Mask for device
By employing discontinuous masks and adaptive activation methods, the system efficiently activates groups of AIoT devices, addressing inefficiencies in existing paging methods and reducing battery dependency.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/087263
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-11
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-16
AI Technical Summary
Current communication systems lack an efficient mechanism to reach and activate a group of Ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices using discontinuous and adaptive masks, particularly for inventory management and other use cases, due to the inefficiency of existing paging methods and the impracticality of battery replacement or charging.
A terminal device receives an activation signal with a discontinuous mask, determines activation based on its ID, and backscatters a response signal, while network devices generate and transmit discontinuous masks to activate subsets of AIoT devices adaptively, using flexible partitions of device IDs.
This approach efficiently reaches and activates groups of AIoT devices with reduced interference, adapting to various device ID definitions, and reduces the need for frequent battery replacements.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024087263_16102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
MASK FOR DEVICEFIELD
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communications, and in particular, to devices, methods, apparatuses and a computer readable storage medium for reaching devices based on a mask.BACKGROUND
[0002] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices, or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network. A communication device may be provided with a service by an application server.
[0003] Such communication networks operate in according with standards such as those provided by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) . Examples of standards are the so-called 5G (5th Generation) standards or other standards provided by 3GPP.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for reaching devices based on a mask, especially for reaching ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices with a discontinuous and adaptive mask.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the terminal device at least to receive an activation signal including a discontinuous mask. The terminal device is further caused to determine, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal, and backscatter a response signal for the activation signal based on determining that the terminal device is activated.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a base station. The base station comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the base station at least to obtain a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The base station is further caused to transmit the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to an intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided an intermediate node. The intermediate node comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the intermediate node at least to obtain a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The intermediate node is further caused to transmit an activation signal including the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to generate a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The network device is further caused to transmit a message including the discontinuous mask.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to generate an indicator enabling generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices. The network device is further caused to transmit a message including the indicator.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises receiving an activation signal including a discontinuous mask. The method further comprises determining, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal, and backscattering a response signal for the activation signal based on determining that the terminal device is activated.
[0011] In a seven aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The method further comprises transmitting the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to an intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The method further comprises transmitting an activation signal including the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises generating a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The method further comprises transmitting a message including the discontinuous mask.
[0014] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a method. The method comprises generating an indicator enabling generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices. The method further comprises transmitting a message including the indicator.
[0015] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for receiving an activation signal including a discontinuous mask. The apparatus further comprises means for determining, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal, and means for backscattering a response signal for the activation signal based on determining that the terminal device is activated.
[0016] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The apparatus further comprises means for transmitting the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to an intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.
[0017] In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The method further comprises transmitting an activation signal including the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices.
[0018] In a fourteenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for generating a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The apparatus further comprises means for transmitting a message including the discontinuous mask.
[0019] In a fifteenth aspect, there is provided an apparatus. The apparatus comprises means for generating an indicator enabling generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices. The apparatus further comprises means for transmitting a message including the indicator.
[0020] In a sixteenth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to any one of the fourth aspect to sixth aspect.
[0021] In a seventeenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to perform at least the method according to according to any one of the sixth aspect to tenth aspect.
[0022] In an eighteenth aspect, there is provided a terminal device. The terminal device comprises receiving circuitry configured to receive an activation signal including a discontinuous mask. The terminal device further comprises determining circuitry configured to determine, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal, and backscattering circuitry configured to backscatter a response signal for the activation signal based on determining that the terminal device is activated.
[0023] In a nineteenth aspect, there is provided a base station. The base station comprises obtaining circuitry configured to obtain a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The base station further comprises transmitting circuitry configured to transmit the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to an intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.
[0024] In a twentieth aspect, there is provided an intermediate node. The intermediate node comprises obtaining circuitry configured to obtain a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The intermediate node further comprises transmitting circuitry configured to transmit an activation signal including the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices.
[0025] In a twenty-first aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises generating circuitry configured to generate a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. The network device further comprises transmitting circuitry configured to transmit a message including the discontinuous mask.
[0026] In a twenty-second aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises generating circuitry configured to generate an indicator enabling generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices. The network device further comprises transmitting circuitry configured to transmit a message including the indicator.
[0027] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0029] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0030] FIG. 2 illustrates a flow chart of method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed example of interactions between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 4 illustrates another detailed example of interactions between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 5 illustrates a further detailed example of interactions between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 6 illustrates a further detailed example of interactions between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0035] FIG. 7 illustrates another further detailed example of interactions between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0036] FIG. 8 illustrates another further detailed example of interactions between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0037] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0038] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0039] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0040] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of a method performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0042] FIG. 14 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0043] FIG. 15 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer readable medium in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0044] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0045] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0046] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0047] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0048] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0049] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof. As used herein, “at least one of the following: <a list of two or more elements>” and “at least one of <a list of two or more elements>” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or” , mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0050] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0051] (a) hardware-only circuits (such as in analog and / or digital circuits) and
[0052] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0053] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software (e.g., firmware) ; and
[0054] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0055] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) , that requires software (for example, firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0056] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0057] As used herein, the term “cellular network” refers to a network operating in accordance with any suitable radio access technology defined by standards, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , new radio Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device of a cellular network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the future fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various cellular networks. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0058] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to any device in a cellular network via which a terminal device accesses a data network and receives services exposed by other network devices of the cellular network. In some examples, a network device may comprise or implement a network function of a 5th generation communication system (5GS) (e.g., a core network) of a cellular network. In some examples, the network devices may be located at the RAN of the 5GS. The network device may be part of a satellite, a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico node, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. A gNB may include a centralized unit CU and one or more distributed DUs. Femto and Pico nodes are small base stations with a small coverage area.
[0059] The term “terminal device” refers to a device of a communication system of a cellular network, such as a 5th generation communication system (5GS) that may be capable of wireless (e.g., radio) communication with a NR-RAN of the 5GS) . By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a wireless communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . Examples of a terminal device include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (for example, remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0060] Ambient IoT may refer to IoT devices powered by energy harvesting, making them either battery-less or equipped with limited energy storage capabilities (e.g., using a capacitor) . The Ambient IoT is necessary to complement IoT technologies like NB-IoT / eMTC and NR RedCap. It aims to cover additional use cases that demand more cost-effective, power-efficient, and particularly battery-less functionalities.
[0061] Charging or regularly replacing batteries for all these IoT devices would be impractical, considering the significant consumption of manpower and materials. Some use cases leveraging Ambient IoT devices include: ID tags (Replacing RFID with a wider range) , Sensors (e.g., temperature, humidity, etc. ) , Healthcare devices (Monitoring personal medical information) , Logistics (Tracking objects) .
[0062] Components of the system architecture for Ambient IoT include: Activator (or Illuminator) which sends an activation signal to wake up passive radios (AIoT devices) by providing energy that allows Ambient IoT devices to transmit their messages; ambient IoT devices (radios) : IoT devices powered by energy harvesting; Reader (or Receiver) which listens and detects the passive radio signals. The reader may or may not be collocated with the activator.
[0063] By incorporating Ambient IoT technology into the IoT ecosystem, various use cases can be addressed while reducing the dependency on power sources. Paging is an aspect that is planned to be studied for AIoT devices. In the RFID world one method to identify tags is based on the EPC codes and consists of a 96-bit field. The 96 bits may split into: 8 bits for header; 28 bits for Product manufacturers; 24 bits for Object class; 36 bits for Serial number. Given the small amount of information a tag may backscatter; some RFID implementations may be employing smaller identification fields to reduce the overhead.
