H)2], and [Ru(cyclooctadienyl)(methylallyl)2], wherein Cp is cyclopentadienyl, Cp* is pentamethylcy- clopentadienyl, COD is 1, 5-cyclooctadienyl, and methylallyl is 2-methylallyl.Preferably, the reduced form of the precursor comprised in component C comprises a compound of formula (P-I) or (P-II): 1 3 R R wherein R1, R2, R3and R4either arecontaining ring a tetrahydroquinoline unit, a decahydroquinoline unit, a tetrahydroacridine unit, or a tetradecahydroacridine unit; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above; 1 wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen;wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above. It is also preferred that the reduced form of the precursor comprised in component C comprises a compound of for- mula (P-I):wherein R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the N-containing ring a tetrahydroacridine unit, or a tetradecahydroacridine unit. It is furthermore preferred that the reduced form of the precursor comprised in component C comprises a compound of formula (P-II):L L (P-II)wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above. Preferably, the component C comprises a compound of formula (B) ,whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, and Mn;L1 and L2 are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, and S(=O)Rg;L3 is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene;Rd, Re, Rfand Rg, are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substi- tuted C1-C10-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1- C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consist- ing of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; C5-C10-aryl; and C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; andY is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, and OH.Preferably, the component C comprises a compound of formula (C), whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, and Mn;L1 and L2 are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, and S(=O)Rg;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene; Rd, Re, Rfand Rg, are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substi- tuted C1-C10-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1- C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consist- ing of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected fromthe group consisting of N, O, and S; C5-C10-aryl; and C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; and Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, and OH. Preferably, M is selected from the group consisting of Ir and Ru, wherein M is more preferably Ru. Preferably, L3is CO. Preferably, L1and L2are each (PRdRe), and wherein Rdand Reare C1-C10-alkyl, preferably wherein Rdand Reare each isopropyl or tert-butyl. Preferably, L1and L2are each (PRdRe), and wherein Rdand Reare C3-C10-cycloalkyl, preferably wherein Rdand Reare each cyclohexyl. Preferably, L1and L2are each (PRdRe), and wherein Rdand Reare C5-C10-aryl. Preferably, Y is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I, preferably from the group consisting of Cl or Br, more preferably wherein Y is Cl. Preferably, Y is CO. Preferably, the component C comprises a compound of formula (D),wherein Cy is cyclohexyl.Preferably, the component C comprises a (D’)CO (D’), wherein Cy is cyclohexyl.Preferably, the component C comprises a compound of formula (E) ,wherein iPr is isopropyl. Preferably, the component C comprises a reduced form of the catalyst of formula (E’), wherein iPr is isopropyl. Preferably, the component C comprises a compound of formula (F), wherein tBu is tert-butyl. Preferably, the component C comprises a reduced form of the of formula (F’)CO (F’),wherein tBu is tert-butyl.The reduced form of the precursor preferably comprises a compound of formula (P-I) or (P-II):R R wherein R1, R2, R3and R4either arecontaining ring a tetrahydroquinoline unit, a decahydroquinoline unit, a tetrahydroacridine unit, or a tetradecahydroacridine unit; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above; 1 3II) wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above. In another preferred embodiment, the reduced form of the precursor comprises a compound of formula (P-I):wherein R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the N-containing ring a tetrahydroacridine unit, or a tetradecahydroacridine unit. It is also preferred that the reduced form of the precursor comprises a compound of formula (P-II):II) wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen; and wherein L1and L2are, independently of each other, as defined above. Preferably, x is 1 or 2, more preferably wherein x is 1.Preferably, Ra, Rb and Rc are independently from each other selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, more preferably from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl, more preferably from the group consisting of H, ethyl, and propyl, wherein more preferably at least oneof Ra, Rb and Rc is H, more preferably wherein Ra and Rc is H.Preferably, the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) further comprises a compound of formula (G) or a reduced formthereof ,wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4, L1, L2, and n as defined above.Preferably, R1, R2, R3and R4, L1, L2, and n of the compound of formula (G) or a reduced form thereof are identical toR1, R2, R3 and R4, L1, L2, and n of the at least one of a catalyst, a precursor thereof, a reduced form of the catalystand a reduced form of the precursor of the component C.Preferably, in the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) and subjected to alcohol conversion conditions according to(iii), the molar ratio of the compound of formula (G) or a reduced form thereof relative to the component C is in therange of from 1:1 to 10:1, preferably in the range of from 1.02:1 to 8:1, more preferably in the range from 1.05:1 to 5:1. Preferably, the compound of formula (G) or a reduced form thereof is selected from the group consisting of dicyclo- hexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, diisopropyl-[[5-(diisopropylphosphanylme- thyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, dicyclohexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane and diisopropyl-[[5-(diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, more preferably wherein the com- pound of formula (G) or a reduced form thereof is cyclohexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]me- thyl]phosphane or diisopropyl-[[5-(diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane. Preferably, the base is selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxides, alkali alkoxides, and a mixture thereof. Preferably, the alkali hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of NaOH, KOH, and a mixture thereof, more preferably wherein the alkali hydroxide is KOH.Preferably, the alkali alkoxide is selected from the group consisting of sodium alkoxides, potassium alkoxides, and amixture of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, and a mixture thereof. Preferably, at least one of the at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH and at least one alcohol selected from the groupconsisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, is a bio-based alcohol, more preferably obtainable or obtained fromsugar-containing crops, more preferably from one or more of sugar cane and corn. The process preferably further comprises (iv.a) recycling at least a part of the mixture MC comprising the chemical component C obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (iii).Preferably, the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) further comprises a solvent component, which comprises one ormore solvents. Preferably, the one or more solvents of the solvent component have a boiling point at 1 atm (101325 Pa) of 140 °Cor more, more preferably a boiling point of 160 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 180 °C or more, morepreferably a boiling point of 190 °C or more. Preferably, at 25 °C, the solvent component has a solubility in water in the range of from 0 to 0.5 weight-%, morepreferably in the range of from 0 to 0.1 weight-%, based on 100 weight-% water.Preferably, the distribution coefficient of the catalyst in a system of the solvent component and water is from 0 to 0.01, more preferably from 0 to 0.005, more preferably from 0 to 0.005, based on 1 kg catalyst.Preferably, the solvent component comprises at least two solvents with a boiling point at 1 atm (101325 Pa) of 180°C or more. Preferably, the solvent component comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of biphenyl, di-phenyl ether, 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-benzene, xylene, mesitylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, cycloedodecane, cy-clononane, cyclooctane, cycloheptane, decaline, n-butylbutyrate, n-hexylhexyrate, n-octyloctyrate, texanole, di-n- butylether, di-iso-butylether, di-sec-butylether, and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of biphenyl, diphenyl ether, and a mixture thereof, wherein more preferably, the solvent is a mixture of bi- phenyl and diphenyl ether. Preferably, the solvent component comprises a mixture of biphenyl and diphenyl ether at a molar ratio of biphenyl relative to diphenyl ether in the range of from 1:2 to 1:6, more preferably in the range of from 1:2.5 to 1:4.The solvent component also preferably comprises at least one solvent which is selected from the group consisting of biphenyl, diphenyl ether, 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-benzene, ethylbenzene, cyclododecane, cyclononane, cyclooc- tane, cycloheptane, decaline, n-butylbutyrate, n-hexylhexyrate, n-octyloctyrate, texanole, di-n-butylether, di-iso-butyl- ether, di-sec-butylether, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodedacanol, 2-ethylbutan-1-ol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, 2- ethyloctan-1-ol, 2-ethyldecan-1-ol, 2-ethyldodecan-1-ol, 2-butylhexan-1-ol, 2-butyloctan-1-ol, 2-butyldecan-1-ol, 2- butyldodecan-1-ol, 2-hexyldecanol, 2-octyldodecanol, 2-propylheptan-1-ol, and a mixture of two or more thereof. It isfurther preferred that the solvent component comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of 2-ethylbutan-1-ol, 2-ethylhexan-1-ol, 2-ethyloctan-1-ol, 2-ethyldecan-1-ol, 2-ethyldodecan-1-ol, 2-butylhexan-1-ol, 2- butyloctan-1-ol, 2-butyldecan-1-ol, 2-butyldodecan-1-ol, 2-hexadecanol, 2-octyldodecanol, 2-propylheptan-1-ol, and a mixture of two or more thereof. Preferably, from 90 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 95 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 99 to 100 weight-% of the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) consist of the at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, the at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc- CH2-OH, the base, the solvent component and the catalyst. Preferably, the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise an amount of the solvent in the reaction mix- ture MGin the range of from 5 to 50 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 30 weight-%, more preferablyin the range of from 5 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.Preferably, the solvent of the solvent component does not form an azeotrope with water. An azeotrope or a constantheating point mixture is a mixture of two or more components in fluidic states whose proportions cannot be altered orchanged by simple distillation. This happens because when an azeotrope is boiled, the vapor has the same propor- tions of constituents as the unboiled mixture. Each azeotrope has a characteristic boiling point. It is not possible to separate the components by fractional distillation. Preferably, the solvent component does not include any one of benzene, toluene, xylene or mesitylene.Preferably, the mixture MC obtained according to (iv) comprises the component C and further comprises the solventcomponent. The process preferably further comprises (iv.b) recycling at least a part of the mixture MCcomprising the solvent component obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (iii). The process more preferably further comprises (iv.c) recycling at least a part of the mixture MC comprising the solvent component and the chemical compo- nent C obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (iii).Preferably, the reaction mixture MGobtained according to (iii) further comprises at least one unreacted alcohol se- lected from the group consisting of Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, more preferably wherein the process further comprises separating at least a part of said unreacted alcohol from the reaction mixture MG.Preferably, separating at least a part of the unreacted alcohol from MG is carried out by one or more of distillation,extraction, flashing, and membrane separation. Preferably, at least a part of the at least one unreacted alcohol separated from MG is recycled to (ii) or (iii). Preferably, the at least one alcohol obtained in reaction mixture MG in (iii) comprises at least one alcohol selectedfrom the group consisting of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol, prefera-bly selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol, more preferably selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol. Preferably, the process of the present invention further comprises(vii) separating at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2, Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3 and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3 from the reaction mixture MD obtained according to (vi). Preferably, the at least one alkene separated from the reaction mixture MD is selected from the group consisting ofpropene, but-1-ene, but-2-ene, 2-methylprop-1-ene, pent-1-ene, pent-2-ene, hex-1-ene, hex-2-ene and hex-3-ene,more preferably from the group consisting of propene, but-1-ene, but-2-ene, 2-methylprop-1-ene, more preferablyfrom the group consisting of propene, but-1-ene and but-2-ene.Preferably, separating the at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1- CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2, Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3 and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3 according to (vii) is carried out by oneor more of distillation, extraction, flushing, extractive distillation with monoethylene glycol, and employing a mem- brane, preferably by one or