Cyclic prefix management in on-off keying (OOK) transmissions
By inserting check bits at alternating OFDM symbols and modifying cyclic prefix insertion, the challenges of cyclic prefix obscuring OOK sequences are addressed, reducing overhead and ensuring accurate data decoding in A-IoT systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/085440
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-02
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-09
AI Technical Summary
In wireless communications systems, particularly in ambient-internet of things (A-IoT) systems, the cyclic prefix added to OFDM symbols can obscure OOK sequences, leading to incorrect data decoding and increased transmission overhead due to the insertion of check bits.
Implementing check bits at alternating OFDM symbols and modifying cyclic prefix insertion to maintain OOK sequences without introducing errors, either by appending to the last or first bit of the symbol, or generating OOK sequences with sufficient samples to include the cyclic prefix length.
Reduces transmission overhead and maintains accurate data decoding by ensuring the OOK sequence integrity, avoiding glitches and errors in the cyclic prefix management.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024085440_09102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CYCLIC PREFIX MANAGEMENT IN ON-OFF KEYING (OOK) TRANSMISSIONS
[0001] FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including cyclic prefix management in on-off keying (OOK) transmissions.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .SUMMARY
[0004] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses that support cyclic prefix management in on-off keying (OOK) transmissions. For example, the described techniques provide for reduced overhead of on-off keying waveforms that are encoded using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) -based transmitter. In some examples, a reader device in an ambient-internet of things (A-IoT) system may generate a signal with check bits inserted at alternating OFDM symbols (such as every other OFDM symbol) , and an A-IoT device that receives the signal may be aware of the locations of the OFDM symbols and may remove the check bits to recover the OOK encoded data. In some examples, the reader device may modify cyclic prefix insertion applied to the OFDM symbols by modifying which portion of each OFDM symbol is copied for the cyclic prefix of that OFDM symbol. For example, the cyclic prefix may be a copy of information transmitted in a first portion of a next sequential OFDM symbol relative to an OFDM symbol where the cyclic prefix is inserted.
[0005] A method for wireless communications by a wireless device is described. The method may include generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data, appending a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern, selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal, and transmitting the signal.
[0006] A wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to generate a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data, append a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern, select a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal, and transmit the signal.
[0007] Another wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data, means for appending a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern, means for selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal, and means for transmitting the signal.
[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to generate a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data, append a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern, select a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal, and transmit the signal.
[0009] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, appending, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, where the cyclic prefix corresponds to the first portion of the second OOK sequence of the next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal based on the selecting.
[0010] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, appending, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, where the cyclic prefix corresponds to the final portion of the respective OOK sequence based on the selecting.
[0011] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, selecting the cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols may include operations, features, means, or instructions for selecting a first set of samples for the cyclic prefix, where a first value associated with the selected first set of samples may be the same as a second value associated with a second set of samples corresponding to a first portion of the respective OOK sequence.
[0012] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols may include operations, features, means, or instructions for appending the check bit to a beginning of the OOK sequence, where the check bit may be based on one or more values of the final portion of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0013] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols may include operations, features, means, or instructions for appending the check bit to an end of the OOK sequence, where the check bit may be based on one or more values of the final portion of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0014] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting an indication of whether the check bit may be appended at a beginning of the OOK sequence or an end of the OOK sequence, where appending the check bit may be based on transmitting the indication.
[0015] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols may include operations, features, means, or instructions for appending the check bit to a beginning of the OOK sequence or to an end of the on-off key sequence based on a quantity of OOK chips of the OOK sequence in accordance with the OOK encoding scheme.
[0016] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for applying a pulse shaping scheme to the OOK sequence, where a pulse shaping of one or more pulses of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols may be based on a proximity of the one or more pulses to a boundary of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0017] A method for wireless communications by a wireless device is described. The method may include receiving a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern, decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix, and removing, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols.
[0018] A wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to receive a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern, decode the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix, and remove, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols.
[0019] Another wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include means for receiving a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern, means for decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix, and means for removing, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols.
[0020] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to receive a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern, decode the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix, and remove, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols.
[0021] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols may include operations, features, means, or instructions for removing the check bit from a beginning of the respective OOK sequence, where the check bit may be based on one or more values of a final portion of the respective OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0022] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols may include operations, features, means, or instructions for removing the check bit from an end of the respective OOK sequence, where the check bit may be based on one or more values of a final portion of the respective OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0023] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving an indication of whether the check bit may be appended at a beginning of the respective OOK sequence or an end of the respective OOK sequence, where removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols may be based on the indication.
[0024] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, a location of the check bit in the one or more OFDM symbols may be based on a quantity of portions of the respective OOK sequence in accordance with the OOK decoding scheme.
[0025] A method for wireless communications by a wireless device is described. The method may include generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data, removing a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence, appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence based on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples, and transmitting the signal.
[0026] A wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to generate a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data, remove a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence, appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence base at least in part on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples, and transmit the signal.
[0027] Another wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data, means for removing a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence, means for appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence based on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples, and means for transmitting the signal.
[0028] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to generate a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data, remove a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence, appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence base at least in part on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples, and transmit the signal.
[0029] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating the signal may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating a second set of samples of the OOK sequence including the set of samples, where a total quantity of samples of the second set of samples may be based on a third quantity of samples associated with a Fast Fourier transform and a fourth quantity of samples associated with the cyclic prefix.
[0030] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, generating the signal may include operations, features, means, or instructions for generating a set of multiple OOK chips associated with the OOK sequence based on a division of the total quantity of samples of the set of samples, where each OOK chip of the set of multiple OOK chips includes a subset of the set of samples and corresponds to a respective set of bits of the one or more bits.
[0031] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, each OOK chip of the set of multiple OOK chips includes a same quantity of samples.
[0032] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for multiplexing the second set of samples of the OOK sequence with a third set of samples, where generating the signal may be based on the multiplexing.
[0033] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for applying a pulse shaping scheme to the OOK sequence, where a pulse shaping of one or more pulses of the OOK sequence of the at least one OFDM symbol may be based on a proximity of the one or more pulses to a boundary of the at least one OFDM symbol.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] FIGs. 1 and 2 show examples of wireless communications systems that supports cyclic prefix management in on-off keying (OOK) transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIGs. 3A–6 show examples of signaling diagrams that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 7 shows an example of a process flow that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIGs. 8 and 9 show block diagrams of devices that support cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 11 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIGs. 12 and 13 show block diagrams of devices that support cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 15 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIGs. 16 through 18 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0044] In some wireless communications systems, such as ambient-internet of things (A-IoT) systems, a reader device (such as a user equipment (UE) or network entity) may transmit an on-off keying (OOK) waveform to an A-IoT device using an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) -based transmitter. The OFDM- based transmitter may parse the OOK transmission into discrete time domain symbols (referred to as OFDM symbols) and append a cyclic prefix to the beginning of each OFDM symbol. The cyclic prefix may unintentionally obscure one or more OOK sequences for communicating encoded data. For example, the A-IoT device receiving the waveform may not identify that the waveform includes a cyclic prefixes at the start of each OFDM symbol, and the A-IoT device may incorrectly decode the encoded data by erroneously decoding the cyclic prefix as OOK data. In some examples, the reader device may insert a check bit at an end of each OFDM symbol so that when the cyclic prefix is added, the OOK sequence is maintained, or uninterrupted. However, addition of the check bit may introduce a large overhead to transmission of the encoded data.
[0045] In accordance with examples described herein, check bits may be added to the OOK transmission at every other OFDM symbol, either as the first bit of the OFDM symbol or the last bit of the OFDM symbol. In such examples, the reader device may add a cyclic prefix to each OFDM symbol either from the last part of the current OFDM symbol or the first part of the next OFDM symbol (e.g., whichever achieves avoidance of glitches, or errors, in the OOK sequence) . Additionally, or alternatively, rather than appending the cyclic prefix after generating the OOK sequence, the OOK sequence may be generated with a sufficient quantity of samples to include the cyclic prefix length. In some other examples, samples may be removed from a beginning of the OOK sequence and a cyclic prefix may be added where the samples were removed. In such examples, the cyclic prefix may be of the same value as the removed samples, which may maintain the OOK sequence without introducing error.
[0046] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are further described in the context of signaling diagrams and process flows. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions.