[0064] There are different use cases that are targeted with AIoT technology. One major use case is the inventory management. The goal of this use case is to discover which goods (e.g. boxes, containers, packages) are present in the warehouse. The main use case within a warehouse scenario is to inventory all the devices or discover specific kinds of devices, etc. To discover the devices, for both topology 1 and topology 2, paging techniques may be employed.
[0065] The magnitude of the AIoT devices is estimated to be in the order of billions. Activating a lot of devices at the same time causes unnecessary interference. Given the large number of potential AIoT devices, a method to address a group of them in an efficient way is required. For example, employing paging messages with the original 3rd party AIoT device ID (e.g., 96 bits EPC codes) would be extremely inefficient. Hence it is important to efficiently reach out to the required devices and communicate.
[0066] Considering the application requirements, currently there are no means or mechanisms exist to page or reach out to a certain category or group of devices using available categories such as manufacturer, version, object class, etc. Based on above analysis, a mechanism is expected to reach AIoT device (s) with consideration of application requirements and communication efficiency.
[0067] It is to be noted that in some embodiments of this disclosure, inventory here is just one example. Other use cases (e.g., command, read / write, enable / disable, localization etc. ) may face the similar problem and the proposed solution is expected to be applied as well. This is why in the following any AIoT service request is considered.
[0068] In view of the above, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution for discontinuous and adaptive mask for device. In the example embodiments of the present disclosure, the terminal device may receive an activation signal including a discontinuous mask. The terminal device may further determine, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal, and backscatter a response signal for the activation signal based on determining that the terminal device is activated. In this way, a network device (such as AF) may reach a group (or subset) of AIoT devices based on a flexible partition of device IDs which adapts to any definition of device ID i.e. regardless of the total device ID bitstring length, the number of bits assigned for the manufacturer the object type, etc.
[0069] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a network environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The environment 100 may be a part of a communication network and comprise a plurality of devices, such as a terminal device 110, a base station 120, an intermediate node 130, a first network device 140, and a second network device 150. As an example, the terminal device 110 may be implemented as an Internet of things (IoT) device, an ambient IoT device or a tag. The base station 120 may be implemented as a base station (BS) or gNB. The intermediate node 130 may be implemented as an activator or a reader associated with the IoT device or AIoT device, a UE device, or an access terminal device etc. The first network device 140 may be implemented as an application function (AF) , a 5G core network node, or a core network device, such as an access and mobility management function (AMF) or an ambient IoT function (AIoTF) . The second network device 150 may be implemented as AMF, AIoTF or a 5G core network node.
[0070] To transmit data and / or control information, the terminal device 110, the base station 120 and / or the intermediate node 130 may perform communications with the first network device 140 and / or the second network device 150. A link from the terminal device 110 and / or the intermediate node 130 to the base station 120, the first network device 140 and / or the second network device 150 is referred to as an uplink (UL) , while a link from the base station 120, the first network device 140 and / or the second network device 150 to the terminal device 110 and / or the intermediate node 130 is referred to as a downlink (DL) .
[0071] The terminal device 110 may be an AIoT device, for example, a tag. The tag may be reflective, i.e., the tag may be able to receive signals from and reflect signals to the one of the intermediate node 130. The terminal device 110 may collect data and transmit the data via reflection signals to the base station 120 or the intermediate node 130. The intermediate node 130 may be an activator, which, for example, sends activation signals to the terminal device 110 to activate the terminal device 110. For example, the activation signals may be or may comprise signals to facilitate an AIoT device synchronization, and / or to help to identify transmission target (transmission recipient) or transmission purpose, and / or to deliver message / data to an AIoT device, and / to indicate when the transmission starts and when it ends. Alternatively, or additionally, the intermediate node 130 may be a reader, which, for example, receives data (for example, via reflection signals) from the terminal device 110, and, in some circumstances, forwards the data to the base station 120.
[0072] Although the terminal device 110, the base station device 120, the intermediate node 130, the first network device 140, and the second network device 150 are described in the communication environment 100 of FIG. 1, embodiments of the present disclosure may equally apply to any other suitable communication devices in communication with one another. That is, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to the exemplary scenarios of FIG. 1. In other embodiments, terminal device 110, the base station device 120, the intermediate node 130, the first network device 140, and the second network device 150 may be any other communication devices, for example, any other wireless communication devices.
[0073] It is to be understood that the particular number of various communication devices and the particular number of various communication links as shown in FIG. 1 is for illustration purpose only without suggesting any limitations. The communication environment 100 may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be appreciated that there may be various wireless as well as wireline communications (if needed) among all of the communication devices.
[0074] FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart of method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1. It would be appreciated that although the process flow 200 has been described referring to FIG. 1, this process flow 200 may be likewise applied to other similar communication scenarios.
[0075] In the process flow 200, a first network device 140 may generate (202) a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices 110. In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring. For example, the referent device ID may be encoded as a device ID. The masked bitstring may have same length as the device ID. A bit set to 1 of the masked bitstring may indicate that the bit at same position in the referent device ID should be matched by the device, and a bit set to 0 of the masked bitstring may indicate that the bit at same position in the referent device ID does not need to match.
[0076] Specifically, in an example with 8 bits, a referent device ID may be 11001100 and applied masked bitstring may be 10101010. The terminal device 110 or AIoT devices will apply the received masked bitstring to their own device IDs and match the outcome with the given referent device ID. Then any terminal device 110 having device ID of the form ‘1x0x1x0x’ is targeted and may respond.
[0077] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter. The first parameter may comprise a variable bitstring and the second parameter may indicate a starting bit position of the variable bitstring. For example, the discontinuous mask may be list of (integer start, variable bitstring) . In an example embodiment, an example mask may be {1, 101} {5, 11} , then any device having device ID 101x11xx are targeted.
[0078] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as multiple continuous bitstrings, such as 1111x111x11. In those embodiments, matching the discontinuous mask may refer to matching all the received continuous masks simultaneously or any of the received continuous masks. The first network device 140 may then transmit (204) or propagate down a message 206 including the discontinuous mask to other devices to apply the mask. In some embodiments, the first network device 140 may be an application function (AF) or a 5G core network node. The set of terminal devices 110 may be ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices. It is noted that in this disclosure, a discontinuous mask may refer to masked bitstrings composed of multiple 1 and 0, such as 10010101, and a continuous mask may refer to masked bitstrings composed of multiple 1, such as 1111.
[0079] In this way, the first network device 140 is enabled to reach a group (or subset) of AIoT devices based on a flexible partition of device ID which adapts to any definition of device ID i.e. regardless of the total device ID bitstring length, the number of bits assigned for the manufacturer the object type, etc. Any partition of devices may be targeted. For example, all devices of object type “domestic appliances” may be reached; all devices of types “coffee machines” among the “domestic appliances” may be reached; all devices of manufacturers may be reached; and any combination of the above such as reaching all coffee machines which have same manufacturers.
[0080] In some embodiments, the base station 120 may obtain (216) a discontinuous mask for the set of terminal devices 110. The base station 120 may obtain the discontinuous mask by receiving the discontinuous mask from the first network device 140 in 214. The base station 120 may obtain the discontinuous mask by generating the discontinuous mask.
[0081] In some embodiments, the base station 120 may transmit (218) the discontinuous mask 222 to the set of terminal devices 110 or to an intermediate node 130 for the set of terminal devices 110. In some further example embodiments, the discontinuous mask 222 may be transmitted to the set of terminal devices 110 via an activation signal. Alternatively, or additionally, the discontinuous mask 222 may be transmitted to the intermediate node 130 via a paging message for the set of terminal devices 110. In some embodiments, the intermediate node is a user equipment (UE) .