two of distillation and extraction.Preferably, the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i) and comprised in the mixture ML according to (v) com-prises, preferably is a zeolitic material ZD.Preferably, the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic material ZD provided according to (i) and comprised in themixture ML according to (v) comprises a zeolitic material ZD in the H-form and contains protons as extra-framework ions.Preferably, the dehydration agent ADcomprising a zeolitic material ZDcomprises YZO2and optionally comprises Z2O3in its framework structure, wherein YZis a tetravalent element and Z is a trivalent element. Preferably, YZis selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Ge, and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein preferably YZis Si and / or Ti, wherein YZis being Si. Preferably, Z is selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably Z is Al and / or B, wherein more preferably Z is Al. Preferably, the zeolitic material ZD has a YO2 : Z2O3 molar ratio in the range of from 5 to 200, more preferably from 10 to 150, more preferably from 15 to 100, more preferably from 20 to 80. Preferably, the dehydration agent ADcomprising a zeolitic material ZDhas a framework structure type selected from the group consisting of MFI, FER, HEU, MEL, MWW, RRO, TON, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of MFI, FER, MWW, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the dehydration agent ADcomprising a zeolitic material ZDhas an MFI and / or FER-type framework struc- ture, wherein more preferably the dehydration agent ADcomprising a zeolitic material ZDhas an MFI-type framework structure. Preferably, the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic material ZD is selected from the group consisting of Sili- calite, ZSM-5, [Fe-Si-O]-MFI, [Ga-Si-O]-MFI, [As-Si-O]-MFI, AMS-1B, AZ-1, Bor-C, Encilite, Boralite C, FZ-1, LZ-105, Mutinaite, NU-4, NU-5, TS-1, TSZ, TSZ-III, TZ-01, USC-4, USI-108, ZBH, ZKQ-1B, ZMQ-TB, MnS-1, FeS-1, and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of Silicalite, ZSM-5, AMS-1B, AZ-1, En- cilite, FZ-1, LZ-105, Mutinaite, NU-4, NU-5, TS-1, TSZ, TSZ-III, TZ-01, USC-4, USI-108, ZBH, ZKQ-1B, ZMQ-TB, and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the dehydration agent AD having an MFI-type frame- work structure comprises Silicalite and / or ZSM-5, preferably ZSM-5, wherein more preferably the dehydration agent ADhaving an MFI-type framework structure is zeolite Silicalite and / or ZSM-5, preferably ZSM-5.Preferably, the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i) and comprised in the mixture ML according to (v) com-prises, preferably is a metal oxide.Preferably, the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably the metal oxide comprises, more preferably is Al2O3.Preferably, the alcohol dehydration conditions according to (vi) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MD inthe reaction space SD in the range of from 150 to 450 °C, more preferably in the range of from 250 to 400 °C, more preferably in the range of from 300 to 350 °C.Preferably, the process of the present invention further comprises(viii) providing an isomerization agent AI;(ix) preparing a mixture MI comprising the at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2, Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3 and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3 obtained in the re-action mixture MD according to (vi) and / or separated from MD according to (vii) and the isomerization agent AI pro- vided according to (viii);(x) subjecting the mixture MI prepared according to (viii) to alkene isomerization conditions in a reaction space SI,wherein at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2 and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2 is at least partially isomerized to at least one of Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3 and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3 and ob- taining in said reaction space SI a reaction mixture MIA.Preferably, the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprised in the mixture MI is selected fromthe group consisting of a zeolitic material ZI, a redox-active metal and a mixture thereof, ore preferably the isomeriza- tion agent AIcomprises, more preferably is a zeolitic material ZI. Preferably, the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprised in the mixture MI comprises a zeo- litic material ZI in the H-form and contains protons as extra-framework ions. Preferably, he isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprised in the mixture MI comprises a zeolitic material ZI, wherein the zeolitic material ZI comprises YZO2 and optionally comprises Z2O3 in its framework structure, wherein YZis a tetravalent element and Z is a trivalent element. Preferably, YZis selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Ge, and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably YZis Si and / or Ti, wherein YZis being Si.Preferably, Z is selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and a mixture of two or more thereof, whereinpreferably Z is Al and / or B, wherein more preferably Z is Al. Preferably, the zeolitic material ZIhas a YO2: Z2O3molar ratio in the range of from 5 to 200, more preferably from 10 to 150, more preferably from 15 to 100, more preferably from 20 to 80. Preferably, the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprised in the mixture MI comprising the ze- olitic material ZI has a framework structure type selected from the group consisting of MFI, FER, HEU, MEL, MWW, RRO, TON, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of MFI, FER, MWW, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the zeolitic material ZI has an MFIand / or FER-type framework structure, wherein more preferably the zeolitic material ZIhas a FER-type framework structure.Preferably, the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprised in the mixture MI comprising the ze-olitic material ZIcomprises one or more zeolites selected from the group consisting of ferrierite, ZSM-35, NU-23, FU- 23, ISI-6, [Si-O]-FER, [Ga-Si-O]-FER, [B-Si-O]-FER, and mixtures of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of ferrierite, ZSM-35, NU-23, FU-23, ISI-6, [Si-O]-FER, and mixtures of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the zeolitic material ZI comprises ferrierite, wherein more preferably the zeolitic material ZI is ferrier- ite.Preferably, the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprised in the mixture MI according to (ix)comprises a redox-active metal.Preferably, the redox-active metal is selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Ag, Au, Pt, Os,and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, and a mixture oftwo or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of Ni, Pd, and a mixture thereof, more preferably theredox-active metal comprises, preferably is Ni.Preferably, the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprised in the mixture MI according to (ix) further comprises a support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, ZrO2 and a mix- ture of two or more thereof, more preferably wherein the support material is selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3 and a mixture thereof, or wherein the support material is an acid-washed support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the support material is an acid-washed support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3 and a mixture thereof, wherein more preferably the acid is selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochlo- ric acid and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably the acid is nitric acid, more preferably the support ma- terial comprises a mixture of a nitric acid-washed SiO2and Al2O3.Preferably, the reaction space SI according to (x) further comprises a gas phase, wherein the gas phase comprisesH2.Preferably, the alkene isomerization conditions according to (x) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MIA inthe reaction space SI in the range of from 100 to 350 °C, more preferably in the range of from 150 to 300 °C, morepreferably in the range of from 150 to 200 °C. Preferably, the process of the present invention further comprises(xi) separating at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-orPreferably, the at least one alkene separated from the reaction mixture MIA according to (xi) is selected from thegroup consisting of propene, but-2-ene, 2-methylprop-1-ene, pent-2-ene, hex-2-ene, and hex-3-ene, preferably fromthe group consisting of propene, but-2-ene, and 2-methylprop-1-ene.Preferably, the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i) is different form the isomerization agent AI providedaccording to (viii) or wherein the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i) is the same as the isomerizationagent AIprovided according to (viii). Preferably, the process of the present invention further comprises sisor more Preferably, the metathesis agent AMprovided according to (xii) and comprised in the mixture MMcomprises a metal selected from the group consisting of W, Mo, Re and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably the metathe- sis agent AMcomprises W.Preferably, the metathesis agent AM further comprises a support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2,Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably wherein the support material is selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3 and a mixture thereof, or wherein the support material is an acid-washed support ma- terial selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and a mixture of two or more thereof, whereinmore preferably the support material is an acid-washed support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3and a mixture thereof, wherein more preferably the acid is selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sul- furic acid, hydrochloric acid and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably the acid is nitric acid, more prefer- ably the support material comprises a mixture of a nitric acid-washed SiO2and Al2O3.Preferably, the metathesis conditions according to (xiv) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MMA in thereaction space SM in the range of from 250 to 600 °C, more preferably in the range of from 280 to 600 °C, more pref- erably in the range of from 280 to 550 °C. Preferably, the compound of formula CaH2=CaH2 provided according to (xiv) is in the liquid phase and / or in the gas phase, preferably in the gas phase. Preferably, the process of the present invention, further comprising(xv) separating at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2,CH2=CHRa, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CH2, CH2=CHRb, Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2from the reaction mixture MMAobtained according to (xiv). Preferably, separating the at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2,CH2=CHRa, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CH2, CH2=CHRb, Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2 according to (xv) is carried outby one or more of distillation, extraction, flushing, extractive distillation with monoethylene glycol, and employing a membrane, preferably by one or two of distillation and extraction.Preferably, the at least one alkene separated from the reaction mixture MMA comprises, preferably is propene.Preferably, Ra, Rband Rcare independently from each other selected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl,propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, more preferably from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,and isopropyl, more preferably from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, and propyl, wherein more preferably atleast one of Rband Rcis H.Preferably, Rb and Rc is H and Ra is methyl or wherein preferably Ra, Rb and Rc is H.According to a further aspect, the present invention relates to a process, preferably to the process as described above, which comprises the step of converting a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process as de-scribed herein to obtain a product Ω.Preferably, the product Ω is selected from:- building block or monomer; or- polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A, or polymer product,preferably polymer product A; or- cleaning polymer, cleaning surfactant, descaling compound, cleaning biocide or composition or formulationthereof; or- agrochemical composition, agrochemical formulation auxiliary or agrochemically active ingredient; or- active pharmaceutical ingredient or intermediate thereof, pharmaceutical excipient, animal feed additive, hu-man food additive, dietary supplements, aroma chemical or aroma composition; or- aqueous polymer dispersion, preferably polyurethane or polyurethane – poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymerdispersion, emulsion, binder for paper and fiber coatings, UV-curable acrylic polymer for hot melts and coat- ings polyisocyanates, hyperbranched polyester polyol, polymeric dispersant for inorganic binder compositions, unsaturated polyester polyol or 100% curable composition; or- cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or composition orformulation thereof; or- polymer B, polymer composition B, coating composition, other functional composition, foil, molded body, coat-ing or coated substrate.Regarding this process from which the product Ω, is obtained, it is preferred:that the content of the chemical material in the product Ω is 1 weight-% or more, preferably 2 weight-% or more, morepreferably 5 weight-% or more, more preferably 15 weight-% or more, more preferably 30 weight-% or more, more preferably 40 weight-% or more, more preferably 60 weight-% or more, more preferably 80 weight-% or more, more preferably 90 weight-% or more, more preferably 95 weight-% or more; and / orthat the content of the chemical material in the product Ω is 100 weight-% or less, preferably 95 weight-% or less,more preferably 90 weight-% or less, more preferably 50 weight-% or less, more preferably 25 weight-% or less, more preferably 10 weight-% or less; and preferably wherein the content is determined based on identity preserva- tion and / or segregation and / or mass balance and / or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard. The publication Prior Art Disclosure; Issue 684; paragraphs