[0047] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0048] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0049] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0050] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0051] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0052] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0053] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105) , such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU) , such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU) , such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some examples, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0054] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0055] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some examples, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0056] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0057] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.
[0058] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0059] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0060] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as OFDM or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0061] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0062] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0063] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0064] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0065] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0066] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication) . M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.
[0067] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently) . In some examples, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications) , or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs) ) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.
[0068] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0069] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0070] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0071] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0072] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0073] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0074] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0075] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support radio frequency identification (RFID) technologies. Such RFID technologies may support low cost devices and devices with low complexity, and which may be utilized for inventory and asset management, IoT (e.g., A-IoT) , sustainable sensor networks in factories, agriculture, and smart home scenarios, among other example use cases. RFID deployments may include a system of relatively small transponders, or tags (e.g., microchips) , that may emit an information-bearing signal upon receiving a signal (such as an energy signal transmitted by a network entity 105) . RFID may be operated with or without a battery at the RFID device and with relatively low operating cost (OPEX) , relatively low maintenance cost, and a relatively long life cycle.
[0076] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support passive RFID. In passive RFID, bits of a backscattered signal (e.g., that is backscattered form a radio signal provided externally, for example, by a network entity 105 or a UE 115) may be coded with line coding. Types of line coding may include frequency modulation zero (FM0) and Miller. Passive RFID may refrain from using any channel coding for communication of backscattered signals. For example, RFID tags may encode backscattered data as either FM-baseband or Miller modulation of a subcarrier at a configured data rate. An interrogator (e.g., a reader to the RFID tag) may indicate to the RFID tag which line encoding to use. Line encoding may have some benefits. For example, line coding may enable the reader to detect tag clock error, may reduce reader self-interference by applying a frequency shift to the backscattered signal, or may enable collision detection at the reader device (e.g., interrogator) . In some aspects, Miller coding may be associated with lower code rates than FM0 coding, which may reduce interference and / or noise. Miller coding may also provide a larger frequency gap with a carrier relative to FM0 coding.
[0077] In some implementations, A-IoT communications may be implemented to various industrial verticals such as enhanced mobile broad band (eMBB) , ultra-reliable low-latency (URLLC) , machine-type communications (MTC) , among other communications deployments. For example, MTC and NB-IoT may support reduced capability (RedCap) devices or other low-cost and low-complexity A-IoT devices. In some such deployments, a network entity 105, other UEs 115, or other devices may be capable of reading or writing information stored on A-IoT devices, providing energy to the A-IoT devices (e.g., via a continuous wave) , and receiving and decoding information-bearing signals from A-IoT devices (e.g., receiving reflected or backscattered signals) .
[0078] In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more ambient devices or passive devices. Ambient devices may include, but are not limited to, RFID tags, passive IoT devices or A-IoT devices, hybrid devices (semi-passive IoT devices) including passive and active components, passive components of otherwise active or querying devices (e.g., passive or ambient components of a UE 115) , or any combination thereof. For example, in some implementations, a UE 115 of the wireless communications system 100 may serve as a passive device or an ambient device. A passive RFID tag may harvest energy over the air and may power transmission and reception circuitry at the device using the harvested energy. The transmitted signal by the passive RFID may be backscatter modulated. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may include one or more semi-passive or active RFID devices, which may include a battery, but may be more costly than ambient devices.
[0079] The wireless communications system 100 may support A-IoT devices communications for different types of wireless communications (e.g., different industrial verticals, including URLLC, MTC, reduced capability devices such as devices with reduced processing capabilities, lower power capabilities, among other capabilities, and other use cases) . Some systems may efficiently support RFID-type sensors, including A-IoT devices for use cases including asset management, logistics, warehousing, and manufacturing, among other examples.
[0080] The wireless communications system 100 may use wireless power transfer for various scenarios. For example, the wireless communications system may support, or include aspects of, a wireless power transfer-based wireless sensor network, in which devices may not need manual battery replacement due to devices being powered by one or more different energy sources (e.g., solar power, ambient radio frequency power, etc. ) . Additionally, a wireless power transfer-based wireless sensor network may have a longer lifetime than a solely battery-based sensor network. The wireless communications system 100 may support, or include aspects of, wireless power transfer-based active RFID, which may provide increased range for RFID signaling, and where energy can be gathered over a relatively longer duration than information transfer. In some aspects, the wireless communications system 100 may support, or include aspects of, wireless power transfer-enabled devices, which may harvest energy from hybrid energy sources, or harvesting energy from two or more energy sources.
[0081] Different types of IoT devices or A-IoT devices may have different energy harvesting capabilities. For example, a first A-IoT device may support energy harvesting using a solar-based energy source, a thermal-based energy source, a wireless power transfer source, or other energy collection source. It may be beneficial for a network entity 105 to be aware of the capabilities of different energy harvesting devices for the network entity 105 to perform efficient scheduling and communication. In some aspects, the network entity 105 may need to know whether to provide energy to the A-IoT device or not. For example, if an energy harvesting source of an A-IoT device is solar based, the network entity 105 may avoid scheduling communication with the A-IoT device at night.
[0082] In some aspects, A-IoT devices may support relatively short range communications (e.g., less than 10 meters) based on link budget considerations and reduced device capabilities. In addition, the wireless communications system 100 may support different types of IoT devices or RFID tags, which may be configured as passive or ambient devices (e.g., device A, type A A-IoT device) , semi-passive or semi-ambient devices (e.g., device B, type B A-IoT device) , or active devices (e.g., device C, type C A-IoT device) . For example, one example type of A-IoT device may be a passive or ambient tag (e.g., RFID proximity cards, among other devices) , which may receive power through RF energy harvesting, may support response-only communications with a maximum communications distance range of 10 meters, may be relatively low cost (e.g., the lowest cost out of passive, semi-passive and active devices) . In some aspects, passive or ambient tags may remain dormant until they receive a radio signal from an RFID reader. The tag then may use the energy from the reader signal to power on the tag and to reflect an information-carrying signal back to the reader.
[0083] One other example A-IoT device may be a semi-passive tag (e.g., electronic toll devices, pallet tracking device, among other devices) , which may contain a battery, but may not transmit a periodic signal like active RFID tags. Instead, the battery of the semi-passive tag may be turned on when a signal is received, which allows the energy from the reader signal to be reflected back. A semi-passive device may support response-only communications at distance of up to 100 meters or more. Semi-passive devices may be relatively more costly than passive devices.
[0084] One other example A-IoT device may be an active tag (e.g., large-asset tracking devices, livestock tracking devices, among other devices) , which may receive power using an in-device battery. An active tag may respond to or initiate communications for up to 100 meters or greater distances. Because active tags may be the costliest type of RFID tag, they may be used to track high-value assets, such as equipment in the construction, automobile, or healthcare industries.
[0085] Additionally, or alternatively, different A-IoT devices may have different energy storage capacities or capabilities. For example, one type of A-IoT device may lack energy storage capabilities. Some other types of A-IoT devices may have energy storage capabilities up to a threshold energy (e.g., up to E1 Joules, up to E2 Joules, where E1 may be different from or the same as E2) . In some other cases, different A-IoT devices may be characterized by whether or not the device has energy storage capabilities (e.g., a device “with energy storage” or a device “without energy storage” ) .
[0086] In some aspects, A-IoT devices may be associated with different device classes based on one or more device capabilities, power consumption targets, device use, and the like. One example device class (e.g., device type “i” ) may have a peak power consumption of approximately 1 microwatt, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm, may lack a capability for downlink or uplink amplification, and may communicate through backscattering of a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., from a network entity 105 or UE 115) or other low power means of signaling. Another example device class (e.g., device type “ii” ) may have a peak power consumption of less than or equal to a few hundred microwatts, may have energy storage at the device, may utilize an initial SFO of up to 10X ppm, may have a capability for downlink and / or uplink amplification, and may communicate through independent signal generation or through backscattering of a carrier wave provided externally.
