Method performed by apparatus for wireless communication, and apparatus therefor

Abstract

A method performed by a first device, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, includes: receiving configuration information for backscattering; receiving a carrier wave (CW) signal in a first frequency resource; and transmitting a backscatter signal in a second frequency resource on the basis of the configuration information and the CW signal, wherein the second frequency resource for the backscatter signal is determined on the basis of a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, and the magnitude of the frequency shift may be determined on the basis of the capability of the first device.

Description

Method performed by a device for wireless communication and device therefor

[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communication, and more particularly, to a method for transmitting or receiving signals between various devices in a wireless communication system and a device therefor.

[0002] The 5G mobile communications system, the successor to LTE (long-term evolution), is a new, clean-slate mobile communications system characterized by high performance, low latency, and high availability. 5G NR can utilize all available spectrum resources, from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz, to intermediate-frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and high-frequency (millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. 6G mobile communications systems are being developed based on the underlying technologies of 5G mobile communications.

[0003] Recently, research on ambient IoT (Internet of Things) communication is being conducted in NR standardization, and a method using backscattering to satisfy low-power requirements is being discussed.

[0004] The technical task to be achieved in this specification is to provide a method for transmitting and receiving signals more accurately and efficiently between wireless communication devices. As an example, a method and device for transmitting backscattered signals more efficiently through frequency shifting in a network environment supporting various device performances are provided.

[0005] In addition to the technical challenges described above, other technical challenges can be inferred from the description below.

[0006] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a method performed by a first device includes receiving configuration information for backscattering; receiving a CW (carrier wave) signal in a first frequency resource; and transmitting a backscattering signal in a second frequency resource based on the configuration information and the CW signal, wherein the second frequency resource for the backscattering signal is determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, and a magnitude of the frequency shift can be determined based on a capability of the first device.

[0007] The size of the frequency shift is determined based on an integer multiple of the frequency shift unit value, and the value of the integer multiple can be determined based on the performance of the first device.

[0008] The magnitude of the frequency shift may be determined based on a combination of an initial frequency shift value and a performance-specific frequency shift value determined based on the performance of the first device.

[0009] The above initial frequency shift value may be the minimum frequency interval between the CW signal and the backscatter signal.

[0010] The above performance-specific frequency shift value is B*m, where B is a frequency shift unit value, m is an integer greater than or equal to 0, and the upper limit of m can be determined based on the maximum frequency shift value supported by the first device or the maximum shift value supported by the network.

[0011] A plurality of frequency shift ranges may be linked to the performances of a plurality of devices supported in a network, and the size of the frequency shift may be determined based on a first frequency shift range linked to the performance of the first device.

[0012] Based on the performance of the first device, a plurality of frequency shift size candidates are set in the first device, and the size of the frequency shift can be selected from among the plurality of frequency shift size candidates.

[0013] The above setting information may include information about the plurality of frequency shift size candidates.

[0014] The first device can select the size of the frequency shift from among the plurality of frequency shift size candidates set based on at least one of the device identifier of the first device or network signaling.

[0015] The first device can report the performance of the first device to the network.

[0016] Until the performance of the first device is reported, the first device may use a set of frequency shifts supported at the lowest device performance among the device performances defined for the network.

[0017] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program for performing the method described above may be provided.

[0018] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a first device comprises: a memory configured to store instructions; and a processor configured to perform operations by executing the instructions, the operations including: receiving configuration information for backscattering; receiving a CW (carrier wave) signal in a first frequency resource; and transmitting a backscattering signal in a second frequency resource based on the configuration information and the CW signal, wherein the second frequency resource for the backscattering signal is determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, and the magnitude of the frequency shift can be determined based on a capability of the first device.

[0019] The above first device may further include a transceiver.

[0020] The above first device may be an ambient IoT (internet of things) device.

[0021] The first device may be a processing device configured to control an ambient IoT (internet of things) device.

[0022] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method performed by a second device includes transmitting configuration information for backscattering to a first device; transmitting a CW (carrier wave) signal to the first device in a first frequency resource; and receiving a backscattering signal from the first device in a second frequency resource based on the configuration information and the CW signal, wherein the second frequency resource for the backscattering signal is determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, and a magnitude of the frequency shift can be determined based on a capability of the first device.

[0023] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a second device comprises: a memory configured to store instructions; and a processor configured to perform operations by executing the instructions, the operations including: transmitting configuration information for backscattering to a first device; transmitting a CW (carrier wave) signal to the first device in a first frequency resource; and receiving a backscattering signal from the first device in a second frequency resource based on the configuration information and the CW signal, wherein the second frequency resource for the backscattering signal is determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, and the magnitude of the frequency shift can be determined based on a capability of the first device.

[0024] The second device may be a reader device for ambient IoT (internet of things).

[0025] In one embodiment, signals can be transmitted and received more accurately and efficiently between wireless communication devices. For example, not only can interference be effectively eliminated through frequency shift in signal transmission via backscattering, but since the frequency shift value is determined based on device performance, devices with diverse performance can be multiplexed more efficiently, and congestion between these devices can be controlled.

[0026] In addition to the technical effects described above, other technical effects can be inferred from the description below.

[0027] Figure 1 illustrates a flexible network topology to which some examples of this specification may be applied.

[0028] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a communication system applicable to the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates a communication procedure between a first node (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (e.g., a base station) applicable to the present disclosure.

[0031] Figure 5 illustrates a general functional architecture for an AI / ML model.

[0032] Figure 6 illustrates a communication procedure between a first node (e.g., terminal) and a second node (e.g., base station) to which an AI / ML model is applied.

[0033] FIG. 7 illustrates an electromagnetic spectrum according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a procedure for transmitting system information for THz communication to which the present disclosure applies.

[0035] Figure 9 illustrates a beam management procedure applicable to the present disclosure.

[0036] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a sensing operation according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0037] FIG. 11 illustrates time / frequency resources for sensing operations according to one embodiment of the present specification.

[0038] FIG. 12 illustrates a procedure related to a sensing operation according to one embodiment of the present specification.

[0039] Figures 13 to 16 illustrate various A-IoT topologies.

[0040] Figure 17 is a diagram for explaining EH (energy harvesting) for A-IoT.

[0041] FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a procedure performed between a Reader and a Device according to one embodiment.

[0042] FIG. 19 illustrates a flow of a method performed by a first device (e.g., A-IoT device) according to one embodiment.

[0043] FIG. 20 illustrates a flow of a method performed by a second device (e.g., Reader) according to one embodiment.

[0044] As used herein, "A or B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." In other words, as used herein, "A or B" can be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, as used herein, "A, B or C" can mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0045] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma can mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" can mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C."

[0046] In this specification, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A", "only B" or "both A and B". Additionally, in this specification, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" may be interpreted identically to "at least one of A and B".

[0047] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.” Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C.”

[0048] Additionally, parentheses used herein may mean "for example." Specifically, when "control information (ABC)" is indicated, "ABC" may be described as an example of "control information." For example, "control information" may include DEF as another example. In other words, "control information" in this specification is not limited to "ABC," and "ABC" may be described as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., ABC)," "ABC" may be described as an example of "control information."

[0049] Additionally, in this specification, terms such as “first,” “second,” etc. are used only for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another component and are not used to limit the components, and do not limit the order or importance between the components unless specifically limited. Accordingly, a first component in one embodiment of this specification may be referred to as a second component in another embodiment, and similarly, a second component in one embodiment may be referred to as a first component in another embodiment.

[0050] In the following explanation, ‘when, if, in case of’ can be replaced with ‘based on’.

[0051] Technical features individually described in a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0052] In this specification, a terminal is a user equipment (UE) or a consumer-side device, and may also be referred to as a base station / second node / IAB node / first node that receives / transmits signals from / to a Transmission-Reception Point (TRP). A terminal may correspond to a physical node or a logical node. A terminal may correspond to an endpoint on the user side, or may correspond to an intermediate point between other endpoints. In communication between two points that are not limited to endpoints (including one-to-one / many-to-one / one-to-many / many-to-many communication), a terminal may correspond to a served node. A terminal may be a node with a fixed location, or a node with an unfixed location (or mobile).

[0053] In this specification, a base station (BS) is a device on the network side, and may also be called a second node / IAB node / x-NodeB (x-NodeB, x may be an abbreviation related to radio access technology (RAT)) / Transmission-Reception Point (TRP). A BS may correspond to a physical node or a logical node. A BS may correspond to an endpoint on the network side, or may correspond to an intermediate point between other endpoints. In communication between two points that are not limited to endpoints (including one-to-one / many-to-one / one-to-many / many-to-many communication), a BS may correspond to a serving node. A BS may be a node with a fixed location, or a node with an unfixed location.

[0054] In this specification, higher layer parameters may be set for the terminal, preset, or predefined. For example, the base station may transmit higher layer parameters to the terminal. For example, the terminal may transmit parameters such as capabilities to the base station as higher layer parameters. For example, the higher layer parameters may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0055] In this specification, the information / state / parameter being “configured or pre-configured” can be interpreted as the information / state / parameter being provided / pre-provided to the terminal through pre-defined signaling (e.g., SIB, MAC, RRC) from the base station. In this specification, the information / state / parameter being “defined or pre-defined” can be interpreted as the information / state / parameter being known in advance or pre-stored at the base station and the terminal without signaling between the base station and the terminal.

[0056] The technology described in this specification can be used in various wireless communication systems such as CDMA (code division multiple access), FDMA (frequency division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access), and SC-FDMA (single carrier frequency division multiple access). CDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as UTRA (universal terrestrial radio access) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as GSM (global system for mobile communications) / GPRS (general packet radio service) / EDGE (enhanced data rates for GSM evolution). OFDMA can be implemented with wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802-20, E-UTRA (evolved UTRA), LTE (long term evolution), and 5G NR.

[0057] The technology described in this specification can be implemented with 6G wireless technology and applied to various 6G systems. For example, the 6G system can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), artificial intelligence (AI) integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0058] <Symbols, Abbreviations, Terms>

[0059] - SSB: Synchronization Signal Block

[0060] - MIB: Master Information Block

[0061] - RMSI: Remaining Minimum System Information

[0062] - FR1: Frequency Range 1. Refers to the frequency range below 6 GHz (e.g., 450 MHz to 6000 MHz).

[0063] - FR2: Frequency Range 2. Refers to the millimeter wave (mmWave) range above 24 GHz (e.g., 24250 MHz to 52600 MHz).

[0064] - BW: Bandwidth

[0065] - BWP: Bandwidth Part

[0066] - RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0067] - CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0068] - SIB: System Information Block

[0069] - SIB1: SIB1 for NR devices (i.e., Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI)). Broadcasts information necessary for NR terminals to access the cell.

[0070] - CORESET: Control Resource Set. Time / frequency resource for NR terminals to attempt candidate PDCCH decoding.

[0071] - CORESET#0: CORESET for Type0-PDCCH CSS set for NR devices (configured in MIB)

[0072] - Type0-PDCCH CSS set: a search space set in which an NR UE monitors a set of PDCCH candidates for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a SI-RNTI

[0073] - MO: PDCCH Monitoring Occasion for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0074] - SIB1-R: (additional) SIB1 for reduced capability NR devices. May be limited to cases where it is generated as a separate TB from SIB1 and transmitted on a separate PDSCH.