[1000] to

[8005] ; ISSN: 2198-4786; published: February 12, 2024 will be regarded as Reference RF1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Preferably, theproduct Ω is a product as described in Reference RF1; paragraphs

[1000] to

[8005] . Preferably, the process de-scribed herein is further a process for the production of a product.The converting step to obtain the product Ω preferably comprises one or more step(s) as described below and can beperformed by conventional methods well known to a person skilled in the art. The converting step preferably com- prises one or more step(s) selected from: recycling, preferably depolymerizing, gasifying, pyrolyzing, and / or steam cracking; and / or purifying, preferably crystallizing, (solvent) extracting, distilling, evaporating, hydrotreating, absorbing, adsorbing and / or subjecting to ion exchanger; and / orassembling, preferably foaming, synthesizing, chemical conversion, chemically transforming, polymerizing and / or compounding; and / or forming, preferably foaming, extruding and / or molding; and / or finishing, preferably coating and / or smoothing. In addition, the one or more step(s) are described in detail in Reference RF1; paragraphs

[1000] to

[8005] .The term “building block”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises compounds, which are in a gase-ous or liquid state under standard conditions of 0 °C and 0.1 MPa. Building blocks are typically used in chemical in- dustry to form secondary products, which provide a higher structural complexity and / or higher molecular weight than the building block on which the secondary product is based. The building block is preferably selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxid, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycols, syngas comprising a mix- ture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic compounds. The alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic compounds comprise in particular 1 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively.The term “monomer”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises molecules, which can react with eachother to form polymer chains by polymerization. The monomer is preferably selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, salts of (meth)acrylic acid; in particular sodium, potassium and zinc salts; (meth)acrolein and (meth)acrylates. (Meth)acrylates comprising 1 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred, in particular comprising 1 to 8 car- bon atoms. The terms (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrolein or (meth)acrylate relate to acrylic acid, acrolein or acrylate and also to methacrylic acid, methacrolein or methacrylate, where applicable. Further, the monomer can be selected from hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and adipic acid. The building block can further be an intermediate compound. The term “intermediate compound”, as used in the con- text of the product Ω herein, comprises organic reagents, which are applied for formation of compounds with higher molecular complexity. The intermediate compound can be selected for example from the group consisting of phos-gene, polyisocyanates and propylene oxide. The polyisocyanates are in particular aromatic di- and polyisocyanates,preferably toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and / or diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). The building block and the monomer and typical converting step(s) to obtain the building block or monomer are de- scribed in more detail in paragraphs

[1000] to

[1012] of Reference RF1. The term “polymer A”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises thermoplastic, e.g., polyamide or thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoset, e.g., polyurethane, elastomer, e.g., polybutadiene, or a copolymer or a mix- ture thereof and is defined in more detail in paragraphs

[2001] to

[2007] of Reference RF1. The term “polymer com- position A”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises all compositions comprising a polymer as de- scribed above and one or more additive(s), e.g. reinforcement, colorant, modifier and / or flame retardant, and is de- fined in more detail in paragraph

[2008] of Reference RF1. The term “polymer product A”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises any product comprising the polymer A and / or polymer composition A as describedabove and is defined in more detail in paragraphs

[2009] and

[2010] of Reference RF1. The step(s) to obtain the pol- ymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A or polymer product, preferably polymer product A is / are described in more detail in paragraph

[2011] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use polymer”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises rheology, polycarbox- ylate, alkoxylated polyalkylenamine, alkoxylated polyalkylenimine, polyether-based, dye inhibition and soil release cleaning polymers defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3035] to

[3044] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use surfactant”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic and amphoteric industrial use surfactants defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3008] to

[3034] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use de- scaling compound”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises non-phosphate based builders (NPB) and phosphonates (CoP) described in more detail in paragraphs

[3001] to

[3005] of Reference RF1. The term “indus- trial use biocide”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, refers to a chemical compound that kills microorgan- isms or inhibits their growth or reproduction defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3006] to

[3007] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use solvent”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises alkyl amides, alkyl lac- tamides, alkyl esters, lactate esters, alkyl diester, cyclic alkyl diester, cyclic carbonates, aromatic aldehydes and aro- matic esters defined in more detail in paragraphs

[3045] to

[3055] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use disper- sant”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises anionic and non-ionic industrial use dispersants de- fined in more detail in paragraphs

[3056] to

[3058] of Reference RF1. The term “composition and / or formulation thereof” with reference to the industrial use polymers, industrial use surfactants, descaling compounds and / or indus- trial use biocides refers to industrial use compositions and / or institutional use products and / or fabric and home care products and / or personal care products defined in more detail in paragraph

[3059] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and / or industrial use bio- cide are defined in more detail in paragraph

[3060] of Reference RF1. The converting steps to obtain the industrial use composition or formulation of the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and / or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph

[3061] of Reference RF1. The term “agrochemical composition”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, typically relates to a composi- tion comprising an agrochemically active ingredient and at least one agrochemical formulation auxiliary. Examples of agrochemical compositions, active ingredients and auxiliaries are described in more detail in Reference RF1, para-graph

[4001] . The agrochemical composition may take the form of any customary formulation. The agrochemicalcompositions are prepared in a known manner, e.g. described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005. The converting step(s) to obtain the agrochemically active ingredients and auxil- iaries may be conducted in analogy to the production step(s) of their analogues that are based on petrochemicals or other precursors that are not gained by recycling processes. In addition, conversion to compounds mentioned in sec- tions “Polymer” and “Cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or compositions or formulations thereof” may be performed as described in these sections as well as the respective par- agraphs in Reference RF1.The term active pharmaceutical ingredients and / or intermediates thereof, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises substances that provide pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, miti- gation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body. Intermediates thereof are isolated products that are generated during a multi-step route of synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The term pharmaceutical excipients, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises com- pounds or compound mixtures used in compositions for various pharmaceutical applications, which are not substan- tially pharmaceutically active on itself. Active pharmaceutical ingredients and / or intermediates thereof and pharma- ceutical excipients are defined in more detail in paragraph