[0087] In some wireless communications systems, such as A-IoT systems, a UE 115 may act as a reader device for an A-IoT device 185, and the UE 115 may transmit an OOK waveform to the A-IoT device 185 using an OFDM-based transmitter of the UE 115. The OFDM-based transmitter may parse the OOK transmission into discrete time domain symbols (referred to as OFDM symbols) and append a cyclic prefix to the beginning of each OFDM symbol. The cyclic prefix may unintentionally obscure one or more OOK sequences for communicating encoded data. For example, the A-IoT device receiving the waveform may not identify that the waveform includes a cyclic prefixes at the start of each OFDM symbol, and the A-IoT device may incorrectly decode the encoded data by erroneously decoding the CP as OOK data. In some examples, the reader device may insert a check bit at an end of each OFDM symbol so that when the CP is added, the OOK sequence is maintained, or uninterrupted. However, addition of the check bit may introduce a large overhead to transmission of the encoded data.
[0088] In accordance with examples described herein, check bits may be added to the OOK transmission at every other OFDM symbol, either as the first bit of the OFDM symbol or the last bit of the OFDM symbol. In such examples, the reader device may add a cyclic prefix to each OFDM symbol either from the last part of the current OFDM symbol or the first part of the next OFDM symbol (e.g., whichever achieves avoidance of glitches, or errors, in the OOK sequence) . Additionally, or alternatively, rather than appending the cyclic prefix after generating the OOK sequence, the OOK sequence may be generated with a sufficient quantity of samples to include the cyclic prefix length. In some other examples, samples may be removed from a beginning of the OOK sequence and a cyclic prefix may be added where the samples were removed. In such examples, the cyclic prefix may be of the same value as the removed samples, which may maintain the OOK sequence without introducing error.
[0089] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless communications system 200 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 200 may implement, or may be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100. For example, the wireless communications system 200 may include a reader device 205 (e.g., which may be an example of a network entity 105 or a UE 115) and an A-IoT device 210 (e.g., which may be an example of a UE 115, or another wireless device) which may be examples of corresponding devices described with reference to FIG. 1.
[0090] In some aspects, the wireless communications system 200 may support an A-IoT system. The A-IoT system may support wireless communications based on harvested energy, where wireless devices (e.g., such as the A-IoT device 210) may support limited complexity and energy budget for operation. The A-IoT system may be implemented for inventory, positioning, tracking, sensors, among other examples. The A-IoT device 210 may be an NB-IoT device, an enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) device, a reduced capability (RedCap) device, among other examples.
[0091] Different types of wireless devices may support varying transmission signal generation methods, and energy storage. In some aspects, the A-IoT device 210 may be a battery-less device with no energy storage capability, and may be dependent on availability of ambient source of energy for energy harvesting. In some aspects, the A-IoT device 210 may be a semi-passive device with limited energy storage capability (e.g., storage capacity) , and may perform backscatter wireless communications by modulating an incoming radio frequency (RF) signal (e.g., may not be equipped with an active radio frequency component) . In some aspects, the A-IoT device 210 may be capable of active transmissions (e.g., may be a primarily non-backscatter device, or may include an active radio capable of uplink transmissions that do not rely entirely or at all on backscattering incoming RF signals) . The A-IoT device 210 may be a low-complexity or low-cost device. In some aspects, an instantaneous power consumption by the A-IoT device 210 may be lower than a threshold (e.g., 1 mW, or 10 mW) .
[0092] The reader device 205 may transmit a waveform 215 (e.g., an activation waveform, an incident waveform, a radio signal) to the A-IoT device 210 via a forward link 225. The waveform 215 may be an OOK transmission that is transmitted by an OFDM-based transmitter of the reader device 205, and the waveform 215 may include an OFDM symbol 220-a, an OFDM symbol 220-b, and an OFDM symbol 220-c. The reader device 205 may transmit data 230 (e.g., data 230-a, data 230-b, data 230-c) to the A-IoT device via the OFDM symbols 220, and the data 230 may be encoded in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme (e.g., one or more OOK sequences) . For example, the data 230 may include a sequence of on-pulses and off-pulses, which may be indicative of one or more bits of information. The OOK encoding scheme may include a Manchester encoding scheme or other OOK encoding schemes. In some cases, the OOK encoding scheme may include one or more bits of information, and each bit of information may be indicated by one or more OOK chips (e.g., pulses) .
[0093] In some examples, in accordance with OFDM techniques, the reader device 205 may append cyclic prefixes 240 to each OFDM symbol 220 of the waveform 215. For example, the cyclic prefix 240-a for the OFDM symbol 220-a may be a copy of a last bit (e.g., or last portion) of the OFDM symbol 220-a. However, because the data 230-a is encoded with an OOK encoding scheme, adding information via the cyclic prefix 240-a to the OFDM symbol 220-a may add unintentional on-pulses or off-pulses to the data 230-a. That is, the A-IoT device may be unaware that the waveform 215 includes cyclic prefixes 240. Accordingly, the A-IoT device may fail to identify the cyclic prefixes 240 and may be unable to differentiate the cyclic prefixes 240 from the data 230-a. As a result, the A-IoT device may consider that the cyclic prefix 240-a is part of the data 230-a and may assume that the cyclic prefix 240-a represents an on-pulse or an off-pulse as part of the OOK encoding of the data 230-a, which may cause the A-IoT to incorrectly decode the data 230-a.
[0094] To support accurate decoding of the data 230 at the A-IoT device 210, the reader device 205 may insert one or more check bits 235 into the waveform 215. Check bits 235 may also be referred to as parity bits, cyclic bits, redundant bits, control bits, or non-data bits, among other examples. Check bits 235 may be bits that do not carry information (e.g., do not carry data 230) . Check bits 235 may be used to preserve a cyclic property of the waveform 215 after insertion of one or more cyclic prefixes 240. In some cases, the reader device 205 may insert a check bit at an end of each OFDM symbol 220. A check bit 235-a may be an inverse of a first bit of the OFDM symbol 220-a (e.g., a first bit of the data 230-a) . A first OOK chip (e.g., a pulse) of the first bit in the data 230-a may be shortened (e.g., shortened by a length of the cyclic prefix 240-a) so that the length of the OOK chip may be recovered by insertion of a cyclic prefix 240-a. Additionally, or alternatively, a check bit 235-b may be a copy of a last bit in the previous OFDM symbol 220-b (e.g., a last bit of the data 230-b) . The last chip (e.g., a pulse) of the last bit in the data 230-b may be shortened (e.g., shortened by a length of the cyclic prefix 240-b) so that the length of the OOK chip may be recovered by insertion of a cyclic prefix 240-c.
[0095] However, by inserting a check bit 235 at each OFDM symbol 220, the reader device 205 may increase an overhead of the waveform 215, which may reduce a throughput or spectral efficiency of the waveform 215. In accordance with examples described herein, to reduce overhead of the waveform 215, the reader device 205 may insert a check bit at every other OFDM symbol 220. For example, the reader device 205 may insert a check bit 235-a in the OFDM symbol 220-a and a check bit 235-b in the OFDM symbol 220-c but may not insert a check bit 235 in the OFDM symbol 220-b. A check bit 235 may be inserted as the last bit of an OFDM symbol 220 or as the first bit of the OFDM symbol 220. The check bit 235 may be a copy of the last bit of the previous OFDM symbol 220.
[0096] The A-IoT device 210 may be aware of locations of the check bits 235 within the waveform 215. In some examples, the reader device 205 may transmit configuration information 245 that indicates the locations of the check bits 235. For example, the configuration information 245 may indicate that check bits are inserted at every other OFDM symbol 220 (e.g., in alternating OFDM symbols 220, every two OFDM symbols 220) . The configuration information 245 may indicate that check bits are inserted at the beginning (e.g., as a first bit) or at the end (e.g., as a last bit) of OFDM symbols 220, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the locations of the check bits 235 may be based on a quantity of OOK chips (e.g., on-off pulses) in each OOK sequence in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme that encodes the data 230.
[0097] FIGs. 3A and 3B show examples of a signaling diagram 300 and a signaling diagram 301 that support cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The signaling diagram 300 may implement, or may be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. For example, the signaling diagram 300 may include examples of signaling to be included in a waveform 215 and transmitted by a reader device 205, as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0098] In the example of FIG. 3A, a waveform may include an OFDM symbol 320-a, an OFDM symbol 320-b, and an OFDM symbol 320-c. The waveform may be an OOK waveform and may encode data in one or more on-pulses and one or more off-pulses of an OOK sequence. In some examples, a reader device may transmit the waveform via an OFDM transmitter. As part of transmitting the waveform, the OFDM transmitter at the reader device may perform insertion of a cyclic prefix 330 at a beginning of each OFDM symbol 320. The cyclic prefix may be a copy of a last portion of the OFDM symbol 320. For example, the reader device may insert the cyclic prefix 330-a to the OFDM symbol 320-a, and the cyclic prefix 330-a may be a copy of an off-bit (e.g., an off-pulse) that occurs at the end of the OFDM symbol 320-a. Similarly, the reader device may append the cyclic prefix 330-b to the OFDM symbol 320-b, and the cyclic prefix may be a copy of an on-bit (e.g., an on-pulse) that occurs at the end of the OFDM symbol 320-b.