[0082] In some further embodiments, the intermediate node 130 may obtain (224) a discontinuous mask for the set of terminal devices 110. In some embodiments, the intermediate node 130 may obtain the discontinuous mask by receiving the discontinuous mask 222 from the base station 120. In some other embodiments, the intermediate node 130 may obtain the discontinuous mask by generating the discontinuous mask.
[0083] The intermediate node 130 may then transmit (226) an activation signal 228 including the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices 110. In some embodiments, the base station 120 or intermediate node 130 may generate dynamically the discontinuous mask after receiving from the upper node either a continuous mask, a discontinuous mask, or no mask at all. The dynamic generation may be performed either pro-actively or reactively.
[0084] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may receive (232) activation signal 228 including the discontinuous mask from either the intermediate node 130 or the base station 120. The terminal device 110 may then determine (234) whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device. For example, the terminal device 110 may determine whether the ID of the terminal device 110 matches the discontinuous mask.
[0085] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may comprise a referent device ID and a masked bitstring. The terminal device 110 may apply the masked bitstring to the ID of the terminal device 110 to obtain a masked ID. The terminal device 110 may then compare the masked ID with the referent device ID. In some further embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine that the ID of the terminal device 110 matches the discontinuous mask if the masked ID matches the referent device ID. In some further embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine that the ID of the terminal device does not match the discontinuous mask if the masked ID does not match with the referent device ID.
[0086] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as multiple continuous bitstrings. The terminal device 110 may determine whether the ID of the terminal device 110 matches the multiple continuous bitstrings. In some other example embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine whether the ID of the terminal device matches at least one of the multiple continuous bitstrings.
[0087] In some further embodiments, the terminal device 110 may then backscatter (236) a response signal 228 for the activation signal to either the intermediate node 130 or the base station 120 based on determining that the terminal device 110 is activated.
[0088] In some further embodiments, the base station 120 may receive a request for activating the set of terminal devices 110. The base station 120 may then divide the set of terminal devices into multiple subsets of terminal devices. The base station 120 may determine to activate a subset of terminal devices among the multiple subsets of terminal devices. The discontinuous mask may then be dynamically generated by the base station based on the subset of terminal devices 110.
[0089] In some further embodiments, the base station 120 may receive response signals from a first subset of terminal devices among the set of terminal devices 110. The base station 120 may determine a second subset of terminal devices to be activated among the set of terminal devices 110 based on the received response signals from the first subset. The base station 120 may then update the discontinuous mask based on the second subset of terminal devices. The base station 120 may transmit the updated discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices 110 or to one or more intermediate nodes 130 for the set of terminal devices. In some embodiments, the updated discontinuous mask may be transmitted to the set of terminal devices 110 via an activation signal. In some other embodiments, the updated discontinuous mask may be transmitted to the one or more intermediate nodes 130 via a paging message for the set of terminal devices.
[0090] Similarly, in some further embodiments, the intermediate nodes 130 may receive a request for activating the set of terminal devices 110. The intermediate nodes 130 may then divide the set of terminal devices into multiple subsets of terminal devices. The intermediate nodes 130 may determine to activate a subset of terminal devices among the multiple subsets of terminal devices. The discontinuous mask may then be generated dynamically by the intermediate node based on the subset of terminal devices 110.
[0091] In some further embodiments, the intermediate nodes 130 may receive response signals from a first subset of terminal devices among the set of terminal devices 110. The intermediate nodes 130 may determine a second subset of terminal devices to be activated among the set of terminal devices 110 based on the received response signals from the first subset. The intermediate nodes 130 may then update the discontinuous mask based on the second subset of terminal devices. The intermediate nodes 130 may transmit a second activation signal including the updated discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices 110.
[0092] In some other embodiments, if the activation signal is a first activation signal, and the intermediate node 130 may receive an updated discontinuous mask from the base station 120. The intermediate node 130 may transmit a second activation signal including the updated discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices 110.
[0093] In some further embodiments, if activation signal is a first activation signal and the response signal is a first response signal, the terminal device 110 may receive the second activation signal including an updated discontinuous mask. The terminal device 110 may then determine whether the terminal device is activated by the second activation signal based on the updated discontinuous mask and the ID of the terminal device. The terminal device 110 may then backscatter a second response signal for the second activation signal to either the base station 120 or the intermediate node 130 based on determining that the terminal device is activated.
[0094] Specifically, for example, depending on radio conditions, the base station 120 or intermediate node 130 which receives the request to reach a great amount of devices for an AIoT service request may consider to execute the request in multiple steps, and in each step a partition of the devices to be reached may be addressed. In one example these multiple steps are sequentially executed.
[0095] To reduce the pressure on random-access procedure in the radio interface, the RAN (Radio Access Network) or the base station may decide to divide the initially intended group (or set) indicated in the received signaling into more than one sub-groups (or sub-sets) . Different factors could be considered for this purpose, for example, number of terminal devices 110 in the initial group, message size of the radio interface and etc. Other factors are not excluded.
[0096] In some example embodiments, the base station 120 may build a continuous or discontinuous mask corresponding to the first targeted subgroup (partition) and send the activation signal including this mask. After the terminal devices 110 respond, the base station 120 may build and send a subsequent mask to address another subgroup (partition) of the devices, and so on. It may do so until it has addressed all initially intended devices or good enough response rate or response ratio.
[0097] In some example embodiments, the base station 120 or the intermediate node 130 may refine or build the continuous or discontinuous mask corresponding to the targeted subgroup (partition) which is sent to the devices in the activation signal and manages the subsequent buildings and / or sending.
[0098] In some other example embodiments, there might be some scenarios where some of the devices were successfully reached already and are responding repeatedly while some other devices are not responding. Response from same devices would not help to reach other requested devices. Sending a subsequent request which involves again devices which have already responded is not only inefficient but damaging due to the useless interference created.
[0099] In such scenarios, the base station 120 or the intermediate node 130 may maintain the list of devices which have already responded. In subsequent attempts, they may build continuous or discontinuous masks in order to narrow down the new requests more focused on devices which have not yet responded (subgroup or finer partition) .
[0100] For the repetitions, the base station 120 or the intermediate node 130 may modify the characteristics (such as the power and frequency) of the activation signal so as to increase the probability of reaching the UE.
[0101] In some embodiments, the base station 120 may resend an RRC paging message to the intermediate node 130 containing additional characteristics of the activation signal to be applied by the intermediate node 130 towards the terminal device 110 for the repetition. Alternatively, the base station 120 may apply theses additional characteristics itself when it generates the activation signal towards the terminal devices 110. Alternatively, or additionally, the base station 120 may indicate the number of the repetitions and the intermediate node 130 can apply an updated characteristics of the activation signal based on the repetition number. Alternatively, the base station 120 may apply these repetitions itself when it generates the activation signal towards the terminal devices 110.
[0102] In some example embodiments, signaling means may be provided by the upper node to enable or disable the dynamic generation of the mask in a lower node. For example, a new enable / disable indicator is added from the base station 120 to intermediate node 130 to instruct, recommend or simply allow the intermediate node 130 to build discontinuous or continuous masks towards the devices i.e., to instruct or allow splitting them into multiple groups or partitions. Similarly, a new enable / disable indicator may be added from core network to the base station 120 to instruct, recommend or allow the base station 120 or intermediate node 130 to build discontinuous or continuous masks towards the devices i.e., to instruct or allow splitting them into multiple groups or partitions.
[0103] In some further embodiments, for example, a second network device 150 may generate (208) an indicator enabling generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices. The second network device 150 may then transmit (212) a message 214 including the indicator to either the base station 120 or the intermediate node. The second network device 150 may comprise an access and mobility management function (AMF) , an ambient IoT function (AIoTF) or a 5G core network node.