[5001] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the active pharmaceutical ingredients and / or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art. The terms animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises Vitamins, Pro-Vitamins and active metabolites thereof including intermediates and precursors, es- pecially Vitamin A, B, E, D, K and esters thereof, like acetate, propionate, palmitate esters or alcohols thereof like retinol or salts thereof and any combinations thereof; Tetraterpenes, especially isoprenoids like carotenoids and xan- thophylls including their intermediates and precursors as well as mixtures and derivates thereof, especially beta caro- tene, Canthaxanthin, Citranaxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Apo-carotenoids, and any combina- tions thereof; organic acids, especially formic acid, propionic acid and salts thereof, such as sodium, calcium or am- monium salts, and any combinations thereof, such as but not limited to mixtures of formic acid and sodium formiate, propionic acid and ammonium propionate, formic acid and propionic acid, formic acid and sodium formiate and propi-onic acid, propionic acid and sodium propionate and formic acid and sodium formiate; glycerides of carboxylic acidsand short and medium chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids, such as omega-6 fatty acid (C18:2) methyl esterand 1,2-propandiol and beverage stabilizers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone-polymer or polyvinylimidazole / polyvinylpyr-rolidone-copolymer. Animal feed additives, human food additives and dietary supplements are defined in more detailin paragraph

[5002] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the animal feed additives, human food addi-tives, dietary supplements may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthe- sis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art. The terms aroma chemical and aroma composition as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprise a volatile organic substance with a molecular weight between 70-250 g / mol comprising a functional group with a carbon skele- ton of C5-C16carbon atoms comprising linear, branched, cyclic, for example with a ring size of C5-C18, bicyclic or tri- cyclic aliphatic chains and but not necessarily one or more unsaturated structural elements like double bonds, triple bonds, aromatics or heteroaromatics and preferably the one or more additional functional groups are selected from alcohol, ether, ester, ketone, aldehyde, acetal, carboxylic acid, nitrile, thiol, amine. In one aspect, the aroma chemical is a terpene-based aroma chemical, for example selected from monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes, triterpenes or tetraterpenes. Aroma chemicals can be combined with further aromachemicals to give an aroma composition. Aroma chemicals and aroma compositions are defined in more detail in paragraph

[5003] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the aroma chemical and aroma composition may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art. The term “aqueous polymer dispersion”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises aqueous composi- tion(s) comprising dispersed polymer(s) and is defined in more detail in the section

[6001] entitled “aqueous polymer dispersion” of Reference RF1. The dispersed polymer(s) may be selected from acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene butadiene dispersion(s), aqueous dispersion(s) comprising composite particles,acrylate alkyd hybrid dispersion(s), polyurethane(s) (including UV-curable polyurethanes) and polyurethane -poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s). The term “emulsion polymer”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises polymer(s) made by free-radical emulsion polymerization. Aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) are defined in more detail in the section

[6002] entitled “Polyurethane dispersions” of Reference RF1. UV-curable polyure-thane(s) is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6017] of Reference RF1. Polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hy-brid polymer(s) is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6016] of Reference RF1. The term “polymeric dispersant”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises preferably polymer(s) comprising polyether side chain, in particular polycarboxylate ether polymer(s) and polycondensation product(s) de- fined in more detail in paragraph

[6020] entitled “Polymeric dispersant” of Reference RF1. The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polymer dispersion(s) comprising emulsion polymer(s) is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6003] entitled “Emulsion polymerization” of Reference RF1. The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) is / are defined in more de- tail in the section

[6014] entitled “Process for the preparation of aqueous polyurethane dispersions” and section [6017)] entitled “Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions contain- ing them” of Reference RF1.Composition(s) and uses of aqueous polymer dispersion(s) and of polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detailin the following sections of Reference RF1:section

[6004] entitled “Uses of aqueous polymer dispersions”,section

[6005] entitled “Binders for architectural and construction coatings”section

[6006] entitled “Binders for paper coating”section

[6007] entitled “Binders for fiber bonding” section

[6008] entitled “Adhesive polymers and adhesive compositions” section

[6015] entitled “Aqueous polyurethane dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions”section

[6016] entitled “Aqueous polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybride polymer dispersions suitable for use incoating compositions” section

[6017] entitled “Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them”section

[6018] entitled “Inorganic binder compositions comprising polymeric dispersants and their use”

[6019] 100%curable coating compositions UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylate(s) and its / their uses are defined in more detail in section

[6009] entitled “UV- crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylates for use in UV-curable solvent-free hotmelt adhesives and their use for making pressure-sensitive self-adhesive articles” of Reference RF1. Polyisocyanate(s), composition(s) comprising them and their uses are defined in more detail in section

[6010] entitled “Polyisocyanates” of Reference RF1. Hyperbranched polyester polyol(s) and its / their uses are defined in more detail in section

[6011] entitled “Organic sol-vent based hyperbranched polyester polyols suitable for use in coating compositions” of Reference RF1. The con-verting step(s) to obtain the hyperbranched polyester polyols is / are defined in more detail in the section

[6012] enti- tled “Preparation of organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols” of Reference RF1. Coating composi- tion(s) comprising hyperbranched polyester polyol(s), polyisocyanate(s) and additive(s) and substrate(s) coatedtherewith are defined in more detail in section

[6013] entitled “Organic solvent based two component coating compo-sitions comprising hyperbranched polyester polyols and polyisocyanates” of Reference RF1. Unsaturated polyester polyol(s), solvent-based coating composition(s) comprising said unsaturated polyester pol- yol(s) and substrate(s) for coating with said coating composition(s) are defined in more detail in section

[6018] enti- tled “Organic solvent based coating composition comprising unsaturated polyester polyols” of Reference RF1. 100% curable coating composition(s) is / are defined in more detail in section

[6019] of Reference RF1. Polymeric dispersant(s) for inorganic binder compositions is / are defined in more detail in section

[6020] of Reference RF1. The inorganic binder composition(s) comprising the polymeric dispersants and their use are defined in more detail in section

[6021] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in section

[6020] of Reference RF1. The term “inorganic binder composition” comprising the polymericdispersant(s), as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises preferably in particular hydraulically settingcompositions and compositions comprising calcium sulfate and is defined in more detail in section

[6021] of Refer-ence RF1 entitled “Inorganic binder compositions comprising the polymeric dispersant and their use”. Specific build-ing material formulation(s) comprising polymeric dispersant(s) or building product(s) produced by a building material formulation comprising a polymeric dispersant are disclosed in more detail in section

[6021] of Reference RF1. The term “cosmetic surfactant”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[7002] of Reference RF1. The term “emollient”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, refers to a chemical compound used for protecting, moisturizing, and / or lubricating the skin and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[7003] of Reference RF1. The term “wax”, asused in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises pearlizers and opacifiers and is defined in more detail in para-graph

[7004] of Reference RF1. The term “cosmetic polymer”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, com- prises any polymer that can be used as an ingredient in a cosmetic formulation and is defined in more detail in para- graph

[7005] of Reference RF1. The term “UV filter”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, refers to a chem- ical compound that blocks or absorbs ultraviolet light and is defined in more detail in paragraph

[7006] of Reference RF1. The term “further cosmetic ingredient”, as used in the context of the product Ω herein, comprises any ingredient suitable for making a cosmetic formulation. Several sources disclose cosmetically acceptable ingredients. E. g. the database Cosing on the internet pages of the European Commission discloses cosmetic ingredients and the Interna- tional Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, edited by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), dis- closes cosmetic ingredients. The term “composition and / or formulation thereof” with reference to the cosmetic surfac-tant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter and / or further cosmetic ingredient refers to personal care and / or cos-metic compositions or formulations defined in more detail in paragraph

[7007] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter or further cosmetic ingredient is / are defined in more detail in paragraph

[7008] of Reference RF1. The terms “polymer B”, “polymer composition B”, “coating composition”, “other functional composition”, “foil”, “molded body”, “coating” and “coated substrate” are well known to the person skilled in the art and are defined in more detail from paragraph