[0099] An A-IoT device that receives the waveform may interpret the cyclic prefixes 330 as part of the OOK sequence. For example, the A-IoT device may assume that any samples within the OFDM symbol 320 include data, and the A-IoT device may not identity that the cyclic prefix 330-a is not intended to carry data. As a result, the A-IoT device may decode the data with erroneous on-pulses or off-pulses corresponding to the cyclic prefixes because the A-IoT device is unable to decode the cyclic prefixes 330 correctly.
[0100] In the example of FIG. 3B, the reader device may generate a signal that includes an OOK sequence 305-a (e.g., a sequence of bits ‘0101’ ) , in an OFDM symbol 320-a, an OOK sequence 305-b (e.g., a sequence of bits ‘1001’ ) , in an OFDM symbol 320-b, and an OOK sequence 305-c (e.g., a sequence of bits ‘0110’ ) , in an OFDM symbol 320-c. The reader device may insert check bits 310 (e.g., which may be either bits ‘01’ or bits ‘10’ ) into OFDM symbols 320 of the generated signal in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. That is, the reader device may insert check bits 310 into every N OFDM symbols 320 (e.g., every other OFDM symbol, every 2 OFDM symbols) . For example, the reader device may append a check bit 310-a to the OFDM symbol 320-a and a check bit 310-b to the OFDM symbol 320-d. The check bits 310 may shift the OOK sequences 305 of the generated signal by an offset. For example, a first portion (e.g., ‘01’ ) of the OOK sequence 305-c may be positioned in the OFDM symbol 320-c and a second portion (e.g., ‘10’ ) of the OOK sequence 305-d may be positioned in the OFDM symbol 320-d.
[0101] The check bits 310 may each be positioned at a front of an OFDM symbol 320 (e.g., occupying a first bit of the OFDM symbol 320) or at an end of the OFDM symbol 320 (e.g., occupying a last bit of the OFDM symbol 320) . The check bit may be encoded in accordance with a first one or more bit values (e.g., ‘01’ , or in accordance with a first Manchester encoding bit) or a second one or more bit values (e.g., ‘10’ , or in accordance with a second Manchester encoding bit) . The A-IoT device may be aware of locations of the check bits 310. For example, the A-IoT device may identify that the check bit 310-a is positioned at a front (e.g., a beginning, a start) of the OFDM symbol 320-b and that the check bit 310-b is positioned at a front of the OFDM symbol 320-d.
[0102] In some examples, the locations of the check bits 310 may be based on a quantity (e.g., M) of OOK chips, or a quantity of bits, in each OFDM symbol 320 based on an OOK encoding of data in the waveform. For example, the waveform may include four (e.g., M=4) OOK chips, and the check bits 310 may be positioned at a first OOK chip and a second OOK chip (e.g., a single Manchester encoding bit) of every other OFDM symbol 320. The A-IoT device may remove the identified check bits 310 from the waveform. In an example, the A-IoT device may decode the waveform (e.g., in accordance with a Manchester decoding) , and the A-IoT device may discard (e.g., remove) one or more bits from the waveform (e.g., from one or more OOK sequences) that correspond to the locations of the check bits 310. In some examples, the A-IoT device may discard every M-th bit from the bits of information corresponding to the encoded data based on decoding the waveform.
[0103] In some examples, the reader device may append a cyclic prefix 315 (e.g., a cyclic prefix 315-a, a cyclic prefix 315-b, a cyclic prefix 315-c, a cyclic prefix 315-d) to a beginning of each OFDM symbol 320 of the waveform. The reader device may select the cyclic prefix for an OFDM symbol 320 from one of a final portion of the OFDM symbol 320 or from a first portion of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the waveform. For example, to select a cyclic prefix 315-a for the OFDM symbol 320-a, the reader device may select between a final portion of the OOK sequence 305-a of the OFDM symbol 320-a and a first portion of the OOK sequence 305-b of the OFDM symbol 320-b. The reader device may select the cyclic prefix 315 as to prevent insertion of an erroneous on-pulse or off-pulse (e.g., a glitch) to an OOK sequence 305. For example, the reader device may select a first set of samples for the cyclic prefix 315-a of the OFDM symbol 320-a (e.g., corresponding to a bit value ‘0’ ) . A first value associated with the selected first set of samples may be the same as (e.g., may match) a second value associated with a second set of samples corresponding to a first portion of the OOK sequence 305-a, which may support the OOK sequence 305-a being maintained (e.g., unchanged) . For cyclic prefix insertion of the OFDM symbol 320-b, the reader device may copy the value (e.g., corresponding to a bit value ‘0’ ) of the final portion of the OFDM symbol 320-b to a cyclic prefix 315-b and may append the cyclic prefix 315-b (e.g., the copied value) to the beginning of the OFDM symbol 320-b.
[0104] FIG. 4 shows an example of a signaling diagram 400 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The signaling diagram 400 may implement, or may be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. For example, the signaling diagram 400 may include examples of signaling to be included in a waveform 215 and transmitted by a reader device 205, as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0105] The reader device may generate an OOK sequence 405, and the OOK sequence 405 may occupy an entire duration of an OFDM symbol including cyclic prefix samples 410 (e.g., including a dedicated cyclic prefix duration) . In an example, a quantity of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) samples 415 of the OFDM symbol may be a first quantity (e.g., 2048) and a quantity of cyclic prefix samples 410 may be a second quantity (e.g., 144) . A quantity of samples for generating the OOK sequence 405 may be a sum of the first quantity and the second quantity. To generate the OOK sequence 405, the reader device may divide the sum of the first quantity and the second quantity (e.g., a total quantity of samples for the OOK sequence 405) to generate multiple OOK chips of the OOK sequence 405. The multiple OOK chips may have a same quantity of samples. Each OOK chip may include a subset of the sum of samples and may correspond to a set of one or more bits of information to be communicated via the OOK sequence. The division of the total quantity of samples into the multiple OOK chips may assign an even quantity of samples (e.g., or a nearly even quantity of samples) across the multiple OOK chips.
[0106] The reader device may generate the OOK sequence 405 separately from other signals or waveforms. For example, generation of the OOK sequence 405 may skip a cyclic prefix insertion, while the reader device may perform cyclic prefix insertion for generation of the other signals or waveforms. The reader device may multiplex the OOK sequence 405 with another set of samples (e.g., with another waveform after a cyclic prefix has been added to the waveform) .
[0107] FIG. 5 shows an example of a signaling diagram 500 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The signaling diagram 500 may implement, or may be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. For example, the signaling diagram 500 may include examples of signaling to be included in a waveform 215 and transmitted by a reader device 205, as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0108] As described in greater detail with reference to FIG. 4, the reader device may generate an OOK sequence 505-a, and the OOK sequence 505-a may occupy an entire duration of an OFDM symbol including cyclic prefix samples 510 (e.g., including a dedicated cyclic prefix duration) . In some examples, the reader device may remove a set of samples 520 from a beginning of the OOK sequence 505-a (e.g., resulting in the OOK sequence 505-b) . In other words, the reader device may shorten the OOK sequence 505-a to make space for the cyclic prefix samples 510 to be added. A quantity of samples removed from the OOK sequence 505-a may be equal to a quantity of the cyclic prefix samples 510.
[0109] To perform cyclic prefix insertion of an OFDM symbol that includes the OOK sequence 505-b (e.g., after shortening) , the reader device may append to a beginning of the OOK sequence 505-b a cyclic prefix 525 that is based on a value of the removed set of samples 520. For example, the cyclic prefix 525 may be a same value as the removed set of samples 520, or the cyclic prefix 525 may be a same value as a beginning (e.g., a first portion, a beginning portion, a first OOK chip) of the OOK sequence 505-b. In some examples, the cyclic prefix 525 may be a copy of samples from the FFT samples 515 occurring at the beginning of the FFT samples 515. To perform cyclic prefix insertion for other waveforms (e.g., non-OOK waveforms) , the reader device may append a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of a last portion of the FFT samples 515.