[0075] - CORESET#0-R: CORESET#0 for reduced capability NR devices

[0076] - Type0-PDCCH-R CSS set: a search space set in which a redcap UE monitors a set of PDCCH candidates for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a SI-RNTI

[0077] - MO-R: PDCCH Monitoring Occasion for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0078] - Cell defining SSB (CD-SSB): SSB containing RMSI scheduling information among NR SSBs

[0079] Non-cell defining SSB (non-CD-SSB): An SSB that is placed in the NR sync raster but does not contain RMSI scheduling information for the corresponding cell for measurement purposes. However, it may contain information indicating the location of the cell defining SSB.

[0080] - SCS: subcarrier spacing

[0081] - SI-RNTI: System Information Radio-Network Temporary Identifier

[0082] - Camp on: "Camp on" is the UE state in which the UE stays on a cell and is ready to initiate a potential dedicated service or to receive an ongoing broadcast service.

[0083] - TB: Transport Block

[0084] - RSA (Redcap standalone): Redcap device 또는 service만 지원하는 cell.

[0085] - SIB1(-R)-PDSCH: SIB1(-R)을 전송하는 PDSCH

[0086] - SIB1(-R)-DCI: SIB1(-R)-PDSCH를 scheduling하는 DCI. DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by SI-RNTI.

[0087] - SIB1(-R)-PDCCH: SIB1(-R)-DCI를 전송하는 PDCCH

[0088] - FDRA: Frequency Domain Resource Allocation

[0089] - TDRA: Time Domain Resource Allocation

[0090] - RA: Random Access

[0091] - MSGA: preamble and payload transmissions of the random access procedure for 2-step RA type.

[0092] - MSGB: response to MSGA in the 2-step random access procedure. MSGB may consist of response(s) for contention resolution, fallback indication(s), and backoff indication.

[0093] - RO-N: RO (RACH Occasion) for normal UE 4-step RACH and 2-step RACH (if configured)

[0094] - RO-N1, RO-N2: When a separate RO is set for normal UE 2-step RACH, it is divided into RO-N1 (4-step) and RO-N2 (2-step).

[0095] - RO-R: RO (RACH Occasion) set separately from RO-N for redcap UE 4-step RACH and 2-step RACH (if configured)

[0096] - RO-R1, RO-R2: When separate ROs are set for redcap UE 2-step RACH, they are distinguished as RO-R1 (4-step) and RO-R2 (2-step).

[0097] - PG-R: MsgA-Preambles Group for redcap UEs

[0098] - RAR: Random Access Response

[0099] - RAR window: the time window to monitor RA response(s)

[0100] - FH: Frequency Hopping

[0101] - iBWP: initial BWP

[0102] - iBWP-DL(-UL): initial DL(UL) BWP

[0103] - iBWP-DL(-UL)-R: (separate) initial DL(UL) BWP for RedCap

[0104] - CS: Cyclic shift

[0105] - NB: Narrowband

[0106] - TO: Traffic Offloading

[0107] - mMTC; massive Machine Type Communications

[0108] - eMBB: enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication

[0109] - URLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication

[0110] - RedCap: Reduced Capability

[0111] - eRedCap: enhanced RedCap

[0112] - FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

[0113] - HD-FDD: Half-Duplex-FDD

[0114] - DRX: Discontinuous Reception

[0115] - RRC: Radio Resource Control

[0116] - RRM: Radio Resource Management

[0117] - MM: Mobility Management

[0118] - IWSN: Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

[0119] - LPWA: Low Power Wide Area

[0120] - RB: Resource Block

[0121] - CCE: Control Channel Element

[0122] - AL: Aggregation Level

[0123] - PRG: Physical Resource-block Group

[0124] - DFT-s-OFDM: DFT-spread OFDM

[0125] - PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

[0126] - A-PBCH: Additional PBCH

[0127] - BD: blind detection

[0128] - EPRE: Energy Per RE

[0129] - SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio

[0130] - TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

[0131] - FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

[0132] - DMRS: DeModulation Reference Signal

[0133] - TDD: Time Division Duplex

[0134] - PCI: Physical layer Cell ID

[0135] - BS: Base Station

[0136] - TD: Time Domain

[0137] - FD: Frequency Domain

[0138] - PEI: Paging Early Indication

[0139] - LP-WUS: Low-Power Wake-Up Signal

[0140] - LP-SS: Low-Power Synchronization Signal

[0141] - RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

[0142] - PHR: Power Headroom Report

[0143] - PRB: Physical Resource Block

[0144] Figure 1 illustrates a flexible network topology to which some examples of this specification may be applied.

[0145] To compensate for incomplete network coverage areas, a network topology that allows for more flexible and resilient split radio access networks (RANs) may be considered. For this purpose, various nodes, such as IAB nodes, relays, and RF repeaters, as illustrated in the example in Figure 1, may be applied, or NTNs may be integrated. For example, an IAB node may correspond to a node that provides wireless backhaul. For example, a relay may refer to any intermediate point, or in the case of a sidelink relay where a terminal functions as a relay, it may collectively refer to a terminal-to-network (U2N) relay and a terminal-to-terminal (U2U) relay. For example, an RF repeater may correspond to a node that simply performs the function of signal amplification and forwarding, while a network-controlled repeater may not only amplify and forward signals but also adjust transmission and reception settings based on information provided by the network. For example, an NTN node may correspond to a satellite or aircraft that provides NTN coverage that is difficult for terrestrial networks to provide. In addition to these examples, various intermediate points can be introduced to improve the network topology.

[0146] Referring to Figure 1, a split RAN can support the division of a base station into a centralized unit (CU) and one or more distributed units (DUs). The CU and DU can correspond to logical units. The CU can be further divided into a control plane (CP) portion and one or more user plane (UP) portions. Since a failure in the CU-CP affects not only the CU-UP but also the DUs, various intermediate points can be introduced to compensate for this.

[0147] An intermediate point may correspond to a terminal or a base station, depending on its relationship to other nodes. For example, an IAB node may include a mobile-termination (MT) portion and a unit (DU). The MT may connect the IAB node to a donor node. The unit (DU) of an IAB node may serve other terminals or connect to other IAB nodes to provide multi-hop wireless backhaul to the terminal. In other words, an IAB node may correspond to a base station in its relationship to a user-side node, and to a terminal in its relationship to a network-side node.

[0148] In some examples of this specification, the description of a terminal can be equally applied not only to a user-side endpoint, but also to an intermediate point corresponding to a terminal in a relative relationship with a network-side endpoint. Similarly, in some examples of this specification, the description of a base station can be equally applied not only to a network-side endpoint, but also to an intermediate point corresponding to a base station in a relative relationship with a user-side endpoint. However, in most cases where there is no additional description of the operations of three or more entities, the communicating entities in this specification are briefly described as terminals and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes), and the terms terminal and / or base stations (or first nodes and / or second nodes) are interpreted to include / replace any endpoint or any intermediate point in relation to other nodes.

[0149] That is, in some examples of this specification, for the sake of simplicity of explanation, the subjects of the operation may be referred to as a base station and / or a terminal (or a first node and / or a second node). In addition, the terms base station and / or terminal (or a first node and / or a second node) may also be interpreted / replaced as in the following examples: For example, the base station (or a first node) and the terminal (or a second node) may respectively correspond to the first endpoint and the second endpoint; may respectively correspond to the endpoint and the intermediate point; may respectively correspond to the intermediate point and the endpoint; or may respectively correspond to the first intermediate point and the second intermediate point.

[0150] In this specification, there may be zero or more intermediate points between the base station and the terminal. If intermediate points exist, they may be IAB nodes, relays, RF repeaters, NTN (non-terrestrial network) nodes, or nodes supporting other functions. An intermediate point may be a node with a fixed location or a node with an unfixed location.

[0151] Figure 2 illustrates a communication system applicable to the present disclosure.

[0152] The communication system (100) of FIG. 2 includes a wireless device (110), a network device (120), and a network (130). Here, the wireless device (110) refers to a device that performs communication using a wireless access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G), and may be referred to as a communication / wireless / 5G / 6G device. Although not limited thereto, the wireless device (110) may include a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR (extended reality) device (110c), a hand-held device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT (Internet of Things) device (110f), and an AI (artificial intelligence) device / server (110g). For example, the vehicle may include a vehicle equipped with a wireless communication function, an autonomous vehicle, a vehicle capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication, etc. Here, the vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2) may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device (110c) includes an augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) / mixed reality (MR) device, and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) equipped in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The portable device (110d) may include a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), a computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.), etc. The home appliance (110e) may include a TV, a refrigerator, a washing machine, etc. The IoT device (110f) may include a sensor, a smart meter, etc. The wireless device (110) may correspond to a terminal (or first node) or an intermediate point.The network device (120) may correspond to a base station (or second node) or another intermediate point. For example, the network device (120) may also be implemented as a wireless device (110), and a specific wireless device (120a) may act as a network device (120) to another wireless device (110).

[0153] Wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to a network (130) via a network device (120). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (110a to 110f), and the wireless devices (110a to 110f) can be connected to an AI server (110g) via a network (130). The network (130) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR), or a 6G network. The wireless devices (110a to 110f) can communicate with each other via the network device (120) / network (130), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the network device (120) / network (130). For example, vehicles (110b-1, 110b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle to vehicle) / V2X (vehicle to everything) communication). Additionally, IoT devices (110f) (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (110a to 110f).

[0154] Wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (110a to 110f) / network devices (120), network devices (120) / network devices (120). Here, the wireless communication / connection can be established through various wireless access technologies such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D communication), and communication between network devices (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access backhaul)). Through the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless device and the network device / wireless device, and the network device and the network device can transmit / receive wireless signals to each other. For example, the wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on various descriptions of the present disclosure, at least some of various configuration information setting processes for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), resource allocation processes, etc. may be performed.

[0155] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device applicable to the present disclosure.

[0156] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals via various wireless access technologies (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A pro, NR, 5G, 5G-A, 6G). The wireless device (200) includes at least one processor (202) and at least one memory (204), and may additionally include at least one transceiver (206) and / or at least one antenna (208).

[0157] The processor (202) controls the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206), and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate first information / signal, and then transmit a wireless signal including the first information / signal via the transceiver (206). In addition, the processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including second information / signal via the transceiver (206), and then store information obtained from signal processing of the second information / signal in the memory (204). The memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) and may store various information related to the operation of the processor (202). For example, the memory (204) may store software code including instructions for performing some or all of the processes controlled by the processor (202), or for performing the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. Here, the processor (202) and the memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement wireless communication technology. The transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and / or receive wireless signals via at least one antenna (208). The transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present disclosure, a wireless device may also mean a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0158] Hereinafter, the hardware elements of the wireless device (200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, at least one protocol layer may be implemented by at least one processor (202). For example, at least one processor (202) may implement at least one layer (e.g., a functional layer such as physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control (RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio resource control (RRC), and service data adaptation protocol (SDAP)). At least one processor (202) may generate at least one Protocol Data Unit (PDU) and / or at least one Service Data Unit (SDU) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) may generate a message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document. At least one processor (202) can generate a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) including a PDU, an SDU, a message, control information, data or information according to the functions, procedures, proposals and / or methods disclosed in this document, and provide the signal to at least one transceiver (206). At least one processor (202) can receive a signal (e.g., a baseband signal) from at least one transceiver (206) and obtain the PDU, SDU, message, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operational flowcharts disclosed in this document.