[8000] to

[8005] of Reference RF1. The present invention is further illustrated by the following set of embodiments and combinations of embodiments resulting from the dependencies and back-references as indicated. In particular, it is noted that in each instance where a range of embodiments is mentioned, for example in the context of a term such as "The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 4", every embodiment in this range is meant to be explicitly disclosed for the skilled person, i.e. the wording of this term is to be understood by the skilled person as being synonymous to "The process of any one of embodiments 1, 2, 3 and 4". Further, it is explicitly noted that the following set of embodiments represents a suitably structured part of the general description directed to preferred aspects of the present invention, and, thus, suitably supports, but does not represent the claims of the present invention.1. A process for preparing at least one alkene, comprising(i) providing a component C, which is at least one of a catalyst, a precursor thereof, a reduced form of thecatalyst and a reduced form of the precursor, a base and a dehydration agent AD;(ii) preparing a mixture ME comprising at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, at least one alcohol selectedfrom the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, the base and the component C provided according to (i), Ra, Rband Rcbeing independently from each other selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4alkyl; wherein Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-CH2-OH are different from each other; (iii) subjecting the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reactionspace SG and obtaining in SG a reaction mixture MG comprising at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, x being an integer in the range of from 1 to 4, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MGin the range of from 100 to 250 °C and a pressure in the reaction space SGin the range of from 1 x 105to 4 x 106Pa;(iv) separating at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH,Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH from the reaction mixture MGobtained ac- cording to (iii), obtaining the least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2- (CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH and a mixture MC com- prising the component C;(v) preparing a mixture ML comprising the at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH separated from MG according to (iv) and further comprising the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i);(vi) subjecting the mixture ML prepared according to (v) to alcohol dehydration conditions in a reactionspace SD, obtaining in said reaction space SD a reaction mixture MD comprising at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-wherein(a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkalineearth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hy- drogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkaline earth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, alka- line earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or more thereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A)(A), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru; L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg, C5-C10-heteroaryl con- taining at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocy- clic carbene represented by the structures:;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene; R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is 0 or 1; Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg; Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consist- ing of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-aryl, wherein the substitu- ents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; and unsubsti- tuted or substituted C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group con- sisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2and C1-C10-alkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents posi- tioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2,and C1-C10–alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1)a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, C1-C10-alkyl, C3-C12-cycloal- kyl, C2-C12-alkenyl, C3-C15-cycloalkenyl, C5-C20-aryl, CN, CO, OH, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H)1 X 3 , M is selected from theRh, and Ru; L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg, C5-C10-heteroaryl con- taining at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbRdRe, and a N-heterocy- clic carbene represented by the structures:;R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of for- mula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is 0 or 1; Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consist- ing of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-aryl, wherein the substitu- ents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; and unsubsti- tuted or substituted C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group con- sisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2 and C1-C10-alkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents posi- tioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2,and C1-C10-alkyl and (d) the dehydration agent AD is selected from the group consisting a zeolitic material ZD, a metal oxide,and a mixture thereof.2. The process of embodiment 1, being a continuous process.The process of embodiment 1, being a semi-batch process or a batch process.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein from 90 to 100 weight-%, preferably from 95 to 100weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 99 to 100 weight-% of the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) consist of the at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, the base, and the component C.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the reaction space SG according to (iii) comprises thereaction mixture MG and a gas phase, wherein the gas phase comprises at least one inert gas, wherein the atleast one inert gas is preferably selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, argon, and a mixture thereof.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii)comprise a pressure in the reaction space SGin the range of from 1 x 105to 3.5 x 106Pa, preferably in the range of from 1 x 105to 3.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range in the range of from 1 x 105to 2 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range in the range from 1 x 105to 1.5 x 106Pa.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii)comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 100 to 200 °C, preferably in the range of from 120 to 180 °C, more preferably in the range of from 130 to 160 °C.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii)comprise an amount of the base in the reaction mixture MG in the range of from 0.1 to 10 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 8 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 5 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii)comprise an amount of component C in the reaction mixture MGin the range of from 0.001 to 2 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0.001 to 1 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 0.001 to 0.5 weight- %, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the reaction space SG according to (iii) comprises thereaction mixture MGand a gas phase, wherein the gas phase comprises H2, and wherein the alcohol conver- sion conditions according to (iii) comprise maintaining the H2partial pressure of the gas phase in the range of from 2 x 104to 3.1 x 106Pa, preferably in the range of from 2 x 104to 1.1 x 106Pa, more preferably in the range of from 2 x 104to 6 x 105Pa.11. The process of embodiment 10, wherein the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase is maintained by introducingH2into the gas phase.12. The process of embodiment 10 or 11, wherein the H2 partial pressure of the gas phase is maintained by relax-ation of the gas phase, preferably by removing at least a part of H2from the gas phase.13. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the component C comprises a mixture, wherein saidmixture comprises: 1) a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, C1-C10-alkyl, C3-C12- cycloalkyl, C2-C12-alkenyl, C3-C15-cycloalkenyl, C5-C20-aryl, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H’), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru; L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, and S(=O)Rg; L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thio- phene; R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst comprising a com- pound of formula (A) an acridinyl unit; n is 0 or 1, and if R1, R2, R3and R4are hydrogen, n is 0; Rd, Re, Rfand Rg, are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; C3-C10-heterocycle comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; C5-C10-aryl; and C5-C10-heteroaryl compris- ing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; and Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, and OH.14. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the component C comprises a compound compris-ing a metal M selected from the group consisting of IrCl3 x H2O, [Ir(COD)Cl]2, [Ir(COE)2Cl]2, [Ir(C2H4)2Cl]2,[Ir(COD)OH]2, [Ir(COD)MeO]2, [IrCp*Cl2], [IrCpCl2], Ir4(CO)12, [Ir(PPh3)2(CO)Cl], [Ir(acetylacetonate)3], and [Ir(acetylacetonate)(COD)], wherein Cp is cyclopentadienyl, Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, COD is 1,5- cyclooctadienyl, COE is cyclooctenyl, and methylallyl is 2-methylallyl.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the component C comprises a compound compris-ing a metal M selected from the group consisting of Ru(p-cymene)Cl2]2, [Ru(benzene)Cl2]y, [Ru(CO)2Cl2]y,where y is in each case in the range from 1 to 1000, [Ru(CO)3Cl2]2, [Ru(COD)(allyl)], RuCl3x H2O, [Ru(acety- lacetonate)3], [Ru(DMSO)4Cl2], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2Cl], [Ru(cyclopentadienyl)(CO)2H], [Ru(cyclopenta- dienyl)(CO)2]2, [Ru(Cp)(CO)2Cl], [Ru(Cp*)(CO)2H], [Ru(Cp*)(CO)2]2, [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2Cl], [Ru(in- denyl)(CO)2H], [Ru(indenyl)(CO)2]2, ruthenocene, [Ru(COD)Cl2]2, [Ru(Cp*)(COD)Cl], [Ru3(CO)12], [Ru(PPh3)4(H)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(Cl)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(CI)2], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(CI)(H)], [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)(H)2], and[Ru(cyclooctadienyl)(methylallyl)2], wherein Cp is cyclopentadienyl, Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, CODis 1, 5-cyclooctadienyl, and methylallyl is 2-methylallyl.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the component C comprises a compound of formula(B), wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, and Mn;L1 and L2 are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, and S(=O)Rg;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thio- phene; Rd, Re, Rfand Rg, are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; C5-C10-aryl; and C5-C10-heteroaryl compris- ing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; and Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, and OH.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the component C comprises a compound of formula(C), whereinM is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, and Mn; L1 and L2 are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, and S(=O)Rg;L3 is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thio-phene; Rd, Re, Rfand Rg, are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl wherein the substituents are selectedfrom the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; C5-C10-aryl; and C5-C10-heteroaryl compris- ing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; and Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, and OH.18. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, 16 and 17, wherein M is selected from the group consistingof Ir and Ru, wherein M is preferably Ru.19. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, 16 and 17, wherein L3 is CO.20. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, and 16 to 19, wherein L1 and L2 are each (PRdRe), andwherein Rdand Reare C1-C10-alkyl, preferably wherein Rdand Reare each isopropyl or tert-butyl.21. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, and 16 to 19, wherein L1 and L2 are each (PRdRe), andwherein Rdand Reare C3-C10-cycloalkyl, preferably wherein Rdand Reare each cyclohexyl.22. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, and 16 to 19, wherein L1 and L2 are each (PRdRe), andwherein Rdand Reare C5-C10-aryl.23. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, and 16 to 22, wherein Y is selected from the group consist-ing of F, Cl, Br, and I, preferably from the group consisting of Cl or Br, more preferably wherein Y is Cl.24. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, and 16 to 22, wherein Y is CO.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the component C comprises a compound of formula(D) , wherein Cy is cyclohexyl.