[0110] FIG. 6 shows an example of a signaling diagram 600 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The signaling diagram 500 may implement, or may be implemented by, aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. For example, the signaling diagram 500 may include examples of signaling to be included in a waveform 215 and transmitted by a reader device 205, as described with reference to FIG. 2.
[0111] In some examples, the reader device may apply pulse shaping to an OOK sequence 605. For example, the reader device may apply pulse shaping to an OOK sequence 605-a of an OFDM symbol 620-a, an OOK sequence 605-b of an OFDM symbol 620-b, an OOK sequence 605-c of an OFDM symbol 620-c, or a combination thereof. For example, the reader device may shape the waveform of OOK on-chips 625 (e.g., on-pulses) such that an OOK on-chips 625 may have relatively less energy at edges of the OOK on-chip 625 and relatively more energy at a middle of the OOK on-chip 625 (e.g., in accordance with a triangular-shaped pulse) .
[0112] The reader device may append a cyclic prefix 615 to each of the OFDM symbols 620 (e.g., after applying the pulse shaping) , and the cyclic prefix 615 may be based on (e.g., may be a copy of) a final portion of the OFDM symbol. In an example, the reader device may append a cyclic prefix 615-a to the OFDM symbol 620-b based on a final portion of the OFDM symbol 620-b (e.g., based on the shaped OOK on-chip 625-b) . The cyclic prefix 615-a may have an energy that is small (e.g., negligible) relative to the OOK on-chips 625, and the cyclic prefix 615-a may be successfully encoded and / or decoded as an off-chip (e.g., a zero bit) , which may maintain the OOK sequence 605-b without error (e.g., without erroneous on-pulses) .
[0113] In some examples, the reader device may append a cyclic prefix 615-b to the OFDM symbol 620-c, and the cyclic prefix 615-b may be an off-pulse (e.g., have a value of zero) based on a final portion of the OFDM symbol 620-c. The cyclic prefix 615-b may disrupt the OOK sequence 605-c (e.g., may introduce a relatively large OOK glitch) by adding an unintended off-pulse to the OOK sequence 605-c. In accordance with examples described herein, the reader device may apply a pulse shaping scheme to one or both of the OOK sequence 605-b and the OOK sequence 605-c such that a pulse shaping of one or more OOK on-chips 625 may be based on a proximity of the OOK on-chips 625 to a boundary (e.g., a border, an edge, a start, an end) of one or more OFDM symbols 620. For example, the reader device may shape pulses for adjacent (e.g., neighbor) OOK on-chips 625 (e.g., the OOK on-chip 625-a neighboring the OOK on-chip 625-b) such that an energy of the OOK on-chips 625 may be concentrated toward an OFDM symbol boundary (e.g., toward a cyclic prefix 615-b) . That is, an energy of the OOK on-chip 625-b may be concentrated toward an end of the OFDM symbol 620-b and an energy of the OOK on-chip 625-c may be concentrated toward a beginning of the OFDM symbol 620-c.
[0114] After applying the pulse shaping, including shaping the OOK on-chip 625-b and the OOK on-chip 625-c, the reader device may apply a low pass filter or a band pass filter to one or more OOK sequences 605 of the waveform, which may smoothen the waveform such that an off-pulse between the OOK on-chip 625-b and the OOK on-chip 625-c may be absent (e.g., may be undetectable or may be erased) .
[0115] FIG. 7 shows an example of a process flow 700 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 700 may implement or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100 or the wireless communications system 200. For example, the process flow 700 illustrates operations at a reader device 705, which may be an example of a reader device illustrated by and described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2. Additionally, the process flow 700 illustrates operations at an A-IoT device 710, which may be an example of an A-IoT device illustrated by and described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2. The operations performed at the reader device 705 and the A-IoT device 710 may support improvements to communications between the reader device 705 and the A-IoT device 710, among other benefits. In the following description of the process flow 700, the operations performed at the reader device 705 and the A-IoT device 710 may occur in a different order than the example order shown. Additionally, the operations performed at the reader device 705 and the A-IoT device 710 may be performed at different times. Some operations may be combined, and some operations may be omitted.
[0116] At 715, the reader device 705 may transmit an indication of locations of check bits within signals that are transmitted to the A-IoT device 710. For example, the indication may indicate whether a check bit is appended at a beginning of an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols included in the transmitted signals or at an end of the OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the transmitted signals. Additionally, or alternatively, the indication may indicate that check bits are appended in a subset of OFDM symbols (e.g., alternating OFDM symbols, every other OFDM symbol) of a set of OFDM symbols in the transmitted signals.
[0117] At 720, the reader device 705 may generate a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme (e.g., a Manchester encoding scheme) . The signal may include multiple OFDM symbols, and each OFDM symbol of the signal may include a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data.
[0118] At 725, the reader device 705 may append a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern (e.g., every two OFDM symbols, every N OFDM symbols) . The check bit may be appended at a beginning of each of the one or more OFDM symbols, at an end of each of the one or more OFDM symbols, or both. The check bit appended at a first OFDM symbol may be a copy of a final portion of a second OFDM symbol preceding the first OFDM symbol.
[0119] At 730, the reader device 705 may select a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal. The reader device may select the cyclic prefix based on the cyclic prefix matching a value of a beginning portion of the OFDM symbol where the cyclic prefix is added.
[0120] At 735, the reader device may append, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols. The cyclic prefix may correspond to the first portion of the second OOK sequence of the next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal or may correspond to the final portion of the OOK sequence based on the selecting.
[0121] At 740, the reader device 705 may apply a pulse shaping scheme to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols. The pulse shaping of one or more pulses (e.g., OOK on-chips) of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols may be based on a proximity of the one or more pulses to a boundary of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0122] At 745, the reader device 705 may transmit the signal and the A-IoT device 710 may receive the signal. At 750, the A-IoT device may decode the multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix. At 755, the A-IoT device 710 may remove, based on decoding the multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the multiple OFDM symbols (e.g., in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern) .
[0123] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a device 805 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of aspects of a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 805 may include a receiver 810, a transmitter 815, and a communications manager 820. The device 805, or one or more components of the device 805 (e.g., the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, the communications manager 820) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0124] The receiver 810 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 805. In some examples, the receiver 810 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 810 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.
[0125] The transmitter 815 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 805. For example, the transmitter 815 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . In some examples, the transmitter 815 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 815 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 815 and the receiver 810 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.
[0126] The communications manager 820, the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions as described herein. For example, the communications manager 820, the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0127] In some examples, the communications manager 820, the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0128] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 820, the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 820, the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0129] In some examples, the communications manager 820 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both. For example, the communications manager 820 may receive information from the receiver 810, send information to the transmitter 815, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0130] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal.
[0131] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence based at least in part on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples. The communications manager 820 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal.
[0132] By including or configuring the communications manager 820 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 805 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, the communications manager 820, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, more efficient utilization of communication resources, increased throughput, reduced overhead, and increased spectral efficiency.
[0133] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a device 805 or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communications manager 920. The device 905, or one or more components of the device 905 (e.g., the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0134] The receiver 910 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 905. In some examples, the receiver 910 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 910 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.
[0135] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack) . In some examples, the transmitter 915 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 915 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 915 and the receiver 910 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.
[0136] The device 905, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920 may include a signal generation component 925, a check bit component 930, a cyclic prefix component 935, a transmission component 940, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 920 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 820 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 920, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communications manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0137] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The signal generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The check bit component 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The cyclic prefix component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal. The transmission component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal.
[0138] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The signal generation component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The cyclic prefix component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence. The cyclic prefix component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence based on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples. The transmission component 940 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal.
[0139] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a communications manager 1020 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1020 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 820, a communications manager 920, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1020, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 may include a signal generation component 1025, a check bit component 1030, a cyclic prefix component 1035, a transmission component 1040, a pulse shaping component 1045, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) . The communications may include communications within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a network entity 105, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity 105) , or any combination thereof.
[0140] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The signal generation component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The check bit component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The cyclic prefix component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal. The transmission component 1040 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal.
[0141] In some examples, the cyclic prefix component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, where the cyclic prefix corresponds to the first portion of the second OOK sequence of the next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal based on the selecting.