[0159] At least one processor (202) may be referred to as a controller, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or a microcomputer. The at least one processor (202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. For example, at least one application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), at least one digital signal processor (DSP), at least one digital signal processing device (DSPD), at least one programmable logic device (PLD), or at least one field programmable gate array (FPGA) may be included in the at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software, and the firmware or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, functions, etc. The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document may be included in the at least one processor (202), or may be stored in at least one memory (204) and driven by the at least one processor (202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions and / or sets of instructions.

[0160] At least one memory (204) can be connected to at least one processor (202) and can store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions and / or commands. The at least one memory (204) can be configured as a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), an erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), a flash memory, a hard drive, a register, a cache memory, a computer readable storage medium and / or a combination thereof. The at least one memory (204) can be located internally and / or externally to the at least one processor (202). In addition, the at least one memory (204) can be connected to the at least one processor (202) via various technologies such as a wired or wireless connection.

[0161] At least one transceiver (206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., mentioned in the methods and / or flowcharts of this document to at least one other device. At least one transceiver (206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or flowcharts disclosed in this document from at least one other device. For example, at least one transceiver (206) can be connected to at least one processor (202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, at least one processor (202) can control at least one transceiver (206) to transmit user data, control information, or wireless signals to at least one other device. Furthermore, at least one processor (202) can control at least one transceiver (206) to receive user data, control information, or wireless signals from at least one other device. In addition, at least one transceiver (206) may be connected to at least one antenna (208), and at least one transceiver (206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this document through at least one antenna (208). In this document, at least one antenna may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the received wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using at least one processor (202). At least one transceiver (206) may convert the processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using at least one processor (202).For this purpose, at least one transceiver (206) may include an (analog) oscillator and / or filter.

[0162] The components of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 may be referred to by different terms in terms of functionality. For example, the processor (202) may be referred to as a control unit, the transceiver (206) as a communication unit, and the memory (204) as a storage unit. In some cases, the communication unit may be used to mean at least a portion of the processor (202) and the transceiver (206).

[0163] The structure of the wireless device described with reference to FIG. 3 can be understood as the structure of at least a portion of various devices. For example, the structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 can be at least a portion of various devices described with reference to FIG. 2 (e.g., a robot (110a), a vehicle (110b-1, 110b-2), an XR device (110c), a portable device (110d), a home appliance (110e), an IoT device (110f), an AI device / server (110g)). Furthermore, according to various embodiments, in addition to the components illustrated in FIG. 3, the device may further include other components.

[0164] For example, the device may be a portable device such as a smartphone, a smart pad, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses), or a portable computer (e.g., a laptop, etc.). In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an interface unit that includes at least one port for connection with another device (e.g., an audio input / output port, a video input / output port), and an input / output unit for inputting and outputting image information / signals, audio information / signals, data, and / or information input from a user.

[0165] For example, the device may be a mobile device such as a mobile robot, a vehicle, a train, an aerial vehicle (AV), a ship, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a driving unit including at least one of an engine, a motor, a power train, wheels, brakes, and a steering unit of the device, a power supply unit including a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc. that supplies power, a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, an autonomous driving unit that performs functions such as path maintenance, speed control, and destination setting, and a position measurement unit that obtains location information of the mobile device through a global positioning system (GPS) and various sensors.

[0166] For example, the device may be an XR device such as an HMD, a head-up display (HUD) installed in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a power supply unit that supplies power and includes a wired / wireless charging circuit, a battery, etc., an input / output unit that obtains control information, data, etc. from the outside and outputs the generated XR object, and a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or the surroundings of the device.

[0167] For example, the device may be a robot that can be classified into industrial, medical, household, military, etc. types depending on the purpose or field of use. In this case, the device may further include at least one of a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a driving unit that performs various physical actions, such as moving the robot joints.

[0168] For example, the device may be an AI device such as a TV, a projector, a smartphone, a PC, a laptop, a digital broadcasting terminal, a tablet PC, a wearable device, a set-top box (STB), a radio, a washing machine, a refrigerator, digital signage, a robot, a vehicle, etc. In this case, the device may further include at least one of an input unit that acquires various types of data from the outside, an output unit that generates output related to sight, hearing, or touch, a sensor unit that senses status information, environmental information, and user information of the device or its surroundings, and a training unit that trains a model composed of an artificial neural network using learning data.

[0169] The structure of the wireless device illustrated in FIG. 3 may be understood as a part of a terminal (or first node), or as a part of an intermediate point, or as a part of a base station (or second node). If the device illustrated in FIG. 3 is a base station (or second node), the device may further include a wired transceiver for front haul and / or back haul communications. However, if the front haul and / or back haul communications are based on wireless communications, at least one transceiver (206) illustrated in FIG. 3 may be used for front haul and / or back haul communications, and a wired transceiver may not be included.

[0170] FIG. 4 illustrates a communication procedure between a first node (e.g., a terminal) and a second node (e.g., a base station) applicable to the present disclosure.

[0171] The second node of FIG. 4 supports dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS), which can provide connectivity to both nodes implementing 6G technology and nodes implementing pre-6G wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G, 4G). That is, the first node of FIG. 4 can implement either 6G technology or pre-6G wireless communication technologies (e.g., 5G, 4G). Furthermore, the first node and / or the second node can support full duplex mode as well as non-overlapping full duplex mode.

[0172] In Fig. 4, for the sake of simplicity of explanation, the first node and the second node are assumed to be a terminal and a base station, respectively, and operations of the terminal (110) and the base station (120) transmitting and / or receiving data and operations performed prior thereto are illustrated. However, the operations of Fig. 4 are not limited to operations between the terminal and the base station, and may be interpreted as operations between the first node and the second node. In addition, although Fig. 4 illustrates direct wireless signal transmission and reception operations between the terminal (110) and the base station (120), one or more intermediate points may exist between the terminal (110) and the base station (120), and wireless signals may be transmitted and received via one or more intermediate points.

[0173] Referring to FIG. 4, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can perform synchronization (401). For example, the terminal (110) performs an initial cell search operation. Specifically, the terminal (110) can detect a synchronization signal for connection to at least one base station transmitted from the base station (120) according to a predefined rule. Here, the synchronization signal can include a plurality of synchronization signals classified according to structure or purpose (e.g., a first synchronization signal (e.g., a primary synchronization signal), a second synchronization signal (e.g., a secondary synchronization signal), etc.). Through this, the terminal (110) can confirm the boundary of a unit (e.g., a frame, a subframe, a slot, and / or a symbol) constituting a wireless signal transmission of the base station (120) and obtain information (e.g., a cell identifier) ​​about the base station (120).

[0174] The terminal (110) can obtain system information transmitted from the base station (120) (403). The system information is information related to the properties, characteristics, and / or capabilities of the base station (120) required to access the base station (120) and use the service, and can be classified according to the content (e.g., whether it is essential for access), transmission structure (e.g., channel used, whether provided on-demand), etc., and can be classified into, for example, first system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), primary system information), second system information (e.g., system information block (SIB), secondary system information), etc. If necessary, the terminal (110) can transmit a signal requesting system information before receiving the system information. However, the request and provision of system information can be performed after the random access procedure described below.

[0175] The terminal (110) and the base station (120) can perform a random access procedure (405). The terminal (110) can transmit and / or receive at least one message (e.g., a random access preamble, a random access response (RAR) message, etc.) for the random access procedure based on information related to a channel for the random access procedure of the base station (120) obtained through system information (e.g., channel location, channel structure, structure of a supported preamble, etc.). For example, the terminal (110) can transmit a first message (e.g., a preamble, MSG1) through the channel for the random access procedure, receive a second message (e.g., an RAR message, MSG2), transmit a third message (e.g., MSG3) including information related to the terminal (110) (e.g., identification information) to the base station (120) using scheduling information included in the second message, and receive a fourth message (e.g., MSG4) for contention resolution and / or connection establishment. As another example, the first and third messages may be sent and received as one message, or the second and fourth messages may be sent and received as one message.

[0176] The terminal (110) and the base station (120) can perform signaling of control information (407). Here, the control information can be defined in various layers, such as a layer that controls a connection (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) layer), a layer that handles mapping between logical channels and transport channels (e.g., a media access control (MAC) layer), and a layer that handles physical channels (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer). For example, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can perform at least one of signaling for establishing a connection, signaling for determining settings related to communication, and signaling for indicating allocated resources.

[0177] The terminal (110) and the base station (120) can transmit and / or receive data (409). In other words, the terminal (110) and the base station (120) can process, transmit, and / or receive data based on signaling of control information. For example, when transmitting data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of channel encoding, rate matching, scrambling, constellation mapping, layer mapping, waveform modulation, antenna mapping, and resource mapping on the information bits. Conversely, when receiving data, the terminal (110) or the base station (120) can perform at least one of signal extraction from resources, waveform demodulation for each antenna, signal arrangement considering layer mapping, constellation demapping, descrambling, and channel decoding.

[0178] <6G System Core Technologies>

[0179] The 6G (wireless) system aims to provide (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) low energy consumption for battery-free Internet of Things (IoT) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity.

[0180] As core implementation technologies of the 6G system, technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), THz (terahertz) communication, optical wireless technology, FSO backhaul network, massive MIMO technology, blockchain, 3D networking, quantum communication, unmanned aerial vehicles, cell-free communication, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET), integration of sensing and communication, integration of access backhaul networks, holographic beamforming, big data analysis, and large intelligent surface (LIS) can be adopted.

[0181] artificial intelligence

[0182] Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analytics to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. This means AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays. Time-consuming tasks such as handovers, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0183] The following describes a functional framework for AI / ML operations.

[0184] Below, to explain AI (or AI / ML) more specifically, the terms can be defined as follows.

[0185] - Data collection: Data collected from network nodes, management entities, or terminals as a basis for AI model training, data analysis, and inference.

[0186] - AI Model: A data-driven algorithm that applies AI technology to generate a set of outputs containing predictive information and / or decision parameters based on a set of inputs.

[0187] - AI / ML Training: An online or offline process of training an AI model by learning features and patterns that best represent the data and obtain a trained AI / ML model for inference.

[0188] - AI / ML Inference: The process of making predictions or inducing decisions based on collected data and the AI ​​model using a trained AI model.

[0189] Life Cycle Management (LCM) procedures for AI / ML models (i.e., model training, model deployment, model inference, model monitoring, model updates, etc.) can be divided into functionality-based LCM and model-based LCM. In functionality-based LCM, AI / ML models may not be identified by the network, and the network can direct the activation / deactivation / fallback / switching of AI / ML functionality. In model-ID (identifier)-based LCM, AI / ML models can be identified by the network, and the network / terminal can activate / deactivate / select / switch AI / ML models based on the model ID.

[0190] Figure 5 illustrates a general functional architecture for an AI / ML model.

[0191] In particular, Figure 5 illustrates a general functional architecture relevant to both Functionality-based LCM and Model-based LCM. Some of the functions or some of the data / information / command flows (i.e., arrows) illustrated in Figure 5 may be omitted.

[0192] Referring to FIG. 5, a general functional framework can be configured to include a data collection function (10), a model training function (20), a management function (30), an inference function (40), and a model storage function (50).