[0104] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be generated based on receiving an indicator to enable the generation of the discontinuous mask from the second network device 150 or an operation and maintenance (O&M) function. In some other embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be generated based on receiving an indicator to enable the generation of the discontinuous mask from the base station 120.
[0105] In some further example embodiments, the base station 120 may receive a first indicator to enable the generation of a second discontinuous mask from the second network device 150. The base station 120 may then transmit a second indicator to enable the generation of the second discontinuous mask by the one or more intermediate nodes 130 to the one or more intermediate nodes 130.
[0106] In some other embodiments, the base station120 may decide usage of a second discontinuous mask by one or more intermediate nodes 130. The base station120 may transmit an indicator to enable generation of the second discontinuous mask to the one or more intermediate nodes 130.
[0107] FIG. 3 illustrates a detailed example of interactions 300 between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that FIG. 3 can be deemed as a further example of the process flow 200. For example, the AIoT device 310 may be example devices of the terminal device 110, the gNB 320 may be the example devices of the base station 120, the application function (AF) 360 may be the example devices of the first network device 140, and the access and mobility function (AMF) / ambient IoT function (AIoTF) 330 may be the example devices of the second network device 150. It is to be understood that these devices are described only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. This process will be described in detail as follows.
[0108] At 302, AIoT device manufacturers configures the device IDs onto the AIoT devices 310. At 304, the AF 360 may send AIoT service request with discontinuous masks to the NEF 350. The discontinuous masks may be consisted of referent device ID and applicable masked bitstring. At 306, the network exposure function (NEF) 350 may perform AF authorization.
[0109] At 308, if authorized, the NEF 350 may identify the relevant AMFs / AIoTFs 330 based on the service area using the unified data management (UDM) 340. At 312, the NEF 350 may then send the AIoT service request including the discontinuous mask to AMF / AIoTF 330. The AMF / AIoTF 330 may forward the request to gNB (s) 320 involved in the service area.
[0110] At 314, the gNBs 320 may generate the activation signal with the discontinuous mask. At 316, the AIoT device 310 may apply the masked bitstring to own device ID and compare with the referent device ID. At 318, if the resulting pattern matches with the referent device ID, the AIoT device 310 may prepare the paging response.
[0111] At 322, the AIoT device 310 may backscatter the response to the gNB 320. At 324, the gNB 320 may accumulate the backscatter responses from different devices and prepare the list of devices that has responded. At 326, the gNB 320 may update the discontinuous mask locally, for example based on the unresponsive devices. At 328, the gNB 320 may repeat the activation based on the updated discontinuous mask generated at 326.
[0112] At 332, the AIoT device 310 may apply the updated masked bitstring to own device ID and compare with the referent device ID. At 334, if the resulting pattern matches with the referent device ID, the AIoT device 310 may prepare the paging response. At 336, the AIoT device 310 may backscatter the response to the gNB 320. At 338, the gNB 320 may accumulate the backscatter responses from different devices and prepare the list of devices that has responded.
[0113] At 342, the gNB 320 may forward the paging response including the device IDs to AMF / AIoTF 330, and the AMF / AIoTF 330 may further forward device IDs to the AF 360.
[0114] At 344, the AMF / AIoTF 330 may forward the AIoT discovery response including device IDs to the AF 360 via NEF 350.
[0115] FIG. 4 illustrates another detailed example of interactions 400 between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that FIG. 4 can be deemed as a further example of the process flow 200. For example, the UE 420 may be example devices of the intermediate node 130. It is to be understood that these devices are described only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. This process will be described in detail as follows.
[0116] In some embodiments, at 402, AIoT device manufacturers may configure the device IDs onto the AIoT devices 410. At 404, the AF 470 may send AIoT service request with discontinuous masks to the NEF 460. The discontinuous masks may be consisted of referent device ID and applicable masked bitstring. At 406, the NEF 460 may perform AF authorization.
[0117] At 408, if authorized, the NEF 460 may identify the relevant AMFs / AIoTFs 440 based on the service area via UDM 450. At 412, the NEF 460 may then send the AIoT service request including the discontinuous mask to AMF (or AIoTF) 440. The AMF / AIoTF 440 may forward the request to gNB (s) 430 involved in the service area.
[0118] At 414, the gNB 430 may forward the paging message to AIoT devices 410 from the AMF / AIoTF 440 to the intermediate node 420 with the discontinuous mask. At 416, the intermediate node or UE 420 may perform the activation based on the discontinuous mask.
[0119] At 418, the AIoT device 410 may apply the masked bitstring to own device ID and compare with the referent device ID. At 422, if the resulting pattern matches with the referent device ID, the AIoT device 410 may prepare the paging response.
[0120] At 424, the AIoT device 410 may backscatter the response with device ID to intermediate node 420. At 426, the intermediate node 420 may forward the paging response to the gNB 430. At 428, the gNB 430 may accumulate the backscatter responses from different devices and prepare the list of devices that has responded. At 432, the gNB 430 may update the discontinuous mask locally based on the unresponsive devices.
[0121] At 434, the gNB 430 may transmit the paging message including the updated discontinuous mask to the intermediate node 420. At 436, the intermediate node or UE 420 may perform the activation based on the updated discontinuous mask. At 438, the AIoT device 410 may apply the updated masked bitstring to own device ID and compare with the referent device ID. At 442, if the resulting pattern matches with the referent device ID, the AIoT device 410 may prepare the paging response.
[0122] At 444, the AIoT device 410 may backscatter the response with device ID to intermediate node 420 or UE 420. At 446, the intermediate node or UE 420 may forward the paging response to the gNB 430. At 448, the gNB 430 may accumulate the backscatter responses from different devices and prepare the list of devices that has responded.
[0123] At 452, the gNB 430 may forward the paging response including the device IDs to AMF / AIoTF 440, At 454, the AMF / AIoTF 440 may forward the AIoT discovery response including device IDs to the AF 470 via the NEF 460.
[0124] FIG. 5 illustrates a further detailed example of interactions 500 between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that FIG. 5 can be deemed as a further example of the process flow 200. It is to be understood that these devices are described only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. This process will be described in detail as follows.
[0125] In some embodiments, at 502, AIoT device manufacturers may configures the device IDs onto the AIoT devices 510. At 504, the AF 560 may send AIoT service request to the NEF 550. In some embodiments, the AF 560 may provide a continuous and discontinuous mask in the AIoT service request. At 506, the NEF 550 may perform AF authorization.
[0126] At 508, if authorized, the NEF 550 may identify the relevant AMFs / AIoTFs 530 based on the service area via UDM 540. At 512, the NEF 550 may then send the AIoT service request including the device IDs to AMF / AIoTF 530. The AMF / AIoTF 530 may forward the request to gNB (s) 520 involved in the service area.
[0127] In some embodiments, the AF 560 may provide no mask to the gNB 520, and at 514, the gNB 520 may decide itself to create subgroups that it will page independently, each subgroup being obtained by using a specific mask. In this way, the gNB 520 may reduce the pressure on random-access procedure in the radio interface.
[0128] In some embodiments, at 514, upon receiving the continuous and discontinuous mask provided from the AF 560, the gNB 520 may decide to divide the initially intended group indicated in the received signaling (and the continuous and discontinuous mask) from the network into more than one sub-groups to reduce the pressure on random-access procedure in the radio interface. Each subgroup may be obtained by further refining the continuous and discontinuous mask into one new specific mask per subgroup.
[0129] In some embodiments, the gNBs 520 may generate the activation signal with the discontinuous mask. The discontinuous masks may be consisted of referent device ID and applicable masked bitstring. At 516, the AIoT device 510 may apply the masked bitstring to own device ID and compare with the referent device ID. At 518, if the resulting pattern matches with the referent device ID, the AIoT device 510 may prepare the paging response.