[0142] In some examples, the cyclic prefix component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, where the cyclic prefix corresponds to the final portion of the respective OOK sequence based on the selecting.
[0143] In some examples, to support selecting the cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols, the cyclic prefix component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting a first set of samples for the cyclic prefix, where a first value associated with the selected first set of samples is the same as a second value associated with a second set of samples corresponding to a first portion of the respective OOK sequence.
[0144] In some examples, to support appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, the check bit component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending the check bit to a beginning of the OOK sequence, where the check bit is based on one or more values of the final portion of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0145] In some examples, to support appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, the check bit component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending the check bit to an end of the OOK sequence, where the check bit is based on one or more values of the final portion of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0146] In some examples, the check bit component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting an indication of whether the check bit is appended at a beginning of the OOK sequence or an end of the OOK sequence, where appending the check bit is based on transmitting the indication.
[0147] In some examples, to support appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, the check bit component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending the check bit to a beginning of the OOK sequence or to an end of the OOK sequence based on a quantity of OOK chips of the OOK sequence in accordance with the OOK encoding scheme.
[0148] In some examples, the pulse shaping component 1045 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for applying a pulse shaping scheme to the OOK sequence, where a pulse shaping of one or more pulses of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols is based on a proximity of the one or more pulses to a boundary of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0149] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, the signal generation component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. In some examples, the cyclic prefix component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence. In some examples, the cyclic prefix component 1035 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence based on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples. In some examples, the transmission component 1040 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal.
[0150] In some examples, to support generating the signal, the signal generation component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a second set of samples of the OOK sequence including the set of samples, where a total quantity of samples of the second set of samples is based on a third quantity of samples associated with a Fast Fourier transform and a fourth quantity of samples associated with the cyclic prefix.
[0151] In some examples, to support generating the signal, the signal generation component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a set of multiple OOK chips associated with the OOK sequence based on a division of the total quantity of samples of the set of samples, where each OOK chip of the set of multiple OOK chips includes a subset of the set of samples and corresponds to a respective set of bits of the one or more bits.
[0152] In some examples, each OOK chip of the set of multiple OOK chips includes a same quantity of samples.
[0153] In some examples, the signal generation component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for multiplexing the second set of samples of the OOK sequence with a third set of samples, where generating the signal is based on the multiplexing.
[0154] In some examples, the pulse shaping component 1045 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for applying a pulse shaping scheme to the OOK sequence, where a pulse shaping of one or more pulses of the OOK sequence of the at least one OFDM symbol is based on a proximity of the one or more pulses to a boundary of the at least one OFDM symbol.
[0155] FIG. 11 shows a diagram of a system 1100 including a device 1105 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1105 may be an example of or include components of a device 805, a device 905, or a network entity 105 as described herein. The device 1105 may communicate with other network devices or network equipment such as one or more of the network entities 105, UEs 115, or any combination thereof. The communications may include communications over one or more wired interfaces, over one or more wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. The device 1105 may include components that support outputting and obtaining communications, such as a communications manager 1120, a transceiver 1110, one or more antennas 1115, at least one memory 1125, code 1130, and at least one processor 1135. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1140) .
[0156] The transceiver 1110 may support bi-directional communications via wired links, wireless links, or both as described herein. In some examples, the transceiver 1110 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples, the transceiver 1110 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, the device 1105 may include one or more antennas 1115, which may be capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently) . The transceiver 1110 may also include a modem to modulate signals, to provide the modulated signals for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1115, by a wired transmitter) , to receive modulated signals (e.g., from one or more antennas 1115, from a wired receiver) , and to demodulate signals. In some implementations, the transceiver 1110 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1115 that are configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations, or one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1115 that are configured to support various transmitting or outputting operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1110 may include or be configured for coupling with one or more processors or one or more memory components that are operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other outputting, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1110, or the transceiver 1110 and the one or more antennas 1115, or the transceiver 1110 and the one or more antennas 1115 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., the at least one processor 1135, the at least one memory 1125, or both) , may be included in a chip or chip assembly that is installed in the device 1105. In some examples, the transceiver 1110 may be operable to support communications via one or more communications links (e.g., communication link (s) 125, backhaul communication link (s) 120, a midhaul communication link 162, a fronthaul communication link 168) .
[0157] The at least one memory 1125 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. The at least one memory 1125 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1130. The code 1130 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more of the at least one processor 1135, cause the device 1105 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1130 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1130 may not be directly executable by a processor of the at least one processor 1135 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1125 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some examples, the at least one processor 1135 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1125 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein (for example, as part of a processing system) .
[0158] The at least one processor 1135 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1135 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1135. The at least one processor 1135 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., one or more of the at least one memory 1125) to cause the device 1105 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions) . For example, the device 1105 or a component of the device 1105 may include at least one processor 1135 and at least one memory 1125 coupled with one or more of the at least one processor 1135, the at least one processor 1135 and the at least one memory 1125 configured to perform various functions described herein. The at least one processor 1135 may be an example of a cloud-computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as operating systems, virtual machines, or container instances) that may host the functions (e.g., by executing code 1130) to perform the functions of the device 1105. The at least one processor 1135 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 1105 (such as within one or more of the at least one memory 1125) .
[0159] In some examples, the at least one processor 1135 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1125 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1135 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1135) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1125) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1135 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1135 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1105 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 1125 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0160] In some examples, a bus 1140 may support communications of (e.g., within) a protocol layer of a protocol stack. In some examples, a bus 1140 may support communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack) , which may include communications performed within a component of the device 1105, or between different components of the device 1105 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where the device 1105 may refer to a system in which one or more of the communications manager 1120, the transceiver 1110, the at least one memory 1125, the code 1130, and the at least one processor 1135 may be located in one of the different components or divided between different components) .
[0161] In some examples, the communications manager 1120 may manage aspects of communications with a core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links) . For example, the communications manager 1120 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, the communications manager 1120 may manage communications with one or more other network entities 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 (e.g., in cooperation with the one or more other network devices) . In some examples, the communications manager 1120 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between network entities 105.
[0162] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal. The communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal.
[0163] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1120 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence. The communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence based at least in part on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples. The communications manager 1120 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting the signal.
[0164] By including or configuring the communications manager 1120 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1105 may support techniques for reduced latency, more efficient utilization of communication resources, and increased spectral efficiency.
[0165] In some examples, the communications manager 1120 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1110, the one or more antennas 1115 (e.g., where applicable) , or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1120 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1120 may be supported by or performed by the transceiver 1110, one or more of the at least one processor 1135, one or more of the at least one memory 1125, the code 1130, or any combination thereof (for example, by a processing system including at least a portion of the at least one processor 1135, the at least one memory 1125, the code 1130, or any combination thereof) . For example, the code 1130 may include instructions executable by one or more of the at least one processor 1135 to cause the device 1105 to perform various aspects of cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions as described herein, or the at least one processor 1135 and the at least one memory 1125 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0166] FIG. 12 shows a block diagram 1200 of a device 1205 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of aspects of an A-IoT device as described herein. The device 1205 may include a receiver 1210, a transmitter 1215, and a communications manager 1220. The device 1205, or one or more components of the device 1205 (e.g., the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, the communications manager 1220) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0167] The receiver 1210 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1205. The receiver 1210 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0168] The transmitter 1215 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1205. For example, the transmitter 1215 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions) . In some examples, the transmitter 1215 may be co-located with a receiver 1210 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1215 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0169] The communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0170] In some examples, the communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0171] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 1220, the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0172] In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or both. For example, the communications manager 1220 may receive information from the receiver 1210, send information to the transmitter 1215, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0173] The communications manager 1220 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols.
[0174] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 1210, the transmitter 1215, the communications manager 1220, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, more efficient utilization of communication resources, increased throughput, reduced overhead, and increased spectral efficiency.
[0175] FIG. 13 shows a block diagram 1300 of a device 1305 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1305 may be an example of aspects of a device 1205, an A-IoT device, or a UE 115 as described herein. The device 1305 may include a receiver 1310, a transmitter 1315, and a communications manager 1320. The device 1305, or one or more components of the device 1305 (e.g., the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, the communications manager 1320) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0176] The receiver 1310 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1305. The receiver 1310 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0177] The transmitter 1315 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1305. For example, the transmitter 1315 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions) . In some examples, the transmitter 1315 may be co-located with a receiver 1310 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1315 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0178] The device 1305, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1320 may include a reception component 1325, a decode component 1330, a removal component 1335, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1320 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1220 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1320, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both. For example, the communications manager 1320 may receive information from the receiver 1310, send information to the transmitter 1315, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0179] The communications manager 1320 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The reception component 1325 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The decode component 1330 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix. The removal component 1335 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols.