[0193] The Data Collection function (10) is a function that provides input data to the Model Training function (20), Management function (30), and Inference function (40). The Data Collection function (10) can perform data preparation based on raw data and provide input data processed through data preparation. Examples of raw data may include received data / measurement data from terminals or other network entities, inference / output of AI / ML models, etc. The Data Collection function (10) may be performed by a single entity (e.g., terminal, network node, etc.) or may be performed by multiple entities.

[0194] Here, training data (11) refers to data required as input for the AI / ML Model Training function (20). Monitoring data (12) refers to data required as input for the Management (30) of the AI / ML model or AI / ML function. Inference data (13) refers to data required as input for the AI / ML Inference function (30).

[0195] The Model Training function (20) is a function that performs AI / ML model training, validation, and testing, which can generate model performance metrics that can be used as part of the AI / ML model testing procedure. The Model Training function (20) can perform data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, forming, and transformation) based on the Training Data (11) transferred from the Data Collection function (10), if necessary.

[0196] Trained / Updated Model (21): If there is a Model Storage function (50), it is used to pass a trained, validated and tested AI / ML model to the Model Storage function (50) or to pass an updated version of the model to the Model Storage function (50).

[0197] The Management function (30) is a function that supervises the operation of the AI / ML model or AI / ML function. In addition, the Management function (30) may perform decisions to ensure appropriate inference operations based on data received from the Data Collection function (10) (i.e., Monitoring Data (12)) and / or data received from the Inference function (40) (i.e., Inference Output (41)).

[0198] Management Instruction (32) is information required as input to manage the Inference function (40). The relevant information may include selection / (de)activation / switching of an AI / ML model or AI / ML-based function, and may also include fallback to non-AI / ML operations (i.e., not relying on the inference process).

[0199] A Model Transfer / Delivery Request (33) can be used to request model(s) from Model Storage (50).

[0200] A Performance Feedback / Retraining Request (31) refers to information required as input to the Model Training function (20) (e.g., for the purpose of (re)training or updating the model).

[0201] The Inference function (40) is a function that provides output from the process of applying an AI / ML model or AI / ML function using data (i.e., Inference Data (13)) provided by Data Collection (10) as input. Data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) may also be performed based on the Inference Data (13) delivered by Data Collection (10). If necessary, the Inference function (40) may also perform data preparation (e.g., data preprocessing and cleaning, forming, and transformation) based on the Inference Data (13) provided by Data Collection function (10).

[0202] Inference Output (41) is data used in the Management function (30) to monitor the performance of an AI / ML model or AI / ML function. Inference Output (41) may include the inference output of the AI / ML model generated by the Inference function (30), and the details of the inference output may vary depending on the use case.

[0203] The Model Storage function (50) stores a learned / updated model that can be used to perform the Inference function (40). The Model Storage function (50) illustrated in FIG. 5 can be used as a reference point (if any) when applicable to protocol termination, model transmission / delivery, and related processes. Furthermore, the Model Storage function (50) is merely an example and is not intended to limit the storage location of actual AI / ML models, and may be omitted.

[0204] Model Transfer / Delivery (51) is used to transfer AI / ML models to inference functions.

[0205] The level of cooperation can be defined as follows depending on the capability of AI / ML functions between multiple nodes, and variations due to combination of multiple levels or separation of any one level are also possible.

[0206] Cat 0a) No collaboration framework: AI / ML algorithms are purely implementation-based and do not require any changes to the wireless interface.

[0207] Cat 0b) This level corresponds to a framework with a modified wireless interface tailored to efficient implementation-based AI / ML algorithms, but without collaboration.

[0208] Category 1) involves inter-node support to improve the AI / ML algorithms of each node. For example, this applies when a specific node receives support from another node (for training, adaptation, etc.) and vice versa. At this level, model exchange between network nodes is not required.

[0209] Category 2) Joint AI / ML tasks can be performed across multiple nodes. This level requires the exchange of AI / ML model commands or network nodes.

[0210] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an overall functional framework for an AI / ML model, and not all functions and / or all data / information / command signals illustrated in FIG. 5 may be performed within a specific node, but only some of them may be performed.

[0211] AI / ML models can be divided into one-side models and two-side models depending on whether training and / or inference are performed on a single node or jointly / sequentially on multiple nodes.

[0212] A one-side model can refer to an AI / ML model in which inference is performed entirely by a single node (e.g., a terminal or network). Here, AI / ML model training can also be performed entirely by a single node. AI / ML model training and inference can be performed by the same node, or they can be performed by separate nodes.

[0213] A two-side model can refer to an AI / ML model in which joint inference is performed across multiple nodes (e.g., terminals and networks). Joint inference refers to inference being performed jointly across multiple nodes. For example, the first part of the inference may be performed by a first node, and the remaining part by a second node. Two-side models can be categorized into several types depending on the training method of the AI / ML model, as follows:

[0214] - First type: AI / ML models can be trained on a single node. In this case, joint training can be performed. The trained model can then be distributed to other nodes / objects.

[0215] - Second type: Joint training of AI / ML models can be performed on multiple nodes / entities (e.g., networks and terminals). Joint training can mean that model generation (e.g., CSI generation part) and model reconstruction (CSI compression by sub-use case) are trained in the same loop for forward activation and backward gradient. In this type, joint training can include both simultaneous training (i.e., model generation training and model reconstruction training are performed simultaneously) and sequential training (i.e., model reconstruction training is performed after model generation training).

[0216] - Third type: Separate training of AI / ML models can be performed on multiple nodes (e.g., networks and terminals). Separate training may mean that training begins sequentially on one node and continues on other nodes. In this case, the first node first performs the AI / ML model and shares the training data with the second node. The second node can then use the shared training data to perform the AI / ML model. For example, training for the CSI generation part may be performed by the terminal, while CSI reconstruction may be performed by the network.

[0217] Figure 6 illustrates a communication procedure between a first node (e.g., terminal) and a second node (e.g., base station) to which an AI / ML model is applied.

[0218] The operations described below can be described / interpreted based on the AI / ML model proposed in this specification, as shown in Fig. 6 below, even without separate mention (i.e., without explicit mention of being by / based on / for the AI / ML model). In addition, unless specifically limited, the AI / ML model can correspond to a one-side model in which inference is entirely performed by a single node, or a two-side model in which joint inference is performed by multiple nodes.

[0219] First signaling (601): In the description below, the signaling (e.g., information / data / channel / signal, etc.) or set of signaling between a specific node (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) and another node may be interpreted as the signaling or set of signaling of the first signaling (601) used to perform an operation based on an AI / ML model, even if not otherwise mentioned. For example, it may correspond to training data for training (i.e., generation and / or reconstruction) the AI / ML model of FIG. 5, or correspond to inference data used for inference of the AI / ML model, or correspond to feedback for the AI / ML model, etc. If signaling between nodes is not required prior to an operation based on an AI / ML model in the present specification, the first signaling (601) may be omitted. If a one-side model is used in the present specification, the one-way / two-way signaling (set) in the present specification may correspond to the signaling of the first signaling (601). In addition, when a two-side model is used in this specification, the one-way / two-way signaling in this specification may correspond to the first signaling (601), and also, a repetitive signaling operation may correspond to the first signaling (601).

[0220] For example, in AI / ML model-based beam management (BM), if a base station predicts (i.e., infers) beam(s) with good quality based on an AI / ML model, the base station can receive quality / intensity information for multiple beams from a terminal. Furthermore, if a terminal predicts (i.e., infers) beam(s) with good quality based on an AI / ML model, the terminal can receive multiple beams from the base station.

[0221] AI / ML model-based operation (602): In the description below, an operation (e.g., calculation, selection, prediction, etc.) in a specific node (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) or a joint operation (e.g., calculation, selection, prediction, etc.) in multiple nodes (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) may correspond to an AI / ML model-based operation (602) based on one or more functions in the functional framework of the AI / ML model, even if not mentioned separately. For example, it may correspond to training (i.e., generation and / or reconstruction) of the AI / ML model of FIG. 5 or inference of the AI / ML model, etc. When a one-side model is used, an operation performed by a single node in the present specification may correspond to an AI / ML model-based operation (602), and also, when a two-side model is used, a joint operation performed by multiple nodes in the present specification may correspond to an AI / ML model-based operation (602).

[0222] For example, in an AI / ML model-based BM, the base station can use quality / intensity information for multiple beams received from the terminal as inference data to predict (i.e., infer) beam(s) with good quality based on the AI / ML model. Furthermore, the terminal can measure multiple beams received from the base station and use the measurement results as inference data to predict (i.e., infer) beam(s) with good quality based on the AI / ML model.

[0223] Second signaling (603): In the description below, signaling (e.g., information / data / channel / signal, etc.) or a set of signaling between a specific node (e.g., terminal, network, etc.) and another node may be interpreted as a second signaling (603) or a set of signaling generated due to (as a result of) an operation based on an AI / ML model, even if not otherwise mentioned. For example, it may correspond to an output resulting from inference of the AI / ML model in FIG. 5. If signaling between nodes is not required as a result of an operation based on an AI / ML model in this specification, the second signaling (603) may be omitted. If a one-side model is used in this specification, a one-way / two-way signaling (set) in this specification may correspond to the second signaling (603). In addition, when a two-side model is used in this specification, the one-way / two-way signaling in this specification may correspond to the second signaling (603), and also, a repetitive signaling operation may correspond to the second signaling (603).

[0224] For example, in an AI / ML model-based BM, the base station can transmit to the terminal the beam(s) predicted based on the AI / ML model as candidates so that the terminal can determine the optimal beam. Furthermore, the terminal can report to the base station the beam(s) predicted based on the AI / ML model to request the base station to transmit the candidate beams as candidates for determining the optimal beam.

[0225] THz communication (terahertz communication)

[0226] Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase the capacity of 6G cellular communications. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0227] Figure 7 illustrates the electromagnetic spectrum according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of Figure 7 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) a widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates, and (ii) high path loss at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are essential). The narrow beamwidth generated by the highly directional antenna reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array techniques to overcome range limitations.

[0228] Transmitting system information (i.e., information related to the properties, characteristics, and / or capabilities of a BS required to use a service, such as MIB, SIB, etc.) in the THz frequency band may be inefficient because, as the beam width becomes narrower in high frequency bands, more beam sweeps must be performed to cover the entire area of ​​the cell. In particular, transmitting system information in this manner is even more inefficient when there are not many users in the cell. Accordingly, a system information transmission procedure such as that illustrated in FIG. 8 may be used.

[0229] Figure 8 illustrates an example of a procedure for transmitting system information for THz communications to which the present disclosure applies. While this example was developed with THz in mind, it is also applicable to 6G communication environments where THz is not applicable. Furthermore, the procedure illustrated in Figure 8 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. For example, the embodiments described below can be performed based on system information acquired through the procedure illustrated in Figure 8.

[0230] Referring to FIG. 8, the base station can transmit system information of cell #1 through cell #2 (801). That is, the base station provides at least two cells, cell #1 uses a THz frequency band, and cell #2 uses a non-THz frequency band. Here, the system information can include at least one information / state / parameter / setting generated in each of a higher layer and a physical layer. For example, the at least one information / state / parameter / setting generated in the higher layer can include at least one of an SFN, control information setting for SIB1 (e.g., PDCCH configuration for SIB1, etc.), information related to cell selection / entry (e.g., cell barring, cell re-selection, etc.), and subcarrier spacing, and the at least one information / state / parameter / setting generated in the physical layer can include at least one of an SFN, a half frame indicator, and an SSB index. However, this is merely an example, and system information may include information / status / parameters / settings related to Cell #1 / Cell #2 generated from various types of physical layers / upper layers. For this purpose, as an example, Cell #1 and Cell #2 may have a relationship as a secondary cell and a primary cell.