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12 and 25, wherein the component C comprises a reduced formof the catalyst of formula (D’), wherein Cy is cyclohexyl.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the component C comprises a compound of formula(E), wherein iPr is isopropyl.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12 and 27, wherein the component C comprises a reduced formof the catalyst of formula (E’)CO (E’),wherein iPr is isopropyl.29. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the component C comprises a compound of formula(F) ,wherein tBu is tert-butyl.30. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12 and 29, wherein the component C comprises a reduced formof the catalyst of formula (F’), wherein tBu is tert-butyl.31. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 30, wherein x is 1 or 2, preferably wherein x is 1.32. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 31, wherein Ra, Rb and Rc are independently from each otherselected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, prefera-bly from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl, more preferably from the group con- sisting of H, ethyl, and propyl, wherein more preferably at least one of Ra, Rb and Rc is H, more preferablywherein Ra and Rc is H.33. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) furthercomprises a(G), wherein R1, R2, R3and R4, L1, L2, and n as defined above.34. The process of embodiment 33, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4, L1, L2, and n of the compound of formula (G) or areduced form thereof are identical to R1, R2, R3 and R4, L1, L2, and n of the at least one of a catalyst, a precur-sor thereof, a reduced form of the catalyst and a reduced form of the precursor of the component C.35. The process of embodiment 33 or 34, wherein in the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) and subjected toalcohol conversion conditions according to (iii), the molar ratio of the compound of formula (G) or a reduced form thereof relative to the component C is in the range of from 1:1 to 10:1, preferably in the range of from1.02:1 to 8:1, more preferably in the range from 1.05:1 to 5:1.36. The process of any one of embodiments 33 to 35, wherein the compound of formula (G) or a reduced formthereof is selected from the group consisting of dicyclohexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4- yl]methyl]phosphane, diisopropyl-[[5-(diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, dicyclo- hexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane and diisopropyl-[[5-(diiso- propylphosphanylmethyl)pyridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane, preferably wherein the compound of formula (G) or a reduced form thereof is cyclohexyl-[[5-(dicyclohexylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane or diiso- propyl-[[5-(diisopropylphosphanylmethyl)acridin-4-yl]methyl]phosphane.37. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the base is selected from the group consisting ofalkali hydroxides, alkali alkoxides, and a mixture thereof.38. The process of embodiment 37, wherein the alkali hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of NaOH,KOH, and a mixture thereof, preferably wherein the alkali hydroxide is KOH.39. The process of embodiment 37, wherein the alkali alkoxide is selected from the group consisting of sodiumalkoxides, potassium alkoxides, and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably from the group consisting of sodium ethoxide, potassium ethoxide, and a mixture thereof.40. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 39, wherein at least one of the at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH and at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, is a bio- based alcohol, preferably obtainable or obtained from sugar-containing crops, more preferably from one or more of sugar cane and corn.41. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 3 and 5 to 40, wherein the mixture ME prepared according to (ii)further comprises a solvent component, which comprises one or more solvents.42. The process of embodiment 41, wherein the one or more solvents of the solvent component have a boilingpoint at 1 atm (101325 Pa) of 140 °C or more, preferably a boiling point of 160 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 180 °C or more, more preferably a boiling point of 190 °C or more.43. The process of embodiment 41 or 42, wherein at 25 °C, the solvent component has a solubility in water in therange of from 0 to 0.5 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 0 to 0.1 weight-%, based on 100 weight-% water.44. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 43, wherein the distribution coefficient of the catalyst in a sys-tem of the solvent component and water is from 0 to 0.01, preferably from 0 to 0.005, more preferably from 0 to 0.005, based on 1 kg catalyst.45. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 44, wherein the solvent component comprises at least two sol-vents with a boiling point at 1 atm (101325 Pa) of 180 °C or more.46. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 45, wherein the solvent component comprises at least one sol-vent selected from the group consisting of biphenyl, diphenyl ether, 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-benzene, xylene,mesitylene, toluene, ethylbenzene, cycloedodecane, cyclononane, cyclooctane, cycloheptane, decaline, n- butylbutyrate, n-hexylhexyrate, n-octyloctyrate, texanole, di-n-butylether, di-iso-butylether, di-sec-butylether, and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably from the group consisting of biphenyl, diphenyl ether, and a mixture thereof, wherein more preferably, the solvent is a mixture of biphenyl and diphenyl ether.47. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 46, wherein the solvent component comprises a mixture of bi-phenyl and diphenyl ether at a molar ratio of biphenyl relative to diphenyl ether in the range of from 1:2 to 1:6, preferably in the range of from 1:2.5 to 1:4.48. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 47, wherein from 90 to 100 weight-%, preferably from 95 to 100weight-%, more preferably from 98 to 100 weight-%, more preferably from 99 to 100 weight-% of the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) consist of the at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, the at least one alcohol se- lected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, the base, the solvent component and the catalyst.49. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii)comprise an amount of the solvent in the reaction mixture MGin the range of from 5 to 50 weight-%, preferably in the range of from 5 to 30 weight-%, more preferably in the range of from 5 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the reaction mixture MG.50. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 49, wherein the mixture MC obtained according to (iv) com-prises the component C and further comprises the solvent component.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 50, wherein the reaction mixture MG obtained according to (iii)further comprises at least one unreacted alcohol selected from the group consisting of Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, preferably wherein the process further comprises separating at least a part ofsaid unreacted alcohol from the reaction mixture MG.The process of embodiment 51, wherein separating at least a part of the unreacted alcohol from MG is carriedout by one or more of distillation, extraction, flashing, and membrane separation.The process of embodiment 51 or 52, wherein at least a part of the at least one unreacted alcohol separatedfrom MG is recycled to (ii) or (iii).The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 53, wherein the at least one alcohol obtained in reaction mixtureMG in (iii) comprises at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-buta-nol, 2-methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1-propa-nol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol, more preferably selected from the group consisting of 1- propanol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 54, further comprising(vii) separating at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-the reaction mixture MD obtained according to (vi).The process of embodiment 55, wherein the at least one alkene separated from the reaction mixture MD isselected from the group consisting of propene, but-1-ene, but-2-ene, 2-methylprop-1-ene, pent-1-ene, pent-2-ene, hex-1-ene, hex-2-ene and hex-3-ene, preferably from the group consisting of propene, but-1-ene, but-2-ene, 2-methylprop-1-ene, more preferably from the group consisting of propene, but-1-ene and but-2-ene.The process of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein separating the at least one alkene selected from the group con-sisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2, Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1- CRa=CH2, Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3,Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3 according to (vii) is carried out by one or more of distillation, extraction, flushing, extractive distil-lation with monoethylene glycol, and employing a membrane, preferably by one or two of distillation and ex- traction.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 57, wherein the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i)and comprised in the mixture ML according to (v) comprises, preferably is a zeolitic material ZD.59. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 58, wherein the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic ma-terial ZDprovided according to (i) and comprised in the mixture MLaccording to (v) comprises a zeolitic mate- rial ZDin the H-form and contains protons as extra-framework ions.60. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 59, wherein the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic ma-terial ZD comprises YZO2 and optionally comprises Z2O3 in its framework structure, wherein YZis a tetravalent element and Z is a trivalent element.61. The process of embodiment 60, wherein YZ is selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Ge, and amixture of two or more thereof, wherein preferably YZis Si and / or Ti, wherein YZis being Si.62. The process of embodiments 60 or 61, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and amixture of two or more thereof, wherein preferably Z is Al and / or B, wherein more preferably Z is Al.63. The process of any one of embodiments 60 to 62, wherein the zeolitic material ZD has a YO2 : Z2O3 molar ra-tio in the range of from 5 to 200, preferably from 10 to 150, more preferably from 15 to 100, more preferably from 20 to 80.64. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 63, wherein the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic ma-terial ZD has a framework structure type selected from the group consisting of MFI, FER, HEU, MEL, MWW, RRO, TON, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, preferably from the group consisting of MFI, FER, MWW, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the dehydration agent AD com-prising a zeolitic material ZD has an MFI and / or FER-type framework structure, wherein more preferably the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic material ZD has an MFI-type framework structure.65. The process of embodiment 64, wherein the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic material ZD is selectedfrom the group consisting of Silicalite, ZSM-5, [Fe-Si-O]-MFI, [Ga-Si-O]-MFI, [As-Si-O]-MFI, AMS-1B, AZ-1, Bor-C, Encilite, Boralite C, FZ-1, LZ-105, Mutinaite, NU-4, NU-5, TS-1, TSZ, TSZ-III, TZ-01, USC-4, USI-108, ZBH, ZKQ-1B, ZMQ-TB, MnS-1, FeS-1, and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of Silicalite, ZSM-5, AMS-1B, AZ-1, Encilite, FZ-1, LZ-105, Mutinaite, NU-4, NU-5, TS-1, TSZ, TSZ- III, TZ-01, USC-4, USI-108, ZBH, ZKQ-1B, ZMQ-TB, and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein more pref- erably the dehydration agent ADhaving an MFI-type framework structure comprises Silicalite and / or ZSM-5, preferably ZSM-5, wherein more preferably the dehydration agent ADhaving an MFI-type framework structure is zeolite Silicalite and / or ZSM-5, preferably ZSM-5.66. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 57, wherein the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i)and comprised in the mixture ML according to (v) comprises, preferably is a metal oxide.The process of embodiment 66, wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, ZrO2,TiO2and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably the metal oxide comprises, more preferably is Al2O3.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 67, wherein the alcohol dehydration conditions according to (vi)comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MDin the reaction space SDin the range of from 150 to 450 °C, preferably in the range of from 250 to 400 °C, more preferably in the range of from 300 to 350 °C.