[0180] FIG. 14 shows a block diagram 1400 of a communications manager 1420 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1420 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1220, a communications manager 1320, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1420, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1420 may include a reception component 1425, a decode component 1430, a removal component 1435, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0181] The communications manager 1420 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The reception component 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The decode component 1430 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix. The removal component 1435 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols.
[0182] In some examples, to support removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols, the removal component 1435 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing the check bit from a beginning of the respective OOK sequence, where the check bit is based on one or more values of a final portion of the respective OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0183] In some examples, to support removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols, the removal component 1435 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing the check bit from an end of the respective OOK sequence, where the check bit is based on one or more values of a final portion of the respective OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0184] In some examples, the removal component 1435 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving an indication of whether the check bit is appended at a beginning of the respective OOK sequence or an end of the respective OOK sequence, where removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols is based on the indication.
[0185] In some examples, a location of the check bit in the one or more OFDM symbols is based on a quantity of portions of the respective OOK sequence in accordance with the OOK decoding scheme.
[0186] FIG. 15 shows a diagram of a system 1500 including a device 1505 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1505 may be an example of or include components of a device 1205, a device 1305, or an A-IoT device as described herein. The device 1505 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1520, an I / O controller, such as an I / O controller 1510, a transceiver 1515, one or more antennas 1525, at least one memory 1530, code 1535, and at least one processor 1540. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1545) .
[0187] The I / O controller 1510 may manage input and output signals for the device 1505. The I / O controller 1510 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1505. In some cases, the I / O controller 1510 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1510 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1510 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1510 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1540. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1505 via the I / O controller 1510 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1510.
[0188] In some cases, the device 1505 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1505 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1515 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1525 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1515 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1515 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1525 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1525. The transceiver 1515, or the transceiver 1515 and one or more antennas 1525, may be an example of a transmitter 1215, a transmitter 1315, a receiver 1210, a receiver 1310, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0189] The at least one memory 1530 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 1530 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1535. The code 1535 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1540, cause the device 1505 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1535 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1535 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1540 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1530 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0190] The at least one processor 1540 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1540 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1540. The at least one processor 1540 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1530) to cause the device 1505 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions) . For example, the device 1505 or a component of the device 1505 may include at least one processor 1540 and at least one memory 1530 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1540, the at least one processor 1540 and the at least one memory 1530 configured to perform various functions described herein.
[0191] In some examples, the at least one processor 1540 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1530 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1540 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1540) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1530) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1540 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1540 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1505 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to”may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1535 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1530 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0192] The communications manager 1520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The communications manager 1520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix. The communications manager 1520 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for removing, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols.
[0193] By including or configuring the communications manager 1520 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1505 may support techniques for reduced latency, more efficient utilization of communication resources, and increased spectral efficiency.
[0194] In some examples, the communications manager 1520 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1515, the one or more antennas 1525, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1520 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1520 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1540, the at least one memory 1530, the code 1535, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1535 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1540 to cause the device 1505 to perform various aspects of cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions as described herein, or the at least one processor 1540 and the at least one memory 1530 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0195] FIG. 16 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1600 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1600 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1600 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 11. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0196] At 1605, the method may include generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The operations of 1605 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1605 may be performed by a signal generation component 1025 as described with reference to FIG. 10.
[0197] At 1610, the method may include appending a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The operations of 1610 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1610 may be performed by a check bit component 1030 as described with reference to FIG. 10.
[0198] At 1615, the method may include selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the set of multiple OFDM symbols based on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal. The operations of 1615 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1615 may be performed by a cyclic prefix component 1035 as described with reference to FIG. 10.
[0199] At 1620, the method may include transmitting the signal. The operations of 1620 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1620 may be performed by a transmission component 1040 as described with reference to FIG. 10.
[0200] FIG. 17 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1700 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1700 may be implemented by an A-IoT device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1700 may be performed by an A-IoT device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 7 and 12 through 15. In some examples, an A-IoT device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the A-IoT device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the A-IoT device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0201] At 1705, the method may include receiving a signal, the signal including a set of multiple OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal including a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, where one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols include a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern. The operations of 1705 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1705 may be performed by a reception component 1425 as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0202] At 1710, the method may include decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based on each OFDM symbol of the signal including the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix. The operations of 1710 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1710 may be performed by a decode component 1430 as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0203] At 1715, the method may include removing, based on decoding the set of multiple OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the set of multiple OFDM symbols. The operations of 1715 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1715 may be performed by a removal component 1435 as described with reference to FIG. 14.
[0204] FIG. 18 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1800 that supports cyclic prefix management in OOK transmissions in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1800 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1800 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 11. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0205] At 1805, the method may include generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal including an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data. The operations of 1805 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1805 may be performed by a signal generation component 1025 as described with reference to FIG. 10.
[0206] At 1810, the method may include removing a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence. The operations of 1810 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1810 may be performed by a cyclic prefix component 1035 as described with reference to FIG. 10.
[0207] At 1815, the method may include appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence based on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, where a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples. The operations of 1815 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1815 may be performed by a cyclic prefix component 1035 as described with reference to FIG. 10.
[0208] At 1820, the method may include transmitting the signal. The operations of 1820 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1820 may be performed by a transmission component 1040 as described with reference to FIG. 10.
[0209] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0210] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications by a wireless device, comprising: generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including a plurality of OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal comprising a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data; appending a check bit to an OOK sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern; selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the plurality of OFDM symbols based at least in part on a final portion of the respective OOK sequence and a first portion of a second OOK sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal; and transmitting the signal.
[0211] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, further comprising: appending, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the cyclic prefix corresponds to the first portion of the second OOK sequence of the next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal based at least in part on the selecting.
[0212] Aspect 3: The method of any of aspects 1 through 2, further comprising: appending, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the cyclic prefix corresponds to the final portion of the respective OOK sequence based at least in part on the selecting.
[0213] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 1 through 3, wherein selecting the cyclic prefix for each respective OOK sequence of the plurality of OFDM symbols comprises: selecting a first set of samples for the cyclic prefix, wherein a first value associated with the selected first set of samples is the same as a second value associated with a second set of samples corresponding to a first portion of the respective OOK sequence.
[0214] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, wherein appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols comprises: appending the check bit to a beginning of the OOK sequence, wherein the check bit is based at least in part on one or more values of the final portion of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0215] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols comprises: appending the check bit to an end of the OOK sequence, wherein the check bit is based at least in part on one or more values of the final portion of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0216] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, further comprising: transmitting an indication of whether the check bit is appended at a beginning of the OOK sequence or an end of the OOK sequence, wherein appending the check bit is based at least in part on transmitting the indication.
[0217] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein appending the check bit to the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols comprises: appending the check bit to a beginning of the OOK sequence or to an end of the OOK sequence based at least in part on a quantity of OOK chips of the OOK sequence in accordance with the OOK encoding scheme.
[0218] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 8, further comprising: applying a pulse shaping scheme to the OOK sequence, wherein a pulse shaping of one or more pulses of the OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols is based at least in part on a proximity of the one or more pulses to a boundary of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0219] Aspect 10: A method for wireless communications by a wireless device, comprising: receiving a signal, the signal including a plurality of OFDM symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal comprising a cyclic prefix and a respective OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, wherein one or more OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols comprise a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern; decoding the plurality of OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an OOK decoding scheme based at least in part on each OFDM symbol of the signal comprising the cyclic prefix and the respective OOK sequence following the cyclic prefix; and removing, based at least in part on decoding the plurality of OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols.
[0220] Aspect 11: The method of aspect 10, wherein removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols comprises: removing the check bit from a beginning of the respective OOK sequence, wherein the check bit is based at least in part on one or more values of a final portion of the respective OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0221] Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 10 through 11, wherein removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols comprises: removing the check bit from an end of the respective OOK sequence, wherein the check bit is based at least in part on one or more values of a final portion of the respective OOK sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.