[0130] At 522, the AIoT device 510 may backscatter the response to the gNB 520. At 524, the gNB 520 may accumulate the backscatter responses from different devices and prepare the list of devices that has responded. At 526, the gNB 520 may update the discontinuous mask locally based on the received backscatter signaling of the AIoT device 510. In some embodiments, the gNB 520 may also decide to further update the created subgroup discontinuous mask locally based on the unresponsive devices to tailor the repetition to those unresponsive devices.
[0131] At 528, the gNB 520 may repeat the activation based on the updated discontinuous mask generated at 526. At 532, the AIoT device 510 may apply the updated masked bitstring to own device ID and compare with the referent device ID. At 534, if the resulting pattern matches with the referent device ID, the AIoT device 510 may prepare the paging response. At 536, the AIoT device 510 may backscatter the response to the gNB 520. At 538, the gNB 520 may accumulate the backscatter responses from different devices and prepare the list of devices that has responded. At 542, the gNB 520 may forward the paging response including the device IDs to AMF / AIoTF 530.
[0132] At 544, the AMF / AIoTF 530 may forward the AIoT discovery response including device IDs to the AF 560 via the NEF 550, .
[0133] FIG. 6 illustrates a further detailed example of interactions 600 between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that FIG. 6 can be deemed as a further example of the process flow 200. It is to be understood that these devices are described only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. This process will be described in detail as follows.
[0134] In some embodiments, at 602, AIoT device manufacturers may configure the device IDs onto the AIoT devices 610. At 604, the AF 670 may send AIoT service request to the NEF 660. In some embodiments, the AF 670 may provide a continuous and discontinuous mask in the AIoT service request. At 606, the NEF 660 may perform AF authorization.
[0135] At 608, if authorized, the NEF 660 may identify the relevant AMFs / AIoTFs 640 based on the service area via UDM 650. At 612, the NEF 660 may then send the AIoT service request including the device IDs to AMF / AIoTF 640. The AMF / AIoTF 640 may forward the request to gNB (s) 630 involved in the service area.
[0136] In some embodiments, the AF 670 may provide no mask to the gNB 630, and at 614, the gNB 630 may decide itself to create subgroups that it will page independently, each subgroup being obtained by using a specific mask. In this way, the gNB 630 may reduce the pressure on random-access procedure in the radio interface.
[0137] In some embodiments, at 614, upon receiving the continuous and discontinuous mask provided from the AF 670, the gNB 630 may decide to divide the initially intended group indicated in the received signaling (and the continuous and discontinuous mask) from the network into more than one sub-groups to reduce the pressure on random-access procedure in the radio interface. Each subgroup may be obtained by further refining the continuous and discontinuous mask into one new specific mask per subgroup.
[0138] At 614, the gNB 630 may forward the paging message to the intermediate node 620 with the discontinuous mask. The discontinuous mask may consist of referent device ID and applicable masked bitstring. At 616, the intermediate node or UE 620 may perform the activation based on the discontinuous mask.
[0139] At 618, the AIoT device 610 may apply the masked bitstring to own device ID and compare with the referent device ID. At 622, if the resulting pattern matches with the referent device ID, the AIoT device 610 may prepare the paging response.
[0140] At 624, the AIoT device 610 may backscatter the response with device ID to intermediate node or UE 620. At 626, the intermediate node or UE 620 may forward the paging response to the gNB 630. At 628, the gNB 630 may accumulate the backscatter responses from different devices and prepare the list of devices that has responded.
[0141] At 632, the gNB 630 may update the discontinuous mask locally based on received backscatter signaling of the AIoT device 610. In some embodiments, the gNB 630 may also decide to further update the created subgroup discontinuous mask locally based on the unresponsive devices to tailor the repetition to those unresponsive devices.
[0142] At 634, the gNB 630 may transmit the paging message including the updated discontinuous mask to the intermediate node 620. At 636, the intermediate node or UE 620 may perform the activation based on the updated discontinuous mask. At 638, the AIoT device 610 may apply the updated masked bitstring to own device ID and compare with the referent device ID. At 642, if the resulting pattern matches with the referent device ID, the AIoT device 610 may prepare the paging response.
[0143] At 644, the AIoT device 610 may backscatter the response with device ID to intermediate node 620 or UE 620. At 646, the intermediate node or UE 620 may forward the paging response to the gNB 630. At 648, the gNB 630 may accumulate the backscatter responses from different devices and prepare the list of devices that has responded.
[0144] At 652, the gNB 630 may forward the paging response including the device IDs to AMF / AIoTF 640, . At 654, the AMF / AIoTF 640 may forward the AIoT discovery response including device IDs to the AF 670 via the NEF 660.
[0145] FIG. 7 illustrates another further detailed example of interactions 700 between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that FIG. 7 can be deemed as a further example of the process flow 200. It is to be understood that these devices are described only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. This process will be described in detail as follows.
[0146] In some embodiments, the network device may control dynamic generation of mask by lower nodes. In some embodiments, signaling means may be provided by an upper node to enable / disable the dynamic generation of the mask in a lower node. For example, a new enable / disable indicator may be added from gNB 720 towards IN or UE 710 to instruct, recommend or allow the intermediate node or UE 710 to build discontinuous or continuous masks towards the devices i.e., to instruct or allow splitting and addressing the devices in multiple groups or partitions.
[0147] Similarly, a new enable / disable indicator may be added from a network device to gNB 720 to instruct or recommend the gNB 720 (or the IN 710) to build discontinuous or continuous masks towards the devices i.e., to instruct or allow splitting and addressing the devices in multiple groups or partitions.
[0148] Specifically, the network device, such as AIoTF or AMF 730, may decide that usage of masks by lower nodes (gNB 720 or IN, UE 710) is possible and instruct accordingly by adding the “enable masking” indicator in the AIoT service request following towards gNB 720. There are two options 702 and 704 for this method.
[0149] For example, in the option 702, at 706, the AIoTF or AMF 730 may receive an AIoT Service request from AF 740. At 708, the AIoTF or AMF 730 may decide that usage of masks by lower nodes (gNB 720 or IN 710) is possible and instructs accordingly by adding the “enable masking” indicator in the AIoT service request. At 712, the AIoTF or AMF 730 may send AIoT Service request with the “enable masking” indicator to the gNB 720.
[0150] At 714, based on the received indicator, the gNB 720 may builds mask (s) and include one or more mask into the service request. At 716, the gNB 720 may transmit one or more mask to the intermediate nodes 710. In this way, based on the received “enable masking” indicator, the gNB 720 may build the mask and include the mask (s) in the AIoT service request towards the INs 710.
[0151] In the option 704, at 718, the AIoTF or AMF 730 may receive an AIoT Service request from AF 740. At 722, the AIoTF / AMF 730 may decide that usage of masks by lower nodes (gNB 720 or IN 710) is possible and instructs accordingly by adding the “enable masking” indicator in the AIoT service request. At 724, the AIoTF / AMF 730 may transmit the AIoT service request to the gNB 720 with “enable masking” indicator. At 726, the gNB 720 may transmit the AIoT service request to the IN (s) 710 with “enable masking” indicator.
[0152] At 728, based on the received indicator, the intermediate nodes 710 may build mask (s) and include one or more masks in the activation signals towards the AIoT devices. In this way, based on the received “enable mask” indicator, the gNB 720 may further include similar “enable mask” indicator in the AIoT service request towards the intermediate nodes 710 and the intermediate nodes 710 may take this into account to decide building and using mask (s) .
[0153] In some embodiments, the intermediate nodes or UE 710 may decide on their own the usage of masks when communicating with the devices. In some further embodiments, the gNBs 720 may be configured by O&M whether they should apply masks.