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 68, further comprising(viii) providing an isomerization agent AI;(ix) preparing a mixture MI comprising the at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-x-1- MD according to (vii) and the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii);(x) subjecting the mixture MI prepared according to (viii) to alkene isomerization conditions in a reactionspace SI, wherein at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2 and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2 is at least par-tially isomerized to at least one of Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3 and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3 and obtaining in said reaction space SI a reactionmixture MIA.The process of embodiment 69, wherein the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprisedin the mixture MI is selected from the group consisting of a zeolitic material ZI, a redox-active metal and a mix- ture thereof, preferably the isomerization agent AI comprises, preferably is a zeolitic material ZI.The process of embodiment 70, wherein the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprisedin the mixture MIcomprises a zeolitic material ZIin the H-form and contains protons as extra-framework ions.The process of any one of embodiments 68 to 71, wherein the isomerization agent AI provided according to(viii) and comprised in the mixture MIcomprises a zeolitic material ZI, wherein the zeolitic material ZIcom- prises YZO2and optionally comprises Z2O3in its framework structure, wherein YZis a tetravalent element and Z is a trivalent element.The process of embodiment 72, wherein YZ is selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Ti, Zr, Ge, and amixture of two or more thereof, wherein preferably YZis Si and / or Ti, wherein YZis being Si.The process of embodiments 72 or 73, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In, and amixture of two or more thereof, wherein preferably Z is Al and / or B, wherein more preferably Z is Al.75. The process of any one of embodiments 72 to 74, wherein the zeolitic material ZI has a YO2 : Z2O3 molar ratioin the range of from 5 to 200, preferably from 10 to 150, more preferably from 15 to 100, more preferably from 20 to 80.76. The process of any one of embodiments 69 to 75, wherein the isomerization agent AI provided according to(viii) and comprised in the mixture MI comprising the zeolitic material ZI has a framework structure type se- lected from the group consisting of MFI, FER, HEU, MEL, MWW, RRO, TON, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, preferably from the group consisting of MFI, FER, MWW, and mixed structures of two or morethereof, wherein more preferably the zeolitic material ZI has an MFI and / or FER-type framework structure, wherein more preferably the zeolitic material ZI has a FER-type framework structure.77. The process of embodiment 76, wherein the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprisedin the mixture MI comprising the zeolitic material ZI comprises one or more zeolites selected from the groupconsisting of ferrierite, ZSM-35, NU-23, FU-23, ISI-6, [Si-O]-FER, [Ga-Si-O]-FER, [B-Si-O]-FER, and mixtures of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of ferrierite, ZSM-35, NU-23, FU-23, ISI-6, [Si-O]-FER, and mixtures of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the zeolitic material ZIcomprises ferrierite, wherein more preferably the zeolitic material ZIis ferrierite.78. The process of any one of embodiments 69 to 77, wherein the isomerization agent AI provided according to(viii) and comprised in the mixture MI according to (ix) comprises a redox-active metal.79. The process of embodiment 78, wherein the redox-active metal is selected from the group consisting of Fe,Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Ag, Au, Pt, Os, and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably from the group consist- ing of Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably from the group consisting of Ni, Pd, and a mixture thereof, more preferably the redox-active metal comprises, preferably is Ni.80. The process of embodiment 78 or 79, wherein the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and com-prised in the mixture MI according to (ix) further comprises a support material selected from the group consist-ing of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, ZrO2and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably wherein the support ma- terial is selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3and a mixture thereof, or wherein the support mate- rial is an acid-washed support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the support material is an acid-washed support mate- rial selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3and a mixture thereof, wherein more preferably the acid is selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably the acid is nitric acid, more preferably the support material comprises a mixture of a nitric acid-washed SiO2 and Al2O3.The process of any one of embodiments 78 to 80, wherein the reaction space SI according to (x) further com-prises a gas phase, wherein the gas phase comprises H2.The process of any one of embodiments 69 to 81, wherein the alkene isomerization conditions according to(x) comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MIAin the reaction space SIin the range of from 100 to 350 °C, preferably in the range of from 150 to 300 °C, more preferably in the range of from 150 to 200 °C.The of one of embodiments 69 to 82, furtherofThe process of embodiment 83 or 84, wherein the at least one alkene separated from the reaction mixture MIAaccording to (xi) is selected from the group consisting of propene, but-2-ene, 2-methylprop-1-ene, pent-2-ene,hex-2-ene, and hex-3-ene, preferably from the group consisting of propene, but-2-ene, and 2-methylprop-1-ene.The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 85, wherein the dehydration agent AD provided according to (i) isdifferent form the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) or wherein the dehydration agent AD pro-vided according to (i) is the same as the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii). ofa mixture of two or more thereof.88. The process of embodiment 87, wherein the metathesis agent AM provided according to (xii) and comprised inthe mixture MMcomprises a metal selected from the group consisting of W, Mo, Re and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably the metathesis agent AMcomprises W.89. The process of embodiment 87 or 88, wherein the metathesis agent AM further comprises a support materialselected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferablywherein the support material is selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3 and a mixture thereof, orwherein the support material is an acid-washed support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2,Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the support material is an acid-washed support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3 and a mixture thereof, wherein more preferably the acid is selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably the acid is nitric acid, more preferably the support mate-rial comprises a mixture of a nitric acid-washed SiO2and Al2O3.90. The process of any one of embodiments 87 to 89, wherein the metathesis conditions according to (xiv) com-prise a temperature of the reaction mixture MMA in the reaction space SM in the range of from 250 to 600 °C,preferably in the range of from 280 to 600 °C, more preferably in the range of from 280 to 550 °C.91. The process of any one of embodiments 87 to 90, wherein the compound of formula CaH2=CaH2 provided ac-cording to (xiv) is in the liquid phase and / or in the gas phase, preferably in the gas phase.92. The process of any one of embodiments 87 to 91, further comprising(xv) separating at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2,CH2=CHRa, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CH2, CH2=CHRb, Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2 from the reaction mixture MMA obtained according to (xiv).93. The process of embodiment 92, wherein separating the at least one alkene selected from the group consistingof Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2, CH2=CHRa, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CH2, CH2=CHRb, Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2 according to (xv) is carried out by one or more of distillation, extraction, flushing, extractive distilla-tion with monoethylene glycol, and employing a membrane, preferably by one or two of distillation and extrac-tion.94. The process of embodiment 92 or 93, wherein the at least one alkene separated from the reaction mixtureMMA comprises, preferably is propene.95. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 92, wherein Ra, Rb and Rc are independently from each otherselected from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and tert-butyl, prefera- bly from the group consisting of H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and isopropyl, more preferably from the group con- sisting of H, methyl, ethyl, and propyl, wherein more preferably at least one of Rband Rcis H.96. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 95, wherein Rb and Rc is H and Ra is methyl.97. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 95, wherein Ra, Rb and Rc is H.98. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 97, wherein the process further comprises(iv.a) recycling at least a part of the mixture MC comprising the chemical component C obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (iii).99. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 98, wherein the process further comprises(iv.b) recycling at least a part of the mixture MCcomprising the solvent component obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (iii).100. The process of any one of embodiments 41 to 99, wherein the process further comprises(iv.c) recycling at least a part of the mixture MC comprising the solvent component and the chemical compo- nent C obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (iii).101. A process, preferably according to any one of embodiments 1 to 100, comprising the step of converting achemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 1 to 100 toobtain a product Ω.102. The process of embodiment 101, wherein the product Ω is selected from:- building block or monomer; or- polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A, or polymerproduct, preferably polymer product A; or -cleaning polymer, cleaning surfactant, descaling compound, cleaning biocide or composition or formu-lation thereof; or -agrochemical composition, agrochemical formulation auxiliary or agrochemically active ingredient; or- active pharmaceutical ingredient or intermediate thereof, pharmaceutical excipient, animal feed addi-tive, human food additive, dietary supplements, aroma chemical or aroma composition; or -aqueous polymer dispersion, preferably polyurethane or polyurethane – poly(meth)acrylate hybrid pol-ymer dispersion, emulsion, binder for paper and fiber coatings, UV-curable acrylic polymer for hot melts and coatings polyisocyanates, hyperbranched polyester polyol, polymeric dispersant for inor- ganic binder compositions, unsaturated polyester polyol or 100% curable composition; or- cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or compo-sition or formulation thereof; or -polymer B, polymer composition B, coating composition, other functional composition, foil, moldedbody, coating or coated substrate.103. The process of embodiment 102,wherein the content of the chemical material in the product Ω is 1 weight-% or more, preferably 2 weight-% ormore, more preferably 5 weight-% or more, more preferably 15 weight-% or more, more preferably 30 weight- % or more, more preferably 40 weight-% or more, more preferably 60 weight-% or more, more preferably 80 weight-% or more, more preferably 90 weight-% or more, more preferably 95 weight-% or more; and / or wherein the content of the chemical material in the product Ω is 100 weight-% or less, preferably 95 weight-%or less, more preferably 90 weight-% or less, more preferably 50 weight-% or less, more preferably 25 weight- % or less, more preferably 10 weight-% or less; and preferably wherein the content is determined based on identity preservation and / or segregation and / or mass balance and / or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.Reference Example - Determination of the distribution coefficient of the solvent in waterAccording to the present invention, the determination of the distribution coefficient of the solvent in water comprises the following steps:1. combining the two components, e.g. feed and solvent, in a predefined solvent ratio;2. turbulent mixing of the combined components over a longer period of time (> 10 min) at a defined extraction temperature; 3. allowing for phase separation; 4. taking samples of each phase at the extraction temperature; 5. centrifuging the samples and withdrawing clear samples at the extraction temperature; 6. analyzing the samples;7. comparing the results of extract and raffinate – calculation of the partition equilibrium / partition coefficient atthe selected temperature. Cited literatureM. Guerbet, C. R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci.1899, 128, p.511-513US 2014 / 148630 A1 US 9902673 B2Xianyuan Wu et al., “Catalytic Upgrading to n-Butanol: Progress in Catalyst Development”, ChemSusChem, vol.11, no.1, 12 September 2017, pages 71 to 85 US 2013 / 204057 A1