[0231] The UE can acquire synchronization for cell #1 (803). Synchronization can be acquired by detecting a synchronization signal. Typically, synchronization is acquired before receiving system information. However, since the system information for cell #1 is received from cell #2, synchronization acquisition for cell #1 can be performed after receiving the system information. For example, the UE can acquire synchronization based on the system information. However, unlike FIG. 8, in another example, synchronization acquisition can be performed before step 801.

[0232] The UE may transmit a signal for accessing cell #1 (805). For example, the signal may include information for accessing cell #1 (e.g., a random access preamble). The structure of the signal and the resources for transmitting the signal (e.g., a channel) may be identified through system information. Thereafter, the UE and the base station may perform an access procedure for cell #1 and communicate (807). During this process, operations according to various embodiments described below may be performed.

[0233] The procedure described with reference to FIG. 8 may be performed when UE (801) first accesses cell #1 of the base station. Alternatively, a similar procedure may be performed when UE (801) hands over to cell #1 of the base station. However, in the case of handover, the system information of cell #1 may be received from a cell of a base station other than cell #2 of the base station.

[0234] Communications in the THz band are expected to experience extremely severe path loss, and to overcome this, terminals and base stations must use extremely sharp beams. The use of sharp beams means that terminals and base stations must perform beam control in addition to beamforming, and the number of beams used increases significantly. Consequently, it takes a very long time to align the transmit and receive beams between the base station and terminals. Furthermore, if the beam alignment between the base station and terminals is misaligned due to the movement or movement of the terminals, frequent re-alignment of the beams is required, which can lead to link instability. Accordingly, a beam management procedure, as illustrated in FIG. 9 below, may be employed.

[0235] FIG. 9 illustrates a beam management procedure applicable to the present disclosure. FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a procedure for searching and / or selecting beams for THz communication, but is not limited to a THz environment, and the present disclosure is applicable to a 6G communication environment. In addition, the procedure illustrated in FIG. 9 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure described below. Here, a beam may be interpreted as 'spatial (setting) information', 'spatial domain filter', 'spatial domain transmission filter', 'spatial domain reception filter', or / and a term having an equivalent technical meaning that can distinguish the beam (e.g., Reference signal, SSB (Synchronization Signal Block) Index, TRP (transmission reception point), panel, cell, TP (transmission point), base station, control resource related information (e.g., CORESET (control resource set) related information, etc.).

[0236] Referring to FIG. 9, a base station can configure resources for beam management (901). Here, the resources can include at least one of time-frequency resources, channels, and spatial resources (e.g., antenna ports). For example, the base station can utilize a beam search signal (BSS) that is transmitted spatially separated from existing downlink signals / channels for beam search. Here, the BSS can be transmitted based on a dedicated port for beam search. The dedicated port can be a different port from a port for transmitting existing downlink signals / channels (e.g., synchronization signals (e.g., SSB, etc.), data channels (e.g., PDSCH, etc.)). BSS is a term defined for convenience of explanation, and the technical concept according to the present embodiment is not limited to the term BSS itself. That is, a signal transmitted based on a dedicated port defined / configured for beam search can be included in the technical concept according to the present embodiment.

[0237] The base station can transmit measurement signals using multiple transmission beams (903). For example, the measurement signals can include at least one of a reference signal and a synchronization signal. At this time, the measurement signals can be transmitted as many times as the number of beams that require measurement, and can be transmitted using a multi-beam transmission method that forms multiple beams simultaneously to reduce sweeping time. Here, the multi-beam transmission can be performed based on at least one of a multi-panel, a sub-array, and a true time delay (TTD).

[0238] The UE may transmit a feedback signal to the base station (905). The feedback signal indicates at least one beam selected by the UE. The UE may select at least one preferred beam based on the received measurement signals. The UE and the base station may communicate (907). At this time, the UE and the base station may communicate using the previously selected beam. If channel reciprocity is established, the transmission beam of the UE may also be determined through operations 903 and 905, and thus the transmission of the UE may also be performed using the beam selected in operation 905. If channel reciprocity is not established, a procedure including transmission of measurement signals by the UE and transmission of a feedback signal by the base station may be performed first to determine the transmission beam of the UE. In operation 907, operations according to various embodiments described below may be performed.

[0239] Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)

[0240] Wireless sensing is a technology that uses radio frequencies to determine the instantaneous linear velocity, angle, distance (range), etc. of an object, thereby obtaining information about the characteristics of the environment and / or objects within the environment. Because radio frequency sensing does not require a networked device to connect to the object, it can provide a service for object positioning without a device. The ability to obtain range, velocity, and angle information from radio frequency signals can enable a wide range of new capabilities, such as various object detection, object recognition (e.g., vehicles, humans, animals, UAVs), and high-precision localization, tracking, and activity recognition. Wireless sensing services can provide information to a variety of industries (e.g., drones, smart homes, V2X, factories, railways, public safety, etc.), enabling applications such as intruder detection, assisted vehicle steering and navigation, trajectory tracking, collision avoidance, traffic management, and health and traffic management. In some cases, wireless sensing can utilize non-3GPP type sensors (e.g., radar, cameras) to further support 3GPP-based sensing. For example, the operation of wireless sensing services, i.e., sensing operations, may depend on the transmission, reflection, and scattering of wireless sensing signals. Therefore, wireless sensing offers an opportunity to enhance existing communication systems from a communication network to a wireless communication and sensing network.

[0241] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a sensing operation according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 10 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. Specifically, FIG. 10(a) illustrates an example of sensing using a sensing receiver and a sensing transmitter located at the same location (e.g., monostatic sensing), and FIG. 10(b) illustrates an example of sensing using a separated sensing receiver and sensing transmitter (e.g., bistatic sensing).

[0242] For example, in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, referring to FIG. 10(a), the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be configured to be included in a single base station (i.e., the same base station) or a single terminal (i.e., the same terminal). Alternatively, referring to FIG. 10(b), the sensing transmitter and the sensing receiver may be configured to be included in different base stations, different terminals, or each terminal and base station.

[0243] In this regard, the following six types of sensing modes can be defined based on whether the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are included in the base station or the terminal, respectively.

[0244] - Mode 1: A mode in which the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are contained in a single base station (e.g., base station-based sensing mode in monostatic mode).

[0245] - Second mode: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in a first base station and the sensing receiver is included in a second base station different from the first base station (e.g., base station-based sensing mode in bistatic mode).

[0246] - Mode 3: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in the base station and the sensing receiver is included in the terminal (e.g., base station-terminal sensing mode).

[0247] - Mode 4: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in the terminal and the sensing receiver is included in the base station (e.g., terminal-base station sensing mode).

[0248] - Mode 5: A mode in which the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are contained in a single terminal (e.g., terminal-based sensing mode in monostatic mode).

[0249] - 6th mode: A mode in which the sensing transmitter is included in a first terminal and the sensing receiver is included in a second terminal different from the first terminal (e.g., terminal-based sensing mode in bistatic mode).

[0250] In a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, one or more of the six types of sensing modes described above may be utilized independently / in combination.

[0251] In relation to the sensing operation in FIG. 10, the sensing transmitter may transmit a sensing signal for sensing one or more objects (and / or an environment around the objects). For example, the sensing signal may correspond to a radio (frequency) signal defined to be transmittable by a base station / terminal in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification. The sensing receiver may receive a signal scattered / reflected by one or more objects (and / or an environment around the objects) from a sensing signal transmitted from the sensing transmitter. In the sensing receiver, sensing data may be derived from the scattered / reflected signals, and sensing results may be generated / obtained through processing of the sensing data. Here, the sensing results may include characteristic information (e.g., location, distance, speed, angle, etc.) about one or more objects (and / or the environment around the objects). The sensing results generated / obtained in this way may be utilized for wireless sensing services (e.g., detection, tracking, etc. of objects and / or environments) provided in the wireless communication system based on the 6G network of the present specification, or may be provided / disclosed to a trusted third party.

[0252] Additionally, the sensing operation in FIG. 10 is described as a representative example of the operation in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network, but can be extended and applied to cases where terminals / base stations / signals based on networks of previous generations (e.g., 4G, 5G, etc.) are utilized.

[0253] Additionally, with respect to the wireless sensing described herein, in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, time / frequency resources for sensing operations and time / frequency resources for general communications (e.g., UL / DL / sidelink-based communications, etc.) may be scheduled / configured separately.

[0254] FIG. 11 illustrates time / frequency resources for sensing operations according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 11 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0255] Referring to FIG. 11, time / frequency resources (hereinafter, sensing resources) for the aforementioned sensing operation (e.g., sensing operation based on FIG. 10) can be set / allocated separately from time / frequency resources (hereinafter, communication resources) for general communication.

[0256] For example, as illustrated in FIG. 11, sensing resources can be set / allocated in units of symbols in the time domain and / or resource blocks in the frequency domain. Resources other than those for which the sensing resources are set / allocated can be utilized as resources for general communication. That is, sensing resources and communication resources can be set / allocated based on a time-division multiplexing (TDM) scheme and / or a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) scheme in terms of the operation of the base station / terminal. Additionally or alternatively, unlike what is illustrated in FIG. 10, sensing resources can also be set / allocated based on other units in the time domain (e.g., slots, frames, absolute time (ms, us), etc.) and / or other units in the frequency domain (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, absolute frequencies (MHz, GHz), etc.).

[0257] Additionally or alternatively, in connection with the setting / allocation / scheduling of resources for general communication as described herein, the relationship between the resources and the aforementioned sensing resources may need to be considered. For example, when setting / allocating resources for general communication according to the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure, the resources may be set / allocated to rate-match or puncture the resource region corresponding to the sensing resource. For example, when scheduling resources for general communication according to the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure, the resources may be scheduled so as not to overlap with the resource region corresponding to the sensing resource. If the resources for general communication according to the embodiment(s) of the present disclosure and the resource region corresponding to the sensing resource are set / allocated / scheduled to overlap, one or both operations may be dropped, skipped, or postponed based on priorities, predefined rules, etc. That is, in the embodiment(s) of the present specification, it may be desirable that resources related to general communication (e.g., resources for signals / channels related to UL / DL / Sidelink-based data / control, etc.) are set / allocated / scheduled so as not to overlap with the sensing resources described above.

[0258] Additionally, various channel modeling methods may be applied in connection with the wireless sensing described herein. Channel modeling related to sensing may refer to configuring a path for transmitting and receiving sensing signals and / or scattered / reflected signals, taking into account the object being sensed and / or the environment in which the object resides. Channel modeling may be related to the performance / requirements of sensing in wireless communication systems, and thus may be an important factor in validating the sensing function.