[0154] FIG. 8 illustrates another further detailed example of interactions 800 between devices in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that FIG. 8 can be deemed as a further example of the process flow 200. It is to be understood that these devices are described only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. This process will be described in detail as follows. The gNB 820 may control dynamic generation of mask by the lower node.
[0155] At 802, the AIoTF or AMF 830 may receive AIoT service request from the AF 840. At 804, the gNB 820 may receive an AIoT service request from AIoTF / AMF 830. At 806, the gNB 820 may decide that usage of masks by lower nodes (IN or UE 810) is possible and instruct accordingly intermediate nodes 810 by adding the “enable masking” indicator in the AIoT service request.
[0156] At 808, the gNB 820 may transmit the AIoT service request to the intermediate nodes 810 including the “enable masking” indicator. At 812, based on the received indicator, the intermediate nodes 810 may build mask (s) and include this (ese) mask (s) in the activation signals towards the AIoT devices.
[0157] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method 900 performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 900 will be described from the perspective of the terminal device 110 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0158] At block 902, the terminal device 110 may receive an activation signal including a discontinuous mask. At block 904, the terminal device 110 may determine whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device. At block 906, the terminal device 110 may backscatter a response signal for the activation signal based on determining that the terminal device is activated.
[0159] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal by determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask. In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may comprise a referent device ID and a masked bitstring.
[0160] In some embodiments, terminal device 110 may determine whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask by applying the masked bitstring to the ID of the terminal device to obtain a masked ID; comparing the masked ID with the referent device ID; determining that the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask based on determining that the masked ID matches the referent device ID; and determining that the ID of the terminal device does not match the discontinuous mask based on determining that the masked ID does not match with the referent device ID.
[0161] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring. In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as multiple continuous bitstrings.
[0162] In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask by determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches the multiple continuous bitstrings; or determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches at least one of the multiple continuous bitstrings.
[0163] In some embodiments, the activation signal may be a first activation signal, the response signal is a first response signal, and the terminal device 110 may receive a second activation signal including an updated discontinuous mask; determine, based on the updated discontinuous mask and the ID of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the second activation signal; and based on determining that the terminal device is activated, backscatter a second response signal for the second activation signal. In some further embodiments, the terminal device 110 may be an ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) device.
[0164] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1000 performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1000 will be described from the perspective of the base station 120 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0165] At block 1002, the base station 120 may obtain a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. At block 1004, the base station 120 may transmit the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to one or more intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.
[0166] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be transmitted to the set of terminal devices via an activation signal; or the discontinuous mask may be transmitted to the intermediate node via a paging message for the set of terminal devices.
[0167] In some embodiments, the base station 120 may obtain the discontinuous mask by receiving the discontinuous mask from a network device; or generating the discontinuous mask.
[0168] In some embodiments, the base station 120 may receive a request for activating the set of terminal devices; divide the set of terminal devices into multiple subsets of terminal devices. The base station 120 may determine to activate a subset of terminal devices among the multiple subsets of terminal devices, wherein the discontinuous mask is generated based on the subset of terminal devices.
[0169] In some embodiments, the base station 120 may receive response signals from a first subset of terminal devices among the set of terminal devices. the base station 120 may determine, based on the received response signals from the first subset, among the set of terminal devices, a second subset of terminal devices to be activated. The base station 120 may update the discontinuous mask based on the second subset of terminal devices; and transmit the updated discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to one or more intermediate nodes for the set of terminal devices.
[0170] In some further embodiments, the updated discontinuous mask may be transmitted to the set of terminal devices via an activation signal; or the updated discontinuous mask may be transmitted to the one or more intermediate nodes via a paging message for the set of terminal devices.
[0171] In some other embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be generated based on receiving, from a network device or an operation and maintenance (O&M) function, an indicator to enable the generation of the discontinuous mask.
[0172] In some further embodiments, the discontinuous mask is a first discontinuous mask, and the base station 120 may receive, from a network device, a first indicator to enable generation of a second discontinuous mask. The base station 120 may transmit, to one or more intermediate nodes, a second indicator to enable the generation of the second discontinuous mask by the one or more intermediate nodes.
[0173] In some example embodiments, the discontinuous mask is a first discontinuous mask, and the base station 120 may decide usage of a second discontinuous mask by one or more intermediate nodes. The base station 120 may transmit, to the one or more intermediate nodes, an indicator to enable generation of the second discontinuous mask.
[0174] In some example embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring; a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; or multiple continuous bitstrings. In some example embodiments, the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices; or the intermediate node is a user equipment (UE) .
[0175] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1100 performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1100 will be described from the perspective of the intermediate node 130 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0176] At block 1102, the intermediate node 130 may obtain a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. At block 1004, the intermediate node 130 may transmit, to the set of terminal devices, an activation signal including the discontinuous mask.
[0177] In some embodiments, the intermediate node 130 may obtain the discontinuous mask by receiving the discontinuous mask from a base station, or generating the discontinuous mask. In some embodiments, the intermediate node 130 may receive a request for activating the set of terminal devices. The intermediate node 130 may divide the set of terminal devices into multiple subsets of terminal devices. The intermediate node 130 may determine to activate a subset of terminal devices among the multiple subsets of terminal devices, wherein the discontinuous mask is generated based on the subset of terminal devices.
[0178] In some embodiments, the activation signal is a first activation signal, and the intermediate node 130 may receive response signals from a first subset of terminal devices among the set of terminal devices. The intermediate node 130 may determine, based on the received response signals from the first subset, among the set of terminal devices, a second subset of terminal devices to be activated. The intermediate node 130 may update the discontinuous mask based on the second subset of terminal devices. The intermediate node 130 may transmit, to the set of terminal devices, a second activation signal including the updated discontinuous mask.
[0179] In some embodiments, the activation signal is a first activation signal, and the intermediate node 130 may receive an updated discontinuous mask from the base station. The intermediate node 130 may transmit, to the set of terminal devices, a second activation signal including the updated discontinuous mask.
[0180] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be generated based on receiving, from a base station, an indicator to enable the generation of the discontinuous mask. In some further embodiments, the discontinuous mask is encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring; a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; or multiple continuous bitstrings. In some embodiments, the set of terminal devices may be ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices, and the intermediate node may be a user equipment (UE) .
[0181] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1200 performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1200 will be described from the perspective of the first network device 140 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0182] At block 1202, the first network device 140 may generate a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices. At block 1204, the first network device 140 may transmit a message including the discontinuous mask.
[0183] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring; a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; or multiple continuous bitstrings. In some embodiments, the set of terminal devices may be ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices, and the first network device 140 may comprise an application function (AF) or a 5G core network node.
[0184] FIG. 13 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1300 performed by an apparatus in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 1300 will be described from the perspective of the second network device 150 with reference to FIG. 1.
[0185] At block 1302, the second network device 150 may generate an indicator enabling generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices. At block 1304, the second network device 150 may transmit a message including the indicator.
[0186] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask may be encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring; a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; or multiple continuous bitstrings.
[0187] In some embodiments, the set of terminal devices may be ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices. The second network device 150 may comprise an access and mobility management function (AMF) , an ambient IoT function (AIoTF) , or a 5G core network node.
[0188] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 900 may be part of a terminal device 110 and may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 900. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0189] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving an activation signal including a discontinuous mask; means for determining, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal; and means for backscattering a response signal for the activation signal based on determining that the terminal device is activated.
[0190] In some embodiments, the means for determining whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal comprises means for determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask. In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask comprises a referent device ID and a masked bitstring.