Claims

Claims1. A process for preparing at least one alkene, comprising(i) providing a component C, which is at least one of a catalyst, a precursor thereof, a reduced form of thecatalyst and a reduced form of the precursor, a base and a dehydration agent AD; (ii) preparing a mixture ME comprising at least one alcohol Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, at least one alcohol selectedfrom the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-OH, the base and the component C provided according to (i), Ra, Rband Rcbeing independently from each other selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C4 alkyl; wherein Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc-CH2-CH2-OH are different from each other; (iii) subjecting the mixture ME prepared according to (ii) to alcohol conversion conditions in a reactionspace SG and obtaining in SG a reaction mixture MG comprising at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, x being an integer in the range of from 1 to 4, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions comprise a temperature of the reaction mixture MGin the range of from 100 to 250 °C and a pressure in the reaction space SGin the range of from 1 x 105to 4 x 106Pa; (iv) separating at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting ofRb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH from the reaction mixture MG obtained according to (iii), obtaining the least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH and a mixture MC comprising the component C; (v) preparing a mixture ML comprising the at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-OH and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-OH separated from MG according to (iv) and further comprising the dehydration agent ADprovided according to (i); (vi) subjecting the mixture ML prepared according to (v) to alcohol dehydration conditions in a reactionspace SD, obtaining in said reaction space SDa reaction mixture MDcomprising at least one alkeneRa-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3; wherein (a) the base is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, alkali hydroxides, alkalineearth hydroxides, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, alkali carbonates, alkali hy- drogen carbonates, alkaline earth carbonates, alkaline hydrogen carbonates, alkali alkoxides, alkalineearth alkoxides, alkali amides, alkaline earth amides, alkali metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, alka- line earth metal 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidines, secondary amino acids, and a mixture of two or morethereof;(b) the catalyst comprises a compound of formula (A),wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru; L1and L2are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg, C5-C10-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbR- dRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:;L3is selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, AsRdReRf, SbRdReRf, SRdRe, RgCN, RgNC, N2, PF3, pyridine, and thiophene; R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the compound of formula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is 0 or 1; Y is selected from the group consisting of H, F, Cl, Br, I, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, CN, CO, OH, OR, NRg2, NH3, NRg3, and Rg2NSO2Rg; Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consist- ing of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl, whereinthe substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F,Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-aryl, wherein the substitu- ents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; and unsubsti-tuted or substituted C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group con- sisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2 and C1-C10-alkyl; andX is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents posi- tioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10–alkyl;(c) the precursor of the catalyst comprising a compound of formula (A) comprises a mixture comprising 1)a compound comprising a metal M; 2) at least one component selected from the group consisting of CO, PRdReRf, SRdRe, RdCN, RdNC, N2, PF3, organic carbonyl compounds, C1-C10-alkyl, C3-C12-cycloal- kyl, C2-C12-alkenyl, C3-C15-cycloalkenyl, C5-C20-aryl, CN, CO, OH, OC(=O)CF3, OSO2CF3, hydrides, pyridines, halogenides, hydroxides, and thiophenes; and 3) a compound of formula (H), M is selected from the group consisting of Ir, Mn, Os, Pd, Pt, Rh, and Ru; L1and L2, are, independently of each other, PRdRe, NRdRe, SRd, SH, S(=O)Rg, C5-C10-heteroaryl containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen and sulfur, AsRdRe, SbR- dRe, and a N-heterocyclic carbene represented by the structures:; R1, R2, R3and R4either are hydrogen, or form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of formula (A) an acridinyl unit, or R1and R2or R3and R4form together with the pyridyl unit of the catalyst of for- mula (A) a quinolinyl unit; n is 0 or 1; Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, R5, R6and R7are, independently of each other, selected from the group consisting of H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C10-alkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consist- ing of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-cycloalkyl, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C3-C10-heterocyclyl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from thegroup consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; unsubstituted or substituted C5-C10-aryl, wherein the substitu- ents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl; and unsubsti-tuted or substituted C5-C10-heteroaryl comprising at least one heteroatom selected from the group con- sisting of N, O, and S, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2 and C1-C10-alkyl; and X is selected from the group consisting of one, two, three, four, five, six, and seven substituents posi- tioned at any carbon atom on the acridinyl unit, or one, two, three, four and five substituents positioned at any carbon atom on the quinolinyl unit, or one substituent positioned at the carbon atom on the pyridyl unit, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, OH, CN, NH2, and C1-C10-alkyl and (d) the dehydration agent AD is selected from the group consisting a zeolitic material ZD, a metal oxide,and a mixture thereof.

2. The process of claim 1, wherein the alcohol conversion conditions according to (iii) comprise a temperature ofthe reaction mixture MGin the range of from 120 to 180 °C.

3. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the reaction mixture MG obtained according to (iii) further comprises atleast one unreacted alcohol selected from the group consisting of Ra-CH2-CH2-OH, Rb-CH2-CH2-OH and Rc- CH2-OH, preferably wherein the process further comprises separating at least a part of said unreacted alcohol from the reaction mixture MG, more preferably wherein at least a part of the at least one unreacted alcohol separated from MG is recycled to (ii) or (iii).

4. The process of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the at least one alcohol obtained in reaction mixture MG in(iii) comprises at least one alcohol selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2- methyl-1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol, more preferably selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 1-butanol and 2-butanol.

5. The process of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising(vii)Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2, Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3 and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3 from the reaction mixture MD obtained according to (vi), preferably wherein the at least one alkene separated from the reaction mix-ture MD is selected from the group consisting of propene, but-1-ene, but-2-ene, 2-methylprop-1-ene, pent-1-ene, pent-2-ene, hex-1-ene, hex-2-ene and hex-3-ene, preferably from the group consisting ofpropene, but-1-ene, but-2-ene, 2-methylprop-1-ene, more preferably from the group consisting of pro-pene, but-1-ene and but-2-ene.

6. The process of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic material ZDhas a framework structure type selected from the group consisting of MFI, FER, HEU, MEL, MWW, RRO, TON, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, preferably from the group consisting of MFI, FER, MWW, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the dehydration agent AD comprising a zeolitic material ZD has an MFI and / or FER-type framework structure, wherein more preferably the dehydra- tion agent AD comprising a zeolitic material ZD has an MFI-type framework structure.

7. The process of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the dehydration agent AD comprising a metal oxide is se-lected from the group consisting of Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2 and a mixture of two or more thereof.

8. The process of any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising(viii) providing an isomerization agent AI;(ix) preparing a mixture MI comprising the at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3 obtained in the reaction mixture MD according to (vi) and / or separated from MD according to (vii) and the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii); (x) subjecting the mixture MI prepared according to (viii) to alkene isomerization conditions in a reactionspace SI, wherein at least one alkene selected from the group consisting of Rb-CH2-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x- 1-CRa=CH2, Ra-CH2-CH2-(CHRb-CH2)x-1-CRb=CH2 and Rc-CH2-(CHRa-CH2)x-1-CRa=CH2 is at least partially isomer- ized to at least one of Rb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3,Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CRb-CH3and Rc-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CRa-CH3and obtaining in said reaction space SIa reaction mixture MIA; wherein the isomerization agent AIprovided according to (viii) and comprised in the mixture MIpreferably comprises a zeolitic material ZI, wherein more preferably, the zeolitic material ZI is in the H-form and containsprotons as extra-framework ions.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein the isomerization agent AI provided according to (viii) and comprised in themixture MIcomprising the zeolitic material ZIhas a framework structure type selected from the group consist- ing of MFI, FER, HEU, MEL, MWW, RRO, TON, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, preferably from the group consisting of MFI, FER, MWW, and mixed structures of two or more thereof, wherein more prefera- bly the zeolitic material ZI has an MFI and / or FER-type framework structure, wherein more preferably the zeo- litic material ZI has a FER-type framework structure.

10. The process of claim 8 or 9, further comprising12. The process of claim 11, wherein the metathesis agent AM further comprises a support material selected fromthe group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 and a mixture of two or more thereof, preferably wherein the support material is selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3and a mixture thereof, or wherein the support material is an acid-washed support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2,ZrO2and a mixture of two or more thereof, wherein more preferably the support material is an acid-washed support material selected from the group consisting of SiO2, Al2O3and a mixture thereof, wherein more prefer- ably the acid is selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and a mixture of two or more thereof, more preferably the acid is nitric acid, more preferably the support material comprises a mixture of a nitric acid-washed SiO2and Al2O3.

13. The process of claim 11 or 12, further comprising(xv) separating at least one alkene selected from the group consisting ofRb-CH2-(CH2-CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2, CH2=CHRa, Ra-CH2-(CH2-CHRb)x-1-CH=CH2, CH2=CHRb, Rc-(CH2- CHRa)x-1-CH=CH2from the reaction mixture MMAobtained according to (xiv), wherein preferably the at least one alkene separated from the reaction mixture MMA comprises, preferably is propene.

14. The process of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein Rb and Rc is H and Ra is methyl or wherein Ra, Rb and Rc isH.

15. The process of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the process further comprises(iv.a) recycling at least a part of the mixture MC comprising the chemical component C obtained according to (iv) to (ii) or (iii).

16. A process, preferably according to any one of claims 1 to 15, comprising the step of converting a chemicalmaterial obtainable by or obtained by the process according to any one of claims 1 to 15 to obtain a productΩ.

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