[0259] Channels related to sensing can be divided into channels between objects (e.g., targets of interest) and sensing transmitters / receivers, and channels between the environment to which the object belongs and sensing transmitters / receivers. In this regard, channel modeling related to sensing can be divided based on sensing mode (e.g., the six types of modes described above), whether there is an object / environment, and / or sensing scenarios. For example, channel modeling for a target in a base station / terminal-based monostatic sensing mode, channel modeling for a target in a base station / terminal-based bistatic sensing mode, channel modeling for the environment in a base station / terminal-based monostatic sensing mode, and channel modeling for the environment in a base station / terminal-based bistatic sensing mode can be configured and optimized differently. For example, when various sensing scenarios are classified, channel modeling for detection, location, and tracking scenarios, channel modeling for motion recognition, and channel modeling for imaging / environment reconstruction scenarios can be divided, etc. Additionally, channel modeling related to sensing may be based on statistical channel modeling techniques and / or deterministic channel modeling techniques. For example, modeling for sensing in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present disclosure may be based on stochastic geometric channel modeling techniques and / or hybrid with ray tracing channel modeling techniques. Here, the stochastic geometric channel model may be based on various statistical characteristics of the channel state. Furthermore, the hybrid channel model may be based on both ray tracing techniques and stochastic techniques.In a hybrid approach, channels for objects requiring high accuracy and consistency (e.g., targets of interest) can be modeled using ray tracing techniques, while channels for the environment can be modeled using probabilistic techniques.

[0260] FIG. 12 illustrates a procedure related to a sensing operation according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 12 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0261] For example, in a wireless communication system based on a 6G network of the present specification, in the case of a sensing operation in which a terminal participates, the base station may need to confirm (1205) the capability of the terminal for the sensing operation. In this regard, the terminal may be configured to report capability information on whether it supports the sensing operation to the base station. Additionally or alternatively, if the terminal is defined in advance in the standard as supporting the sensing operation, the procedure may be omitted. In addition, in the case of a sensing operation in which only the base station participates, the base station may be configured to report capability information on whether it supports the sensing operation to an entity that configures / controls its sensing operation (e.g., a network entity at an upper level / layer of the base station).

[0262] For example, the base station can perform signaling with the terminal to exchange configuration information related to the sensing operation. For example, the base station can set / instruct the terminal about the mode of the sensing operation (e.g., based on the six types of modes described above), the subject of the sensing operation (e.g., sensing transmitter, sensing receiver), the resource of the sensing operation (e.g., sensing resource as in FIG. 11), the target of utilizing the sensing result (e.g., type of wireless sensing service based on 6G network, trusted third party), channel modeling for sensing (e.g., channel between the base station / terminal and object / environment), etc. (1210). For example, the base station can also set / instruct such information from a network entity at an upper level / layer of the base station.

[0263] For example, the base station and / or the terminal may perform a sensing operation based on the set / instructed information (1215). For example, the base station and / or the terminal may, as a sensing transmitter and / or a sensing receiver, perform procedures such as transmitting a sensing signal, receiving a scattered / reflected signal, deriving sensing data, obtaining a sensing result through processing the sensing data, and providing the sensing result, as in FIG. 9 described above. As an example, in the operation of the base station / terminal described herein, the sensing result provided through the sensing operation may be utilized.

[0264] Ambient IoT

[0265] Below, we explain Ambient IoT (A-IoT).

[0266] A-IoT could be a new type / segment of devices that operate solely on energy harvested from the surrounding environment. For example, A-IoT could refer to a new type of Internet of Things device that is powered by various energy sources harvested from the surrounding environment, such as radio waves, light, motion, and heat.

[0267] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be among the communication technologies considered to achieve low-power operation of A-IoT devices. For example, backscattering is a technique widely used in radio frequency identification (RFID), which allows devices to communicate with a network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with information to be transmitted. For example, the device may be powered by the incident RF signal or by stored energy.

[0268] For example, A-IoT devices can be categorized into various device types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, depending on how they store energy and generate transmission signals. For example, passive devices do not have an energy storage device (e.g., a capacitor) and can communicate based on backscatter communication technology. For example, semi-passive devices have an energy storage device and can communicate using backscatter communication technology with the help of the energy storage device. For example, active devices have an energy storage device and can actively generate signals using active RF components and the stored energy to communicate.

[0269] For example, the following basic topologies may be considered to support A-IoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, the basic topologies may include direct connections between base stations and A-IoT devices, connections between base stations and intermediate nodes and A-IoT devices, connection support by auxiliary nodes, and / or connections between terminals and A-IoT devices. The basic topologies proposed in this disclosure are merely examples, and the proposals in this disclosure may be extended / applied to other topologies.

[0270] FIG. 13 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 1) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are directly connected, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 13 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0271] Referring to FIG. 13, the A-IoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with the base station. For example, communication between the base station and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 13, the base station transmitting to the A-IoT device and the base station receiving from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in the topology 1, the base station and the A-IoT device in a micro-cell environment may communicate directly with each other. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology.

[0272] FIG. 14 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 2) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected via an intermediate node, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 14 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0273] Referring to FIG. 14, an A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the device and a base station. Here, for example, the intermediate node can be an A-IoT-capable relay, an IAB node, a terminal, a repeater, etc. For example, the intermediate node can transmit A-IoT data and / or signals between the base station and the A-IoT device. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals can be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. F2, the intermediate node transmitting to the A-IoT device and the intermediate node receiving from the A-IoT device can be different. For example, in the topology 2, an intermediate node can exist between a base station and the A-IoT device in a macro-cell environment. For example, the base station can be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with an existing 3GPP technology. For example, intermediate nodes may be limited to terminals, and intermediate nodes may be located indoors.

[0274] FIG. 15 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 3) supported by an auxiliary node according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 15 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0275] Referring to (a) of Fig. 15, an auxiliary node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and the A-IoT device may receive data / signals from the auxiliary node. Referring to (b) of Fig. 15, an auxiliary node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, an A-IoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and the A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to an auxiliary node. Here, for example, the auxiliary node may be an A-IoT-capable relay, an IAB node, a terminal, a repeater, etc.

[0276] FIG. 16 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 4) in which a terminal and an A-IoT device are directly connected, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 16 can be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0277] Referring to FIG. 16, the A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with the terminal. For example, communication between the terminal and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, the A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0278] For example, transmission by an A-IoT device may be performed over a frequency division duplexing (FDD) spectrum (e.g., an FDD UL spectrum).

[0279] The current NR standardization considers two device types. For example, a Type 1 device (or device type 1) has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW, can store energy, has no amplification capabilities, and can transmit by backscatter a carrier wave (CW) provided externally (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal, or a separate node). For example, a Type 2 device (or device type 2) has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW, can store energy, has amplification capabilities, and can transmit by backscatter a carrier wave (CW) provided externally (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal, or a separate node) or by using an internally generated signal.

[0280] For example, in addition to the above-described classification methods, the type / class of A-IoT devices can be distinguished based on parameters associated with device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, energy / power consumption, presence / capacity of amplification, presence / capacity of BPF (band-pass filter), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or a combination of parameters. Here, for example, BPF capability can be distinguished by 3-dB bandwidth of supported BPF, sharpness, etc., and UL transmission methods can be distinguished by, for example, backscatter UL transmission, UL transmission by internal signal generation, etc.

[0281] In addition, the type / class of A-IoT devices can be subdivided based on parameters associated with the device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, level of energy / power consumption, presence / capacity of amplification, presence / capacity of band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or a combination of parameters. For example, the above-described Type 2 device can be classified into Type 2a (or device type 2a) if it performs transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal or a separate node), and Type 2b (or device type 2b) if it performs transmission using a signal generated internally by itself. In this case, Type 2a and 2b can be the same in that they have a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW, are capable of energy storage, and have an amplification function.

[0282] For example, some types / classes of A-IoT devices may have energy storage capabilities (e.g., capacitors or charging batteries) for the following purposes:

[0283] - Stable energy security at the time of reception / transmission

[0284] - Operation of low-power communication modules through energy storage in low RF energy states

[0285] For example, the minimum RF reception sensitivity for operation of a low-power communication module may be -20 dBm, and the minimum reception sensitivity for energy harvesting may be -20 dBm. In this case, if the reception power of the A-IoT device ranges between -30 and -20 dBm, communication may not be possible without a capacitor, but communication may be possible after a charging time with a capacitor.

[0286] - Energy harvested from different energy sources (e.g. solar, thermal, wind, kinetic, etc.) is accumulated in a single capacitor and used to operate a low-power communication module at a desired time.

[0287] FIG. 17 illustrates power consumption and device energy states according to the operating states of an energy harvesting-based device with energy storage capabilities, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiment of FIG. 17 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0288] Referring to (b) of Fig. 17, S1 may be a sleep state, S2 may be an active state, and P1 and P2 may be power consumption in S1 and S2, respectively. For example, the active state may mean a state in which the device consumes power to perform operations such as receiving / transmitting for communication and sensing, and the sleep state may be a state in which it is not an active state.

[0289] Figure 17(a) may represent a device energy state corresponding to Figure 17(b). Referring to Figure F5(a), the E1 value and the E2 value may differ depending on the device (type / class), and the device may report information related to the E1 value and / or information related to the E2 value to R and / or the base station as capability parameters. For example, the E2 value may be defined as an energy value in a buffered state, and the E1 value may be defined as a minimum energy value required in an active state.

[0290] For example, a transition from S1 to S2 may be possible only when the device energy state value is E2 or has reached E2. For example, a transition from S1 to S2 may be possible when the device energy state value is greater than E1 (i.e., in the range between E1 and E2). The embodiment of FIG. F5 illustrates an example in which a transition from S1 to S2 is performed when the device energy state value is E2 or has reached E2.

[0291] For example, A-IoT devices may require externally provided CW for backscatter transmission. For example, CW may be used to power A-IoT devices or as CW for downlink transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscatter transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0292] For example, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For example, the CW waveform type can be a single-tone CW waveform type or a more complex multi-tone CW waveform type. For example, single-tone CW can be advantageous over multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of tags or readers and in terms of interference because it uses fewer resources. On the other hand, multi-tone CW has advantages such as being able to transfer more energy when transmitting CW in DL, and also securing greater coverage from a single device.

[0293] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types can be supported in the A-IoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the A-IoT communication system can be configured / defined in advance, and the base station / IN / AN / UE can select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to the A-IoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE can configure / instruct / indicate the selected CW waveform type to the A-IoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0294] For example, the present disclosure may propose at least one of the following for A-IoT communication: frame structure, synchronization and timing, random access, numerology, bandwidth, multiple access, waveforms, modulation, channel coding, channel / signal aspects, scheduling and timing relationships, and / or required characteristics of carrier waveforms for carriers provided external to the A-IoT device (including interference handling at the A-IoT device UL receiver and the NR base station). For example, the present disclosure may propose at least one of the following for A-IoT communication: paging, random access, data transmission including required radio resource control aspects to comply with general range limitations, interaction with upper layers (e.g., RRC layer, non-access stratum (NAS) layer, application layer, etc.), device context management, data transmission, coexistence of A-IoT and 6G / NR / LTE, and / or RF requirements for A-IoT.

[0295] For example, technical terms used in A-IoT may include:

[0296] - EH: Energy Harvesting

[0297] - EH device: A device that operates based on EH. It mainly considers RF EH, but an EH device does not necessarily have to be RF EH-based.

[0298] - ES: Energizing Signal. A signal / channel transmitted by a base station / IN / AN / UE for the purpose of supplying RF energy to a device operating on RF-based energy harvesting. (Modulated) CW, NR / LTE DL / UL signals, etc. can be ES, and a dedicated signal / channel for ES can also be designed and supported.