[0191] In some embodiments, the means for determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask comprises means for applying the masked bitstring to the ID of the terminal device to obtain a masked ID; means for comparing the masked ID with the referent device ID; means for based on determining that the masked ID matches the referent device ID, determining that the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask; and means for based on determining that the masked ID does not match with the referent device ID, determining that the ID of the terminal device does not match the discontinuous mask.
[0192] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask is encoded as a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, and the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring. In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask is encoded as multiple continuous bitstrings.
[0193] In some embodiments, the means for determine whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask comprises means for determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches the multiple continuous bitstrings; or means for determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches at least one of the multiple continuous bitstrings.
[0194] In some embodiments, the activation signal is a first activation signal, the response signal is a first response signal, and the apparatus comprises means for receiving a second activation signal including an updated discontinuous mask; means for determining, based on the updated discontinuous mask and the ID of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the second activation signal; and means for based on determining that the terminal device is activated, backscattering a second response signal for the second activation signal. In some embodiments, the terminal device is an ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) device.
[0195] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 900. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0196] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1000 may be part of a base station 120 and may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1000. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0197] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices, and means for transmitting the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to an intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.
[0198] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask is transmitted to the set of terminal devices via an activation signal, or the discontinuous mask is transmitted to the intermediate node via a paging message for the set of terminal devices.
[0199] In some embodiments, the means for obtaining the discontinuous mask comprises means for receiving the discontinuous mask from a network device, or means for generating the discontinuous mask.
[0200] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving a request for activating the set of terminal devices; means for dividing the set of terminal devices into multiple subsets of terminal devices; and means for determining to activate a subset of terminal devices among the multiple subsets of terminal devices. The discontinuous mask is generated based on the subset of terminal devices.
[0201] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving response signals from a first subset of terminal devices among the set of terminal devices; means for determining, based on the received response signals from the first subset, among the set of terminal devices, a second subset of terminal devices to be activated; means for updating the discontinuous mask based on the second subset of terminal devices; and means for transmitting the updated discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to one or more intermediate nodes for the set of terminal devices.
[0202] In some embodiments, the updated discontinuous mask is transmitted to the set of terminal devices via an activation signal. The updated discontinuous mask is transmitted to the one or more intermediate nodes via a paging message for the set of terminal devices.
[0203] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask is generated based on receiving, from a network device or an operation and maintenance (O&M) function, an indicator enabling the generation of the discontinuous mask.
[0204] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask is a first discontinuous mask, and the apparatus comprises means for receiving, from a network device, a first indicator to enable generation of a second discontinuous mask; and means for transmitting, to one or more intermediate nodes, a second indicator to enable the generation of the second discontinuous mask by the one or more intermediate nodes.
[0205] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask is a first discontinuous mask, and the apparatus comprises means for deciding usage of a second discontinuous mask by one or more intermediate nodes; and transmitting, to the one or more intermediate nodes, an indicator to enable generation of the second discontinuous mask.
[0206] In some example embodiments, the discontinuous mask is encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring; a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; or multiple continuous bitstrings. In some example embodiments, the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices, or the intermediate node is a user equipment (UE) .
[0207] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 1000. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0208] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1100 may be part of an intermediate node 130 and may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1100. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0209] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; and means for transmitting, to the set of terminal devices, an activation signal including the discontinuous mask.
[0210] In some embodiments, the means for obtaining the discontinuous mask comprises means for receiving the discontinuous mask from a base station; or means for generating the discontinuous mask.
[0211] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for receiving a request for activating the set of terminal devices; means for dividing the set of terminal devices into multiple subsets of terminal devices; and means for determining to activate a subset of terminal devices among the multiple subsets of terminal devices. The discontinuous mask is generated based on the subset of terminal devices.
[0212] In some embodiments, the activation signal is a first activation signal, and the apparatus comprises means for receiving response signals from a first subset of terminal devices among the set of terminal devices; means for determining, based on the received response signals from the first subset, among the set of terminal devices, a second subset of terminal devices to be activated; means for updating the discontinuous mask based on the second subset of terminal devices; and means for transmitting, to the set of terminal devices, a second activation signal including the updated discontinuous mask.
[0213] In some embodiments, the activation signal is a first activation signal, and the apparatus comprises means for receiving an updated discontinuous mask from the base station; and means for transmitting, to the set of terminal devices, a second activation signal including the updated discontinuous mask.
[0214] In some example embodiments, the discontinuous mask is generated based on receiving, from a base station, an indicator to enable the generation of the discontinuous mask. In some example embodiments, the discontinuous mask is encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring; a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; or multiple continuous bitstrings. In some example embodiments, the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices; or the intermediate node is a user equipment (UE) .
[0215] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 1100. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0216] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1200 may be part of a first network device 140 and may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1200. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0217] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for generating a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; and means for transmitting a message including the discontinuous mask.
[0218] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask is encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring; a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; or multiple continuous bitstrings. In some embodiments, the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices; or the network device comprises an application function (AF) or a 5G core network node.
[0219] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 1200. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0220] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 1300 may be part of a second network device 150 and may comprise means for performing the respective operations of the method 1300. The means may be implemented in any suitable form. For example, the means may be implemented in a circuitry or software module.
[0221] In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises means for generating an indicator enabling generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices; and means for transmitting a message including the indicator.
[0222] In some embodiments, the discontinuous mask is encoded as a referent device ID and a masked bitstring; a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; or multiple continuous bitstrings.
[0223] In some embodiments, the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices; or the core network device comprises an access and mobility management function (AMF) , an ambient IoT function (AIoTF) , or a 5G core network node.
[0224] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 1300. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0225] FIG. 14 illustrates simplified block diagram of a device 1400 that is suitable for implementing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1400 may be provided to implement a communication device, for example, the terminal device 110, the base station 120 as shown in FIG. 1. As shown, the device 1400 includes one or more processors 1410, one or more memories 1420 coupled to the processor 1410, and one or more communication modules 1440 coupled to the processor 1410.
[0226] The communication module 1440 is for bidirectional communications. The communication module 1440 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.
[0227] The processor 1410 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1400 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0228] The memory 1420 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a Read Only Memory (ROM) 1424, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 1422 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0229] A computer program 1430 includes computer executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 1410. The program 1430 may be stored in the ROM 1424. The processor 1410 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 1430 into the RAM 1422.
[0230] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program 1430 so that the device 1400 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to FIG. 2. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0231] In some example embodiments, the program 1430 may be tangibly contained in a computer readable medium which may be included in the device 1400 (such as in the memory 1420) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 1400. The device 1400 may load the program 1430 from the computer readable medium to the RAM 1422 for execution. The computer readable medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like.
[0232] FIG. 15 illustrates a block diagram of an example of a computer readable medium 1500 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The computer readable medium 1500 has the program 1430 stored thereon. It is noted that although the computer readable medium 1400 is depicted in form of CD or DVD in FIG. 15, the computer readable medium 1500 may be in any other form suitable for carry or hold the program 1430.
[0233] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0234] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the method 200 as described above with reference to FIG. 2. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0235] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0236] In the context of the present disclosure, the computer program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, computer readable medium, and the like.