[0222] Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 10 through 12, further comprising: receiving an indication of whether the check bit is appended at a beginning of the respective OOK sequence or an end of the respective OOK sequence, wherein removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols is based at least in part on the indication.
[0223] Aspect 14: The method of any of aspects 10 through 13, wherein a location of the check bit in the one or more OFDM symbols is based at least in part on a quantity of portions of the respective OOK sequence in accordance with the OOK decoding scheme.
[0224] Aspect 15: A method for wireless communications by a wireless device, comprising: generating a signal in accordance with an OOK encoding scheme, the signal including at least one OFDM symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal comprising an OOK sequence associated with one or more bits of data; removing a set of samples from a beginning of the OOK sequence; appending, to the beginning of the OOK sequence based at least in part on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, wherein a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples; and transmitting the signal.
[0225] Aspect 16: The method of aspect 15, wherein generating the signal comprises: generating a second set of samples of the OOK sequence including the set of samples, wherein a total quantity of samples of the second set of samples is based at least in part on a third quantity of samples associated with a Fast Fourier transform and a fourth quantity of samples associated with the cyclic prefix.
[0226] Aspect 17: The method of aspect 16, wherein generating the signal comprises: generating a plurality of OOK chips associated with the OOK sequence based at least in part on a division of the total quantity of samples of the set of samples, wherein each OOK chip of the plurality of OOK chips comprises a subset of the set of samples and corresponds to a respective set of bits of the one or more bits.
[0227] Aspect 18: The method of aspect 17, wherein each OOK chip of the plurality of OOK chips comprises a same quantity of samples.
[0228] Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 16 through 18, further comprising: multiplexing the second set of samples of the OOK sequence with a third set of samples, wherein generating the signal is based at least in part on the multiplexing.
[0229] Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 15 through 19, further comprising: applying a pulse shaping scheme to the OOK sequence, wherein a pulse shaping of one or more pulses of the OOK sequence of the at least one OFDM symbol is based at least in part on a proximity of the one or more pulses to a boundary of the at least one OFDM symbol.
[0230] Aspect 21: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 9.
[0231] Aspect 22: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 9.
[0232] Aspect 23: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 9.
[0233] Aspect 24: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to perform a method of any of aspects 10 through 14.
[0234] Aspect 25: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 10 through 14.
[0235] Aspect 26: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 10 through 14.
[0236] Aspect 27: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to perform a method of any of aspects 15 through 20.
[0237] Aspect 28: A wireless device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 15 through 20.
[0238] Aspect 29: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 15 through 20.
[0239] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0240] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0241] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0242] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0243] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0244] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0245] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ”
[0246] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “acomponent” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0247] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0248] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0249] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0250] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A wireless device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:generate a signal in accordance with an on-off keying encoding scheme, the signal including a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal comprising a respective on-off keying sequence associated with one or more bits of data;append a check bit to an on-off keying sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern;select a cyclic prefix for each respective on-off keying sequence of the plurality of OFDM symbols based at least in part on a final portion of the respective on-off keying sequence and a first portion of a second on-off keying sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal; andtransmit the signal.2.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:append, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the cyclic prefix corresponds to the first portion of the second on-off keying sequence of the next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal based at least in part on the selecting.3.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:append, after appending the check bit, the selected cyclic prefix to a beginning of the on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, wherein the cyclic prefix corresponds to the final portion of the respective on-off keying sequence based at least in part on the selecting.4.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein, to select the cyclic prefix for each respective on-off keying sequence of the plurality of OFDM symbols, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:select a first set of samples for the cyclic prefix, wherein a first value associated with the selected first set of samples is the same as a second value associated with a second set of samples corresponding to a first portion of the respective on-off keying sequence.5.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein, to append the check bit to the on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:append the check bit to a beginning of the on-off keying sequence, wherein the check bit is based at least in part on one or more values of the final portion of the on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.6.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein, to append the check bit to the on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:append the check bit to an end of the on-off keying sequence, wherein the check bit is based at least in part on one or more values of the final portion of the on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.7.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:transmit an indication of whether the check bit is appended at a beginning of the on-off keying sequence or an end of the on-off keying sequence, wherein appending the check bit is based at least in part on transmitting the indication.8.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein, to append the check bit to the on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:append the check bit to a beginning of the on-off keying sequence or to an end of the on-off keying sequence based at least in part on a quantity of on-off keying chips of the on-off keying sequence in accordance with the on-off keying encoding scheme.9.The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:apply a pulse shaping scheme to the on-off keying sequence, wherein a pulse shaping of one or more pulses of the on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols is based at least in part on a proximity of the one or more pulses to a boundary of the one or more OFDM symbols.10.A wireless device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:receive a signal, the signal including a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal comprising a cyclic prefix and a respective on-off keying sequence associated with one or more bits of data following the cyclic prefix, wherein one or more OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols comprise a check bit in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern;decode the plurality of OFDM symbols of the signal in accordance with an on-off keying decoding scheme based at least in part on each OFDM symbol of the signal comprising the cyclic prefix and the respective on-off keying sequence following the cyclic prefix; andremove, based at least in part on decoding the plurality of OFDM symbols, a check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols.11.The wireless device of claim 10, wherein, to remove the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:remove the check bit from a beginning of the respective on-off keying sequence, wherein the check bit is based at least in part on one or more values of a final portion of the respective on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.12.The wireless device of claim 10, wherein, to remove the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:remove the check bit from an end of the respective on-off keying sequence, wherein the check bit is based at least in part on one or more values of a final portion of the respective on-off keying sequence of the one or more OFDM symbols.13.The wireless device of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:receive an indication of whether the check bit is appended at a beginning of the respective on-off keying sequence or an end of the respective on-off keying sequence, wherein removing the check bit from the one or more OFDM symbols is based at least in part on the indication.14.The wireless device of claim 10, wherein a location of the check bit in the one or more OFDM symbols is based at least in part on a quantity of portions of the respective on-off keying sequence in accordance with the on-off keying decoding scheme.15.A wireless device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:generate a signal in accordance with an on-off keying encoding scheme, the signal including at least one orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, the at least one OFDM symbol of the signal comprising an on-off keying sequence associated with one or more bits of data;remove a set of samples from a beginning of the on-off keying sequence;append, to the beginning of the on-off keying sequence based at least in part on removing the set of samples, a cyclic prefix that is based on a value of the removed set of samples, wherein a first quantity of samples of the cyclic prefix is the same as a second quantity of samples of the removed set of samples; andtransmit the signal.16.The wireless device of claim 15, wherein, to generate the signal, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:generate a second set of samples of the on-off keying sequence including the set of samples, wherein a total quantity of samples of the second set of samples is based at least in part on a third quantity of samples associated with a Fast Fourier transform and a fourth quantity of samples associated with the cyclic prefix.17.The wireless device of claim 16, wherein, to generate the signal, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:generate a plurality of on-off keying chips associated with the on-off keying sequence based at least in part on a division of the total quantity of samples of the set of samples, wherein each on-off keying chip of the plurality of on-off keying chips comprises a subset of the set of samples and corresponds to a respective set of bits of the one or more bits.18.The wireless device of claim 17, wherein each on-off keying chip of the plurality of on-off keying chips comprises a same quantity of samples.19.The wireless device of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:multiplex the second set of samples of the on-off keying sequence with a third set of samples, wherein generating the signal is based at least in part on the multiplexing.20.A method for wireless communications by a wireless device, comprising:generating a signal in accordance with an on-off keying encoding scheme, the signal including a plurality of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, each OFDM symbol of the signal comprising a respective on-off keying sequence associated with one or more bits of data;appending a check bit to an on-off keying sequence of one or more OFDM symbols of the plurality of OFDM symbols in accordance with an alternating OFDM symbol pattern;selecting a cyclic prefix for each respective on-off keying sequence of the plurality of OFDM symbols based at least in part on a final portion of the respective on-off keying sequence and a first portion of a second on-off keying sequence of a next sequential OFDM symbol of the signal; andtransmitting the signal.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Coexistence of OFDM signals and on / off keying (OOK) signals in WLAN
CN110583000A
Wakeup packet preamble
US20180376370A1
On-off keying-modulated orthogonal frequency division multiplexing waveform generation
WO2024036504A1
Signal design for ultra-low power receivers
WO2024049706A1