[0299] - ET: Energy Transfer

[0300] CW: Carrier wave. Ambient IoT devices supporting backscattering-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating and backscattering "externally provided" CW. Ambient IoT devices supporting independent signal generation-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating "internally generated" CW. Unless otherwise specified, "externally provided" CW for backscattering is assumed. CW can be used as an energizing signal (ES) for RF energy transfer.

[0301] - CWN: Carrier Wave Node. A node that provides the CW. It may be a base station / IN / AN / UE, and there may be a separate CWN for CW provision purposes.

[0302] - R: Reader / interrogator. This is a standard RFID term. In the 3GPP Ambient IoT context, readers can include gNB / eNB, intermediate / assisting nodes, and UEs, depending on the topology. Furthermore, Ambient IoT is not limited to 4G / 5G communication systems, and can include base stations, intermediate / assisting nodes, and UEs in next-generation communication systems. This can also refer to Ambient IoT readers.

[0303] - T: Tag / ambient IoT device. This is a standard RFID term. It can be interchanged with EH device, and in the 3GPP Ambient IoT context, it mainly refers to an Ambient IoT device.

[0304] - D: Ambient IoT device (may have the same meaning as T above)

[0305] - R=>T: Reader-to-Tag or Reader-to-Tag communication link. If the base station or intermediate / assisting node is the reader, it can have the same meaning as DL or forward link.

[0306] - R2D: R-to-D link (can mean the same thing as R=>T. Can also be written as R=>D.)

[0307] - CW2D: CWN-to-D link (CW node to Ambient IoT device link)

[0308] - T=>R: Tag-to-Reader or Tag-to-Reader communication link. If the base station or intermediate / assisting node is the reader, it may have the same meaning as UL or reverse / backward link.

[0309] - D2R: It can have the same meaning as T=>R. It can be written as D=>R.

[0310] - R<=>T: Includes cases where R=>T and T=>R, or R=>T or T=>R. It may be the case that both R=>T and T=>R apply.

[0311] - R<=>D: Includes R2D and D2R, or either R2D or D2R. This may apply to both R2D and D2R. (This may have the same meaning as R<=>T.)

[0312] - RF-EH: RF energy harvesting

[0313] - PRDCH: Physical R2D CHannel (may be written as PR2DCH). A physical channel for R2D communication.

[0314] - PDRCH: Physical D2R CHannel (may be denoted as PD2RCH). Physical channel for D2R communication.

[0315] - IN: Intermediate node. In Topology 2 (BS ↔ IN ↔ Ambient IoT device), IN acts as the reader. Relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. can be IN.

[0316] - AN: Assisting node. It can assist DL transmission in Topology 3-1 (BS → AN → Ambient IoT device → BS), or assist UL transmission in Topology 3-2 (BS → Ambient IoT device → AN → BS). Relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. can be AN.

[0317] - UE: User Equipment. In the case of LTE, NR, or next-generation communication systems, it refers to the LTE, NR, or next-generation communication system UE / terminal, respectively. It is a general wireless communication terminal type that is distinct from Ambient IoT devices or Device A / B / C. In Topology 4 (UE ↔ Ambient IoT device), the UE acts as the reader.

[0318] - Device: Unless otherwise stated, and when used alone, refers to EH device, Ambient IoT device, or Device A / B / C indiscriminately.

[0319] - AmIoT: Ambient IoT

[0320] - F-gap: Frequency gap

[0321] - T-gap: Time gap

[0322] - ESRP: ES Received Power. This may refer to RSRP measured using ES. It may have the same meaning as ES-RSRP.

[0323] - EH circuit: A circuit that performs EH operations. An EH device can be viewed as containing an EH circuit in component form.

[0324] - EHR: Energy Headroom Report

[0325] - BPF: Band-Pass Filter

[0326] - SM: Subcarrier Modulation

[0327] Frequency shift for backscatter in ambient IoT environments

[0328] In the AmIoT system environment described above, a device can perform (D2R) backscattering transmission based on a CW signal transmitted from a reader / IN or a separate node (CW node) that transmits a CW signal. (For the purpose of facilitating self-interference removal between the CW and backscattering reception from the device in the reader) The device can perform (D2R) backscattering transmission through a tone / sub-carrier(s) at a position that is frequency shifted by a specific value from the frequency tone / sub-carrier(s) at which the CW signal is transmitted / received. This shift between the CW frequency and the backscattering frequency is defined as "F-shift", and the maximum value of F-shift that the device can apply / support (defined as "max F-shift" for convenience) may have different values ​​depending on the capability of the device.

[0329] This specification proposes a method for effectively controlling and managing devices with different max F-shift capabilities. For convenience, the reader / IN / CW nodes are collectively referred to as "readers," and the tones / sub-carrier(s) are collectively referred to as "tones." The max F-shift applicable / supportable by a device can also be referred to as a B_tag.

[0330] In one embodiment, a step unit (or granularity) for F-shift may be defined, and such F-shift unit will be referred to as "B". For example, an F-shift value may be expressed based on B*m, where m may be an integer greater than or equal to 0. The maximum value of m may be M.

[0331] In one embodiment, an initial shift value (basically / commonly) given for F-shift may be defined, and such an initial shift value will be referred to as "B_init". For example, B_init may be a value set / predefined via network signaling. For example, B_init may be set / defined as 0 or B. B_init = 0 may be understood as an embodiment in which B_init is omitted.

[0332] In an AmIoT system, an F-shift unit B and a set of candidate F-shift values ​​determined based on the F-shift unit B can be provided / configured in the form of B_init + m × B (≤ B_init + M × B = B_max, where m = 0, 1, …, M). In other words, a set of candidate F-shift values ​​is configured / defined as {B_init, B_init+B, B_init+2B, .., B_init+M*B}, and the device can perform backscattering by applying (adding) the F-shift value selected within the set to the CW frequency / tone, and the reader can receive the backscattering signal at the F-shift value + CW frequency / tone. The selection of the frequency shift value within the set (or the selection of m) can be performed autonomously or arbitrarily based on the device's own decision, or based on signaling from the network / reader. B_max can mean the upper limit of the frequency shift. For example, B_max can be determined based on the max F-shift, such that B_max ≤ max F-shift. For example, assuming that the F-shift unit B is used when B_init=0 or B_init is omitted, then among the integer multiples of B, the integer multiple of B whose size is largest without exceeding the max F-shift can be B_max. Assuming that a non-zero B_init is used, among the integer multiples of B, the integer multiple of B whose size is largest without exceeding the max F-shift even after adding B_init can be B_max. As another example, B_max can be a value set / supported / defined by the network (regardless of max F-shift or transparently to the device).

[0333] For example, at least one of the parameters B_init and / or B and / or M and / or B_max values ​​may be predefined (e.g., depending on system BW, etc.) or set / indicated directly from the reader.

[0334] As described above, B_init may be omitted (e.g., B_init = 0 or B).

[0335] If the maximum F-shift value (applicable / supportable by the device) according to the device's capability is defined as B_tag, the device can use candidate F-shift values ​​(less than or equal to B_max) corresponding to B_init + m × B ≤ B_tag.

[0336] For example, if multiple different B_tag values ​​are defined as B_tag_0 < B_tag_1 < … < B_tag_N according to the device capability, a device having the capability corresponding to B_tag_n can be regulated / configured to use only candidate F-shift values ​​(less than or equal to B_max) corresponding to B_tag_(n-1) < B_init + m × B ≤ B_tag_n. This method has the effect of distributing devices to multiple frequency bands according to the device capability, which can be useful for congestion control in an environment where many devices must be supported.

[0337] The above embodiment may be an example of a method in which multiple F_shift ranges (or ranges of frequency resources for backscattering) are set / defined, and a specific F_shift range (or range of specific frequency resources) for a corresponding device is determined / selected according to device capability. As an extension of the above embodiment, the determination / selection of a specific F_shift range (or range of specific frequency resources) may be performed in a soft decision manner (e.g., probability) rather than a hard decision manner. For example, a device having a capability corresponding to B_tag_n may have a higher probability (than other F-shift ranges) of selecting / determining an F-shift value in the F-shift range of B_tag_(n-1) < B_init + m × B ≤ B_tag_n, but may not be prohibited from selecting an F-shift value in the range equal to or less than B_tag_(n-2).

[0338] For example, the set of available candidate F-shift values ​​(for each B_tag value) may be individually set / indicated / signaled based on the B_tag value. For example, rather than the set of available candidate F-shift values ​​being implicitly determined / indicated based on device capability, the set of available candidate F-shift values ​​may be (explicitly) set / indicated / signaled for the corresponding B_tag value.

[0339] Meanwhile, during the initial access (or inventory) process or before reporting the max F-shift related capability to the reader, the device can be regulated to use only candidate F-shift values ​​lower than the minimum B_tag value among all capabilities defined in the system (not the B_tag value corresponding to its own capability).

[0340] Alternatively, during the initial access (or inventory) process or before reporting the max F-shift related capability to the reader, the device may be regulated to use only candidate F-shift values ​​less than or equal to the minimum B_tag value among all capabilities defined for its own device type (e.g. 1 / 2a / 2b).

[0341] For example, a device can explicitly / implicitly determine a set of candidate F-shift values ​​by reporting a max F-shift related capability to the reader, and the default behavior of the device can be defined / configured until the capability report is performed. As an example of the default behavior, a default F-shift value or a default B_tag can be used, and the default B_tag can be the minimum B_tag supported by the network or the minimum B_tag supported by the same device type as itself. The device can use any F-shift value within the range that does not exceed the default B_tag.

[0342] For example, a device can determine (either autonomously or based on network signaling) a specific F-shift value to use among candidate F-shift values. For example, a device can perform (D2R) backscattering transmission using a specific F-shift value determined based on its device ID information among the determined candidate F-shift values ​​(or directly indicated by a reader).

[0343] Meanwhile, for the purpose of facilitating the elimination of self-interference in the reader due to the device's (D2R) backscattering transmission, a method of transmitting a CW signal by composing the backscattering signal into a small number of tones (e.g., one) may be considered.

[0344] However, when the number of CW tones is reduced, there is a possibility that backscattering transmission performance degradation may occur due to frequency selectivity (fading) of the wireless channel.

[0345] Therefore, the tone and transmission method of CW need to be configured taking into account the quality / channel environment of the D2R link and / or R2D link.

[0346] In addition to the above embodiment (or separately from the above), a method for more efficiently setting / managing frequency tones used for CW signal transmission is proposed.

[0347] For convenience of explanation, the CW tone configuration / transmission method is explained separately from the D2R link management aspect and the CW tone configuration / transmission method from the R2D link management aspect.

[0348] FIG. 18 is a diagram for explaining a link management procedure between a Reader and a Device according to one embodiment.

[0349] FIG. 18 may be referenced for the description of not only the R2D link management procedure but also the D2R link management procedure, and in the D2R link management procedure, the device's reporting (1815) operation may be omitted.

[0350] (1) R2D link management

[0351] R2D link management may be a procedure to manage the quality of CW reaching a device.