[0237] The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the computer readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0238] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0239] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A terminal device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the terminal device at least to:receive an activation signal including a discontinuous mask;determine, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal; andbased on determining that the terminal device is activated, backscatter a response signal for the activation signal.2.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal by:determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask.3.The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the discontinuous mask comprises a referent device ID and a masked bitstring.4.The terminal device of claim 3, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask by:applying the masked bitstring to the ID of the terminal device to obtain a masked ID;comparing the masked ID with the referent device ID;based on determining that the masked ID matches the referent device ID, determining that the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask; andbased on determining that the masked ID does not match with the referent device ID, determining that the ID of the terminal device does not match the discontinuous mask.5.The terminal device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the discontinuous mask is encoded as a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring.6.The terminal device of claim 2, wherein the discontinuous mask is encoded as multiple continuous bitstrings.7.The terminal device of claim 6, wherein the terminal device is caused to determine whether the ID of the terminal device matches the discontinuous mask by:determining whether the ID of the terminal device matches the multiple continuous bitstrings; ordetermining whether the ID of the terminal device matches one of the multiple continuous bitstrings.8.The terminal device of any of claims 1-7, wherein the activation signal is a first activation signal, the response signal is a first response signal, and the terminal device is further caused to:receive a second activation signal including an updated discontinuous mask;determine, based on the updated discontinuous mask and the ID of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the second activation signal; andbased on determining that the terminal device is activated, backscatter a second response signal for the second activation signal.9.The terminal device of any of claims 1-8, wherein the terminal device is an ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) device.10.A base station comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the base station at least to:obtain a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andtransmit the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to an intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.11.The base station of claim 10, wherein:the discontinuous mask is transmitted to the set of terminal devices via an activation signal; orthe discontinuous mask is transmitted to the intermediate node via a paging message for the set of terminal devices.12.The base station of claim 10 or 11, wherein the base station is caused to obtain the discontinuous mask by:receiving the discontinuous mask from a network device; orgenerating the discontinuous mask.13.The base station of claim 12, wherein the base station is further caused to:receive a request for activating the set of terminal devices;divide the set of terminal devices into multiple subsets of terminal devices; anddetermine to activate a subset of terminal devices among the multiple subsets of terminal devices, wherein the discontinuous mask is generated based on the subset of terminal devices.14.The base station of any of claims 10-13, wherein the base station is further caused to:receive response signals from a first subset of terminal devices among the set of terminal devices;determine, based on the received response signals from the first subset, among the set of terminal devices, a second subset of terminal devices to be activated;update the discontinuous mask based on the second subset of terminal devices; andtransmit the updated discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to one or more intermediate nodes for the set of terminal devices.15.The base station of claim 14, wherein:the updated discontinuous mask is transmitted to the set of terminal devices via an activation signal; orthe updated discontinuous mask is transmitted to the one or more intermediate nodes via a paging message for the set of terminal devices.16.The base station of any of claims 12-15, wherein the discontinuous mask is generated based on receiving, from a network device or an operation and maintenance (O&M) function, an indicator to enable the generation of the discontinuous mask.17.The base station of any of claims 10-16, wherein the discontinuous mask is a first discontinuous mask, and the base station is further caused to:receive, from a network device, a first indicator to enable generation of a second discontinuous mask; andtransmit, to one or more intermediate nodes, a second indicator to enable the generation of the second discontinuous mask by the one or more intermediate nodes.18.The base station of any of claims 1-16, wherein the discontinuous mask is a first discontinuous mask, and the base station is further caused to:decide usage of a second discontinuous mask by one or more intermediate nodes; andtransmit, to the one or more intermediate nodes, an indicator to enable generation of the second discontinuous mask.19.The base station of any of claims 10-18, wherein the discontinuous mask is encoded as at least one of the following:a referent device ID and a masked bitstring;a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; ormultiple continuous bitstrings.20.The base station of any of claims 10-19, wherein at least one of the following:the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices; orthe intermediate node is a user equipment (UE) .21.An intermediate node comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the intermediate node at least to:obtain a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andtransmit, to the set of terminal devices, an activation signal including the discontinuous mask.22.The intermediate node of claim 21, wherein the intermediate node is caused to obtain the discontinuous mask by:receiving the discontinuous mask from a base station; orgenerating the discontinuous mask.23.The intermediate node of claim 22, wherein the intermediate node is further caused to:receive a request for activating the set of terminal devices;divide the set of terminal devices into multiple subsets of terminal devices; anddetermine to activate a subset of terminal devices among the multiple subsets of terminal devices, wherein the discontinuous mask is generated based on the subset of terminal devices.24.The intermediate node of any of claims 21-23, wherein the activation signal is a first activation signal, and the intermediate node is further caused to:receive response signals from a first subset of terminal devices among the set of terminal devices;determine, based on the received response signals from the first subset, among the set of terminal devices, a second subset of terminal devices to be activated;update the discontinuous mask based on the second subset of terminal devices; andtransmit, to the set of terminal devices, a second activation signal including the updated discontinuous mask.25.The intermediate node of claim 22 or 23, wherein the activation signal is a first activation signal, and the intermediate node is further caused to:receive an updated discontinuous mask from the base station; andtransmit, to the set of terminal devices, a second activation signal including the updated discontinuous mask.26.The intermediate node of any of claims 22-25, wherein the discontinuous mask is generated based on receiving, from a base station, an indicator to enable the generation of the discontinuous mask.27.The intermediate node of any of claims 21-26, wherein the discontinuous mask is encoded as at least one of the following:a referent device ID and a masked bitstring;a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; ormultiple continuous bitstrings.28.The intermediate node of any of claims 21-27, wherein at least one of the following:the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices; orthe intermediate node is a user equipment (UE) .29.A network device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to:generate a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andtransmit a message including the discontinuous mask.30.The network device of claim 29, wherein the discontinuous mask is encoded as at least one of the following:a referent device ID and a masked bitstring;a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; ormultiple continuous bitstrings.31.The network device of claim 29 or 30, wherein at least one of the following:the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices;the network device comprises an application function (AF) ; orthe network device comprises a 5G core network node.32.A network device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the network device at least to:generate an indicator enabling generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices; andtransmit a message including the indicator.33.The network device of claim 32, wherein the discontinuous mask is encoded as at least one of the following:a referent device ID and a masked bitstring;a list of pairs of a first parameter and a second parameter, wherein the first parameter comprises a variable bitstring and the second parameter indicates a starting bit position of the variable bitstring; ormultiple continuous bitstrings.34.The network device of claim 32 or 33, wherein at least one of the following:the set of terminal devices are ambient Internet of Things (AIoT) devices;the network device comprises an access and mobility management function (AMF) ;the network device comprises an ambient IoT function (AIoTF) ; orthe network device comprises a 5G core network node.35.A method comprising:receiving an activation signal including a discontinuous mask;determining, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal; andbased on determining that the terminal device is activated, backscattering a response signal for the activation signal.36.A method comprising:obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andtransmitting the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or to an intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.37.A method comprising:obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andtransmitting, to the set of terminal devices, an activation signal including the discontinuous mask.38.A method comprising:generating a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andtransmitting a message including the discontinuous mask.39.A method comprising:generating an indicator enabling the generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices; andtransmitting a message including the indicator.40.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving an activation signal including a discontinuous mask;means for determining, based on the discontinuous mask and an identifier (ID) of the terminal device, whether the terminal device is activated by the activation signal; andmeans for based on determining that the terminal device is activated, backscattering a response signal for the activation signal.41.An apparatus comprising:means for obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andmeans for transmitting the discontinuous mask to the set of terminal devices or an intermediate node for the set of terminal devices.42.An apparatus comprising:means for obtaining a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andmeans for transmitting, to the set of terminal devices, an activation signal including the discontinuous mask.43.An apparatus comprising:means for generating a discontinuous mask for a set of terminal devices; andmeans for transmitting a message including the discontinuous mask.44.An apparatus comprising:means for generating an indicator enabling the generation of a discontinuous mask by a radio node for a set of terminal devices; andmeans for transmitting a message including the indicator.45.A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method of any of claims 35-39.
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