[0352] Referring to Fig. 18, the Reader can transmit information about backscattering to the Device (for R2D link management) (1805). For example, the Reader can instruct the Device to transmit N repetitive (D2R) backscattering transmissions via a specific (R2D) command / indication signal. Although Fig. 18 illustrates a case where N repetitive (R2D) CWs are transmitted for N repetitive (D2R) backscattering transmissions, the N backscattering transmissions may alternatively be TDM (or FDM) for M CW transmissions (e.g., M < N or M > N, or M=1).

[0353] Meanwhile, the parameter N for backscattering transmission and / or the starting point of repeated transmission and / or the duration of a single transmission and the interval between adjacent transmissions may be predefined (e.g., according to system BW, etc.) or may be set / indicated directly from the reader.

[0354] The Reader may transmit a CW signal to the Device at least once, and in response, the Device may transmit a backscattering signal to the Reader at least once (1810). Transmission of the backscattering signal by the Device and reception of the backscattering signal by the Reader may be performed based on information about backscattering previously provided by the Reader to the Device.

[0355] For example, a Reader may transmit a CW signal using N different tones over the N transmission durations. For example, the tone(s) used for each CW transmission may (at least partially) change.

[0356] For example, a device may repeatedly (backscattering) transmit the same bit or modulation signal N times over N transmission durations based on parameter settings / instructions and command / indications for backscattering transmission.

[0357] Meanwhile, if the sensitivity / quality of the CW signal received from the reader is below a certain level during a specific transmission duration, the device may skip backscattering transmission during that duration.

[0358] For example, the device may report the quality of CW transmission(s) to the reader (1815). For example, the device may report to the reader (via D2R transmission) information about the CW signal with the best reception sensitivity / quality among the N CW signals received over the N transmission durations. Depending on the embodiment, the reporting operation of the device may be omitted.

[0359] Through this R2D link management procedure, the Reader can determine the tone configuration of CW suitable for the Device, and perform subsequent CW transmission and backscattering signal reception based on the determined tone configuration.

[0360] (2) D2R link management

[0361] R2D link management may be a procedure to manage the quality of backscattering signals reaching the Reader.

[0362] Referring again to Figure 18, an example of D2R link management is described.

[0363] The Reader can transmit backscattering information to the Device (for D2R link management) (1805). For example, the Reader can use the backscattering information to set / signal N different F-shift values ​​to the Device.

[0364] The Reader may transmit a CW signal to the Device at least once, and in response, the Device may transmit a backscattering signal to the Reader at least once (1810). Transmission of the backscattering signal by the Device and reception of the backscattering signal by the Reader may be performed based on information about backscattering previously provided by the Reader to the Device. For example, the Reader may transmit a CW signal using a specific tone(s) (repeatedly) over the N transmission durations, while setting N different F-shift values ​​to the Device.

[0365] A device can transmit the same bit or modulation signal repeatedly (backscattering) N times by applying N different F-shift values ​​for N transmission durations based on settings / instructions from the Reader.

[0366] Meanwhile, in the above-described R2D link management / D2R link management, in the case of the “same bit / modulation signal” transmitted from the device through N transmission durations, it may be a preamble (or midamble or postamble) signal or (frame) synchronization signal transmitted prior to D2R data transmission, but is not limited thereto.

[0367] FIG. 19 illustrates a flow of a method performed by a first device (e.g., A-IoT device) according to one embodiment.

[0368] Referring to FIG. 19, the first device can receive configuration information for backscattering (1905).

[0369] The first device can receive a CW (carrier wave) signal from a first frequency resource (1910).

[0370] The first device may transmit a backscatter signal on a second frequency resource based on the configuration information and the CW signal (1915). The second frequency resource for the backscatter signal may be determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal. The magnitude of the frequency shift may be determined based on the capability of the first device.

[0371] The size of the frequency shift is determined based on an integer multiple of the frequency shift unit value, and the value of the integer multiple can be determined based on the performance of the first device.

[0372] The magnitude of the frequency shift may be determined based on a combination of an initial frequency shift value and a performance-specific frequency shift value determined based on the performance of the first device.

[0373] The above initial frequency shift value may be the minimum frequency interval between the CW signal and the backscatter signal.

[0374] The above performance-specific frequency shift value is B*m, where B is a frequency shift unit value, m is an integer greater than or equal to 0, and the upper limit of m can be determined based on the maximum frequency shift value supported by the first device or the maximum shift value supported by the network.

[0375] A plurality of frequency shift ranges may be linked to the performances of a plurality of devices supported in a network, and the size of the frequency shift may be determined based on a first frequency shift range linked to the performance of the first device.

[0376] Based on the performance of the first device, a plurality of frequency shift size candidates are set in the first device, and the size of the frequency shift can be selected from among the plurality of frequency shift size candidates.

[0377] The above setting information may include information about the plurality of frequency shift size candidates.

[0378] The first device can select the size of the frequency shift from among the plurality of frequency shift size candidates set based on at least one of the device identifier of the first device or network signaling.

[0379] The first device can report the performance of the first device to the network.

[0380] Until the performance of the first device is reported, the first device may use a set of frequency shifts supported at the lowest device performance among the device performances defined for the network.

[0381] FIG. 20 illustrates a flow of a method performed by a second device (e.g., Reader) according to one embodiment.

[0382] Referring to FIG. 20, the second device can transmit configuration information for backscattering to the first device (2005).

[0383] The second device can transmit a CW (carrier wave) signal to the first device on the first frequency resource (2010).

[0384] The second device can receive a backscatter signal from the first device at a second frequency resource based on the configuration information and the CW signal (2015). The second frequency resource for the backscatter signal can be determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal. The size of the frequency shift can be determined based on the capability of the first device.

[0385] The size of the frequency shift is determined based on an integer multiple of the frequency shift unit value, and the value of the integer multiple can be determined based on the performance of the first device.

[0386] The magnitude of the frequency shift may be determined based on a combination of an initial frequency shift value and a performance-specific frequency shift value determined based on the performance of the first device.

[0387] The above initial frequency shift value may be the minimum frequency interval between the CW signal and the backscatter signal.

[0388] The above performance-specific frequency shift value is B*m, where B is a frequency shift unit value, m is an integer greater than or equal to 0, and the upper limit of m can be determined based on the maximum frequency shift value supported by the first device or the maximum shift value supported by the network.

[0389] A plurality of frequency shift ranges may be linked to the performances of a plurality of devices supported in a network, and the size of the frequency shift may be determined based on a first frequency shift range linked to the performance of the first device.

[0390] Based on the performance of the first device, a plurality of frequency shift size candidates are set in the first device, and the size of the frequency shift can be selected from among the plurality of frequency shift size candidates.

[0391] The above setting information may include information about the plurality of frequency shift size candidates.

[0392] The second device can select the size of the frequency shift from among the plurality of frequency shift size candidates set based on at least one of the device identifier or network signaling of the first device.

[0393] The second device can receive a report of the performance of the first device from the first device.

[0394] Until receiving a report of the performance of the first device, the second device may monitor / receive backscatter from the first device using a set of frequency shifts supported at the lowest device performance among the device performances defined for the network.

[0395] The embodiments described above are combinations of components and features of the present disclosure in a predetermined form. Each component or feature should be considered optional unless explicitly stated otherwise. Each component or feature may be implemented without being combined with other components or features. Furthermore, it is also possible to form embodiments of the present disclosure by combining some components and / or features. The order of operations described in the embodiments of the present disclosure may be changed. Some components or features of one embodiment may be included in another embodiment or may be replaced with corresponding components or features of another embodiment. It is self-evident that claims that do not have an explicit citation relationship in the patent claims may be combined to form embodiments or incorporated as new claims through post-application amendments.

[0396] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the above detailed description should not be construed as limiting in any respect, but rather as illustrative. The scope of the present disclosure should be determined by a reasonable interpretation of the appended claims, and all modifications within the scope of equivalents of the present disclosure are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0397] The present disclosure may be used in a terminal, base station, or other equipment of a wireless mobile communication system.

Claims

1. A method performed by a first device, Receive configuration information for backscattering; Receiving a CW (carrier wave) signal from the first frequency resource; and Based on the above setting information and the CW signal, transmitting a backscatter signal in a second frequency resource, The second frequency resource for the backscatter signal is determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, A method in which the size of the frequency shift is determined based on the capability of the first device.

2. In paragraph 1, A method wherein the size of the frequency shift is determined based on an integer multiple of a frequency shift unit value, and the value of the integer multiple is determined based on the performance of the first device.

3. In paragraph 1, The magnitude of the frequency shift is determined based on a combination of an initial frequency shift value and a performance-specific frequency shift value determined based on the performance of the first device, The method wherein the initial frequency shift value is the minimum frequency interval between the CW signal and the backscatter signal.

4. In paragraph 3, A method wherein the performance-specific frequency shift value is B*m, wherein B is a frequency shift unit value, m is an integer greater than or equal to 0, and the upper limit of m is determined based on the maximum frequency shift value supported by the first device or the maximum shift value supported by the network.

5. In paragraph 1, Multiple frequency shift ranges are linked for each of the multiple device capabilities supported by the network, A method in which the size of the frequency shift is determined based on a first frequency shift range linked to the performance of the first device.

6. In paragraph 1, Based on the performance of the first device, a plurality of frequency shift size candidates are set in the first device, A method in which the size of the frequency shift is selected from among the plurality of frequency shift size candidates set above.

7. In paragraph 6, A method wherein the above setting information includes information about the plurality of frequency shift size candidates.

8. In paragraph 6, A method in which the first device selects the size of the frequency shift from among the plurality of frequency shift size candidates set based on at least one of the device identifier of the first device or network signaling.

9. In paragraph 1, Further comprising reporting the performance of said first device to the network, A method wherein, until the performance of the first device is reported, the first device uses a set of frequency shifts supported at the lowest device performance among the device performances defined for the network.

10. A non-transitory computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program for performing the method described in paragraph 1.

11. In the first device, a memory configured to store instructions; and A processor configured to perform operations by executing the above instructions, The above actions are, Receive configuration information for backscattering; Receiving a CW (carrier wave) signal from the first frequency resource; and Based on the above setting information and the CW signal, transmitting a backscatter signal in a second frequency resource, The second frequency resource for the backscatter signal is determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, A first device, wherein the size of the frequency shift is determined based on the capability of the first device.

12. In paragraph 11, Including a transmitter and receiver, The first device is an ambient IoT (internet of things) device.

13. In paragraph 11, The first device is a processing device configured to control an ambient IoT (internet of things) device.

14. A method performed by a second device, Transmits backscattering configuration information to the first device; Transmitting a CW (carrier wave) signal to the first device from the first frequency resource; and Based on the above setting information and the CW signal, including receiving a backscatter signal from the first device in a second frequency resource, The second frequency resource for the backscatter signal is determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, A method in which the size of the frequency shift is determined based on the capability of the first device.

15. In the second device, a memory configured to store instructions; and A processor configured to perform operations by executing the above instructions, The above actions are, Transmits backscattering configuration information to the first device; Transmitting a CW (carrier wave) signal to the first device from the first frequency resource; and Based on the above setting information and the CW signal, including receiving a backscatter signal from the first device in a second frequency resource, The second frequency resource for the backscatter signal is determined based on a frequency shift from the first frequency resource for the CW signal, A second device, wherein the size of the frequency shift is determined based on the capability of the first device.

16. In paragraph 15, The second device is a reader device for ambient IoT (internet of things).

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